m 


PROCEEDINGS 


OF 


THE  FIFTEENTH 

INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS 

AGAINST  ALCOHOLISM 


HELD  AT 

WASHINGTON,  D.  C,  U.  S.  A. 

SEPTEMBER  21-26,  1920 


EDITED  BY 
ERNEST  H.  CHERRINGTON,  LL.  D. 

SECRETARY  OF  THE  CONGRESS 


WASHINGTON,  DC. 
AND  WESTERVILLE.  OHIO 

1921 


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IDhittiPF  CoUeaP  libfarv 


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UCSB  LlBRARt 


PROCEEDINGS 


OF 


THE    FIFTEENTH 

INTERNATIONAL 

CONGRESS 

AGAINST  ALCOHOLISM 

HELD   AT 

WASHINGTON,  D.C,  US.'- 

SEPTEMBER  21—26,  1920 


i 

If 


EDITED  BY 
ERNEST  H.  CHERRINGTON,  LL.C 

SECRETARY  OF  THE  CONGRESS 


WASHINGTON,  D.C. 

AND  WESTERVILLE,  OHIO 

1921 


The  Editor  desires  to  express  his  appreciation  of  assistance  renderca 
in  the  preparation  of  this  volume  by 

yiR.  Albert  Porter,  D.  Lit. 
Dr.  Robert  Hercod 
Miss  Cora  Fraxces  Stoddard 
Miss  Laura  R.  Church 
Miss  Ii.a  Grindell 


UNITED    STATES   CAPITOL,   WASHINGTON,   D.    C. 


PAN    AMKRICAX    TNION.    WASI 1 1  \(  I  1  OX.    D.    C. 
WHI-.RK    TIIK    COXCKKSS    WAS     IIKI.n 


PREFATORY  NOTE 


The  American  delegation  to  the  Fourteenth  International  Congress 
Against  Alcoholism,  held  in  Milan.  Italy,  in  1913.  tendered  the  Permanent 
Committee  an  invitation  to  hold  the  Fifteenth  Congress  in  the  United 
States  of  America.  The  invitation  was  accepted ;  and  the  United  States 
Government  thereupon  authorized  the  holding  of  the  Congress  under  its 
auspices,  made  an  appropriation  for  the  expenses  of  the  gathering,  and 
issued  invitations  to  foreign  governments  to  ])articipate.  An  American 
Executive  Committee  was  appointed  in  1914  by  the  United  States  Depart- 
ment of  State,  and  many  of  the  arrangements  for  the  Congress  had  been 
completed,  when  the  outbreak  of  the  World  War  interrupted  the  work  of 
preparation. 

The  Executive  Committee  was  unal)le  to  resume  its  operations  before 
the  spring  of  1920.  when  it  was  decided  that  the  Fifteenth  Congress  should 
meet  that  year  at  W'ashington,  D.  C.  on  Tuesday.  September  21.  and 
continue  till  Sunday.  September  26.  The  Hall  of  the  Americas,  in  the 
building  of  the  Pan  American  Union,  was  courteously  placed  at  the  dis- 
posal of  the  Executive  Committee  for  the  morning  and  evening  sessions 
of  the  Congress,  and  the  auditorium  of  the  Central  High  School  for  the 
evening  sessions. 

In  one  respect  the  Fifteenth  International  Congress  Against  Alcohol- 
ism was  unique :  it  was  the  first  of  such  great  gatherings  to  meet  in  a 
country  in  which  Prohil)ition  was  the  law  of  the  land. 


Thf.  Pageant  and  Reception 
The  Congress  was  officially  opened  on  Tuesday  morning,  Sept.  2i.  I020.  in  the 
huilding  of  the  Pan  American  Union.  On  the  evening  of  the  same  day.  on  the 
east  front  of  the  United  States  Capitol,  an  interesting  ceremony  took  place  in 
the  form  of  a  pageant  arranged  by  Mrs.  Don  P.  Blaine,  a  member  of  the  Ameri- 
can F,xecutive  Committee,  and  produced  under  the  direction  of  Mrs.  M.  M. 
Forrest.  This  pageant  presented  the  story  of  the  development  of  the  Constitu- 
tion of  the  United  States  of  America  from  its  adoption  in  1787  to  the  date  of  the 
ratification  of  the  Eighteenth  .Amendment. 

The  pageant  was  followed  by  a  formal  reception  given  to  the  visiting  dele- 
gates by  the  American  Executive  Committee  on  behalf  of  the  Department  of 
State  of  the  United  States  of  .America,  the  receiving  line  consisting  of  the  Hon. 
Josephus  Daniels,  Secretary  of  the  Xavy.  members  of  the  .American  Executive 
Committee,  and  representatives  of  the  local  committee. 
The  Trip  to  Mount  Vernon 
One  of  the  si)ccial  features  of  the  Congress  was  a  trip  to  the  tomb  of  George 
Washington  at  Mount  A'ernon  on  Saturday  afternoon,  September  _■;. 

The  visit  to  Mount  Vernon  was  combined  with  a  very  enjoyable  boat  ride  from 
Washington  down  the  Potomac  River.  The  party  which  availed  itself  of  the 
opportunity  presented  by  this  trip  numbered  several  hundreds.  .\  walnut  tree 
was  planted  on  the  .Mount  A'ernon  estate,  representatives  of  the  several  countries 
'larticipating  in  the  ceremonies. 


The  Banquet 
On  Saturday  evening  a  banquet  in  honor  of  the  foreign  delegates  was  held  at 
the  Raleigh  Hotel,  at  which  addresses  were  delivered  b}'  about  a  score  of  the 
visitors. 

The  Exhibit 

The  spacious  banquet  rooms  on  the  top  floor  of  the  Raleigh  Hotel  were  given 
over  to  exhibit  purposes  during  the  entire  week  of  the  Congress.  This  exhibit 
was  participated  in  bj'  practically  all  the  national  temperance  organizations  in  the 
United  States  and  by  a  goodly  number  of  manufacturers  of  non-intoxicating 
beverages. 

The  poster  display  at  this  exhibit  was  of  special  interest,  including  as  it  did 
not  only  a  very  great  variety  of  posters  used  by  various  temperance  organizations 
in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  but  also  a  number  of  posters  in  different  lan- 
guages from  various  European  countries. 

All  the  exhibits  attracted  much  attention  and  were  visited  by  a  large  number 
of  the  delegates  and  visitors  attending  the  Congress. 

The  Sixteenth  International  Congress 
In  pursuance  of  the  authority  vested  in  them  by  the  Congress  the  Permanent 
Committee  duly  discussed  the  important  question  of  the  date  and  place  of  meeting 
of  the  Sixteenth  Congress.     After  careful  consideration  thej-  decided  that  it  should 
be  held  in  1921,  at  Lausanne,  Switzerland. 


PROCEEDINGS 

OF 

THE  FIFTEENTH  INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS 
AGAINST  ALCOHOLISM 

SEPTEMBER,  21-26,  1920 


GENERAL  CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Prefatory  Note   3 

Officers  and  Committees  of  the  Congress   11 

OPENING   SESSION,   SEPTEMBER  21 

Invocation,  The  Rev.  Dr.  Forrest  J.  Prettvman  17 

Addresses  of  Welcome  to  the  Congress : 

The  Hon.  Josephus  Daniels 17 

The  Hon.  Van  S.  Merle-Smith 19 

The  Hon.  J.  Thilman  Hendrick 20 

Dr.  L.  S.  Rowe 20 

Responses  to  Addresses  of  Welcome : 

Dr.  August  Ley 21 

Mr.  Wen  Pin  Wei 21 

Dr.  Zmrhal  22 

Dr.  Jean  Meteil 2.3 

Dr.  Helenius-Seppala  24 

Sir  Auckland  Geddes 25 

The  Hon.  Wiliam  E.  Gonzales 26 

Dr.  Slotemaker  de  Bruine 27 

Dr.  Slavko  Y.  Growitch 28 

Dr.  R.  Vogt 29 

The  Hon.  Abdul  Ali  Khan 29 

Dr.  Robert  Hercod 20 

The  Hon.  M.  Tsamaiios   30 

Dr.  Thunberg  31 

Dr.  Varela  Acevedo  31 

Dr.  Rafael  Requexa    3j 

Informal  Address  by  The  Hon.  W.  J.  Bryan  2t- 

AFTERNOON   SESSION,  TUESDAY,  SEPTEMBER  21 

Responses  to   Addresses   of   Welcome: 

Dr.  a.  J.  Cook 35 

Senor  E.  Velasco 37 

Sexor  R.  Algorta 38 

The  Relationship  of  Alcohol  to  Alodern  Health  Ideals 

By  Eugene  Lyman  Flsk.  M  . D 39 

Discussion : 

Mr.  Theodore  Xeh.d 47 

Dr.  L.  D.  Mason 48 

MORNING  SESSION,  WEDNESDAY,  SEPTEMBER  22 

Invocation,  The  Rev.  Charles  !•".  Steck 49 

Wine  as  a  Cause  of  Alcoholism 

By  Dr.  Paolo  A m aldi 49 


PAGE 

Beer  and  Light  \\  ines  as  Intoxicants 

By  De  Laxcey  Carter,  M  .  D 50 

Beer  as  a  Cause  of  Alcoholism 

By  Dr.  A.  Holitscher 54 

The  Proposal  for  Beer  and  Light  Wines  in  the  United  States 
from  the  Economic  and  Political  \"ie\vpoints 

By  Harvey  \V.  Wiley,  M.D 55 

Discussion  : 

Mr.  Harris  63 

Dr.  Charles  A.  Rosewatek 6,3 

Dr.  Wilbur  F.  Crafts 65 

Dr.  C.  W.  S.\leeby 65 

Mrs.  Allex  6(> 

Dr.-  a.  Z^I.  Courtexay 67 

Dk.  Iglehart 67 

Dr.  J.  B.  Lewis 67 

ISIiss  Ruth  E.  Spexce 6t' 

Dr.  Sutcliffe 6fS 

The  Rev.  R.  L.  Davis 6<j 

Dr.  Charles  Scaxlox 69 

Dr.  Charles  O.  Joxes 70 

Resolution  offered  by  Captain  Richmoxd  Pearsox  Hobsox 72 

AFTERNOON   SESSION,  WEDNESDAY,   SEPTEMBER   22 

Political  Aspects  of  the  Prohibition  ^lovement  in  America  : 
Partizan  and  Xon-Partizan  Efforts 
By  PuRLEY  A.  Baker,  D.D 74 

Discussion : 

Dr.  Aarox  S.  Watkixs 79 

Dr.  Duxcax  C.  Milxer ; . .     82 

Mr.  Ferris 83 

The  Churches  of  Europe  Against  Alcoholism  :    The  Catholic  Church 

By  Dr.  Peter  A.  Mixg 8-| 

The  Protestant  Churches  of  Europe  Against  Alcoholism 

By  The  Rev.  G.  Galliexxe 89 

Remarks  by  Father  Zurcher  and  Miss  Hexrietta  Crommelix go 

Discussion  of  Dr.  P.  A.  Baker's  Paper : 

^Ir.  Michael  J.  Faxxixg loo 

Dr.  Milxer  102 

Alcohol  and  Criminalit}- 

By  Prof.  August  Ley 103 

X'ervous  and  Mental  Diseases  in  Their  Relations  to  Alcoholism 

By  Paul  Maurice  Legraix,  M.D 110 

Discussion : 

Dr.  Jewett  II- 

Dr.  La  Place 113 

Dr.  William  A.  White 115 

Bishop  Caxxox  117 

EVENING  SESSION,  WEDNESDAY,  SEPTEMBER  22 

Invocation,  The  Right  Rev.  Monsignor  C.  F.  Thomas 118 

Woman's  Relation  to  the  Antialcohol  Movement  in  America 

By  Miss  Axxa  A.  Gordox 1 1-"^ 

6 


PAGE 

Address  by  The  Hox.  Josephus  Daxiels,  Secretary  of  the  Xavy  of  the  United 

States  of  America   131 

The  Churches  of  America  in  the  Movement  Against  Alcoholism  : 

(a)  The  Roman  Catholic  Church 

By  The  Right  Rev.  Regis  Canevix,  Bishop  of  Pittsburgh,  Pa 136 

(b)  Protestant  Churches 

By  The  Right  Rev.  William  F.  Axdersox 142 

MORNING  SESSION,  THURSDAY,  SEPTEMBER  23 

Invocation,  The  Rev.  Earl  D.  Wilfley   146 

Address  by  The  Hox.  Stephex  Paxarkiofk,  of  Bulgaria 146 

The  Movement  Against  Acoholism  in  Japan 

By  MixosuKE  Yamaguchi,  M  . A.,  jM  .  D 148 

The  Alcohol  Movement  in  Great  Britain  During  and  After  the  War 

By  Theodore  Xeild,  J .  P 151 

The  Antialcoholic  Struggle  in  France 

By  Dr.  Jeax  Meteil  1 5^ 

The  Fight  Against  Alcoholism  in  Norway 

B}^  Advocate  Ole  Solxordal i(>') 

AFTERNOON   SESSION,  THURSDAY,  SEPTEMBER  23 

The  Movement  Against  Alcoholism  in  China 

By  Mr.  W.  p.  Wei 170 

Discussion : 

Mr.  Hermax  C.  E.  Lix 17^ 

Dr.  Wilbur  F.  Crafts i73 

Prohibition  in  Russia 

By  Dr.  Robert  Hercod 1 7-1 

The  ^Movement  Against  .Alcoholism  in  the  Dominion  of  Canada 

By  Miss  Ruth  E.  Spexce 1 77 

Prohibition  in  Finland 

By  Dr.  Matti  Helexius-Seppala 190 

Prohibition  in  the  United  States — Analysis  of  Results 

By  The  Hox.  Bird  S.  Coler lOX 

Enforcement  of  Prohibition  in  the  United  States 

By  The  Hox.  Johx  F.  Kramer 207 

Remarks  by  Dr.  ^\■ATSox  and  Mr.  Wavxe  B.  Wheeler 215 

EVENING  SESSION,  THURSDAY,  SEPTEMBER  23 

Invocation,  The  Rkv.  Hexkv  Allex  Tupper,  D.D 217 

The  Campaign  Against  Alcoholism  in  South  Africa 

By  Dr.  A.  J.  Cook 217 

Judaism  in  America  in  the  Movement  Against  Alcohol 

By  Rabbi  Stephex  S.  Wise 22^ 

The  Verdict  of  Contemporary  Science  on  Alcohol  in  Its  Personal, 
National,  and  International  Relations 

By  Dr.  C.  W.  Saleebv 230 

Address  by  Thf.  Hox.  Rich mond  Pearso.v  Hobsox 240 

MORNING  SESSION,  FRIDAY,  SEPTEMBER  24 

[nvocation.  The  Rev.  A.mikhw  Biro,  D.D 246 

European  Working  Men  and  the  Fight  Against  .Alcoholism — 
The  Christian  Orc;anizations 
By  Miss  Hfxkiktte  W.  Crommei.in 247 

7 


PAGE 

The  Present  State  of  Temperance  and  Prohibition  Legislation  in  Europe 

B\'  Dr.  Robert  Hercod 256 

The  Bratt  System*  in  Sweden 

By  Senator  Alexis  Bjorkmax 262 

The  Dispensar}'  Sj^stem — Results  of  Its  Operation  in  the  State  of 
South  CaroHna 
By  The  Hox.  Daniel  C.  Roper 27J 

AFTERNOON  SESSION,  FRIDAY,  SEPTEMBER  24 

Discussion  : 

Miss  Agnes  Slack 279 

Rev.  Ben  Spence 280 

Mr.  Theodore  Xeild 281 

The  Protection  of  Native  Races  from  Alcoholism 

By  Mrs.  Henry  W.  Peabody 283 

Alcoholism  and  the  Native  Races  as  an  International  Problem 

By  Charles  F.  Harford,  ]M  .  A.,  M .  B 291 

Temperance  Instruction  in  European  Schools 

By  Professor  Zmrhal 296 

By  Georges  Staitch 299 

Scientific  Temperance  Instruction  in  the  Public  Schools  of  the  United  States 

B}^  Miss  Cora  Frances  Stoddard 311 

Discussion : 

Dr.  C.  W.  Saleeby 318 

Dr.  Sutcliffe 319 

Dr.  Charles  A.  Rosewater 322 

The  Hon.  W.  J.  Bryan 324 

The  Rev.  Mr.  Scott 327 

EVENING  SESSION,  FRIDAY,  SEPTEMBER  24 

Invocation,  The  Right  Rev.  William  Eraser  ?\IcDo\vell,  D.D 328 

The  Women  of  Europe  Against  Alcoholism 

By  ^Iiss  Agnes  E.  Slack 328 

Legal  Aspects  of  Prohibition — Constitutional,  Federal,  and  State 

By  The  Hon.  William  L.  Frierson 338 

Address  by  The  Hon.  William  Jennings  Bryan 342 

MORNING  SESSION,   SATURDAY,  SEPTEMBER  25 

Invocation,  The  Very  Rev.  Peter  J.  O'Callaghan 357 

Responses  to  Addresses  of  Welcome : 

Sir  pRANgois  Lemieux,  of  Canada 357 

Mr.  Thomas  Rea,  of  Scotland 363 

Senor  Carlos  Gibson,  of  the  Peruvian  Embass\- 365 

Dr.  Rafael  Reouena,  of  Venezuela   368 

Latest  Scientific  Investigation  in  America  of  the  Action  of  Alcohol 

By  Dr.  Charles  R.  Stockard 369 

Discussion : 

Dr.  C.  W.  Saleeby 376 

Rev.  a.  J.  Cook 378 

Captain  R.  P.  Hobson 380 

The  ]Movement  Against  Alcoholism  in  ^Mexico 

By  The  Rev.  Epigmenio  Velasco,  of  Mexico  City 381 

The  ^lovement  Against  Alcoholism  in  South  America 

By  Senor  Ruperto  Algorta,  of  Lima,  Peru 392 

Address  by  Senor  Tancredo  Pinochet,  of  Chile 395 

8 


BANQUET,    SATURDAY    EVENING,    SEPTEMBER    25 

PVCK 

Responses  b}-  Guests  and  Others: 

Dr.  Robert  Hercod,  of  Switzerland 399 

Dr.  August  Ley,  of  Belgium 400 

The  Hon.  W.  J.  Bryan,  of  Lincoln,  Nebraska,  U.  S.  A 401 

Dr.  J.  R.  Slotemaker  de  Bruine,  of  The  Netherlands 403 

Mr.  R.  L.  Craigie,  of  the  British  Embassy,  Washington 405 

Mr.  Lars  Larsen-Ledet,  of  Denmark 406 

Mrs.  Deborah  Livingston,  of  Providence,  Rhode  Islar.d,  U.  S.  A 407 

AIr.  Thomas  Rea,  of  Scotland 409 

Dr.  Ragnar  Vogt,  of  Norway 410 

Mr.  W.  p.  Wei,  Chinese  Legation,  Washington 411 

Rev.  Ben  H.  Spence,  of  Canada  412 

Prof.  Torsten  Thunberg,  of  Sweden 413 

Miss  Cora  Frances  Stoddard,  of  Boston,  Massachusetts,  U.  S.  .\ 414 

Pastor  G.  Gallienne,  of  France 41', 

Dr.  Yamaguchi,  of  Japan 417 

Senor  Tancredo  Pinochet,  of  Chile 417 

Dr.  C.  W.  Saleeby,  of  England 419 

The  Very  Rev.  P.  J.  O'Callaghan,  of  Chicago,  Illinois,  U.  S.  A 420 

Mr.  T.  Q.  Beesley,  of  Washington,  D.  C,  U.  S.  A 422 

Mrs.  Lenn.a.  Lowe  Yost,  of  Washington,  D.  C,  U.  S.  .A 423 

Miss  Laura  R.  Church,  of  Washington,  D.  C,  U.  S.  A 424 

AFTERNOON   SESSION,   SUNDAY,   SEPTEMBER  26 

invocation.  The  Rev.  Charles  Scanlon,  D.D 427 

Announcement,  Captain  R.  P.  Hobson 427 

Addresses : 

The  Rev.  Dr.  Wilbur  F.  Cr.a.fts  (International  Reform  Bureau) 429 

E.  L.  G.  Hohenthal  (Sons  of  Temperance) 431 

Miss  Sallie  Hickson  (Ladies  Auxiliary,  Kiiiglits  of  Father  MatJiew) . . .  432 

Miss  Aldrich  (Presbyterian  Board  of  Temperance) 433 

Deets  Picketts  (Board  of  Temp.,  Proh.,  and  Public  Morals,  M.  E.  C.) . .  434 

The  Rev.  Edv^^in  C.  Dinwiddie,  D.D.  (United  Lutheran  Church) 436 

Miss  Anna  A.  Gordon  (National  IV.  C.  T.  U.) 437 

The  Rev.  A.  J.  Barton,  D.D.  (Com.  on  Temp,  and  Social  Service  of  the 

Southern  Baptist  Convention)    438 

Bishop  James  Cannon,  Jr.,  D.D.  (Com.  on  Temp,  and  Social  Service  of 

the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  South) 441 

The  Rev.   Hervey  Wood,  D.D.   (Com.  on  Native  Races  and  the  Liquor 

Traffic,  of  the  Northern  Baptist  Convention) 442 

Dr.  D.  Leigh  Colvin  (Prohibition  Party) 444 

Mark  R.  Shaw  (Intercollegiate  Prohibition  Association) 446 

The  FTon.  Wayne  B.  Wheeler,  LL.D.  (Anti-Saloon  League  of  America)  449 

Miss  Laura  R.  Church  (/.  O.  G.  T.) 453 

The  Hon.  William   S.  Bennet   (Coin,  on   Promotion  of  Temp.  Legis- 
lation in  the  National  Congress)   454 

Miss  Cora  Frances  Stoddard  (Scientific  Temperance  Federation) 457 

The  Very  Rev.  Peter  J.  O'Callaghan.  C.S.P.    (Catholic   Total  .-ibsti- 

nencc  Union)    460 

CLOSING  SESSION,  SUNDAY,  SEPTEMBER  26 

Invocation,  The  Rev.  F.  E.  Bigelow 462- 

Addresses : 

Lars  Larsen-Ledet.  of  .\arhus,  Denmark 462 

9 


W.  W.  Xaismith,  of  Glasgow,  Scotland 466 

Sexor  Jermax  Royo  Dlrax,  of  Spain 471 

Mrs.  Suessa  B.  Blaixe,  of  Washington,  D.  C 472 

GovERXOR  Carl  E.  Millikex,  of  Maine 473 

Percy  S.  Foster,  of  Washington,  D.  C 479 

Dr.  Robert  Hercod,  of  Lausanne,  Switzerland 481 

The  Hex.  Johx  G.  Woolley,  of  Madison.  Wisconsin,  U.  S.  A 482 

Sixteenth  International  Congress  Against  Alcoholism, 

Announcement  Concerning  j,  481 

Closing  of  the  Congress 488 


Representatives  of  Foreign  Governments  at  the  Congress 491 

List  of  Delegates  to  the  Congress  493 

Pageant,  "The  Spirit  of  Temperance". 3.  520 

Reception  to  the  \'isiting  Delegates 3 

Banquet  to  the  Foreign  Delegates  4.  2>y^ 

Visit  to  George  Washington's  tomb,  at  Mount  \'ernon 4 

The  Exhibit    4 

index   5-5 


10 


FIFTEENTH  INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS 
AGAINST  ALCOHOLISM 


OFFICERS  AND  COMMITTEES 

Honorary  President  of  the  Congress: 
The  Hox.  JOSEPHUS  DANIELS,  Secretary  of  the  Navy 

Chainuan  of  the  Congress: 
The  Rev.  EDWIX  C.  DIXWIDDIE,  D.D. 

Secretary  of  the  Congress: 
ERXEST  H.  CHERRIXGTOX 


AMERICAN  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 

(Under  Apf>ointinent  of  the  Secretary  of  State 
of  the  United  States  of  America) 

The  Rev.   Edwin   C.   Dixwiddie,   D.  D.,  Chairman 

The  Rev.   Charles  Scanlon,   D.  D.,  First   Uice-Chairman 

The  Rev.  Rufus  W.  Miller,  D.  D.,  Second  Vice-Chairman 

Ernest  H.  Cherrington,  Secretary 

The  Very  Rev.  P.  J.  O'Callaghan,  C.  S.  P.,  Treasurer 

Mrs.  Suessa  B.  Blaine 

Bishop  James  Cannon,  Jr.,  D.  D. 

Office  of  the  Committee : 
758  ^lunsey  Building,  Washington,  D.  C. 


ADMINISTRATIVE  COMMITTEE 

The  Rev.  Edwin  C.  Dinwiddie,  D.  D.,  Chairman 

Ernest  H.  Cherrington,  Secretary 

The  Very  Rev.  P.  J.  O'Callaghax,  C.  S.  P.,   Treasurer 


Thomas  Qcinn  Beesley,  Assistant  to  the  Committee. 

Mrs.  Ellis  A.  Yost,  Director  of  JVoineu's  Activities. 

Miss  Laura  R.  Chikch,  .L^sistant  Treasurer  and  Office  Director. 


Official  IIeawjuarters  of  the  Con(;ress  : 
The  Raleigh  Hotel.  \Vashin<;ton,  D.  C. 


II 


PERMANENT  INTERNATIONAL  COMMITTEE 

Dr.  Alphoxs  Ariexs,  Utrecht. 

Ernst  Beckmax,  Stockholm. 

Jhr.  Ch.  J.  Yi.  Ruijs  DE  Beerexbrouck,  Maastricht. 

Dr.  Johax  Bergmax,  Stockhohn. 

The  Hex.  William  J.  Bryax,  Lincoin,  Xebraska,  U.  S.  A. 

Bishop  James  Caxxox,  Jr.,  D.  D.,  Blackstone,  Va.,  U.  S.  A. 

Erxest  H.  Cherrixgtox,  Westerville,  Ohio,  U.  S.  A. 

Pastor  Xicolai  Dalhoff,  Copenhagen. 

Dr.  J.  Daxic,  Belgrade. 

Dr.  Adolph  Daum,  Vienna. 

Dr.  Axtox  Delbruck,  BremeJi. 

The  Rev.  E.  C.  Dixwiddie,  D.  D.,  Washington,  D.  C,  U.  S.  A 

Ferrari,  Dr.  Fraxcesco,  ^lilan. 

Dr.  Axgelo  Filippetti,  Milan. 

Dr.  August  Forel,  \vorne,  Switzerland. 

Dr.  Richard  Frohlich,  \'ienna. 

Dr.  Immaxuel  Goxser,  Berlin. 

Miss  Axxa  A.  Gordox,  Evanston,  Illinoi?   U.  S.  A. 

Franziskus  Hahxel,  Bremen. 

Dr.   ]\Iatti  Helexius-Seppala,*  Helsingfors. 

Dr.  Robert  Hercod,  Lausanne. 

Frauleix  Ottilie  Hoffmax,  Bremen. 

Dr.  Kxut  Kjellberg,  Stockholm. 

Dr.  p.  M.  Legraix,  Paris. 

The  Very  Rev.  the  Hox.  J.  W^  Leigh.  Dean  of  Hereford. 

Sir  FRAxgois  Lemieux^  Quebec,  Canada. 

Dr.  August  Ley,  Brussels. 

Dr.  Luzzatti,  Rome. 

M.vrtix,  Dr.  C.  H.,  Geneva,  Switzerland. 

Dr.  p.  a.  Mixg,  Samen,  Switzerland. 

Dr.  Alexander  Mexdelssohx,  Petrograd. 

Dr.  Alex,  vox  Xaray-Szaeo,  Budapest. 

Theodore  Xeild,  J.  P..  Leominster,  England. 

The  Very  Rev.  P.  J.  O'Callaghax,  C.  S.  P.,  Washington. 

Baron  Wladimir  von  Prazak,  Vienna. 

John   Turner  Rae,  London. 

Frederic  Riemain,  Paris. 

Dr.  W.  p.  Ruijsch,  The  Hague. 

Dr.   Johan   Scharffenberg,   Christiania. 

Miss  Agnes  Slack,  Ripley,  Derbyshire,  England. 

Dr.  J.  R.  Slotem.\ker  de  Bruixe,  Utrecht. 

The  Rev.  Bex.  H.  Spexce,  Toronto,  Canada. 

Dr.  Philip  Steix,  Budapest. 

Miss  Cor.\  Fraxces  Stodd.\rd,  Boston,  ^Massachusetts.  U.  S.  A 

Dr.  Hugo  vox  Strauss  uxd  Torxey.  Berlin. 

Dr.  V.  de  Vaucleroy,  Brussels. 

Prof.  RAG?ii-\R  Vogt,  Christiania. 

Charles  Wakely,  London. 

Edv.\rd  Wa\-rixsky,  Stockholm. 

Arie  H.  Willemse.  U'^trecht. 

Dr.  R.  Wlassak,  Vienna. 

Dr.   Radziszewski  Wloclawek.   Warsaw. 

The  Hox.  Mrs.  Eliot  Yorke,  London. 


*Died  on  his  way  home  from  the  Congress. 

12 


EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 
OF  THE  PERMANENT  INTERNATIONAL  COMMITTEE 

Jhr.  Ch.  J.  M.  Ruijs  DE  Beerenbrouck.       Dr.  I.  Gonser. 

Dr.  J.  R.  Slotemaker  de  Bruine.  The.  Rev.  Edwin  C.  Dinwiddie,  D.  D. 

Dr.  Robert  Hercod.  Ernest  H.  Cherrington. 


NATIONAL  HONORARY  COMMITTEE 

Bishop  Charles  P.  Anderson,  Chicago,  111. 

Mrs.  Mary  Harris  Armor,  LL.D.,  Crawfordsville,  Ga. 

Xolan  R.  Best,  Editor  "The  Continent,"  New  York. 

Mrs.  Ella  A.  Boole,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

Evangeline  Booth,  Coininandcr  Salvation  Army,  New  York. 

Bishop  Charles  Henry  Brent,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

William  C.  Braisted,  Surgeon  General  United  States  Navy. 

Hon.  Charles  H.  Brough,  Governor  of  Arkansas. 

Hon.  Louis  Brownlov^^,  Pres.  D.  C.  Board  of  Commissioners. 

Hon.  William  Jennings  Bryan,  Lincoln,  Nebraska. 

Luther  Burbank,  Santa  Rosa,  Calif. 

Colonel  P.  H.  Callahan,  Louisville,  Ky. 

Hon.  Arthur  Capper,  U.  S.  Senator  from  Kansas. 

Professor   Thos.   N.   Carver,  Harvard   University. 

Dr.  Russell  H.  Conwell,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Hon.  J.  J.  CoRNWELL,  Governor  of  West  Virginia. 

Hon.  George  F.  Cotterill,  Seattle,  Wash. 

Hon.  Josephus  Daniels,  Secretary  of  the  United  States  Navy. 

Dr.  Samuel  Dickie,  President  Albion  College,  Albion,  Mich. 

Colonel  Fred  N.  Dow,  Portland,  Maine. , 

Richard  H.  Edmonds,  Editor  "The  Manufacturers'  Record,"  Baltimore,  Md. 

Dr.  Charles  W.  Eliot,  President  Emeritus  Harvard  University. 

Dr.  W.  A.  Evans,  Prof.  Sanitary  Science,  Northwestern  University. 

Hon.   Simeon  D.  Fess,  Representative  from  Ohio. 

Professor  Irving  Fisher,   Yale  University. 

Dr.  Eugene  L.  Fisk,  Medical  Director  Life  Extension  Institute,  New  York. 

Hon.  Henry  D.  Flood,  Representative  from  Virginia. 

Raymond  B.  Fosdick,  New  York  City. 

Wilfred  J.  Funk,  "The  Literary  Digest,"  New  York. 

Robert  Garrett,  Baltimore,  Md. 

Hon.  Frederick  H.  Gillett,  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives. 

Hon.  Carter  Glass,  U.  S.  Senator  from  Virginia. 

Miss  Anna  A.  Gordon,  President  National  JV.  C.  T.  U. 

Heber  J.  Grant,  Salt  Lake  City<  Utah. 

Dr.   Winfield  Scott   Hall,   Professor  Emeritus  .Yorthzucstcni    Uni-rcrsity. 

Hon.  N.  E.  Harris,  President  Georgia  School  of  Technology. 

Edward  Hines,  Chicago,  111. 

Hon.  Richmond  Pearson  Hobson,  Los  .-\ngeles.  Calif. 

Dr.  L.  Emmett  Holt,  Sec.  Rockefeller  Eoioidation  for  Medical  Research. 

Charles  L.  Huston,  Coatesville,  Pa. 

Dr.  Thomas  N.  Ivey,  Editor  "Christian  Advocate,'*  Nashville.  Tonn. 

Bishop  Robert  E.  Jones,  New  Orleans.  La. 

Hon.  Wesley  L.  Jones,  U.  S.  Senator  from  Washington. 

Dr.  James  R.  Joy,  Editor  "Chrurtian  .Advocate,"  New  York. 

Most  Reverend  James  J.  Keane,  Dubuque,  Iowa. 

Dr.  Howard  A.  Kelly,  Johns  Hopkins  University.  Baltimore,  M<1. 

Dr.  J.  H.  Kellogg,  Battle  Creek  Sanitarium.  Battle  Creek.   Mich. 

1.3 


Hon.  William  S.  Kexyox,  U.  S.  Senator  from  Iowa. 

Dr.  Henry  Churchill  King,  President  of  Obcrlin  College. 

Dr.  F.  H.  Knubel,  President  United  Lutheran  Church,  Xew  York 

S.  S.  Kresge,  Detroit,  Mich. 

Judge  Kenesaw  AI.  Laxdis,  Chicago,  111 

Miss  Julia  C.  Lathrop,  Chief  Children's  Bureau,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Henry  M.  Leland,  Detroit,  ]Mich. 

Bishop  Francis  J.  McCoxnell,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Dr.  George  W.  AIcDaxiel,  Richmond,  Va. 

Bishop  William  Fraser  McDowell,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Hon.  Julian  W.  Mack,  Judge,  U.  S.  Circuit  Court,  Chicago. 

Hon.  Wm.  Hodges  Mann,  Petersburg,  Va. 

Dr.  Shailer  Matthews,  Dean  University  of  Chicago. 

Colonel  L.  M.  Maus,  Medical  Corps,  U.  S.  Army  (Ret.). 

Hon.   Carl   E.   Millikex,   Governor  of  Maine. 

Major  Robert  R.  ^kloRXox,  Principal  Tuskegee  Institute,  Ala. 

Dr.  Frank  M.  North,  Federal  Council  of  Churches,  Xew  York. 

Hon.  Robert  L.  Owen,  U.  S.  Senator  from  Oklahoma. 

George  Foster  Peabody,  New  Y^ork  City. 

Mrs.  Henry  W.  Peabody,  Beverly,  Mass. 

John  R.  Pepper,  ^Memphis,  Tenn. 

Hon.  Gifford  Pinchot,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Mrs.  Raymond  Robins.  Chicago,  111. 

Colonel  Theodore  Roosevelt,  Jr.,  Oyster  Bay,  L.  1.,  N.  Y. 

Hon.  Leo  S.  Rowe,  Pan-American  Union. 

Rev.  Howard  H.  Russell,  Westerville,  Ohio. 

Hon.  Cato  Sells,  U.  S.  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs. 

Hon.  Morris  Sheppard,  L'.  5".  Senator  from  Texas. 

John  Spargo,  Labor  Leader  and  Lecturer,  Old  Bennington,  \'t. 

Rev.  Chas.  Stelzle,  New  York  City. 

Hon.   Oscar  S.  Straus.  New  York  City. 

Mark  Sullivan,  Editor  and  Author,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Dr.  William  O.  Thompson,  President  Ohio  State  University. 

Mrs.  Elizabeth  H.  Tilton,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

Frank  A.  Vanderlip.  President  National  City  Bank,  New  York. 

Hon.  Edwin  Y.  Webb,   Ignited  States  Judge,  Shelby,  N.  C. 

Hon.  W.  R.  Webb,  Sr.,  Bellbuckle,  Tenn. 

Dr.  Benjamin  Ide  Wheeler,  President  Emeritus  U)iiversity  of  California. 

Dr.  Harvey  W.  Wiley.  Washington,  D.  C. 

Rabbi  Stephen  S.  Wise,  New  York  City. 

Hon.  John  G.  Woolley,  Madison,  Wis. 

Miss  Mary  Emma  Woollev.  LL.D.,  President  Mt.  Uolxoke  College. 


NATIONAL  ADVISORY  COMMITTEE 

Rev.  a.  J.  Barton,  D.  D.,  Commission  on  Social  Service,  Southern  Baptist  Con- 
vention, Alexandria,  La. 

Rev.  S.  Z.  Batten,  D.  D.,  Coniinission  on  Social  Service,  Xorthern  Baptist  Con- 
vention, T701  Chestnut  St..  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Rev.  John  G.  Beane,  Pres.  C.  T.  A  .U.  of  A.,  1312  Lincoln  Ave.,  Pittsburgh.  Pa. 

Mrs.  Frances  E.  Beauchamp,  Prohibition  Committee,  Lexington,  Ky. 

Hon.  William  S.  Bennet,  Committee  on  Promotion  Temperance  Legislation  in 
National  Congress,  10  So.  La  Salle  St.,  Chicago. 

Rev   Francis   E.   Cl.\rk.    D.  D..    United   Society   of   Christian    Endeavor.  41    Mt. 
Vernon  St..  Boston,  Mass. 

Rev.  William  Sheafe  Chase.  D.  D.,  International  Reform  Bureau.  481   Bedford 
.Ave.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

14 


Rev.  Jonx  J.  Currax,  Ass'n  of  Catholics  Fazoriny  Pvoh.,  Wilkes-Barre,  Pa. 
Rev.  J.AMES  Empringham,  D.  D.,  Episcopal     Church  Temperance  Society,  88  St. 

Nicholas  Ave.,  New  York  City. 
Rev.  Harry  A.  Hersev,  Uiiiversalist  Temp.  Com.,  508  E.  Jackson  St.,  Muncie,  Iiid. 
Miss  Sallie  HiCKSON,  President  Ladies'  Auxiliary  to  Knights  of  Father  Mathew, 

3130  Jefferson  St.,  Kansas  Cit^^  Mo. 
Mr.  E.  L.  G.  Hohenthal,  Sons  of  Temperance,  467  Center  St.,  Manchester,  Conn 
Rev.  Dennis  J.  Kane,  Priests'  Total  Abstinence  Society,  Moscow,  Pa. 
Hon.  Joshua  Levering,  Inter-Church  Temp.  Fed.,  706  Keyser  Bdg.,  Baltimore,  Md 
Rev.  C.  S.  Longacre,  Seventh  Day  Adventist,  Takoma  Park,  Md. 
Dr.  James  T.  McCrory,  United  Presbyterian  Temperance  Cominillee,  56  N.  Fre- 
mont St.,  Belleviie,  Pa. 
Rev.  J.  E.  ]\IcCulloch,  Am.  Social.  Cong.,  ]^Iunsey  Bldg.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Rev.    Chas.    S.    McFarland,   D.  D.,   Federal   Council   of   Churclies    of   Christ   i)t 

America,  105  E.  22nd  St.,  New  York  City. 
Mr.  John  R.  Mahoney,  Independent  Order  of  Rechabites,  324  Penn.sylvania  Ave. 

S.  E.,  \\'ashington,  D.  C. 
Dr.  James  S.  J^Iartin.  National  Reform  .Issociation,  Publication  IMdg.,  206  Ninth 

St.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Rev.   a.   DeWitt  M.\son,   Permanent  Committee  on   Morals,  Reformed   Church 

in  America,  222  Garfield  Place,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
Dr.  Lewis  D.  Mason,  American  Society  for  Study  of  Alcohol  and  Other  Nar- 
cotics, 171  Joralemon  St.,  Brooklyn,  N.   Y. 
Hon.  S.  E.  Nicholson,  Friends  Society,  Richmond,  Ind. 
Rev.  Daniel  A.  Poling,  National  Temperance  Council.  New  York  City. 
JLoN.   Charles   H.   Randall,   M.   C,    World's   Prohibition   League.   House   Office 

Bldg.,  \\'ashington,  D.  C. 
i\'KV.  Lymax  B.  Rutledce,  D.  D.,   Unitarian   Temperance  Committee,  .301    Brattle 

Bldg.,  Cambridge,  Mass. 
Rev.  Charles  E.  Schaeffer,  Reformed  Church  in  the  U.  S.  A.,  15th  and  Race  Sts., 

Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Rev.  H.  Franklin   Schlec.al.    United  Evangelical   Temperajice   Committee,   lOii 

N.  5th  St.,  Reading,  Pa. 
Mr.  Mark  Shaw,  Intercoll.  Proh.  A<;s'n.  14  W.  Washington  St.,  Chicago,  111. 
Rev.   Milo  J.   Smith,   Christian   Church    Temperance   Committee.  821    Occidental 

Bldg.,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 
Dr.  Charles  F.  Steck,  Temperance  Committee  of  the  United  Lutheran  Church. 

1509  U  St.  N.  W.,  Washington.  D.  C. 
Hon.  Oliver  W.  Stewart,  Flying  Squadron  Foundation.  Indianapolis,  Ind. 
Dr.  Geo.  R.  Stuart,  Com.  on  Social  Service  M.  E.  C.  South,  Birmingham,  Ala. 
Miss  Cora  F.  Stoddard,  Scientific  Temp.  Fed.,  ~t,  Tremont  St..  Boston,  Mass. 
Bishop   W.    H.    Washinger,    United    Brethren    Temperance    Committee,   686    E. 

Taylor  St.,  Portland,  Ore. 
Rev.   Thomas   Watters.    D.  D.,   Presbyterian   Board   of   Temperance.  300   S.   St. 

Clair  St.,  Pittsburgh.  Pa. 
Hon.  Wayne  B.  Wheeler,  .  /.  S.  L.  of  America,  30  Bliss  Bldg.,  Washington.  D.  C. 
Rev.  Clarence  True  Wilson,  D.  D..  .1/.  E.  Board  of  Temperance,  204  Pa.  .\ve. 

S.  E.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
'Rkv.  Hervey  Wood,  D.  D..  Com.  A^atii'e  Races  and  the  Liquor  Traffic,  New  York. 
Mr.  Ben  D.  Wright,  International  Order  of  Good  Templars,  Lockport,  N.  "S'. 
Mrs.  Lexx a  Lowe  Yost.  National  ]V.  C.  T.  U.,  Hotel  Driscnll,  WasbiM'jton.  D.  C. 


PATRONESSES 

Mr.  J.    W".   .Alexander,   Gallatin,    Missouri. 

Miss  S.  P.  Brecke.xridge,  Chicago,  Illinois. 

Mrs.    William    Jexxin(;s    Bryan,   Lincoln.    Nebraska 

15 


Mrs.  Luther  Burbank,  Santa  Rosa,  California. 

Mrs.  Carrie  Chapman  Catt,  New  York  Citj-. 

Mrs.  Charles  Curtis,  Topeka,  Kansas. 

Mrs.  }klARGARET  Dye  Ellis,  Newark,  N.  J. 

Mrs.  D.  U.  Fletcher,  Jacksonville,  Florida. 

Ch.\rlotte  Perkins  Gilm.\x,  New  York  City. 

Miss  Mary  G.\rrett  Hay,  New  York  City. 

Mrs.  D.A.VID  F.  Houstox,  St.  Louis,  Missouri. 

Mrs.  Wesley  L.  Joxes,  Seattle,  Washington. 

Mrs.  David  Starr  Jordan,  Stanford  University,  California. 

Mrs.  ^La.rg.\ret  Hill  McCarter,  Topeka,  Kansas. 

Mrs.  Catherine  Waugh  McCullouch,  Chicago,  Illinois. 

Mrs.  William  F.  ]\IcDowell,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Mrs.  George  May'nard  Minor,  Waterford,  Conn. 

Ellen  Spencer  Mussey,  Washington,  D.  C. 

j\Irs.  !^L\R\'  ^L  North,  Herndon,  \'irginia. 

Mrs.  a.  Mitchell  P.\lmer,  Stroudsburg,  Pennsylvania. 

Mrs.  ]NL\ud  ^\"ooD  Park,  Washington,  D.  C. 

President  Ellen  F.  Pendleton,  Wellesley,  Massachusetts. 

Mrs.  Percy  Pennypacker,  Austin,  Tex. 

Gene  Stratton  Porter,  Rome  Cit}-,  Indiana. 

Miss  Mary  Ross  Potter,  Northwestern  University,  Evanston,  Illinois. 

Alice  Heg.\n  Rice,  Louisville,  Kentucky 

]\Irs.  Frederick  Schoff,  Philadelphia,  Pennsj-lvania. 

Mrs.  Morris  Sheppard,  Texarkana,  Texas. 

Mrs.  Anna  G.arlin  Spencer,   Philadelphia,  Pennsjlvania. 

Mrs.  Cora  Wilson  Stewart,  Frankfort,  Kentucky. 

Mrs.  Howard  Sutherland,  Elkins,  West  Virginia. 

Mrs.  Booth  T.^rkington,  Indianapolis,  Indiana. 

Mrs.  Thomas  G.  Winter,  Minneapolis,  Minnesota. 


WASHINGTON  COMMITTEE 


Hon.  Henry  B, 
^Irs.  Emma  San- 
Miss  Cl 
Judge  William  H.  DeLacy. 
Mr.  Percy'  Foster. 
Mrs.  Thomas  Quinn  Beesley. 
Mrs.  Anna  Hendley. 
Mrs.  C.  F.  Wood. 
]\Ir.  Andrew  Wilson. 
Mrs.  Howard  L.  Hodgkins. 
Rev.  Lucius  Clark. 
Rev.  E.  O.  Watson. 


.  F.  MacFarland,  Chairman. 
ford  Shelton,  Vice-Chairman. 
aire  Lusby,  Secretary. 

Dr.  Charles  Wood. 

Mrs.  John  B.  Henderson. 

Mr.  Charles  Henry  Butler. 

Miss  Georgi.a.  Robertson. 

]\Iajor  Hugh  A.  Thrift. 

!Mr.  Ten  Ey'ck  Wendell. 

Rev.  Clarence  True  \\'ilson. 

]\Iiss  Laura  R.  Church. 

Chief  Justice  S.  J.  Peele. 


16 


PION.  JOSEPHUS  DANIELS 


SEc•R^:TAk^■  o\-    i  ii 
TiiK.  IIo^•()R.\l<^ 


K    IMTKD    STATKS    \.\\  N'.    191.V19J1 
I'KKSIDKNT   OF  THE   CONGRESS 


PROCEEDINGS 

OF  THE 

FIFTEENTH  INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS 
AGAINST  ALCOHOLISM 


OPENING  SESSION 

TUESDAY,   SEPTEMBER   21,    1920 

The  opening  session  of  the  Fifteenth  International  Congress  Against 
Alcoholism  was  held  in  the  building  of  the  Pan  American  Union  in  the 
forenoon  of  Tuesday.  Sept.  21,  1920,  Dr.  J.  R.  Slotemaker  de  Hruine, 
of  Utrecht.  Secretary  of  the  Permanent  Committee,  being  the  temporary 
chairman. 

The  temporary  CHAIRMAN  announced  that  the  Chairman 
of  the  Permanent  Committee.  Jhr.  Ch.  Ruijs  de  Beerenbrouck.  Prime 
Minister  of  the  Netherlands,  was  unable,  by  reason  of  illness,  to  attend 
the  Congress.  He  announced,  further,  that  the  Permanent  Committee 
had  elected  the  Rev.  E.  C.  Dinwiddie,  D.D.,  of  Washington.  D.  C, 
Chairman  of  the  Executive  Committee,  and  he  introduced  Dr.  Dinwiddie 
as  Chairman  of  the  Congress.  Dr.  Dinwiddie  acknowledged  the  honor 
of  his  election  and  occupied  the  chair.     At  the  Chairman's  request, 

The  Rev.  Dr.  FORREST  J.  PRETTYMAN,  Chaplain  of  the 
United  States  Senate,  offered  the  invocation. 

The  CHAIRMAN :  I  have  a  great  deal  of  pleasure  in  announcing 
to  the  Congress  the  election,  or  selection,  of  a  distinguished  citizen  of 
our  country,  and  one  who  is  known  throughout  the  world,  the  Honor- 
able Josephus  Daniels.  Secretary  of  the  Xavy  of  the  United  States,  as 
the  Honorary  President  of  the  Congress ;  and  he  will  briefly  welcome 
the  Congress  at  this  time. 

The  Hon.  JOSEPHUS  DANIELS:  Mr.  Chairman.  Your  Excel- 
lencies, Ladies,  and  Gentlemen :  I  think  it  is  peculiarly  a])propriate  that 
this  Congress  should  hold  its  sessions  at  this  time  in  the  capital  of  the 
American  Republic,  coming  here  as  you  do  so  soon  after  this  mighty 
nation  has  taken  the  long  stride  of  writing  into  its  Constitution  what  has 
l)een  the  hojic  and  prayer  of  this  Congress  and  of  men  and  women  all 
over  the  world  throughout  centuries. 

The  Eighteenth  .Xmcndment  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States 
was  not  adopted  as  a  war  measure.     It  did  not  come  into  being  quickly 

17 


or  rapidly,  but  after  long  thought,  deliberation,  education,  and  agitation. 
It  was  a  deliberate  expression  of  a  great  people,  moving  forward  first 
from  township  to  county,  then  from  county  to  state,  and  from  the  state 
to  the  entire  country  from  ocean  to  ocean.  It  is  the  concrete  resolve  of 
this  mighty  people  that  we  take  our  place  in  demanding  the  end  of 
human  slavery,  a  slavery  over  appetite  and  passion.  You  have  come  to 
a  republic,  which,  after  long  agitation,  has  placed  another  band  upon  its 
Constitutional  instrument,  which,  as  one  of  our  Amendments,  takes  its 
place  among  those  Amendments  which  have  never  been  changed  in  our 
history  when  once  an  amendment  has  been  adopted,  and  which  never 
will  be  changed. 

I  rejoice  that  when  that  great  gathering  of  the  world's  foremost  men 
sat  in  Paris  after  the  signing  of  the  Armistice,  when  their  deliberations 
touched  the  vital  needs  of  the  whole  world,  there  was  embraced  in  the 
Covenant  Article  XXII,  of  which  we  have  heard  but  little,  but  which  is 
the  rainbow  of  promise  to  nations  needing  mandataries,  seeking  to  walk 
alone.  You  recall  that  this  Article  pledges  the  League  that,  wherever 
any  mandatary  is  needed  for  the  tutelage  of  colonies  which  have  been 
wrested  from  their  conquerors,  the  League  declared  it  would  prohibit 
such  evils  as  trade  in  slaves,  in  arms,  and  in  liquor.  We  may  be  sure 
that  great  conference  in  Paris  had  no  right  and  no  desire  to  control  the 
domestic  policies  of  any  nation,  nor  did  it  attempt  to  say  what  should 
be  the  policy  of  any  great  nation  with  reference  to  the  slave  trade,  evil 
as  it  is,  the  selling  of  arms  to  the  ignorant  or  the  evil-minded,  or  the 
liquor  traffic ;  but  where  it  had  power,  and  where  it  exercised  responsi- 
bility, it  pledged  itself  that  the  slave  traffic  and  traffic  in  arms  and  traffic 
in  liquor  should  be  suppressed  for  the  benefit  of  those  weaker  people. 
Now  it  recognized  in  this  concrete  form  the  evils  which  we  have  re- 
solved, so  far  as  lies  in  our  power,  to  take  away  from  the  weak  men  of 
the  world ;  and  we  shall  find  that  though  it  does  not  seek  to  touch  the 
domestic  problems  of  any  nation,  the  very  fact  that  this  gathering  placed 
its  ban  upon  this  traffic  will  have  a  light  and  leading,  because,  if  it  is  evil 
to  sell  arms  to  the  ignorant  or  the  vicious  in  Central  Africa  and  to  sell 
liquor,  it  is  wrong  to  sell  it  in  Central  Europe  and  in  Central  America. 
And  we  catch  from  that  document,  that  immortal  document,  fresh  re- 
solves that  we  shall  not  cease  our  labors  until  man  who  has  dominated 
the  globe,  who  has  conquered  the  air,  who  has  conquered  the  earth,  and 
who  has  conquered  the  regions  under  the  sea,  shall  have  a  greater  con- 
quest, shall  conquer  himself,  shall  conquer  his  appetites ;  and  man  shall 
stand  erect,  freed  from  the  evil  influences  of  drugs  and  drinks  and 
passions,  worthy  of  the  high  mission  for  which  his  Maker  intended  him. 

I  welcome  you  on  behalf  of  the  United  States  of  America. 
[Mr.  Daniels  then  left  the  meeting.] 

The  CHAIRMAN :  The  Secretary  of  the  Navy  is  very  sorry  that 
business  engagements  compel  him  to  leave ;  and  we  all  imderstand  how 
unavoidable  that  is  in  a  life  so  busy  as  his. 

18 


1  have  pleasure  in  introducing  the  Honorable  \'an  S.  Merle- Smith, 
Third  Assistant  Secretary  of  State,  who  will  speak  on  behalf  of  the 
Department  of  State. 

The  Hon.  VAN  S.  MERLE-SMITH:  Mr.  President,  Delegates 
to  the  Fifteenth  International  Congress  Against  Alcoholism,  Ladies, 
and  Gentlemen:  It  is  mdeed  an  mteresting  occasion  to  me,  which 
offers  an  opportunity  to  participate  in  what  one  might  visualize  as  the 
mind  of  the  world  focusing  on  one  of  the  great  problems  of  civilization. 
Before  gathering  together  with  one  purpose  the  men  and  women  of 
distant  lands,  with  minds  trained  and  experienced  in  widely  dilterent 
environments,  it  signilies  to  me  the  slowly  growing  reahzation  that  prob- 
lems of  life  transcend  national  boundaries,  and  that  the  cooperation  of 
peoples  is  necessary  for  the  advancement  of  civilization. 

Perhaps  we  should  not  value  this  conference  alone  for  the  practical 
or  easily  seen  results  that  may  ensue  from  it;  but  there  must  be  con- 
sidered the  widening  of  knowledge,  the  sharpening  of  intellect,  and  the 
clarification  and  enjoyment  of  purpose  which  is  bound  to  result  from 
the  association  with  a  common  purpose  of  the  diversified  peoples  of 
the  world. 

This  country  and  this  city  may  well  be  proud  to  have  the  privilege 
of  being  the  seat  of  this  great  international  congress,  fired  by  a  high 
purpose,  and  representing,  I  may  say,  the  wisdom  of  our  kindred  nations. 

In  1914  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  appropriated  a  substan- 
tial sum  to  aid  in  defraying  the  costs  of  this  Congress.  Because  of  the 
preoccupations  of  war,  and  because  of  the  resulting  dislocation  of  inter- 
course between  nations,  the  summoning  of  this  Congress  was  postponed 
from  year  to  year  until  this  year,  when  it  became  possible  to  execute  the 
mandates  of  the  Congress  of  the  United  States. 

The  representatives  of  the  people  of  the  United  States,  acting  through 
the  province  of  the  Act  of  Congress,  caused  to  devolve  upon  the  Depart- 
ment of  State,  and  upon  me,  as  its  representative,  the  official  duty  of 
opening  or  commencing  the  official  proceedings  of  this  Congress ;  and  in 
so  doing.  Ladies  and  Gentlemen.  I  wish  to  express  appreciation  on  behalf 
of  the  United  States  of  the  cordial  response  to  its  invitation.  Also  to 
express  the  hope.  Ladies  and  Gentlemen,  that  your  deliberations  will 
conduct  you  to  recommendations  and  conclusions  which  will  redound  to 
the  betterment  of  mankind,  not  only  of  the  United  States,  but  of  the 
world ;  and  further  that  your  sessions  will  be  crowned  with  the  success 
of  which  the  distinguished  assemblage  convoked  bears  such  great 
promise. 

In  conclusion.  T  can  hardly  do  better  than  to  follow  the  example,  an 
eminent  ex.Tmplc,  and  repeat  the  remark  made  by  Premier  Clemcnceau, 
with  which  he  opened  the  session  of  the  Peace  Conference  at  which  the 
Treaty  of  Versailles  was  signed.  They  were  remarks  short  and  cryptic, 
but  full  of  meaning — "La  seance  est  ouverte." 

[Mr.  Mcrlc-Smith  then  left,  to  keep  ,-mothcr  engagement.] 

19 


The  chairman  :  The  Assistant  Secretary  is  likewise  compelled 
to  leave  for  a  conference.  I  have  pleasure  in  introducing  to  the  Con- 
gress one  of  the  officers  of  the  District  of  Columbia.  We  have  neither 
a  Mayor  nor  a  Lord  Mayor  of  the  District  of  Columbia.  We  have 
three!  The  District  is  ruled,  if  you  please,  by  the  laws  of  Congress, 
carried  into  execution  by  a  Board  of  Commissioners — two  civilians  and 
one  army  officer — provided  by  law.  Until  this  present  week,  or  I  think 
the  last  week,  we  did  not  have  either  of  the  civilian  officers  of  the  Dis- 
trict; but  one  of  the  vacancies  was  filled  by  the  appointment  of  the 
gentleman  whom  I  am  to  introduce  to  you  now,  who  will  say  a  few 
words  of  welcome  on  behalf  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  the  seat  of  gov- 
ernment of  the  United  States.  I  introduce  the  Honorable  J.  Thilman 
Hendrick,  Commissioner  of  the  District  of  Columbia. 

The  Hon.  J.  THILMAN  HENDRICK:  Mr.  Chairman,  Delegates 
to  the  International  Congress  Against  Alcoholism,  Ladies,  and  Gentle- 
men :  To  you,  the  representatives  of  five  million  workers  in  the  great 
cause  of  temperance,  I  extend  a  cordial  welcome  on  behalf  of  a  city  with 
a  citizenry  of  one  hundred  million  souls,  not  in  the  mere  sense  of  physical 
habitation,  but  in  the  wider  sense  of  the  spirit. 

The  City  of  Washington  has  for  many  years  been  growing  in  im- 
portance as  a  convention  center,  and  we  feel  not  only  that  conventions 
of  this  character  and  of  other  kinds  are  w'elcomed  in  this  city,  but  we 
consider  that  this  city  is  becoming  the  center  of  the  intellectual  con- 
sciousness of  the  entire  United  States. 

And  so,  on  behalf  of  the  government  of  the  District  of  Columbia, 
and  on  behalf  of  the  people  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  I  again  bid  you 
a  cordial  welcome. 

The  CHAIRMAN :  We  Americans  take  a  great  deal  of  pride  in 
the  Pan  American  Union,  in  whose  permanent  building  we  are  holding 
this  Congress ;  and  it  affords  me  a  great  deal  of  pleasure  to  introduce  to 
the  Congress  our  host.  Dr.  L.  S.  Rowe,  the  Director  General  of  the  Pan 
American  Union,  who  will  speak  to  vou. 

Dr.  L.  S.  ROWE:  Mr.  Chairman,  Delegates  to  the  Fifteenth  In- 
ternational Congress  Against  Alcoholism,  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen :  It  is 
my  privilege  to  w^elcome  you  on  behalf  of  the  governing  board  of  the 
Pan  American  Union,  a  board  composed  of  the  diplomatic  representa- 
tives of  all  the  republics  of  the  American  Continent,  and  presided  over 
by  the  Secretary  of  State  of  the  United  States.  Each  and  every  mem- 
ber of  that  board  deems  it  a  privilege  that  you  should  assemble  under 
this  roof,  and  it  is  peculiarly  appropriate  that  you  should  do  so.  This 
building  and  the  organization  which  houses  it  represent  the  united  effort 
of  the  republics  of  this  continent,  and  the  topics  and  problems  which 
you  are  assembled  to  discuss  are  of  vital  interest  to  every  country  of 
the  American  Continent.     You  may  rest  assured  that  each  and  every 

20 


member  of  the  Board,  some  oi  vvlioiii  aie  official  delegates  to  this  con- 
ference, will  follow  your  conclusions  with  the  deepest  interest ;  and  there 
is  every  assurance  that  the  conclusions  that  you  will  reach  will  be  of 
great  and  permanent  interest  to  every  country  of  this  continent. 

You  have  assembled  at  a  time  when  the  United  States  is  entering 
upon  a  new  stage  in  its  national  policy.  It  has  been  called  an  experi- 
mental stage,  but  let  us  have  no  illusions  on  that  subject.  It  is  no  longer 
in  its  experimental  stages. 

I  rejoice  that  we  can  welcome  you  foreign  delegates  at  such  an  aus- 
picious time ;  and  I  hope  that  you  will  make  the  fullest  use  of  every 
facility  that  this  building  offers,  knowing  that  your  purposes  are  exactly 
the  same  as  the  purposes  for  which  this  international  organization  was 
founded. 

On  behalf  of  the  Governing  Board  of  the  Pan  American  Union,  I 
extend  to  you  a  warm  welcome. 

RESPONSES  TO  ADDRESSES  OF  WELCOME 

The  chairman  :  I  hope,  if  any  name  should  be  omitted  in  the 
multiplicity  of  duties  on  the  part  of  the  committee  or  through  the  failure 
of  any  delegates  from  governments  abroad  to  report  their  presence  to 
the  committee,  that  no  official  representative  of  a  foreign  government 
who  may  be  present  this  morning  will  hesitate  to  make  his  presence 
known,  in  order  that  he  may  be  called  upon  for  a  three-minute  response, 
for  I  think  such  is  the  usual  response  at  these  Congresses  to  these  words 
of  welcome.  And  so  far  as  I  may  be  able  I  will  call  upon  the  repre- 
sentatives of  foreign  governments  in  the  alphabetical  order  ;*  and  I  shall 
be  very  glad  to  have  the  representative  promptly  come  to  the  platform 
and  respond,  if  he  will. 

I  have  pleasure  in  calling  upon  Prof.  August  Ley,  the  official  dele- 
gate from  Belgium. 

Dr.  august  LEY:  ]\Ir.  Chairman,  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen:  It 
is  my  privilege  to  bring  the  greetings  of  the  Belgian  Government  to  the 
Fifteenth  International  Congress  Against  Alcoholism.  Belgium  was  first 
bound  to  the  United  States  of  America  by  the  bonds  of  deep  sympathy, 
and  later  by  the  ties  of  an  infinite  gratitude,  and  finally  by  bonds  of  un- 
dying thankfulness  mingled  with  palpitating  interest  in  watching  the 
great  social  experiment  of  Prohibition.  My  country  hopes  that  the 
work  of  the  Congress  may  be  successful  in  every  way. 

The  CHAIRMAN:  I  have  pleasure  in  introducing  Mr.  Wei,  the 
Secretary  of  the  Chinese  Legation,  who  will  speak  in  the  absence  of 
the  Minister. 

Mr.  wen  pin  WEI:  Ladies  and  Gentlemen:  It  is  a  matter  of 
regret  that  our  Minister  is  ill  and  is  unable  to  be  here,  and  therefore 

♦Those  foreipn  representatives  who  were  not  present  at  the  oneninp  meet- 
ing of  the  Congress  were  called  upon  by  the  Chairman  at  succeeding  sessions. 

21 


1  have  been  appointed  to  represent  the  Chinese  Government  to  attend, 
this  conference.  On  behalf  of  the  Chinese  Government,  1  want  to  say 
to  the  representatives  of  the  American  Government  that  we  sincerely 
appreciate  this  invitation  to  attend  this  International  Congress  Against 
Alcoholism,  and  also  to  bring  you  greetings  and  bring  you  a  message. 
I  am  allowed  only  three  minutes,  so  I  can  not  go  into  the  subject  in 
detail  today,  but.  Ladies  and  Gentlemen,  you  must  have  heard  about  the 
light  in  China  we  have  conducted  against  opium.  We  fought  steadily 
and  earnestly  for  years,  and  we  had  the  cooperation  of  the  governments 
and  peoples  of  the  European  countries  and  America.  With  their  assis- 
tance and  cooperation  we  have  been  able  to  put  a  stop  to  that  menace. 

To  show  you  the  earnestness  of  the  Chinese  Government,  you  must 
have  heard  that  more  than  a  year  ago  the  Chinese  Government  bought 
the  entire  stock  of  opium  accumulated  in  Shanghai,  to  the  amount  of 
$14,000,000  worth,  and  publicly  burned  the  whole  business ! 

Why  do  I  refer  to  this  opium  traffic?  It  is  because  we  are  now- 
menaced  by  another  curse  equally  as  bad ;  that  is  the  liquor  curse.  Xow, 
the  Chinese  Government  and  people  are  interested  in  putting  a  stop  to 
this,  and  we  are  very  glad  that  we  have  been  able  to  be  present  at  this 
conference  where  we  have  one  aim  and  purpose,  although  we  are 
from  all  parts  of  the  world.  We  are  here  to  discuss  this  liquor  question, 
and  I  hope,  and  I  am  sure,  that  we  will  reach  practical  results. 

The  Chinese  Government  and  people  are  earnest  in  their  efforts  to 
put  a  stop  to  this  liquor  menace,  and  in  doing  so  I  know  that  we  have 
the  cooperation  of  many  foreign  citizens  resident  in  China ;  and  we 
especially  ask  for  your  cooperation,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen. 

I  thank  you  for  this  opportunity  to  speak  to  you. 

The  CHAIR^L\X  :  ^I  have  pleasure  in  introducing  Dr.  Zmrhal, 
representative  of  Czecho-Slovakia. 

Dr.  ZMRHAL:  Mr.  Chairman,  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen  of  the 
Fifteenth  International  Congress  Against  Alcoholism :  I  consider  it  a 
special  privilege  to  be  with  you  this  morning.  It  is  for  the  first  time 
after  the  terrible  World  War  that  nations  have  come  together,  and  have 
come  for  a  constructive  purpose.  I  hope  that  it  may  signify  that  in  the 
future  all  the  nations  may  collaborate  to  make  this  a  better  world.  And 
I  take  it  that  this  Congress  is  the  beginning  of  such  beneficial  activity. 

I  come  from  the  country  of  the  Czecho-Slovaks  loaded  with  grati- 
tude, gratitude  to  the  great  President  of  this  country,  gratitude  to  the 
Congress,  gratitude  to  the  greatest  people  of  all — the  Americans.  You 
have  stood  by  the  makers,  the  founders  of  the  Czecho-Slovakian  Republic, 
and  we  are  grateful  that  now  you  serve  as  an  inspiration  in  the  struggle 
of  the  Czecho-Slovakian  Republic  to  follow  your  example  and  to  con- 
quer the  demon  rum. 

If  I  had  the  time,  and  if  a  dift'erent  time  had  not  been  set  to  tell  you 
the  details.  I  might  go  into  it.     I  will  limit  myself  to  these  words,  that 

22 


the  country  is  doing  most  magnilicent  work,  and  is  succeeding.     The 
details,  I  shall  have  pleasure  to  give  you  later. 

We  wish  that  this  Congress  may  be  a  great  success,  as  no  doubt  it 
will  be,  and  we  hope  that  it  may  bring  America  and  Czecho-Slovakia 
still  closer  together. 

The  chairman  :  The  official  delegate  from  the  Government  of 
Denmark  at  the  last  moment  was  precluded  from  making  the  voyage. 
The  Minister  of  Denmark  is  present  this  mornings  but  in  view  of  the 
fact  that  he  had  been  asked  to  serve  only  at  the  last  minute  by  cable, 
he  has  requested  not  to  be  asked  to  report  at  this  time. 

I  have  pleasure  in  introducing  the  official  delegate  from  France, 
Dr.  Jean  Meteil,  of  Paris,  Secretary  of  the  French  League  Against 
Alcoholism. 

Dr.  MfiTEIL:  Air.  Chairman,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen:  I  am  glad 
to  have  the  privilege,  as  a  delegate  of  the  French  Government,  to  bring 
you  the  first  words  of  welcome  and  friendship  in  the  name  of  our  Min- 
ister, in  the  name  of  our  Society,  the  French  League  Against  Alcohol- 
ism, and  in  the  name  of  all  the  workers  in  the  temperance  movement 
in  France. 

We,  Frenchmen,  have  much  to  learn  of  the  experiences  with  tem- 
perance in  all  countries,  and  especially  in  xA.merica. 

Big  events,  since  the  last  Congress  at  Milan,  have  overthrown  the 
world.  In  many  countries  the  war  has  given  an  opportunity  for  taking 
measures  against  alcoholism.  We  owe  to  it  in  part  the  progress 
realized  in  our  own  country.  I  am  sure  this  meeting  will  be  most 
fruitful  and  I  am  glad  that  the  Fifteenth  International  Congress  takes 
place  in  the  United  States  of  America. 

I  welcome  every  occasion  to  know  better  the  great  people  which 
succeeded  in  suppressing  completely  the  drink  evil  on  its  soil.  It  is  a 
solid  basis  to  the  peace  work.  I  regret  that  France  did  not  take  very 
strong  measures  against  the  sale  of  alcoholic  drink.  I  shall  try  to 
explain  to  you  later  on  the  reasons  for  this  situation. 

But  I  intend  to  take  back  with  me  the  examples  of  the  countries 
more  advanced  in  the  way  of  temperance  and  to  give  them  as  much 
publicity  in  France  as  possible. 

It  is  necessary  more  than  ever  to  tighten  the  bonds  between  the  tem- 
perance leaders  of  all  countries,  and  I  am  sure  this  Congress  will  attain 
this  aim. 

France  sends  by  me  a  hearty  greeting  to  the  American  Government 
represented  here,  to  the  leaders  of  the  powerful  temperance  associations 
of  the  LInited  States  of  America,  to  the  members  of  this  Congress,  and 
to  the  American  people. 

I  regret  that  T  speak  the  English  language  so  imperfectly.  It  pre- 
vents me  from  expressing,  as  T  wished,  my  feelings  on  this  occasion. 

23 


The  CHAIR!MAX  :  Instead  of  prefacing  the  introduction  of  the 
next  speaker  by  any  remarks  of  my  own,  I  will  read  his  official  designa- 
tion as  delegate  to  the  Congress  from  the  Republic  of  Finland.  It  is: 
Dr.  Matti  Helenius-Seppala,  Chief  of  the  Division  of  Temperance..  Social 
Ministry,  Finland. 

Dr.  HELENIUS-SEPPALA:  Uv.  President,  Ladies,  and  Gentle- 
men :  The  new  republic,  small  Finland,  to  the  mighty  republic  of  the 
United  States.  Fac  away  is  my  country,  but  not  so  far  as  beyond  the 
reach  of  America's  powerful  hand,  when  the  starving  people  of  Finland 
needed  help  during  the  war.  The  fiag  with  stars  and  stripes  of  the 
American  Relief  Committee  was  flying  a  long  time  from  the  floor  just 
above  my  own  office  in  the  Statehouse  of  Finland. 

We  should  then  have  learned  to  love  this  glorious  flag,  had  we  not 
already  done  so  decades  ago.  Numerous  Finns  returning  from  the 
United  States,  by  telling  of  American  liberty  and  rights  of  citizenship 
had  made  us  in  Finland  great  admirers  of  L'ncle  Sam. 

As  to  the  temperance  cause,  the  American  influence  has  all  along 
been  perceptible  in  Finland's  fight  against  alcoholism.  The  well-known 
American  pamphlet  of  Dr.  Benjamin  Rush,  published  in  1785,  was 
translated  in  one  or  more  newspapers  in  Finland.  In  1849  an  American 
gentleman  named  Robert  Baird  persuaded  Czar  Nicholas  I  to  publish 
at  his  own  expense  in  the  Finnish  language  a  pamphlet,  in  which  he 
outlined  a  temperance  and  Prohibition  program.  During  the  fight 
against  home-distilleries  in  Finland,  in  the  middle  of  the  nineteenth 
century,  the  American  prohibitory  laws  were  constantly  referred  to  in 
the  Finnish  Parliament.  The  last  campaign  for  Prohibition,  beginning 
in  earnest,  the  Finnish  Government  sent  me  in  1906  to  study  temper- 
ance legislation  in  the  United  States ;  and  in  my  report,  thirteen  years 
ago,  I  set  forth  the  reasons  for  my  conviction  that  Prohibition  would 
before  long  become  the  law  all  over  the  United  States.  I  can  boast  of 
the  fact  that  Finland's  Prohibition  law  went  into  effect  one  month 
earlier  than  that  of  the  United  States.  But  'we  never  forget  in  Finland 
the  help,  the  encouragement  America  gave  us  in  our  Prohibition 
campaigns. 

For  me  personally  the  opening  of  this  Congress  is  one  of  the 
greatest  moments  in  my  life.  I  attended  an  International  Anti-Alcoholic 
Congress  for  the  first  time  just  twenty-five  years  ago.  and  since  1899  I 
have  been  an  invited  lecturer  at  all  these  Congresses.  But  all  these  years 
I  was  compelled  to  stand  outside  and  look  on ;  while  the  more  fortunate 
nations  were  officially  represented  at  the  Congresses,  my  country  had  no 
such  right.  Now,  for  the  first  time,  the  Government  of  the  Finnish 
Republic  has  the  honor  to  be  officially  represented  at  an  International 
Anti-Alcohol  Congress. 

My  pleasure  is  the  greater  because  the  first  official  invitation  to 
Finland  came  from  the  United  States,  the  land  which  for  more  than  a 

24 


century  has  given  to  other  countries  the  noblest  example  ot  successful 
temperance  work. 

The  chairman  :  I  have  pleasure  now  in  introducing  Mr.  R.  L. 
Craigie,  First  Secretary  of  the  British  Embassy,  who  has  been  appointed 
to  represent  the  British  Government  at  the  Congress. 

(At  this  point  the  British  Ambassador,  Sir  Auckland  Geddes, 
approached  the  platform.) 

I  am  very  glad  indeed  to  be  able  to  introduce  the  British  Ambassador 
at  Washington,  Sir  Auckland  Geddes. 

Sir  AUCKLAND  GEDDES:  Mr.  Chairman,  Your  Excellencies, 
Ladies,  and  Gentlemen:  You  may  have  noticed  just  now  that  our 
Chairman  called  upon  the  First  Secretary  of  the  British  Embassy.  I  felt 
that  this  was  an  occasion  upon  which  no  one  less  than  the  head  of  the 
commission  should  reply  to  the  welcome  which  has  been  extended  to  us 
by  the  United  States.  More  especially  as  it  is  my  proud  privilege  to  reply, 
not  only  for  Britain,  but  for  Australia,  for  Canada,  for  South  Africa,  for 
New  Zealand,  for  India,  for  British  colonies  throughout  all  the  world, 
colonies  in  all  the  continents,  and  for  islands  in  all  the  seas.  And  the 
whole  British  Empire  at  the  present  moment  watches  the  great  demon- 
stration which  the  United  States  is  giving  of  the  power  to  control  a 
force  which  undoubtedly,  in  its  uncontrolled  way,  has  worked  great 
evils ;  and  the  whole  British  Empire  watches  to  see  what  the  results  of 
the  change  which  you  have  made  in  your  social  life  will  be. 

Parts  of  the  British  Empire  have  taken  the  same  step,  and  are  pro- 
viding a  similar  demonstration. 

I  do  not  know  whether  you  realize  how  closely  we  are  watching  the 
social  change  which  is  going  on  now  in  America  as  a  result  of  the  great 
step  of  establishing  Prohibition.  It  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  social 
phenomena  which  it  is  possible  for  any  representatives  of  any  govern- 
ment to  observe  and  to  report  upon. 

I  am  especially  charged  by  my  Government  to  thank  the  Government 
of  the  United  States  of  America  for  having  called  this  conference  in  this 
city  at  this  time.  All  the  representatives  from  the  British  Dominions 
and  from  Britain  itself  are  interested  to  see  and  hear.  But  more  especi- 
ally than  any  other  part  of  the  British  Empire,  there  arc  three  depart- 
ments of  the  British  Government  in  London  that  have  asked  to  receive 
full  reports  of  this  conference.  It  is  interesting  to  know  what  those 
three  are — the  Department  of  Internal  Affairs,  the  Home  Ofifice.  as  we 
call  it,  which  is  responsible  for  the  maintenance  of  social  order  and  the 
enforcement  of  justice;  the  Department  of  Health,  the  Ministry  of 
Health,  responsible  for  the  health  of  the  people ;  and  the  Department  of 
Commerce,  which  we  call  the  Board  of  Trade,  responsible  for  all  the 
trade  organizations  anrl  the  trade  activities  of  the  country. 

It  is  a  most  interesting  thing  that  those  are  the  three  (lei)artments. 

2S 


which  at  once,  when  we  heard  of  this  conference,  said,  '"We  must  know 
exactly  what  is  going  on,  for  fear  we  lag  behind." 

And  so,  Air.  Chairman,  through  you,  I  should  like  to  thank  the 
American  Government  for  the  welcome  which  they  have  extended  to 
the  British  delegates,  and  to  say  that  every  act  and  every  meeting  of  this 
conference  will  be  watched  with  the  greatest  interest  and  appreciation 
by  the  governments  which  I  have  the  nonor  to  represent. 

The  CHAIRMAX  :  I  did  not  have,  prior  to  the  meeting  this  morn- 
ing, the  official  notitication  of  the  presence  of  the  Alinister  from  Cuba. 
I  take  pleasure  in  presenting  the  Honorable  William  E.  Gonzales,  Min- 
ister from  Cuba,  who  will  respond  on  behalf  of  that  government. 

The  Hex.  WILLIAM  E.  GOXZALES :  Mr.  Chairman,  Your  Ex- 
cellencies, Ladies,  and  Gentlemen :  I  myself  did  not  know  until  last 
night  that  I  was  appointed  to  be  the  delegate  to  this  important  Congress 
from  Cuba;  but  I  have  accepted  the  designation  as  a  great  honor,  and 
though  it  came  at  a  late  moment,  it  has  at  least  this  advantage  for  you 
and  this  disadvantage  for  me — the  disadvantage  that  I  have  not  been 
able  to  study  the  questions  that  are  going  to  be  treated  here  exhaustively, 
and  advantage  to  you  that  my  address  to  you  will  be  short.  It  will,, 
nevertheless,  be  sufficient  to  extend  to  you,  Mr.  Chairman,  on  behalf  of 
my  Government,  and  to  the  honorable  members  of  the  Congress,  the 
thanks  and  the  gratitude  of  my  country  for  your  kind  invitation. 

Cuba  follows  with  great  interest  this  important  movement.  She 
always  follows  everything  that  tends  to  elevate  humanity ;  and  she  has 
always  been  in  the  first  rank  v.herever  something  noble  and  great  was 
to  be  performed. 

Cuba  has  followed  the  United  States  in  the  brilliant  work  of  this 
magnificent  nation,  in  all  her  movements  for  liberty ;  and  everything 
here  seems  always  so  great  to  us.  that  this  movement  which  you  have 
inaugurated,  and  which  has  passed  into  a  very  important  stage,  should 
not  surprise  us.  Everything  in  the  United  States  is  great.  Your  war 
for  the  liberty  of  the  slaves  was  great ;  your  war  for  the  liberty  of  Cuba 
was  a  great  war ;  and  your  last  war  for  humanity  and  for  the  liberty  of 
the  world,  was  a  great  war.  And  this  war  that  you  are  now  carrying 
on  against  alcohol  is  also  a  great  war  for  the  health  and  prosperit}'  of 
your  people. 

\Ve  are  therefore  following  you  with  great  interest,  though  still  from 
afar  in  Cuba.  Really  we  have  not  the  problem  there  of  alcoholism. 
Though  Cuba  has  lately  obtained  certain  celebrit}'  in  regard  to  alcohol, 
on  account  of  the  papers,  I  wish  to  assure  you  that  Cuba  does  not  stand 
for  alcoholism.  We  stand  for  liberty,  we  stand  for  progress,  we  stand 
for  all  the  ideals  that  tend  to  elevate  humanit\\  and  make  man  come  into 
his  own  possessions  as  the  greatest  creation  of  the  Almighty. 

The  CHATRMAX:    At  the  Ha.gue  in  1911  the  Thirteenth  Interna- 

26 


tional  Congress  was  held,  and  it  was  the  hrst  Congress  in  which  the 
United  States  Government  was  represented  by  an  official  delegation,  with 
their  expenses  paid,  and  coming  as  f  uU-tiedged  American  representatives. 
That  Congress  was  very  splendidly  directed  by  its  chairman,  who  is  now 
the  Prime  Minister  of  Holland,  Baron  de  Beerenbrouck,  and  its  secre- 
tary, who  is  present  this  morning  as  the  representative  of  Holland,  Dr. 
Slotemaker  de  Bruine.  The  latter  has  been  identified  with  the  Congress 
for  many  years,  and  is  one  of  the  most  successful  and  diligent  workers 
of  his  country,  and  has  been  designated  by  Holland  to  represent  her  in 
this  Congress.     I  take  pleasure  in  presenting  Dr.  Slotemaker  de  Bruine. 

Dr.  slotemaker  de  BRUIXE:  Mr.  Chairman  and  Members 
of  the  Fifteenth  International  Congress  Against  Alcoholism :  On  behalf 
of  my  Government  I  beg  to  thank,  first  of  all,  most  heartily  the  Secre- 
tary of  State  of  the  United  States  of  America  for  having  invited  the 
Government  of  my  country  to  send  over  a  representative  to  this  Interna- 
tional Congress  Against  Alcoholism.  There  are  in  the  fight  against 
alcoholism  a  lot  of  questions  which  can  only  be  studied  and  solved  by 
national  means,  but  there  are  a  greater  number  of  questions  that  can  only 
be  studied  and  solved  by  international  means.  And  we  are  very  glad  to 
see  that  your  Government,  inviting  delegates  of  several  nations,  is  alive 
to  the  value  of  international  cooperation  in  this  fight,  and  I  am  very  glad 
that  your  Government  has  taken  the  action  that  it  has.  Of  course,  we, 
in  coming  over  to  America  here,  and  a  while  before,  have  been  some- 
what surprised,  as  well  as  much  delighted^  that  you  should  have  tried 
here  the  great  experiment  of  Prohibition.  But  we  are  also  informed 
that  you  have  no  Prohibition !  W'e  have  some  papers  that  so  state.  I 
think  you  will  understand  what  I  mean.  Some  of  our  papers  tell  us 
that  there  is  no  Prohibition  in  America ;  that  there  is  a  dry  law,  but 
that  there  is  a  wet  fact.  What  is  the  truth  of  the  matter?  Of  course, 
we  are  here  to  study  also  that  question.  And  we  will  be  glad  to  find  out 
all  the  truth ;  and  I  think,  when  we  are  in  favor  of  and  working  for 
Prohibition,  we  need  truth,  and  also  if  we  are  not  in  favor  of  Prohibition, 
I  believe  we  need  truth  also.     That  is  the  first  requisite. 

But  there  is  a  second  important  factor,  Mr.  Chairman,  and  that  is, 
of  what  value  is  a  law  in  a  nation,  when  there  is  not  behind  that  law  a 
public  spirit  in  that  nation.  And  in  order  to  have  a  public  spirit  in  the 
nation,  it  is  necessary  to  have  a  proper  mind  in  the  nation.  .A.nd  how 
to  prepare  the  mind  without  education  is  a  question.  And  that  is  the 
second  thing  that  you  have  studied  here  in  America ;  and  we  can  learn 
from  you.  and  other  countries  can  learn,  how  to  take  the  people  as  a 
whole,  and  to  find  the  soul  of  the  people  fighting  as  a  whole. 

We  have  understood  that  in  the  fight  against  alcoholism  and  for  Pro- 
hibition a  great  deal  has  been  accomplished  by  the  .A.nti-Saloon  Ueague ; 
and  those  ladies  and  gentlemen  who  are  so  happy  as  to  have  been  able,  as 
they  were,  to  attend  the  conference  of  that  League  last  week,  could  see 
and  could  hear,  and  especially  could  feel,  that  religion  is  a  most  powerfuf 

27 


part  in  the  educational  work  done  by  that  great  League,  and  in  all  the 
forces  that  make  for  righteousness  in  this  country.  That  is  the  third 
thing. 

How  can  we  reach  the  soul  of  the  people  if  we  cannot  work  by  the 
highest  powers  there  are  on  earth,  that  is  to  say,  the  laws  of  the  Kingdom 
of  God?  And  I  am  sure  that  I  represent  my  Government  as  a  whole, 
when  I  say,  Mr.  Chairman,  we  hope  that  you  will  have  here  a  most 
splendid  and  a  most  successful  Congress,  and  that  we  will  also  study  the 
necessity  of  utilizing  those  three  great  factors  that  I  have  mentioned,  and 
of  course  there  are  others. 

1  am  a  professor.  I  should  not  like  to  forget  that  there  are  also  some 
scientific  questions  involved;  there  is  also  an  industrial  question;  and 
there  is  an  economic  question ;  and  there  is  a  political  question ;  and  so 
on  and  so  on.  And  the  Congress  will  deal  with  all  those  questions,  and 
will  receive  suggestions  from  the  important  and  interesting  papers  that 
will  be  read.  But  at  this  moment  1  should  only  like  to  say,  on  behalf 
of  my  Government :  May  this  Congress  be  most  splendid  and  most  suc- 
cessful in  showing  the  necessity  for  the  work  as  a  whole,  and  in  indi- 
cating how  to  fight  against  the  foe  of  humanity — Alcoholism.  Also,  let 
us  study  how  to  use  in  our  fight  these  great  factors  I  have  mentioned, 
namely,  truth,  education  and  religion, 
I  thank  you. 

The  chairman  :  In  the  absence  of  Mr.  Staitch,  Inspector  of  the 
Ministry  of  Revictualing,  and  ^Member  of  the  Government  Section  for 
the  Welfare  of  Children.  I  am  very  happy  to  say  that  the  ^Minister  of 
the  Serbs,  Croats  and  Slovenes,  Dr.  Slavko  Y.  Growitch,  is  present,  and 
I  take  pleasure  in  introducing  him  to  you. 

Dr.  slavko  Y.  GROWITCH:  Mr.  Chairman.  Ladies,  and  Gen- 
tlemen :  I  was  surprised  to  come  so  early  in  the  alphabetical  order.  My 
countr}'  has  been  called  just  now-  as  Jugo-Slavia,  but  that  is  not  its 
official  nam.e ;  its  official  name  is  the  Kingdom  of  the  Serbs,  Croats,  and 
Slovenes;  and  it  is  therefore  as  a  representative  of  the  Serbs.  Croats, 
and  Slovenes  that  I  will  say  a  few  words. 

I  am  speakmg  now  in  the  absence  of  the  delegate  of  my  country,  Mr. 
Staitch,  who  has  been  delayed.  I  expect  him  even.'  moment,  and  I  hoped 
that  he  would  be  here  to  address  you.  In  his  absence.  I  thought  that  I 
could  take  a  few  seconds  of  your  time,  so  that  the  voice  of  my  countr\' 
should  also  be  heard  in  these  great  and  important  gatherings,  and  in 
order  to  express  to  the  Government  of  the  United  States  the  thanks  and 
appreciation  of  the  Government  of  the  Serbs.  Croats  and  Slovenes  that 
it  has  been  invited  to  this  important  Congress,  for  the  work  of  which  it 
wishes  the  greatest  success. 

The  CHAIRMAN:  I  have  pleasure  in  introducing  Dr.  R.  Vogt, 
representative  of  the  Government  of  Norway. 

28 


Dr.  R.  VOGT:  ivir.  Chairman,  L^adies  and  Gentlemen  of  the 
Congress :  On  behalf  of  my  Government  I  thank  the  Government  of  the 
United  States  for  its  kind  invitation  to  be  present  at  this  Congress, 
From  about  the  first  century  we  have  been  fighting  in  Norway  against 
alcohol,  and  there  has  been  evident  all  along  a  manifest  tendency  toward 
Prohibition.  A  bill  prohibiting  all  alcoholic  liquor  containing  more  than 
12  per  cent  has  been  prepared.  Also  we  have  in  a  good  many  parishes 
further  restrictions  of  the  liquor  trafiic. 

Prohibition  in  the  United  States  is  interesting  to  us  in  a  very  lively 
way,  and  we  consider  it  as  an  experiment  the  result  of  which  may  prove 
a  large  factor  in  determining  mankind's  attitude  toward  the  liquor  prob- 
lem throughout  the  world. 

The  chairman  :  I  have  pleasure  in  calling  upon  the  Minister 
from  Persia,  Abdul  AH  Khan,  Sadigh-es-Saltaneh,  who  has  been  desig- 
nated by  his  Government  to  represent  his  country  in  this  Congress. 

The  Hon.  ABDUL  ALI  KHAN :  Mr.  Chairman,  Ladies,  and  Gen- 
tlemen: As  the  representative  of  Persia  to  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment, I  take  great  pleasure  in  responding  with  the  greeting  of  my  Gov- 
ernment to  this  Congress. 

As  you  all  know,  in  my  country  the  religion  is  that  of  Mahomet,  and 
by  his  teachings  all  the  faithful  are  forbidden  to  use  intoxicating  and 
alcoholic  drinks.  He  foresaw  over  a  thousand  three  hundred  years  ago 
that  a  religion  and  government  can  not  be  strong  if  its  people  indulge 
themselves  in  alcohol. 

Therefore,  I  greet  this  Congress  in  the  name  of  Persia  with  the 
warmest  wishes  ior  its  success. 

The  CHAIRMAN:  This  Congress,  and  I  suppose  I  might  say 
about  every  Congress  of  this  character,  would  be  unable  to  perform  its 
service  to  the  cause  throughout  the  world,  if  it  were  not  for  the  splendid 
efforts  and  cooperation  of  one  of  the  ofTicial  delegates  from  Switzerland, 
who  is  at  the  head  of  the  International  Temperance  Bureau  at  Lausanne ; 
and  I  have  great  pleasure  in  introducing  to  you  Dr.  Robert  Hercod,  of 
Lausanne,  Switzerland,  one  of  the  official  representatives  of  his  Gov- 
ernment. 

Dr.  ROBERT  HERCOD :  Ladies  and  Gentlemen :  On  behalf  of 
the  oldest  republic  in  the  world.  Switzerland,  I  am  bringing  to  this  Con- 
gress and  to  the  greatest  republic  in  the  world,  the  good  wishes  of  our 
Government.  The  .Swiss  Federal  Council  fully  understands  the  great 
importance  of  an  international  congress  against  alcoholism  in  this  great 
Prohibition  country,  and  has  appointed  two  delegates  to  this  conference — 
my  old  friend  here.  Dr.  Ming,  a  member  of  the  Swiss  Parliament,  and 
myself;  and  we  Swiss  delegates  are  symbolizing  the  whole  variety  of 
conditions  in  Switzerland.     Dr.  Ming  belongs  to  one  of  the  free  small 

29 


^states,  which  more  than  six  hundred  years  ago  united  against  Austria  to 
preserve  their  Hberty,  and  founded  our  repubhc ;  and  my  state  has  been  a 
member  of  the  Swiss  Federation  for  about  one  hundred  years.  Dr.  Ming 
is  a  Roman  Cathohc ;  I  am  a  Protestant.  He  is  speaking  German ;  I  am 
speaking  French.  But  we  are  united  in  our  love  for  our  country.  We 
are  united  also  in  the  common  feeling  of  cordial  admiration  and  of  thank- 
fulness to  the  United  States  of  America. 

We  do  not  forget  that  America  helped  us  in  the  darkest  times  of  the 
war,  when  hunger  was  threatening  our  people.  We  do  not  forget  that, 
on  the  proposal  of  the  President  of  the  United  States,  Geneva  was  chosen 
as  the  seat  of  the  League  of  Nations.  And  now  that  we  are  fighting 
against  alcohol,  we  have  one  reason  more  to.  be  grateful  to  the  United 
States,  because  they  have  been  leading  the  whole  world  against  alcohol 
for  more  than  one  hundred  years. 

We  have  learned  very  much  from  the  United  States  in  the  past.  W'e 
are  learning  much  from  them  in  the  present.  We  hope  to  gather  during 
our  visit  to  this  country  many  facts  bearing  on  the  good  effects  of  Pro- 
hibition. We  shall  submit  them  to  our  Government  and  to  our  Parlia- 
ment, and  we  feel  sure  that  they  will  see  that  Prohibition  in  America  is 
not  a  thing  to  smile  at,  but  that  it  is  the  crowning  of  long,  patient  educa- 
tional efforts ;  that  it  is  a  good  and  wise  policy  which  ought  to  be  earn- 
■estly  investigated  by  all  nations  which  are  endeavoring  to  perfect  laws 
to  increase  national  efficiency  and  to  bring  about  national  progress. 

The  chairman  :  I  am  very  glad  to  announce  that  the  Minister 
from  Greece,  M.  Tsamados,  who  has  been  requested  to  represent  his  Gov- 
ernment in  the  Fifteenth  International  Congress,  is  present  this  morning, 
and  I  take  great  pleasure  in  presenting  him. 

The  Hon.  M.  TSAAIADOS  :  Mr.  Chairman.  Ladies  and  Gentle- 
men:  I  am  very  glad  to  convey  to  the  American  Government  the  deep 
appreciation  of  the  Greek  Government  for  having  been  invited  to  attend 
this  Congress  Against  Alcoholism.  I  consider  that  there  are  many  ties 
between  the  two  countries,  and  that  the  most  important  of  them  is  to 
"have  fought  together  the  great  war  against  imperialism. 

Now  it  is  quite  natural  that  those  who  have  united  in  such  a  war 
should  unite  also  to  fight  that  other  enemy  which  is  perhaps  greater  still 
than  imperialism,  the  enemy  alcoholism. 

And  I  have  no  doubt  that  as  there  has  been  found  a  means  to  combat 
that  other  foe.  there  will  be  found,  by  uniting  all  the  brains  of  the  most 
excellent  people  that  are  united  here,  a  means,  if  not  to  eradicate  wholly 
that  great  evil  of  humanity,  at  least  to  bring  it  so  low  down,  that  it  will 
be  considered  as  a  negligible  quantity. 

I  am  sure  that  this  Congress  will  succeed  in  its  task. 

The  CHAIRMAN:    I  have  pleasure  in  presenting  Professor  Thun- 

30 


■berg,  of  the  University  of  Lund,  Sweden,  the  ofticial  representative  of 
the  Government  of  Sweden. 

Dr.  THUNBERG:  Mr.  Chairman,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen:  The 
Swedish  Government  has  honored  me  by  appointing  me  one  of  its  repre- 
sentatives at  this  Congress,  and  1  herewith  beg  to  offer  the  best  and 
sincerest  thanks  for  the  invitation  extended  to  my  Government. 

This  is  the  Fifteenth  Congress  of  this  character,  but  the  first  in  the 
United  States  of  America.  For  the  previous  fourteen  the  American 
temperance  people  have  crossed  the  ocean  to  study  the  temperance  move- 
ment. That  calls  to  mind  a  Swedish  expression  "to  cross  the  river  to 
get  some  water.""  Here  in  the  United  States  we  have  the  real  spring  of 
the  temperance  movement ;  here  have  lived  the  pioneers ;  here  is  the 
holy  Mecca,  toward  which  we  all  have  turned  our  faces. 

Perhaps  there  is  more  than  one  way  to  solve  the  social  alcohol  prob- 
lem. But  it  is  certain  that  the  way  in  which  the  young  government  of 
the  west  is  now  trying  once  for  all  to  solve  its  own  gigantic  alcohol 
problems  will  be  of  international — nay,  world-wide — importance. 

We  are  all  following  the  present  struggle  here,  most  of  us  with 
admiration,  some  with  hesitation,  but  all  with  breathless  attention. 

The  opportunity  to  study  the  nation-wide  Prohibition  legislation  in 
the  United  States  which  this  Congress  gives  will  also  be  of  the  greatest 
value. 

My  best  wishes  for  the  success  of  the  Congress. 

The  CHAIRALA-N  :  I  am  delighted  to  introduce  the  representative 
of  the  Government  of  Uruguay,  Dr.  Varela  Acevedo. 

Dr.  varela  acevedo  :  Mr.  Chairman,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen : 
I  must  excuse  myself.  I  am  the  Minister  of  Uruguay  in  Washington, 
and  I  w-as  notified  only  a  few  minutes  ago  that  I  must  speak.  Therefore 
I  cannot  speak  in  English,  but  in  Spanish.  I  am  certain  that  if  you  do 
not  understand  the  words,  your  hearts  will  understand  undoubtedly  the 
meaning  of  the  sentences.  You  will  understand  that  I  bring  the  most 
cordial  greetings  and  solicitations  of  the  Government  and  of  the  people 
of  Uruguay,  and  that  we  wish  that  your  great  ideal  will  win  in  the  future 
throughout  the  world. 

Traigo  un  mensaje  de  simpatia  para  el  gran  ideal  que  este  Congress 
patrocina.  El  Pueblo  y  cl  Gobierno  del  Uruguay  miran  con  interest  los 
magnos  esfuerzos  desplegados  para  combatir  el  alcohol  y  sus  estragos. 
Admiramos  la  suprema  obra  y  el  magno  ejemplo  ofrecido  a  la  humani- 
dad  por  la  gran  nacion  que  nos  brinda  hoy  hospitalidad.  Las  grandes 
medidas  fucron  adoptadas  sin  miedo.  llevadas  a  la  practica  con  persever- 
ancia.  compHdas  en  forma  que  provoca  admiracion.  Se  siente  en  esta 
€mpresa  la  fuerza  de  una  democracia  en  accion.  La  opinion  publica 
inspirando  las  leyes.  vivificsndolas  con  su  adhesion  imponiendo  su  com- 
plimientn. 

31 


\  uestra  obra  senores  congresales  es  de  vasta  importancia.  Debeis 
iniciar  en  el  mundo,  una  obra  de  propaganda  que  sacuda  las  timideces, 
vence  los  interes  bastardos  y  sugiera  las  leyes  salvadoras  no  por  la  accion 
espontanea  de  los  poseedores  del  poder  sino  por  la  fuerza  arroUa  dora 
de  la  opinion  publica.  Sera  necessario  marehar  por  grados  contempland 
las  distintas  necesidades  y  civilazaciones  para  editicar  algo  duradero  pero 
la  compana  debe  emprenderse  sin  retardo. 

Ofrezco  la  adhesion  y  el  concurso  del  gobierno  y  del  pueblo  del 
Uruguay  y  mi  ardiente  simpatia  personal. 

The  chairman  :  I  have  pleasure  in  introducing  Dr.  Rafael 
Requena,  Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  from 
Venezuela. 

Dr.  RAFAEL  REQUEXA  briefly  responded  to  the  addresses  of 
welcome,  and  conveyed  the  greetings  of  the  Government  of  \'enezuela. 

The  CHAIRMAN:  May  the  Chair  ask  that  if  any  country  has 
been  omitted — and  if  so,  it  has  been  inadvertently,  and  because  we  have 
not  received  the  official  notification — will  any  representative  of  such  a 
government  kindly  present  himself  to  the  platform  and  be  introduced 
to  the  Congress? 

A  DELEGATE:  Senor  Epigmenio  \'elasco,  from  Mexico  City, 
and  Seiior  Ruperto  Algorto,  from  Peru,  are  both  present. 

The  CHAIR^^IAN  :  It  has  been  the  custom  in  these  Congresses  to 
call  for  the  official  representatives  of  the  governments  for  responses, 
and  the  Chair  was  advised  that  Mr.  \'elasco  and  the  other  gentlemen 
named  were  not  officially  representing  their  countries,  but  were  present 
here  on  the  invitation  of  the  Committee  on  Program.  That,  I  think, 
accounts  for  the  situation.  If  I  am  not  advised  correctly  about  that.  I 
shall  be  very  glad  to  be  corrected.  What  is  the  pleasure  of  the  Con- 
gress?   We  have  a  few  moments  left. 

(Cries  from  the  delegates  of  "Bryan.  Bryan!"  Whereupon  the 
Hon.  W.  J.  Bryan  advanced  to  the  platform  amid  prolonged  applause.) 

The  CHAIRMAN :    The  Hon.  William  Jennings  Bryan. 

The  Hex.  W.  J.  BRYAN:  Mr.  Chairman  and  :Members  of  this 
distino^uished  body :  The  Committee  on  Program  has  been  kind  enough 
to  as'^ign  me  a  time  on  Friday  evening,  when  I  am  to  be  permitted  to 
make  an  indictment  against  alcohol,  and  I  shall  be  pleased  to  avail  myself 
of  whatever  time  they  give  me  then  to  say  what  I  consider  appropriate 
for  the  occasion;  and  I  only  appear  at  this  time  to  acknowledge  your 
courtesv.  and  to  express  my  appreciation  of  the  very  high  compliments 
that  you  paid  mc  when  I  entered,  and  when  I  was  announced  to  speak. 

32 


I  want  to  apologize  for  my  train  for  not  getting  me  here  on  time ! 
I  would  have  been  here  when  the  session  opened,  but  for  a  delayed 
train ;  but  it  was  not  the  fault  of  my  train ;  it  was  a  train  other  than 
mine  that  blocked  the  way.  So  that  our  engineer  was  not  to  blame  for 
my  delay ;  and  it's  my  loss  in  not  hearing  what  has  been  said  by  those 
who  spoke  before  I  arrived. 

I  regard  this  as  a  very  important  meeting.  We  come  to  consider 
one  of  the  greatest  questions  that  the  world  has  to  deal  with,  and  I  am 
sure  that  no  one  who  has  come  to  this  meeting  is  more  in  sympathy  with 
its  purpose  than  I  am. 

Two  causes  have  been  on  my  heart  for  many  years.  One  is  world 
peace,  and  the  other  is  Prohibition.  To  me  the  signs  of  the  time  point 
to  a  victory  for  our  fight  against  the  two  enemies  of  the  human  race, 
the  two  greatest  enemies ;  and  I  am  made  more  hopeful  because  woman, 
who  has  suiYered  more  than  man  from  both,  has  entered  the  arena  of 
politics.  Her  mighty  influence  will  be  felt  in  the  settlement  of  these 
questions,  the  question  of  alcoholism,  and  the  question  of  war;  and  her 
influence  will  be  felt  in  the  settlement  of  every  other  question  that  in- 
volves a  moral  principle,  and  there  are  no  great  questions  that  do  not 
involve  a  moral  principle. 

War  has  sacrificed  the  husbands  and  the  sons  upon  the  altar  of 
Mars,  and  alcoholism  has  dragged  husbands  and  sons  down  to  prema- 
ture graves. 

You  are  assembled  here  to  consider  what  can  be  done  to  rid  the 
world  of  the  curse  of  alcoholism ;  and  I  shall  contribute  my  part.  As  I 
have~looked  over  the  program  I  find  that  many  have  been  assigned  par- 
ticular subjects;  and  there  are  many  phases  of  this  question,  and  they 
will  be  worthily  considered.  I  am  sure  of  that  from  the  names  that  I 
see  upon  the  program.  I  shall  not  take  a  particular  line.  I  want  to 
show  the  latitude  and  the  longitude  of  this  question.  I  want  to  show 
how,  from  the  earliest  times,  it  has  been  man's  curse ;  and  how  no  race 
is  exempt  from  the  evil  of  alcoholism. 

When  we  discuss  other  questions,  we  may  find  ourselves  divided,  for 
there  are  many  forms  of  religion  and  many  forms  of  government;  and 
when  we  come  to  speak  at  international  gatherings  we  have  to  be  careful 
what  we  say,  because  of  differences  of  opinions.  But  when  we  come  to 
discuss  this  question,  we  need  not  be  careful.  For  God  never  made  a 
human  bcTng  who  needed  alcohol  to  stimulate  his  brain  or  to  feed  his 
body.  Ever}'  normal  man  finds  alcohol  his  enemy,  and  it's  his  enemy 
from  the  time  he's  born  until  he  is  dead. 

And  we  are  assembled  here  to  devise  ways  and  means  liy  which  the 
world  may  be  emancipated  from  this  enemy  that  has  made  victims  of 
men  throughout  the  ages.        ^ 

But  I  am  not  going  to  make  my  speech  now.  T  want  to  save  my 
time  until  T  can  use  what  you  have  said  to  reinforce  what  I  want  to  say. 
T  want  to  take  up  the  fragment-^  after  the  banquet's  over,  and  T  am  sure 

3.3 


I  will  have  baskets  full  enough  when  1  come  to  speak.     But  as  1  am  to 
indict  alcoholism  in  my  speech,  let  me  now  pay  a  tribute  to  water : 

Water,  the  daily  need  of  every  living  thing:  it  rises  from  the  earth 
obedient  to  the  summons  of  the  sun,  and  descends  in  showers  of  bless- 
ings. It  gives  of  its  beauty  to  the  fragrant  flower.  It  is  the  alchemy 
that  transmutes  base  clay  into  golden  grain.  It  is  the  canvass  on  which 
the  fingers  of  the  Intinite  trace  the  radiant  bow  of  promise.  It  is  the 
drink  that  cheers,  and  brings  no  sorrow  with  it.  Jehovah  looked  upon 
it  at  Creation's  dawn,  and  said,  "It  is  good!"' 

The  chairman  :  I  think  there  is  time  for  the  Chair,  on  behalf 
of  the  Committee,  to  make  an  interesting  announcement,  ^^'hen  the 
last  session  of  the  International  Congress,  the  Fourteenth,  was  held  at 
Milan,  Italy,  the  speaker  who  has  just  taken  his  seat  was  the  Secretary 
of  State  of  the  United  States.  He  very  gladly  commissioned  a  delega- 
tion to  go  to  ]\Iilan  as  the  representatives  of  the  United  States.  He  very 
cordially  told  the  delegation  that,  although  up  to  that  time,  formal  action 
by  Congress  had  not  been  taken  to  invite  the  Fifteenth  Congress  to 
meet  in  the  United  States,  we  should  feel  warranted  in  extending  the 
invitation,  with  the  knowledge  that  the  Secretar\^  of  State  would  recom- 
mend the  action  to  the  Congress  the  following  year.  The  appeal  was 
made  to  Congress  for  the  authority  to  hold  this  session  in  the  United 
States ;  the  appropriation  was  made,  the  authority  given,  and  the  co- 
operation of  the  State  Department  from  that  day  to  this  was  most 
auspiciously  begim  under  the  rule  of  ^Ir.  Bryan  as  the  Secretary  of 
State.  There  probably  never  has  been  a  session  of  the  Congress  that 
has  been  so  thoroughly  governmental  in  its  character.  This  is  the  Gov- 
ernment of  the  United  States  entertaining  the  Fifteenth  International 
Congress  Against  Alcoholism ;  and  ]Mr.  Bryan,  as  the  Secretary  of  State, 
inaugurated  the  plan. 

The  Congress  then  adiourned. 


34 


AFTERNOON  SESSION 

TUESDAY,   SEPTEMBER  21,    1920 


At  the  afternoon  session  Dr.  DINWIDDIE,  Chairman  of  the  Con- 
gress, presided. 

The  chairman  :  I  am  going  to  take  the  Hberty  of  varying  the 
custom  of  the  Congress  in  one  respect,  because  I  think  that  the  Congress 
would  be  glad  to  hear  from  several  of  the  delegates  from  far-off  lands, 
who  have  made  very  great  journeys  to  be  present,  and  who,  although 
they  are  not  official  representatives  of  their  governments,  do  represent 
the  united  temperance  forces  of  the  countries  in  which  they  live.  We 
can  make  exception  in  these  instances,  because  they  have  made  a  very 
long  voyage  to  come  here.  I  am  going  to  call  on  Dr.  A.  J.  Cook,  of 
South  Africa,  who  has  made  the  journey  from  that  country  to  be  present 
at  this  Congress. 

Dr.  a.  J.  COOK:  Thank  you,  Mr.  Chairman.  Mr.  President,  and 
Ladies,  and  Gentlemen :  I  find  people  here  do  not  know  very  much 
about  the  country  I  represent.  Some  of  them  at  the  luncheon  hour 
were  quite  annoyed  at  me  for  not  being  black !  I  represent  South  Africa. 
that  country  of  romance  and  wonder,  the  place  of  the  illimitable  sveldt, 
of  long  distances,  the  place  of  a  glorious  climate  and  of  a  wonderful 
blue  of  the  sky  that  is  more  pronounced  than  in  any  other  country  in 
the  world,  and  a  clearness  of  atmosphere  that  is  altogether  surprising, 
particularly  to  those  who  come  from  the  lands  of  northern  Europe,  with 
all  their  beauty ;  the  country  of  big  game,  of  great  adventures  in  hunting 
and  in  sport;  the  coimtry  of  the  diamond  and  of  gold,  of  the  ostrich  and 
of  the  other  romantic  and  wealth-giving  things  that  have  made  our  land 
famous  to  those  who  have  come  under  its  spell. 

Unfortunately,  we  are  a  country  of  racial  difficulties.  The  South- 
African  War  of  twenty  years  ago  has  left  behind  it  a  trend  of  bitterness 
that  seems  to  be  accentuated  as  the  years  pass.  We  have  the  two  great 
races,  the  Dutch-speaking  and  the  English-speaking  races,  side  by  side, 
and  we  arc  working  earnestly  to  form  one  great  united  nation.  But 
unfortunately,  there  is  a  strong  minority  which  I'jcrpctuatcs  race  hatred 
and  bitterness ;  but  we  are  going  to  win,  and  we  are  going  to  form  a 
great  sovereign  nation  of  two  great  streams  of  population,  working  for 
a  country  whose  future  is  beyond  calculation.  If  you  people  in  America 
realized  the  opportunities  that  He  in  such  a  new  coimtry.  you  would  be 
onlv  too  eager  to  spend  yrmr  ca]iital  and  your  energy.  That  is  what  we 
need  above  all.  the  energy  and  the  eagerness  of  your  American  tcmpera- 

35 


ment,  brought  to  bear  upon  the  opportunities  that  are  before  us  in 
South  Africa. 

We  have  a  great  native  problem.  Our  Government  is  paternal,  and 
is  protecting  the  natives  according  to  its  likes.  Regarding  the  great 
liquor  question,  there  is  a  certain  amount  of  Prohibition,  but  a  Prohi- 
bition which  unfortunately  is  often  largely  a  matter  of  name  and  not  of 
reality.  The  present  Government  is  perpetually  experimenting  with  this 
native  problem  in  its  relation  to  the  drink  traffic.  W'e  have  had  fight 
after  fight  to  prevent  retrogressive  measures  in  the  way  of  experiment- 
ing, very  much  along  the  lines  of  this  great  movement  you  have  here,  to 
introduce  so-called  light  wines  and  beers.  There  is  a  vast  market  in  the 
native  races  for  the  people  who  can  secure  the  opportunity  to  vote  for 
the  so-called  light  wines  and  beers,  but  we  have  succeeded  so  far  in 
averting  that  evil. 

The  drink  problem  is  greater  for  this  reason,  that  we  have  a  very 
strong  portion  of  our  population  representing  the  old  Huguenot  refugees, 
a  grand  type  of  humanity,  full  of  splendid  ideals,  but  who  unfortunately 
brought  with  them  the  vine,  which  has  made  our  country  rich  and  beau- 
tiful, but  has  brought  the  wine  industry  and  the  brandy  industry  as  a 
part  of  its  purpose;  and  that  means  that  some  of  the  very  best  old 
families,  who  are  the  backbone  of  our  South-African  race,  have  been 
accustomed  for  generations  to  regard  the  wine  industry  and  the  brandy 
industry  as  a  proper  and  a  righteous  thing,  even  for  those  who  are 
servants  of  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ.  That  is  breaking  down.  The  great 
Dutch  Reformed  Church,  representing  one-half  of  the  white  population, 
is  now  awakening  to  realize  the  tremendous  evil  of  that  thing,  and  in 
their  great  synod  they  will  very  soon  begin  to  vote  it  out  altogether. 
But  we  have  made  a  beginning. 

We  have  most  interesting  liquor  laws,  which  I  cannot  deal  with  now. 
\\'e  have  a  certain  measure  of  local  option,  but  it  is  utterly  unworkable. 
The  great  society  which  I  represent,  the  South  African  Temperance 
Alliance,  aiming  at  coordinating  all  the  temperance  efiforts  of  the  coun- 
try, is  working  solidly  for  a  real  measure  of  direct  vote  for  local  veto, 
the  direct  vote  on  the  liquor  traffic.  We  have  had  it  up  in  our  legislature 
on  several  occasions.  We  have  actually  passed  it  in  the  Upper  House 
once  or  twice,  but  it  has  been  thrown  out  by  a  large  majority  in  the 
House  of  Assembly.  But  we  are  going  on,  and  we  calculate  that  with 
the  forward  movement — the  forward  movement  which  made  it  possible 
for  me  to  come  here  to  represent  South  Africa — within  the  next  five 
years  we  shall  have  a  direct  vote  throughout  the  country,  which  in  the 
following  five  years  will  mean  Prohibition  for  South  Africa. 

But  we  are  looking  to  America ;  we  are  looking  to  you.  America  has 
created  world-wide  interest  in  this  great  matter.  It  would  be  to  us  a 
heart-break  and  a  set-back  which  we  could  not  recover  from  for  a  gen- 
eration, if  your  Prohibition  should  prove  unworkable  or  a  failure.  The 
whole  world  has  its  eyes  on  America  today. 

Why.  even  on  board  ship  there  were  only  about  sixty  of  us  in  a 

36 


vessel  that  came  direct  from  Cape  Town.  They  were  the  slowest  lot 
of  people  I  ever  came  across.  They  even  picked  me  out  to  come  in  and 
help  run  a  little  entertainment,  and  make  a  dance  connected  with  it  go 
off  satisfactorily !  They  tried  to  get  up  a  dance,  but  the  interest  was 
lacking,  and  it  fizzled  out.  But,  not  knowing  what  my  business  was,  it 
suddenly  struck  them  to  have  a  debate  on  the  Prohibition  question,  and 
they  called  on  me  to  take  the  affirmative,  and  we  won  by  a  two-thirds 
majority.  And  we  caused  such  excitement  that  I  thought  they  would 
never  go  to  bed  that  night.  Their  tongues  were  let  loose,  and  they  almost 
came  to  blows.     I  was  thoroughly  paid. 

But  I  must  close,  ]Mr.  Chairman,  with  this  one  word :  We  look  to 
America ;  we  want  to  know  the  facts.  Aly  mandate  is  to  find  out  the 
true  facts  in  this  country.  We  can  not  get  them.  The  newspapers  and 
cables  do  not  publish  the  facts.  We  hear  the  most  amazing  things. 
According  to  our  reports,  all  of  you  people  here  in  America  are  bemg 
laid  low,  you  are  being  blotted  out  with  wood  alcohol !  And  who  knows 
what  the  whole  nation  is  coming  to!  Opunn  dens  and  all  the  rest  of  it 
are  the  only  places  left  for  you  to  entertain  yourselves  in !  There  is  an 
industry  in  pet  snakes  in  America.  You  don't  know  about  it — an  alarm- 
ing increase,  yes,  a  wonderful  increase  in  poisonous  snakes,  in  order  that 
people  may  get  themselves  bitten  to  get  a  drink  on  a  prescription  from 
the  doctor.  Gentlemen,  that  was  mentioned  in  our  House  of  Legisla- 
ture as  a  solid  argument !  I  have  come  over  here  to  learn  the  facts  about 
Prohibition.  We  know  what  they  are  in  our  hearts,  but  our  people  do 
not  get  the  news.  We  want  you  to  send  your  men  and  money  to  educate 
us  in  South  Africa  as  to  what  Prohibition  really  means.  And  we  want 
you  to  go  further  than  that ;  we  want  you  to  take  your  campaign  out  into 
the  world.  You  talk  about  your  League  of  Nations;  it  was  you  in 
America  who  originated  that  glorious  title.  Now,  by  a  strange  working 
out  of  circumstances,  you  are  out  of  it  for  a  moment ;  but  we  still  look 
to  you.  W^e  know  America  is  destined,  with  Great  Britain  and  other 
nations,  to  lead  in  the  van  of  progress,  that  which  we  heard  of  today, 
that  great  campaign  which  shall  end  war  and  drink  and  other  horrible 
evils.  We  look  to  you  to  give  us  that  help  now,  as  you  attain  complete 
victory  here.  And  do  not  forget  the  opportunity — it's  the  psychological 
moment  in  South  Africa  to  strike.  Oh.  if  you  could  do  it  in  the  next 
two  or  three  years,  you  would  have  a  great  joy  and  a  great  honor  in 
enabling  us  to  win  that  fight  which  we  have  begun. 

The  chairman  :  I  want  to  introduce  now  Senor  Epigmenio 
Velasco,  of  Mexico  City.  Mexico. 

.Senor  E.  \^ELASC0:  "Sir.  Chairman,  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen:  T 
have  the  great  honor  to  represent  in  this  great  convention  the  temper- 
ance movement  in  a  naticn  that  is  coming  into  a  new  day,  a  new  day  in 
relation  to  peace,  a  new  day  in  relation  to  the  temperance  work.     The 

37 


officials  there  now  are  anxious  to  have  a  new  nation  in  the  matter  of 
temperance.  The  present  President  de  la  Huerta,  the  present  Secretary 
of  War,  the  Governor  of  the  Federal  District,  and  all  the  principal 
officials  in  my  country  are  anxious  to  have  a  dry  nation.  I  had  an 
interview  with  President  de  la  Huerta,  and  with  the  Secretary  of  War, 
General  Gargas,  and  with  the  Governor  of  the  District,  and  with  General 
Obregon,  before  my  coming,  and  they  told  me  that  they  wanted  to  have 
as  soon  as  possible  an  organized  campaign  against  alcoholism  in  the 
nation. 

I  am  very  happy  this  afternoon  to  be  here  to  express  my  salutations 
to  all  the  nations  represented  here  and  to  present  to  them  the  salutations 
of  my  own  country,  Mexico,  wishing  that  the  work  that  is  going  to  be 
done  in  this  Congress  may  be  a  great  success  in  the  history  of  the  Con- 
gress and  of  temperance  in  the  world. 

I  want  to  present  my  especial  respect  and  my  great  admiration  to  that 
nation  that  has  given  one  of  the  greatest  of  the  immortal  lessons  to  the 
entire  world,  to  the  nation  that  is  giving  the  practical  lesson  of  Prohi- 
bition. Until  recent  times  the  world  thought  it  was  impossible  for  a 
nation  to  be  dry.  Since  the  present  advance  it  is  impossible  for  any 
nation  again  to  think  in  the  same  way,  because  now  they  have  a  prac- 
tical example  in  this  great  nation  that  has  come  to  be  dry ;  and  now  this 
is  the  example  for  all  the  world,  to  show  all  the  nations  on  the  earth 
that  it  is  possible  not  only  for  one  nation,  but  for  all  the  world  to  be  dry 
some  time  in  the  future. 

I  thank  you  for  this  great  opportunity. 

The  chairman  :  I  am  very  glad  to  present  Seiior  Algorta,  who 
has  come  all  the  way  from  Lima.  Peru,  to  be  present  at  the  Congress. 

Senor  R.  ALGORTA:  Mr.  President,  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen:  I 
am  very  happy  to  be  here.  It  is  a  great  honor  for  me  to  be  present  at 
the  International  Congress  to  present  the  greetings  of  my  country,  Peru. 
We  have  in  my  country  four  millions  of  inhabitants,  one-half  civilized 
people,  but  we  have  also  two  millions  and  a  half  of  Indians.  All  these 
Indians  are  inoculated  with  ignorance.  All  of  them  have  alcoholic 
tendencies  and  drink.  I  present  the  salutations  of  these  people  because 
they  need  your  help  in  breaking  these  chains  that  bind  them. 

I  am  happy  to  come  here  from  my  country  to  be  present  to  express 
my  happiness  and  give  my  salutations,  and  to  express  my  wishes  for  the 
success  of  the  Congress. 

The  CHAIRMAX  :  I  have  great  pleasure  in  presenting  Dr.  Eugene 
L.  Fisk,  who  will  speak  on  "The  Relation  of  Alcohol  to  ^Modern  Health 
Ideals."  Dr.  Fisk,  as  you  know,  is  the  medical  director  of  the  Life  Ex- 
tension Institute  in  New  York  city. 

38 


THE  RELATIONSHIP  OF  ALCOHOL  TO  MODERN 
HEALTH  IDEALS 

BY  EUGENE  LYAIAN  FISK,  M.  D. 
MEDICAL  DIRECTOR  OF  THE  LIFE  EXTENSION  INSTITUTE  OF  NEW  YORK  CITY 

Mr.  Chairman,  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen :  I  am  deeply  sensible  of  the 
honor  and  the  privilege  of  addressing  this  distinguished  gathering,  not 
alone  because  it  is  a  distinguished  gathering,  but  because  its  members 
are  to  carry  throughout  the  length  and  breadth  of  the  world  messages 
of  health  and  hope.  This  implies  a  heavy  obligation  upon  every  speaker 
before  this  Congress  to  weigh  his  words  carefully,  to  scrutinize  his  evi- 
dence carefully,  and  to  speak  the  truth,  the  whole  truth,  and  nothing  but 
the  truth  about  alcohol.  If  there  is  anybody  who  has  any  evidence  to 
show  that  alcoholic  indulgence  in  any  degree  is  beneficial  to  mankind, 
this  is  the  place  to  bring  it.  I  don't  think  you  need  feel  very  nervous 
about  anybody  appearing  here  with  such  evidence.  But  we  must  keep 
our  minds  open  for  the  truth  about  alcohol. 

Be  patient  with  me  for  a  few  minutes  while  I  try  to  strike  deep  into 
the  roots  of  this  question.  We  must  get  beyond  feeling  and  prejudice, 
and  our  hate  of  alcohol,  because  of  the  terrible  misery  it  has  caused, 
and  try  to  establish  principles  and  also  to  elicit  evidence  that  will  make 
Prohibition  an  enduring  thing.  It  cannot  endure  upon  a  wave  of  senti- 
ment. In  the  long  run  it  must  be  based  on  sound  evidence.  It  must 
command  the  respect  and  the  confidence  of  the  speaker. 

.Man  has  advanced  biologically  as  far  as  evolution  can  carry  him 
— evolution  connoting  that  complex  group  of  factors  apart  from  self- 
directed  intelligence  that  molds  and  modifies  a  species.  In  fact,. 
Professor  Conklin.  in  a  recent  address  at  Princeton,  submitted  evi- 
dence in  support  of  the  view  that  biologically  man  has  deteriorated. 

While  we  lack  precise  and  comprehensive  data  as  to  the  physical 
condition  of  mankind — say  50,000  years  ago — reasoning  by  analogy 
we  can  at  least  set  up  a  standard  of  original  physical  excellence  for 
man  comparable  to  that  found  in  other  animals  in  a  state  of  natu.re. 
Measured  by  such  standard,  the  human  animal  shows  marked  physi- 
cal inferiority  and  many  evidences  of  degeneration  and  physical  in- 
sufliciency.  This  is  perhaps  best  visualized  by  those  having  an  op- 
portunity critically  to  examine  many  thousands  of  supposedly 
healthy  people,  as  in  the  work  of  the  Life  Extension  Institute,  wdiich 
has  covered  some  200.000  examinations.  Life  insurance  examina- 
tions, while  more  limited  in  their  extent,  also  offer  ample  evidence 
of  physical  defects,  imi)airments,  and  functional  insufiiciencies  among 
so-called  "average  people."    A  few  figures  will  illustrate  niv  meaning 

In  the  examination  l)y  the  Life  Extension  Institute  of  some  10,000 
industrial  and  commercial  workers,  active  at  their  work  and  sup- 
posedly in  good  average  j^hysical  condition,  83  per  cent  showed  evi- 
dence of  nose  and  throat  defects  (17  per  cent  marked  or  serious); 
53  per  cent  showed  faulty  vision  uncorrected;  21  per  cent  flat  foot; 

39 


56  per  cent  defective  teeth ;  62  per  cent  of  mouths  x-rayed  showed 
root  infection ;  12  per  cent  showed  well  marked  cardiorenal-vascular 
changes ;  9  per  cent  showed  marked  lung  signs,  including  tubercu- 
losis. 

Among  5,000  individual  members  examined  at  the  head  office  of 
the  Life  Extension  Institute,  about  3  per  cent  showed  evidence  of 
venereal  infections;  39  per  cent  showed  albuminuria  ranging  from 
slight  to  marked ;  and  50  per  cent  showed  some  evidence  of  arterial 
change. 

It  may  be  stated  from  our  experience  that  more  than  half  of  any 
body  of  supposedly  healthy  people  will  show  need  for  medical,  den- 
tal or  surgical  attention,  and  practically  all  need  some  revision  of 
their  personal  hygiene. 

Examinations  for  war  service  in  this  country  and  other  countries 
has  afforded  similar  testimony.  It  may  be  asked :  In  this  present 
state  of  war  and  famine  and  world  misery  affecting  so  many  millions 
of  people,  why  is  it  necessary  to  dwell  upon  tliese  disturbing  and 
apparently  discouraging  facts?  I  take  it,  however,  that  this  is  a 
meeting  of  scientific  men  interested  in  securing  sound  evidence,  re- 
gardless of  which  way  it  cuts.  I  am  convinced  that,  after  all,  it  is 
the  truth  that  shall  make  us  free  and  not  mere  blind  optimism.  How- 
ever, for  the  comfort  of  those  that  insist  that  pleasantness  must  be 
the  touchstone  of  truth,  I  may  point  out  that  there  is  nothing  in  this 
evidence  pointing  to  the  physical  degeneration  of  man  that  should 
assail  us  with  discouragement.  Quite  the  contrary.  All  thinking 
men  are  dissatisfied  with  the  present  state  of  human  society.  They 
are  all  agreed  that  there  is  too  much  human  suft'ering  and  incapacity, 
but  there  are  few  people  that  have  any  adequate  conception  of  the 
degree  to  which  this  world  misery  is  due  to  preventable  physical 
impairment  or  to  faulty  mental  adjustment  that  is  susceptible  to 
correction.  Evidence  such  as  I  have  quoted  reveals  a  great  basic 
truth  that  is  in  sharp  conflict  with  conventional  traditions,  even 
among  medical  and  other  scientific  men. 

The  process  termed  "ageing"  is  merely  a  manifestation  of  slowly 
progressing  pathological  change,  due  to  definite  and,  to  a  consider- 
able degree,  controllable  physical  causes,  although  in  the  minds  of 
most  men  it  is  ascribed  to  the  influence  of  time.  This  conventional 
picture,  however,  is  wholh^  changed  when  we  attain  a  correct  per- 
spective and  clearly  visualize  the  extent  to  which  bodily  changes 
and  even  character  and  personality  are  influenced  by  such  factors  as 
chronic  infection,  chronic  poisoning,  food  deficiencies  or  other  faulty 
conditions  in  the  life  or  environment  of  an  individual. 

I  am  optimist  enough  to  believe  that,  regardless  of  the  fact  that 
evolution  has  done  so  little  for  the  human  race,  man  is  gifted  with 
sufficient  intelligence  to  make  him  independent  to  a  considerable 
degree  of  the  evolutionary  forces  that  control  the  destiny  of  unrea- 
soning animals.     He  has  already  demonstrated  his  ability  to  meet 

40 


and  neutralize  many  unfavorable  factors  in  his  environment  and  even 
in  his  heredity.  It  can  be  truthfully  stated  that,  impressive  as  some 
of  this  work  has  been,  it  merely  represents  the  first  steps  of  science 
in  controlling  human  development.  Mortified  and  discouraged  as 
we  may  be  when  we  consider  world  conditions  as  they  now  exist, 
the  lesson  is  perhaps  a  wholesome  one  as  bringing  out  the  profound 
truth  that  there  is  no  innate  tendency  in  man  to  progress ;  he  can  not 
count  upon  a  steady,  gradual  progress  towards  the  millennium  un- 
less he  uses  this  intelligence  efficiently  for  the  direction  of  the  devel- 
opment of  his  organism  as  a  whole  and  the  adjustment  of  it  to  world 
conditions. 

In  the  midst  of  present-day  afflictions  and  deplorable  tendencies, 
■many  of  which  may  well  sap  our  confidence  in  the  title  of  humanity 
to  occupy  this  footstool  as  a  dominating  organism,  there  may  be  dis- 
cerned some  mitigating  and  distinctly  hopeful  signs.  I  feel  that 
there  is  actually  an  awakening  of  the  physical  conscience  of  the 
people.  Communities  are  becoming  ashamed  of  high  death  rates 
and  morbidity  rates.  Industrial  corporations  are  recognizing  their 
obligation  to  consider  the  working  condition  and  the  health  of  the 
employees.  They  appreciate  the  influence  of  low  health  standards 
on  industrial  efficiency  and  industrial  turn-over  and  therefore  on 
national  prosperity  and  happiness.  This  entirely  apart  from  the 
obvious  obligation  that  rests  upon  the  community  to  protect  itself 
from  epidemic  disease  that  can  be  met  and  defeated  by  elementary 
sanitary  precautions.  Proceeding  from  the  obvious  necessity  of  gov- 
erning community  hygiene  and  insuring  pure  food,  pure  water  and 
protection  against  epidemic  infection,  there  is  coming  to  be  recog- 
nized the  obligation  upon  the  citizen  himself  to  keep  in  as  good  con- 
dition as  he  expects  the  Health  Department  to  keep  the  city  in  which 
he  lives.  There  is,  I  believe,  a  gradual  return  among  intelligent  men 
who  mold  the  thought  of  communities  towards  the  old  Greek  ideal 
of  physical  excellence  and  standards  for  real  manhood.  In  our  com- 
plex civilization  mind  has  outrun  the  body,  and  the  dominance  and 
power  that  mere  mental  ability  brings  has  created  a  certain  contempt 
for  so-called  brute  strength  and  physical  power.  But.  taking  the 
people  as  a  whole,  we  have  abundant  evidence  of  the  truth  of  the 
Spencerian  aphorism  that  "To  be  a  good  animal  is  the  first  requisite 
to  success  in  life,  and  to  be  a  nation  of  good  animals  is  the  first  con- 
dition to  national  prosperity."  Re  assured  that  no  nation  can  afford 
to  neglect  this  principle,  that  no  nation  can  rely  upon  brains  alone 
for  maintaining  and  carrying  forward  its  civilization.  There  must 
be  underlying  physical  and  moral  excellence  or  evolution  will  truly 
operate  to  obliterate  that  nation  from  the  map. 

How  does  this  discussion  touch  the  alcohol  question?  There  is, 
of  course,  an  obvious  relationship,  but  its  significance  is  more  pro- 
found than  may  appear  at  first  glance.  If  man  is  indeed  to  free  him- 
self from  cvolutionarv  influences  alone  and  mold  this  dcstinv  toward 

41 


higher  planes  of  physical  and  mental  existence  through  the  govern- 
ing power  of  intellect,  he  must  classify  and  evaluate  the  menacing 
factors  in  his  environment.  Alcohol  is  obviously  one  of  those  menacing 
factors  and  is  classified  as  a  poison,  but  how  shall  we  evaluate  it? 
Paradoxical  as  it  may  seem,  I  believe  that  the  prospect  of  a  thor- 
oughly sane  and  scientific  evaluation  increases  as  we  come  to  recog- 
nize the  fact  that  alcohol  is  not  the  one  great  underlying  cause  of 
human  misery ;  that  it  is  only  one  among  a  number  of  major  factors 
that  are  responsible  for  human  failure.  As  we  approach  the  consid- 
eration of  alcohol  in  this  spirit  we  move  away  from  mere  emotional 
propaganda  with  regard  to  it,  and  we  enlist  the  interest  of  the  whole 
people  in  a  cold-blooded  consideration  of  the  scientific  evidence  that 
is  available  with  regard  to  the  influence  of  alcohol  on  the  human 
race.  A  striking  instance  of  this  changed  attitude  of  mind  is  afforded 
by  the  recent  action  of  the  Unitarian  Temperance  Society  in 
announcing  the  inclusion  in  its  program  of  a  broad  health  propa- 
ganda and  an  encouragement  of  periodic  physical  examinations  so 
that  a  search  may  be  made  for  all  conditions  that  menace  the  health 
and  happiness,  and  therefore  the  moral  state,  of  the  people. 

It  is  important  that  these  principles  be  widely  disseminated,  that 
the  relationship  of  impaired  personality  to  impaired  physical  condi- 
tion be  more  thoroughly  appreciated  by  all  who  are  working  to 
improve  the  social  condition  of  mankind.  There  has  been  a  vast 
amount  of  wasted  effort  in  working  on  the  surface  of  conditions 
rather  than  attacking  these  problems  fundamentally. 

Placing  the  consideration  of  alcohol  therefore  where  it  belongs 
in  the  general  program  of  upbuilding  the  health  and  vitality  and  liv- 
ing capacity  of  all  mankind,  we  can  consider  it  just  as  we  would  con- 
sider focal  infection  or  a  high  protein  diet,  or  overweight,  and  insuffi- 
cient exercise.  There  is  no  question  but  that  a  considerable  number 
of  people  are  sustaining  more  damage  from  overindulgence  in  food 
than  many  people  sustain  from  obvious  overindulgence  in  alcohol. 
Each  form  of  overindulgence  is  important  and  should  be  courage- 
ously attacked  by  the  hygienist. 

Fortunately,  overindulgence  in  alcohol  can  be  directly  attacked 
by  restrictive  measures  that  cannot  be  applied  to  overindulgence  in 
food,  except  during  the  emergencies  of  war.  There  was.  however. 
during  the  war  abundant  evidence  of  the  wholesome  effect  of 
restriction  in  meat  eating  and  in  sugar  consumption.  I  cannot 
include  within  the  limits  of  this  paper  a  complete  discussion  of  the 
evidence  that  is  available  as  to  the  harmful  effect  of  alcohol.  I  am 
not  aware  that  there  is  any  respectable  evidence  available  that  its  use 
as  a  beverage  has  any  direct  beneficial  effect  on  the  human  organism. 
In  such  isolated  instances  where  there  is  a  beneficial  effect  I  believe 
this  can  be  classified  under  its  therapeutic  influence  as  a  drug.  That 
it  has  a  very  limited  range  of  therapeutic  usefulness  is  the  consensus 
of  modern  medical  opinion.     In  brief,  I  may  say  that  there  is  good 

42 


ground  for  assuming-  that  the  direct  chemical  destructive  effect  of 
alcohol  on  the  tissues  is  probably  less  than  many  have  heretofore 
supposed.  There  is,  however,  an  accumulation  of  evidence  showing 
its  unfavorable  influence  upon  the  organic  functions,  especially  upon 
the  central  nervous  system  and  the  circulatory  apparatus.  The  elab- 
orate researches  of  Prof.  Francis  G.  Benedict  at  the  Nutrition  Lab- 
oratorv  of  the  Carnegie  Institution,  which  have  the  merit  of  demon- 
strating the  influence  of  alcohol  in  beverage  doses  on  selected  normal 
individuals,  are  particularly  important  as  clarifying  and  carrying 
forward  the  earlier  experiments  of  Rivers,  Kraeplin,  Aschaffenburg, 
and  others.  Benedict  developed  no  evidence  that  alcohol,  even  in 
moderate  doses,  improved  the  organic  efficiency  of  the  circulation. 
The  evidence  was  in  the  contrary  direction.  The  disturbing  and 
depressing  effect  of  alcohol  on  the  protective  mechanism  of  the  body 
was  quite  plainly  revealed  by  these  experiments.  Such  evidence  is 
far  more  conclusive  as  establishing  the  eff'ect  of  alcohol  than  those 
conducted  on  the  perfused  heart  or  muscle  of  an  animal,  such  as  have 
been  reported  by  Lee,  Burridge,  and  others.  We  are  concerned  with 
the  total  effect  of  alcohol,  not  with  its  partial  eff'ect  under  abnormal 
circumstances.  This  total  effect  is  one  that  has  a  profound  influence 
upon  conduct  and  upon  the  responses  of  the  individual  to  the  menac- 
ing factors  in  his  environment.  This  evidence  leads  us  away  from 
the  consideration  of  the  obviously  destructive  effect  of  alcohol  on 
the  drunkard,  to  its  influence  on  the  so-called  moderate  drinker,  and 
here  we  have  the  testimony  of  life-insurance  offices,  which  are 
entirely  consistent  with  laboratory  testimony  as  to  the  disturbing 
effect  of  alcohol  on  human  life.  These,  briefly  summarized,  are  as 
follows : 

The  first  important  contribution  of  life-insurance  offices  on  this 
question  was  that  of  the  United  Kingdom  and  General  Provident 
Institution  of  Great  Britaiji,  which  made  a  comparison  of  the  mor- 
tality among  total  abstainers  and  the  supposedly  moderate  users 
during  the  period  1866  to  1910.  This  showed  an  excess  mortality 
of  2>7  per  cent  among  the  users  of  alcohol,  notwithstanding  the  fact 
that  this  was  a  carefully  selected  group  with  a  favorable  mortality  as 
judged  by  normal  standards ;  nevertheless  the  abstainers  showed  a 
far  lower  mortality.  That  this  was  a  genuine  business  record  is  evi- 
denced by  the  fact  of  the  payment  of  heavy  bonuses  derived  from 
these  mortality  savings.  Other  British  and  Scottish  companies 
showed  similar  experiences. 

Every  effort  was  made  by  cautious  actuaries  and  statisticians  in 
this  country  to  pick  flaws  on  this  evidence;  and  opinion  as  to  its  sig- 
nificance was  suspended  in  many  life-insurance  offices  until  the  report 
of  the  Medico-Actuarial  investigation  in  this  country,  covering  the 
experience  of  43  American  life-insurance  companies,  became  avail- 
able. This  investigation  covered  the  period  from  1885  to  1908  and 
the  material  was  drawn  from  the  records  of  two  million  policy-hold- 

43 


ers.  The  groups  studied  were  homogeneous,  except  for  their  varying 
use  of  alcohol,  or  their  varying  exposure  to  alcohol,  as  determined  by 
their  occupation.  All  complicating  factors,  such  as  physical  defects, 
impaired  family  history,  or  personal  history,  were  excluded.  The 
results  may  be  summarized  as  follows : 

First,  those  who  were  accepted  as  standard  lives,  but  whose  his- 
tories showed  occasional  alcoholic  excess  in  the  past.  The  mortality 
in  this  group  was  50  per  cent  in  excess  of  the  mortality  among  insured 
lives  in  general,  equivalent  to  a  reduction  of  over  four  years  in  the 
average  lifetime  of  the  group. 

Second,  individuals  who  took  two  glasses  of  beer,  or  a  glass  of 
whisky,  or  their  alcoholic  equivalent,  each  day.  In  this  group  the 
mortality  was  18  per  cent  in  excess  of  the  average. 

Third,  men  Avho  indulged  more  freely  than  the  preceding  group, 
but  who  were  considered  acceptable  as  standard  insured  "risks."  In 
this  group  the  mortality  was  86  per  cent  in  excess  of  the  average. 

STRIKING   COMPARISONS 

It  should  be  1)orne  in  mind  that  these  comparisons  are  made  with 
the  general  class  of  insured  individuals,  both  users  and  non-users  of 
alcohol.  Comparison  with  total  abstainers  alone  would  probably 
show  a  much  greater  difference.  It  is  noteworthy  that  in  these  drink 
ing  groups  the  death-rate  from  Bright's  disease,  pneumonia,  and  sui- 
cide was  above  the  normal,  and  that  among  the  steady  so-called  mod- 
erate drinkers — those  using  more  than  two  glasses  of  beer  or  one 
glass  of  whisky  daily — the  death-rate  from  cirrhosis  of  the  liver  was 
five  times  the  normal. 

It  should  be  understood  that  this  investigation  was  simply  a  part  of 
a  general  investigation  of  the  mortality  experience  as  affected  by 
various  factors,  such  as  habits,  occupation,  overweight  and  personal 
history. 

]\Ir.  Arthur  Hunter,  x\ctuary  of  the  New  York  Life  Insurance 
Company,  former  President  of  the  Actuarial  Society  of  Amefica,  and 
Chairman  of  the  Committee  that  conducted  this  investigation,  in 
order  to  check  up  this  massive  result  and  detect  any  possible  fallacies, 
had  special  studies  made  in  his  own  company  of  various  types  of 
drinkers.  The  testimony  elicited  was  always  consistent  as  to  the 
inflvience  of  increasing  alcohol  indulgence  in  producing  an  in- 
creased niortality.  It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  individuals 
investigated  in  the  Medico-Actuarial  study  were  accepted  as  standard 
risks. 

In  the  New  York  Life  Insurance  Company  the  special  investiga- 
tion covered  the  experience  on  a  number  of  substandard  risks  in 
which  a  lien  was  placed  upon  the  policy.  It  was  the  custom  of  the 
Company  to  rate  up  or  penalize  applicants  who  confessed  to  an  in- 
dulgence in  alcohol  equivalent  to  three  ounces  of  whisky  or  one  quart 
of  beer  dailv.     This  practise  was  justified  bv  the  final  experience  on 

44 


these  lives,  which  exhibited  an  extra  mortality  of  100  per  cent.  In 
other  words,  a  total  extra  mortality  risk  approximating  that  in  cases 
of  heart-disease,  syphilis,  and  other  impaired  states  that  the  average 
free  drinker  would  regard  with  considerable  terror,  although  com- 
fortably confident  that  his  own  indulgence  is  not  in  any  way  injuring 
him. 

Further  figures  from  the  same  company  show  the  following : 

Approximate 
^  Extra 

Mortality 
Excessive  use  of  alcohol  a  short  time  prior  to  date  of  application  .  .   80  per  cent 
Excessive  use  of  alcohol  not  recently,  but  within  five  years  of  date 

of  application  45  per  cent 

Entire  class  with  history  of  excess,  including  above  and  also  those 
whose  last  excess  occurred  more  than  five  years  prior  to  date 
of  application 60  per  cent 

Similar  individual  investigations  were  made  in  eight  other  com- 
panies and  the  testimony  was  always  consistent  as  to  the  influence  of 
alcohol  upon  the  death-rate.  The  evidence  as  to  the  influences  of 
occupations  in  which  alcohol  was  a  factor,  was  also  consistent,  show- 
ing the  malignant  effect  of  the  circulation  of  this  beverage  in  anj- 
group  of  people,  and  may  be  summarized  as  follows : 

Saloon-keepers  have  a  death-rate  higher  than  that  of  underground 
mine  foremen  ;  brewery  foremen,  maltsters,  and  the  like,  have  a  death- 
rate  higher  than  electric  linemen,  glass-workers,  city  firemen  (ladder- 
men,  pipemen,  hosemen),  metal-grinders  or  hot-iron  workers, 
although  there  is  nothing  in  the  brewery  or  saloon  business  per  se. 
that  is  at  all  hazardous  or  unhealthful,  aside  from  the  possible  temp- 
tation to  drink  and  its  collateral  hazards. 

Among  hotel-keepers  tending  bar  the  death-rate  from  cirrhosis  of 
the  liver  was  six  times  the  normal ;  from  diabetes,  three  times  the  nor- 
mal ;  from  cerebral  hemorrhage  or  apoplexy,  nearly  twice  the  normal : 
from  organic  diseases  of  the  heart,  nearly  twice  the  normal ;  from 
pneumonia,  nearly  twice  the  normal.  For  brewery  officials  insuring 
under  45.  the  death-rate  from  cancer  and  other  malignant  tumors, 
cerebral  hemorrhage  or  apoplexy,  organic  diseases  of  the  heart,  pneu- 
monia, and  Bright's  disease,  among  the  proprietors,  managers,  and 
superintendents  is  about  twice  the  normal,  and  from  cirrhosis  of  the 
liver,  three  times  tlie  normal.  The  death-rate  from  suicide  is  nearly 
twice  the  normal. 

These  figures  again  emphasize  the  fact  that  these  imfavorable 
results  are  not  due  wholly  to  the  chemically  destructive  effect  upon 
the  tissues,  but  to  its  disturbing  effect  on  the  whole  organism  and 
especially  on  the  conduct  and  relationships  of  the  individual.  These 
are,  of  course,  legitimate  effects  of  alcohol.  Occasionally  the  naive 
suggestion  has  been  tnade  that  these  figures  do  not  reflect  moderate 
drinking,  but  the  development  of  imnioderale  drinking  among  thereto- 

4S 


fore  moderate  drinkers.  The  increased  indulgence  in  alcohol  thus 
postulated  for  the  moderate  drinker  is  quite  as  much  a  pathological 
state  as  cirrhosis  of  the  liver  or  disease  in  any  other  part  of  the  body, 
and  must  be  charged  against  moderate  drinking.  The  question  in  a 
nutshell  is  this :  What  risk  does  a  man  assume  when  he  enters  the 
ranks  of  the  so-called  moderate  drinkers?  This  risk  is  quite  definitely 
shown  by  life-insurance  experience.  On  the  other  hand,  there  is 
abundant  evidence  from  laboratory  sources  as  to  why  this  extra-risk 
should  obtain.  If  we  had  no  laboratory  experience,  the  life-insurance 
experience  would  lead  us  to  expect  what  is  actually  found  in  the  lab- 
oratory; and  if  we  had  no  life-insurance  experience,  the  laboratory 
testimony  would  lead  us  to  expect  approximately  what  we  do  find  in 
the  lite-insurance  offices.  Upon  such  evidence  society  is  justified  in 
at  least  trying  the  experim-ent  of  a  very  rigid  restriction  of  alcohol 
indulgence. 

I  think  the  present  attitude  in  this  country  is  this :  That  before 
there  shall  be  any  reversal  of  existing  laws,  good  evidence  must  be 
presented  that  moderate  drinking  conveys  some  social  benefit.  We 
are  long  past  the  point  when  it  is  necessary  to  produce  any  evidence 
as  to  its  injurious  effects,  even  when  used  in  so-called  moderation,  on 
large  masses  of  lives. 

No  one  who  assumes  to  pass  judgment  on  the  alcohol  question 
can  do  so  impartially  and  in  a  well-poised  way  unless  he  acquires  a 
good  statistical  sense  of  proportion,  unless  he  can  divert  his  attention 
from  the  individual  and  consider  the  effect  of  alcohol  on  a  mass  of 
individuals.  The  fact  that  one's  grandfather  lived  to  be  90  after  40 
years  of  drunkenness  is  an  interesting  scientific  fact,  not  without  its 
significance,  but  it  is  neither  scientific  nor  even  reasonably  intelligent 
.  to  generalize  from  such  individual  experiences. 

It  is  in  this  spirit  that  we  must  approach  the  con.sideration  of  all 
phases  of  personal  hygiene,  and  it  is  the  spirit  that  is  much  needed  In 
medical  discussion  of  such  influences  as  focal  infection,  constipation, 
venereal  infection,  and  other  types  of  life  menaces.  As  scientific 
workers  it  is  our  duty  to  ascertain  or  at  least  to  approximate  as 
closely  as  possible  the  degree  of  risk  that  a  man  assumes  when  he 
enters  one  of  these  classes,  and  either  by  volition  or  neglect  comes 
under  any  one  of  these  categories  of  influences  that  tend  not  only  to 
shorten,  but  to  deform,  human  life. 

Man  is  now  only  on  the  borderland  of  real  physical  freedom ;  he 
has  yet  a  considerable  distance  to  go  before  he  can  claim  to  be  free 
from  the  dominance  of  many  gross  and  crude  influences  that  limit  his 
capacity  for  happiness  and  for  satisfaction  in  living. 

To  the  man  who  says  that  alcohol  has  been  used  for  ages  and  that 
the  human  race  is  still  here,  I  answer  "Yes ;  but  the  human  race  is 
not  yet  in  a  position  to  give  a  report  that  it  can  be  proud  of  as  to  the 
custody  that  intellect  has  given  the  body  entrusted  to  its  care,  nor 

46 


can  man  at  the  present  moment  secure  a  very  high  rating  as  to  his 
social  and  political  adjustments." 

Until  we  can  make  a  better  report  on  these  matters  let  us  not 
prate  about  what  we  have  been  doing  with  alleged  impunity  for  thou- 
sands of  years,  but  rather  let  us  search  for  the  gross  errors  we  have 
committed  in  our  living  habits  during  these  years,  and  see  what  can  be 
done  by  an  organized  effort  to  move  up  onto  a  higher  plane  of  exist- 
ence. Already,  in  this  country,  an  experiment  is  in  progress  in  throw- 
ing overboard  an  ages-old  custom  supposed  to  be  more  or  less  neces- 
sary to  the  majority  of  our  people,  and  already  we  are  beginning  to 
discern  that  the  human  race  has  been  fooled  for  ages  and  that  this 
custom  is  in  fact  apparently  necessary  for  only  a  very  limited  number 
of  pathological  individuals. 

After  all,  there  is  nothing  like  evidence  to  settle  debate ;  and  even 
in  the  early  stages  of  the  Prohibition  experiment  in  this  country, 
quite  a  number  of  bugaboos  have  been  laid  to  rest  with  regard  to  the 
supposed  necessity  of  alcohol  indulgence,  and  the  supposed  disasters 
that  would  follow  its  restriction.  All  good  sports  will  welcome  a  thor- 
ough and  fair  trial  of  practical  abstinence  on  the  part  of  a  nation  of  a 
hundred  and  ten  millions  of  people,  and  all  good  sports  will  join  in 
making  this  experiment  a  fair  and  square  one. 

If  alcohol  is  a  hormone,  let  us  know  it.  If  alcohol  is  a  fake  hor- 
mone, as  present  evidence  would  indicate,  let  us  admit  this  funda- 
mental truth  and  justify  the  possession  of  that  reasoning  intelligence 
which  distinguishes  man  from  the  brute. 

The  CHAIRMAN:  We  have  a  few  moments.  Is  it  the  pleasure 
of  the  Congress  that  there  shall  be  a  discussion  of  this  paper?  For 
the  afternoon  session  the  usual  custom  of  the  Congress  will  be  ob- 
served, that  is.  that  those  desiring  to  discuss  the  papers  will  make 
known  that  fact  to  the  party  occupying  the  Chair  and  secure  consent. 
That's  the  custom  that  our  friends  across  the  seas  are  used  to,  and 
the  understanding  is  and  it  ought  to  prevail  during  this  Congress. 
It's  a  very  reasonable  one,  although  slightly  different  from  that  which 
we  Americans  are  used  to.  Is  there  anybody  who  desires  very  briefly, 
because,  if  we  begin  a  discussion,  it  will  have  to  be  very  brief. 

DISCUSSION 

Mr.  THEODORE  NEILD  (of  Leominster,  England)  :  This  Con- 
gress is  probably  aware  that  there  has  been  a  very  important  sort  of 
interim  report  produced  by  the  Scientific  Committee  of  the  Board  of 
Control  (I.iquor  Traffic)  in  England,  that  dealt  with  alcohol  as  a 
food,  a  drug,  and  a  poison ;  and  that  it  had  a  chapter  upon  this  ques- 
tion of  life  insurance  which  has  interested  us  this  afternoon.  I  think 
it's  no  secret  to  us  that  the  main  hand,  in  drawing  up  that  section  of 
that  important  work,  was  a  statistician  who  had  done  no  alcoholic 
research,  and  who  certainly  had  very  little  knowledge  of  what  was 

47 


the  cumulative  effect  of  alcohol ;  and  in  that  section  of  the  work  the 
advantages  —  such  as  have  been  detailed  to  us  this  afternoon  — • 
were  explained  away  on  other  grounds.  I  shall  not  attempt  to 
speak  of  this  at  all.  It  would  take  much  too  long,  but  I  wanted  to 
say  to  you  that  you  would  find  in  a  book  of  that  kind,  which  is  natu- 
urally  a  very  high  authority,  on  account  of  being  the  production  of 
seven  experts  chosen  by  the  Board  of  Control — you  would  find  in 
that  conclusions  which  do  not  altogether  tally  with  those  which  we 
have  had  this  afternoon.  And  in  a  digest  of  that  book  which  was  pre- 
pared by  the  National  Temperance  League,  so  strongly  was  that  felt 
by  a  very  large  number  of  leading  members,  whose  names  will  be 
found  in  the  little  brochure  which  was  brought  out,  that  that  particu- 
lar section  was  not  reproduced  in  the  pamphlet;  and  I  think — and  I 
am  speaking  perhaps  a  little  unguardedly — but  I  think  I  may  say  that 
that  action  on  the  part  of  the  drawers-up  of  the  digest  of  the  book  was 
not  resented,  at  any  rate  by  a  considerable  number  of  the  experts 
upon  the  scientific  advisory  committee. 

Dr.  L.  D.  mason  (of  New  York)  :  Mr.  Chairman :  If  I  may  be 
permitted  to  speak,  I  have  been  studying  this  matter  for  fifty-four 
years,  during  thirty  years  of  which  I  had  the  practical  experience  of 
being  the  physician  at  an  asylum  for  the  treatment  of  alcoholic  habits, 
and  all  forms  of  drug  habits  ;  and  I  want  just  to  make  this  statement 
with  regard  to  the  use  of  alcohol  in  a  mild  form,  beer  or  anything 
else.  The  habit  is  a  habit  of  a  growth.  The  habit  is  a  habit  of  accre- 
tion. And  I  never  knew  a  man  to-day  sober  and  to-morrow  a  drunk- 
ard. My  average  experience  was  that  it  took  about  ten  years  to  com- 
plete the  record,  and  that  he  always  began  in  small  quantities,  and 
that  the  habit  grew  until  it  attained  its  destructive  proportions ;  and 
I  believe  most  firmly  that  the  only  safety  for  the  human  race,  and 
what  we  have  to  do — and  I  will  give  you  the  experience  of  a  close 
study  along  this  line  of  fifty  years — the  only  safe  thing,  my  friends,  is 
total  abstinence. 

The  chairman  :  I  want  to  introduce  the  new  Secretary  of  the 
International  Congress,  elected  by  the  Permanent  Committee,  the 
International  Committee,  yesterday  evening,  well  known  to  every 
American  temperance  worker,  and  loved  by  us  all  for  what  he  has 
done — Mr.  Ernest  H.  Cherrington,  General  Manager  of  the  publish- 
ing interests  of  the  xA.nti-Saloon  League  of  America. 

The  SECRETARY,  Mr.  CHERRINGTON,  made  several  an- 
nouncements. 

The  Congress  then  adjourned. 


48 


THK   INTKRXATIOXAL    fCXKC  TTINK   COMMITTKK 

1.    Dr.    R.    IIkkcod,   Secretary   International    Temperance   Bureau,   Lausanne,    Szi'itzcrland.      2.    Jhr.    Ch. 

J.  M.   Runs  i)E   Rekrknbhouck.  Prime  jMinister  of  The  Netherlands.     9.  Dr.  J.   R.   Slotemakf.r  de  Bruine, 

Utrecht,    The   Netherlands.      4.    Rev.    E.    C.    Dinwiddie.    D.D.,    Chairman,    ll'ashington.    D.    C.    U.    S.    A. 

5.   Ernest   H.    Cherrington,   Secretary,   Westerviilc,   Ohio,    U.  S.  A.     7.   Dr.    I.    Gonser,   Berlin,   Germany. 

THE  AMERICAN   ADMINISTRATIVE  COMMITTEE 
4.  Rev.  E.  C.  Dinwiddie,  Chairman,  ll'a.ihiniiton,  P.  C.  U.  S.  A.     5.  Ernest  H.  Cherrington,  Secretary, 
Westerville,  Ohio,  U.  S.  A.     6.  \erv  Rkv.  1'.  J.  O'Cai.lachan.  C.S.P.,  Treasurer,  Washington,  B.C.,  U.S.A. 

bcreau  heads 

8.  Mk.  Thomas  Qi'in.n  Ukesi.ey,  Assistant  to  the  /Idministrative  Committee,  Washington,  D.  C.  U.S.A. 
9.  Mrs.  Ellis  A.  Yo.st,  Director  of  li'omen's  Activities.  Washington,  D.  C,  ('.  S.  A.  10.  Miss  LauRjV  R. 
Church,  Assistant   Treasurer  and  Office  Director.   Washington,  D.  C.   U.  S.  A. 


MORNING  SESSION 

WEDXESDAV^    SEPTEMBER   22,    1920 


At  the  morning  session,  the  Chairman  of  the  Congress,  Dr.  Din- 
widdie,  presided. 

The  Rev.  CHARLES  F.  STECK,  of  Washington,  D.  C,  offered 
the  invocation. 

The  chairman  :  Dr.  Paolo  Amaldi,  who  has  prepared  a  paper, 
"Wine  as  a  Cause  of  Alcoholism,"  has  found  it  impossible  to  attend 
the  Congress.  Dr.  James  E.  Empringham.  Secretary  of  the  (Episco- 
palian) Church  Temperance  Society,  has  kindly  undertaken  to  read 
an  abstract  of  the  paper. 

WINE  AS  A   CAUSE  OF  ALCOHOLISM 

BY  DR.  PAOLO  AMALDI 

DIRECTOR  OF  THE   HOSPITAL   FOR  THE  INSANE,   FLORENCE,    ITALY 
(Read  by  the  Rev.  James  E.  Empringham,  D.  D.) 

Alcoholism  as  a  social  danger  is  comparatively  recent  in  Italy, 
although  wine-drinking  is  known  in  the  country  since  more  than 
2,000  years  and  individual  alcoholism  was  frequently  met. 

Now,  alcoholism  has  taken  such  rapid  strides  during  the  last  30 
years  that  it  threatens  the  future  of  the  nation. 

Alcoholic  insanity  is  on  the  increase:  5.5  per  cent  of  the  recov- 
ered cases  in  1889,  14.3  per  cent  in  1909.  In  the  three  years  1909- 
1911  the  proportion  was  19.6  for  the  men. 

Alcoholic  insanity  is  prevalent  among  the  inhabitants  of  northern 
Italy,  and  more  frequent  among  industrial  workers  than  in  other 
classes  of  the  population. 

The  statistics  of  mortality  show  a  regular  progression  of  alcohol 
cases:  434  in  the  year  1887;  901  in  the  years  1903-08  (average).  But 
these  are  only  the  cases  of  chronic  alcoholism,  not  those  in  which 
alcohol  was  a  concomitant  cause  of  death,  or  the  cases  of  acute  alco- 
holism. 

Alcoholic  criminality  plays  an  important  role  in  Italy;  blood- 
criminality  especially  is  shown  in  abcnit  50  per  cent  of  cases  in 
nortliern  Italy — a  fruit  of  alcoholisuL 

The  alcoJKjlic  lif|uor  which  is  prevalent  in  Italy  is  wine;  spirits 
or  beer  arc  of  a  very  secondary  importance.  I'^or  the  years  1911- 
1914,  the  proportion  of. the  different  licpiors  in  the  total  alcohol  con- 
sumption was  as  follows: 

49 


Wine    95.2  per  cent 

Spirits    4.2  per  cent 

Beer   0.6  per  cent 

Wine  consumption  greatly  increased.  It  was  75.5  liters  (16  gal- 
lons) in  the  year  1884;  125.5' (31  gallons)  in  the  years  1911-1914. 

It  is  a  fact  that  the  alcoholism  which  threatens  Italy  is  alcohol- 
ism provoked  by  wine-consumption.  All  people  who  have  occasion 
to  study  individual  cases  of  alcoholism — criminalists,  alienists,  phy- 
sicians— are  of  the  same  opinion.  Wine  alcoholism  may  not  provoke 
such  loathsome  manifestations  as  spirits  alcoholism.  It  is  neverthe- 
less a  danger;  for  its  action  on  the  human  organism  is  on  the  whole 
just  as  harmful ;  and  its  social  effects  are  undeniable. 

On  the  other  hand,  it  is  very  difificult  to  fight  against  such  a  form 
of  alcoholism,  as  wine-drinking  is  associated  with  the  v.hole  social 
life,  it  has  in  its  favor  the  strongest  prejudices,  and  it  is  considered 
harmless,  useful,  and  indispensable. 

But  the  fact  remains,  that  who  v/ants  to  fight  against  alcoholism 
must  fight  against  the  wine  habit. 

The  CHAIRAIAX  :  I  shall  have  to  pass  the  next  paper,  because 
the  Secretary,  Avhom  I  have  asked  to  read  it,  desires  to  read  the 
paper  over  before  he  presents  it  to  the  audience.  I  will  therefore 
call  on  Dr.  De  Lancy  Carter,  President  of  the  American  Medical 
Society  for  the  Study  of  Alcohol  and  Narcotics,  who  will  speak  on 
the  subject  of  "Beer  and  Light  Wines  as  Intoxicants." 

BEER  AND  LIGHT  WINES  AS  INTOXICANTS 

By  de  LAXCY  CARTER,  3.1.   D. 

PRESIDEXT   OF   THE  AMERICAN    MEDICAL   SOCIETY  FOR  THE   STUDY   OF 
ALCOHOL    AXD    OTHER    NARCOTICS 

Mr.  President.  Ladies  and  Gentlemen  of  this  Fifteenth  Interna- 
tional Congress.  While  I  was  sitting  there  it  occurred  to  me  that  if 
this  meeting  had  taken  place  thirty  or  forty  years  ago,  we  would 
be  considered  in  the  light  of  public  opinion  as  slightly  wanting  in 
our  sanit3^  Xow,  it  is  just  the  reverse.  You  might  compare  beer 
and  light  wines  with  spirituous  liquors  as  the  local  train  with  a 
rapid  express,  both  of  which  reach  the  ultimate  point  of  the  journey 
at  last. 

This  particular  part  of  the  question  is  the  one  that  is  most  agi- 
tated. I  think  that  it  is  with  light  wines  and  beer.  A  great  many 
of  our  citizens,  not  only  in  this  countr}-,  but  of  the  world,  are  con- 
sidering the  propriety  of  the  Prohibition  Act. 

I  thoroughly  appreciate  the  high  honor  tendered  me  in  the  invi- 
tation to  read  a  paper  on  "Beer  and  Light  Wines  as  Intoxicants ;" 
but  the  notification  was  so  short  as  to  render  it  impossible  to  do  full 
justice  to  the  subject,  especially  as  this  particular  part  of  the  ques- 

50 


tion  is  occupying  the  attention  of  the  whole  world  as  well  as  the 
United  States  of  America.  This  is  indeed  an  international  subject 
in  the  sense  that  a  universal  knowledge  is  necessary  to  educate  the 
world  as  to  the  danger  of  alcoholism  even  in  the  slightest  form.  In 
this  country,  with  our  cosmopolitan  population  from  all  parts  of  the 
world,  the  question  of  Prohibition  is  one  that  should  be  carefully 
analyzed  and  studied,  in  order  to  make  clear  to  all  unbiased  minds 
the  sublime  truths  of  our  arguments.  There  are  a  great  many  of 
our  law-abiding  citizens  who  are  at  the  present  time  questioning  the 
propriety  of  the  Eighteenth  Amendment  of  our  Constitution,  and 
these  are  men  who  can  not  be  classed  even  as  moderate  drinkers. 
It  is,  therefore,  up  to  us  to  prove  to  these  and  to  the  world  in  general  that 
the  arguments  deduced  in  this  great  Congress  should  be  so  convincing, 
and  should  contain  such  self-evident  truths,  as  to  be  beyond  dis- 
proval.  This  makes  the  subject  of  light  wines  and  beer  so  impor- 
tant at  the  present  time. 

In  nearly  all  the  countries  of  the  Old  World  it  has  been  the  uni- 
versal habit  for  centuries  to  drink  all  kinds  of  spirituous  liquors. 
How  does  alcohol  cause  such  devastation  to  the  human  system? 
To  prove  this  we  have  to  penetrate  into  those  vital  forces  called 
Life ;  these  vibratory  ions  which  by  means  of  their  vibration  produce 
electrical  energy,  causing  the  different  factors,  which  go  to  make 
up  the  whole,  to  perform  their  several  functions ,  in  order  that  the 
vast  machine  which  we  understand  as  Life  may  be  complete  in  all 
its  parts. 

Alcohol  is  a  protoplasmic  poison.  What  is  a  poison?  A  poison 
is  defined  as  any  substance  which  acts  on  living  cell  and  tissue  to 
destroy  their  power  and  impair  their  activity.  Alcohol  has  been 
shown  to  be  distinctly  toxic  to  the  Amoeba,  the  simplest  form  of 
protoplasmic  life.  The  action  of  alcohol  on  the  cells  when  saturated 
with  different  solutions  is  typical  of  the  effect  on  the  highest  factors 
of  the  human  system,  for  it  is  a  narcotic ;  the  first  change  is  narcosis ; 
then  follow  paralysis  and  loss  of  action  which  is  death  to  the  cell. 
Professor  Kraepelin  states  that  it  is  not  the  first,  second,  or  the  fifth 
drink  that  intoxicates ;  it  is  the  sum  of  all  these  that  intoxicates. 
With  instruments  of  the  greatest  precision  in  his  wonderfully 
equipped  psychological  laboratory,  he  and  his  colleagues,  some  of 
the  most  celebrated  scientists  in  the  world,  have  established  the 
fact  that  alcohfjl  causes  degeneration ;  that  it  affects  all  the  faculties. 
The  more  definite  and  higher  these  faculties  are,  the  more  definite 
?nd  measurable  the  results.  Also  the  physiological  and  psycholog- 
ical action  is  cunuilative.  and  if  alcohol  is  continually  used  even  in 
small  doses  the  harm  is  increasingly  manifested.  The  ordinary  or 
average  human  being  can  not  preserve  his  stomach  and  brain  in 
alcohol  for  years  without  injury  to  both  ;  the  i)()\vcrs  of  coordination 

51 


are  certain  to  be  impaired.  Professor  Laitinen  of  London  brought 
out  the  fact  that  alcohol  diminished  the  vitality  of  the  body ;  the 
result  of  his  laboratoiy  experience,  extending-  over  several  years,  in 
the  examination  of  over  300  persons  showed  that  the  normal  resist- 
ance of  the  blood  corpuscles  was  diminished  in  all  cases  where  alco- 
hol was  used,  and  also  the  bactericidal  power  of  the  serum  against 
disease. 

Alcohol  is  a  chemical  poison  as  well.  The  sensation  of  coldness 
when  alcohol  is  applied  to  the  body  is  due  to  its  rapid  absorption  of 
Avater.  When  alcohol  is  taken  in  the  mouth  as  a  beverage  this 
dehydrating  effect  is  so  pronounced  as  to  produce  irritation.  This 
rapidly  leads  up  to  inflammation ;  therefore,  water  is  taken  with  it  to 
counteract  the  corrosive  action,  and  we  can  follow  its  action  on  the 
mucous  membrane  of  the  throats  of  those  who  commence  the  habit 
to  its  inevitable  conclusion.  After  a  time  the  parts  become  sodden, 
lose  their  sensibility,  until  paralysis  is  so  great  on  the  end  plates, 
and  nerves  of  sensation,  that  pure  alcohol  will  not  feel  too  corrosive 
to  the  confirmed  inebriate.  This  dehydration  extends  to  every  tissue 
with  wdiich  it  comes  in  contact  until  it  reaches  a  point  of  saturation. 
This  shows  itself  in  the  shrunken  blood  corpuscles,  and  diminished 
phagocytes ;  the  temperature  is  lowered  and  functional  activity  is 
reduced.  Some  organs  suffer  more  than  others ;  the  liver,  kidneys, 
and  brain  tissues  are  the  most  affected.  So  there  is  no  question 
about  the  conditions  which  follow  the  use  of  alcohol,  the  absorption 
of  water  from  cell  and  tissue,  the  degenerative  changes  which  occur 
from  the  coagulation  of  the  albuminous  particles,  the  deposit  of 
fibrine,  and  the  pronounced  disturbance  of  the  balance  necessary  to 
carry  on  the  uniform  working  of  that  vast  machine  known  as  the 
human  body. 

The  effect  of  alcohol  on  the  circulation  is  most  marked  by  the 
increased  action  of  the  heart,  hyperemia  of  the  face,  and  many 
other  signs.  The  toxic  action  due  to  the  suspension  of  the  control 
centers,  and  vasa-motor  paralysis  can  be  studied  on  the  mucous 
membrane  and  congestion  of  the  face ;  and  this  extends  to  the  liver, 
kidneys,  brain,  and  all  vascular  organs.  The  action  of  alcohol  on 
the  brain  and  nervous  system  is  also  well  marked;  it  shows  that 
alcohol  continually  taken,  even  in  small  doses,  gradually  impairs 
and  diminishes  the  activity  of  the  senses,  both  hearing  and  vision 
being  impaired.  If  the  time  allotted  to  this  ciuestion  was  not  limited, 
it  could  be  proved  that  every  organ  in  the  body,  in  fact  all  the  dif- 
ferent factors  that  go  to  make  up  the  human  system  are  gradually 
destroyed  by  the  continual  use  of  this  drug.  It  has  been  said  that 
man  is  fearfully  and  wonderfully  made  ;  but  the  most  perfect  ma- 
chine  in   the   world   would   be   destroyed   if   subjected   to   the   same 

52 


degenerative  conditions  that  the  human  body  is,  due  to  the  gradual 
consumption  of  alcohoL 

It  might  be  asked  what  has  all  this  symposium  got  to  do  with 
the  consumption  of  beer  and  light  wines?  Why  deprive  us  of  our 
constitutional  right  of  life,  liberty  of  action,  and  the  pursuit  of 
happiness?  Our  ancestors  have  for  centuries  used  liquors  without 
any  harm  apparently  to  themselves ;  they  have  lived  to  a  good  old 
age,  and  died  in  the  sanctity  of  their  household.  The  answer  to 
this  is  probably  that  in  bygone  ages  there  was  not  the  opportunity 
to  ascertain  scientifically  whether  these  beer-  and  wine-drinking 
barons  of  old,  if  subjected  to  the  limelight  of  present-day  investi- 
gators, would  not  be  found  wanting  in  those  signs  that  make  up 
the  normal  man.  This  would  entail  going  into  the  ethnology  and 
sociology  of  the  past,  and  would  not  in  the  slightest  manner  dis- 
prove our  arguments.  Beer  contains  alcohol  to  the  extent  of  from 
3  to  5  per  cent.  Wines,  ales,  and  what  are  called  light  wines  run 
all  the  way  from  8  to  18  or  20  per  cent:  Therefore,  whether  in 
small  or  large  amounts,  beer  and  light  wines  contain  alcohol. 

Alcohol  is  a  narcotic,  a  poison,  and  an  abnormal  drug,  the  quan- 
tity matters  not;  the  gradual  accumulation  of  this  poison  has  been 
proved  to  be  destructive  to  man,  insomuch  as  it  diminishes  that 
moral,  mental,  and  physical  standard  so  necessary  to  the  good  of 
mankind. 

Ladies  and  Gentlemen,  I  am  a  resident  of  New  York.  Thirty 
years  ago  I  was  interned  in  the  workhouse,  which  was  the  dumping- 
house  of  all  the  world  for  the  inebriates  of  the  city.  I  had  a  very 
good  chance  to  study  the  result  of  alcohol  on  the  inebriates.  Also, 
going  along  one  of  the  great  arteries  of  the  city,  you  could  find  at 
least  three  liquor  saloons  on  the  four  corners.  In  other  words, 
there  were  about  ten  or  thirteen  thousand  liquor  stores.  If  the 
Eighteenth  Amendment  has  not  done  anything  else,  it  has  elimin- 
ated the  corner  saloon.  And  the  corner  saloon  has  ]:)een  the  basis 
for  all  our  bad  results  for  the  humankind. 

The  CHAIRMAN:  Mr.  Cherrington,  Secretary  of  the  Con- 
gress, will  read  the  paper  b}-  Dr.  A.  Holitscher,  of  Karlslmd,  on 
"Beer  as  a  Cause  of  Alcoholism,"  Dr.  Holitscher  finding  it  impos- 
sible to  be  present. 

Mr.  CHERRINGTON:  Dr.  Holitscher.  as  many  of  you  know, 
is  a  member  of  the  House  of  Representatives  of  Czecho-SIovakia. 
and  is  also  the  General  Secretary  of  the  International  Medical  Total 
Abstinence  Association.  The  paper  which  I  am  to  read  is  simply 
an  abstract  of  his  address  hastily  translated. 


53 


BEER  AS  A  CAUSE  OF  ALCOHOLISM 

Bv  DR.  A.  HOLITSCHER 

OF   KARLSBAD 
(Read  by  ^Ir.  Ernest  H.  Cherrington,  Secretary  of  the  Congress) 

Some  old-fashioned  people  believe  that,  in  encouraging  the  con- 
sumption of  beer  as  a  substitute  for'  spirits,  one  contributes  to  the 
fight  against  alcoholism.     This  notion  is  erroneous. 

Statistics  show  that  an  increase  of  beer  consumption  has  never 
seriously  reduced  the  consumption  of  spirits.  But,  even  if  it  were 
true,  it  is  not  advisable  to  encourage  beer  as  a  substitute  for  spirits, 
because  beer,  being  an  alcoholic  liquor,  is  responsible  for  a  great 
part  of  the  alcoholism  under  which  the  European  nations  are 
suffering. 

The  countries  with  the  highest  consumption  of  liquor,  reduced 
to  absolute  alcohol,  are  not  the  spirits  countries,  but  the  wine  and 
beer  countries,  such  as  France,  Italy,  Switzerland,  Germany,  where 
the  consumption  of  spirits  is  comparatively  small. 

But  one  might  perhaps  suppose  that  alcohol  taken  in  the  form 
of  beer  is  less  harmful  than  taken  in  the  form  of  distilled  liquors. 
Not  at  all.  Alcohol  remains  alcohol  under  whatever  form  it  is  in-" 
troduced  into  the  organism.  The  great  dilution  of  alcohol  in  beer 
may  make  it  a  little  less  harmful  for  the  mucous  membranes  of  the 
throat  or  of  the  stomach,  but,  as  soon  as  alcohol  is  absorbed  into 
the  blood,  it  is  the  quantity  of  liquor  which  has  been  taken,  and  not 
its  form,  which  matters.  '  Not  only  nations,  but  individuals  are  in 
many  countries  bringing  more  absolute  alcohol  into  their  organism 
through  be^r  than  through  spirits  drinking. 

If  we  study  critically  all  the  diseases  which  are  rightly  attributed 
to  alcohol,  we  see  that  they  can  be  provoked  as  well  by  beer  as  by 
spirits  intemperance.  It  is  true,  one  may  drink  much  beer  without 
contracting  glycosuria  or  a  fatty  degeneration  of  the  heart.  Alcohol 
is  not  the  direct  cause  of  the  disease ;  there  was  in  the  patient  some 
predisposition,  but  in  many  cases  this  predisposition  would  have 
been  latent,  would  not  have  manifested  itself  if  alcohol  had  not 
provoked  the  eclosion  of  the  disease — alcohol,  that  is  beer  or  wine 
or  spirits. 

As  for  beer,  there  are  some  diseases  which  attack  beer  drinkers 
in  a  greater  proportion  than  spirits  drinkers — the  diseases  of  the 
heart,  for  instance.  It  is  not  vainly  that  science  knows  what  the 
Germans  call  the  Bierhers,  that  is  the  beer  heart,  the  heart  unable 
to  accomplish  its  work  properly  as  a  consequence  of  beer  intem- 
perance. 

It  would  be  a  great  error  to  represent  spirits  as  the  only  alcoholic 
beverage  which  provokes  the  brain  trouble  which  deprives  a  man 
of  his  sense  of  responsibility  and  makes  alcohol  an  important  factor 
of  criminality.     The  criminal  statistics  of  Bavaria,  a  beer  country, 

54 


if  there  is  any,  showed  for  the  3-ears  1910-1914  that  in  50  per  cent  of 
the  cases  blood  criminality  was  due  to  excesses  of  beer. 

In  the  inebriate  asylums  of  middle  Europe,  most  of  the  patients 
are  almost  exclusively  beer  or  wine  drinkers.  Professor  Forel  found 
in  the  Swiss  asylum  of  Ellikon  that  only  10  per  cent  of  the  recovered 
drunkards  had  taken  exclusively  or  almost  exclusively  spirits ;  the 
others  were  drinkers  of  fermented  liquors,  of  beer. 

The  danger  which  results  from  beer  is  more  insidious.  Every- 
body nowadays  is  persuaded  that  spirits  are  harmful,  that  their  pro- 
hibition is  desirable.  But  the  great  masses  are  still  confident  that 
beer  is  harmless,  useful,  necessary.  Beer  drinking  is  associated,  in 
Germany  at  least,  with  every  act  of  the  social  and  of  the  public  life. 
Even  small  children  get  their  beer.  In  the  last  war,  in  spite  of  the 
hunger  which  tormented  millions  of  people,  great  quantities  of  bar- 
ley were  destroyed  in  the  breweries,  because  the  Government  did  not 
dare  to  deprive  the  population  of  their  beer,  so  great  was  the  preju- 
dice in  favor  of  this  beverage. 

The  necessary  fight  against  beer  is  made  more  difficult  because 
the  brewers  are  powerful,  and  dispose  of  considerable  means,  with 
which  they  control  in  several  countries  the  Government,  the  Par- 
liament, and  the  press. 

In  the  face  of  all  these  difficulties  a  solution  of  the  alcohol  ques- 
tion is  not  possible,  if  beer  is  to  remain  unattacked.  Beer  prohibi- 
tion is  as  necessary  as  spirits  prohibition,  and  the  United  States  are 
to  be  congratulated  for  having  included  beer  in  national  Prohibi- 
tion, for  the  only  solution  of  the  alcohol  question  in  every  country 
is  the  full  prohibition  of  every  alcoholic  liquor. 

The  chairman  :  The  next  gentleman  is  one  known  not  only 
throughout  the  United  States,  but  I  think  throughout  the  world. 
Dr.  Harvey  W.  Wiley,  of  the  United  States,  who  will  address  the 
Congress  on  "The  Proposal  for  Beer  and  Light  Wines  in  the  United 
States,  from  the  Economic  and  Political  Viewpoints." 

THE  PROPOSAL  FOR  BEER  AND  LIGHT  WINES  IN  THE 

UNITED  STATES  FROM  THE  ECONOMIC  AND 

POLITICAL  VIEWPOINTS 

By  dr.  HAR\^EY  \V.  WILEY 

FORMER  U.  S.  CHEMIST 

Mr.  President.  Ladies  and  Gentlemen  :  I  didn't  know,  until  I 
saw  the  program,  that  I  was  to  make  a  political  speech!  And  I 
fear  that  that  part  of  it  will  go  glimmering.  I  take  great  pleasure 
in  appearing  l)eforc  you  on  the  other  point  which  was  mentioned  in 
the  title,  namely,  the  economic  aspects  of  beer  and  light  wines. 
I  think  I  can  best  introduce  this  address  by  a  (|ucstion,  and  that 
question  is — "Does  Prohibition  pay?"     That  mav  bo  putting  it  on  a 

55 


low  level,  but  it  is  a  level  that  appeals  mightily  to  Americans.  We 
don't  want  to  be  in  a  losing  game.  We  want  progress,  and  not 
retroaction.  We  want  the  concerns  with  which  we  are  affiliated 
to  be  going  concerns,  and  not  gone  concerns.  Therefore,  if  you 
can  appeal  to  the  American  on  this  one  subject,  you  may  be  able  to 
enlist  his  aid  and  sympathy,  as  you  could  not  be  able  to  do  if  you 
put  it  solely  upon  moral  or  even  health  grounds. 

I  undertake  to  say  that  Prohibition  does  pay.  I  attended  a  meet- 
ing last  week  at  the  Congregational  Church,  where  a  dozen  business 
men,  at  the  head  of  great  industries  in  this  country,  appeared  before 
the  audience,  to  tell  them  how  much  Prohibition  has  paid,  and  is 
paying'.  More  than  a  hundred  telegrams  and  letters  were  read  on 
that  occasion  from  business  men  who  couldn't  attend  the  conven- 
tion, testif^'ing  that  Prohibition  is  a  pa3-ing  proposition,  and  show- 
ing what  great  advantage  it  is  to  the  industries  of  this  country. 

Long  before  we  had  Prohibition,  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  and 
man)^  other  corporations  issued  a  rule  that  they  would  not  employ 
anyone  who  was  a  drinker.  I  take  it  that  there  isn't  a  liquor-dealer, 
nor  ever  has  been  one,  in  this  country,  not  a  brewer  or  a  distiller 
who  would  want  to  ride  on  a  railway  train  with  the  engineer  full  of 
his  products.  As  far  as  that  rule  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  was 
concerned,  it  would  have  the  unanimous  approval  of  every  wholesale 
and  retail  dealer  and  every  distiller  and  brewer  in  the  United  States. 
Well,  if  it  pays  to  be  sober  on  a  railroad  train,  why  not  everywhere 
else?  Sobriety  always  pays,  and  always  will  pay  to  every  person 
who  is  sober,  and  to  all  his  friends  who  come  into  contact  with  him. 
It  pays  everybody. 

You  ask  the  man  who  owns  a  building  which  formerly  adjoined 
a  saloon.  I  don't  care  whether  it's  a  corner  saloon,  or  in  the  middle 
of  the  block.  Ask  him  what  his  property  is  worth  today,  as  com- 
pared with  what  it  was  worth  a  year  ago.  when  the  saloon  was  in 
full  progress.  He  will  tell  you  that  Prohibition  pays  in  the  in- 
creased value  of  his  property. 

You  ask  ever}'-  farmer  who  employs  a  hand,  and  especially  in 
those  portions  of  the  country  where  getting  drunk  on  Saturday  night 
was  the  favorite  occupation  of  the  farm-hand — you  ask  that  farmer 
if  Prohibition  pays.  I  can  speak  from  personal  experience  in  that 
line,  being  a  farmer  myself ;  and  formerly,  when  I  would  pay  ofif 
my  hands  on  Saturday  night  the  small  wage  which  they  received, 
did  they  go  home  and  give  it  to  their  wives?  Did  they  buy  shoes 
and  clothing  for  the  children,  or  school-books?  No,  they  went  to 
the  nearest  place  that  could  be  found,  and  got  "rot-gut"  liquor- 
not  even  the  good  straight  liquor  that  I  used  to  be  an  advocate  of. 
not  because  I  wanted  to  drink  it.  because  I  didn't,  but  because  those 
who  did  drink  whisky  I  hoped  would  be  able  to  drink  pure  whisky, 
because  that  is  much  less  injurious.  And  then  my  farm-hands 
would   be  drunk  on   Sunday,  and   on   Monday  would  be  unable  to 

56 


work,  crawling  in  like  a  whipped  cur  with  his  tail  between  his  legs, 
or  a  sheep-killing  dog.  perhaps  on  Tuesday  morning,  not  able  to  do 
any  work  again  until  Wednesday,  having  thus  only  three  good  days 
a  week.  Now,  on  Monday  morning  my  men  come  up  as  bright  and 
cheerful  as  anybody  could  possibly  be.     Prohibition  pays  the  farmer. 

And  it  pays  the  laborer  a- great  deal  more  than  it  pays  the  farmer. 
Now  I  could  go  on  with  illustrations  from  every  industry  to  show 
you  that  Prohibition  pays. 

I  want  to  tell  you  a  true  story.  I  had  the  privilege  of  sitting  by 
the  side  of  a  member  of  Congress  not  long  ago  at  a  dinner-party, 
and  he  was  a  fine  man.  He  told  me,  'T  voted  against  Prohibition 
ever}'  time  it  came  before  the  House  of  Representatives,  first,  last. 
and  all  the  time.  I  voted  against  it  every  time  it  came  up  in  my 
state.  And  now,  it  has  not  been  but  a  little  over  six  months  since 
Prohibition  has  gone  into  effect.  I  regret  that  I  ever  took  so  foolish 
a  view  of  this  proposition  as  to  vote  against  it.  If  any  proposition 
is  ever  made  before  Congress  to  repeal  any  act  or  any  amendment 
to  the  Constitution  abolishing  the  saloon  and  abolishing  intoxicating 
liquors.  I  shall  always  vote  against  the  repeal,  and  to  sustain  Prohi- 
bition." I  don't  mind  telling  you  who  that  Congressman  is.  He 
did  not  enjoin  any  secrecy  on  me.  He  was  the  Congressman  from 
Fall  River,  in  Massachusetts.  Then  he  went  on  to  tell  me  the 
conditions  in  Fall  River.  He  said,  "Our  jails  are  empty,  our  poor- 
houses  are  about  to  close  up,  our  schools  and  churches  are  full  to 
running  over.  I  see  no  longer  hungry  little  children  coming  out 
of  the  house  of  the  drinker  in  tattered  clothes,  and  with  insufficient 
food,  trying  to  get  a  little  education,  going  in  their  tattered  clothes 
to  the  school.  I  see  healthy  children,  with  rosy  cheeks,  and  full 
dinner-pails — full  luncheon-pails,  going  to  school.  Why,"  he  said, 
"it  has  been  the  very  greatest  blessing  to  Fall  River  that  ever  pos- 
sibly could  have  happened  to  it.  We  are  going  to  turn  our  jails 
and  poorhouses  into  asylums  for  the  deaf  and  blind.  We  don't 
need  them  any  more  for  any  other  purpose  than  that.  Prohibition 
has  been  the  greatest  financial  success  that  you  can  possibly  im- 
agine, and  going  along  with  it  has  been  the  greatest  economic  and 
moral  success.  How  could  I  have  been  so  blind  as  not  to  be  able  to 
see  what  to  do  for  my  city  and  my  district,  when  I  consider  what 
it  has  done  in  less  than  a  year?" 

And  you  must  remember,  my  friends,  if  Prohibition  is  not  yet 
by  any  means  in  full  swing,  the  most  difficult  year  is  the  first  year. 
You  have  got  to  fight  all  these  appetites.  There  are  thousands  and 
millions  of  them  in  this  country  that  have  been  developed  by  the 
alcoholic  beverages;  and  when  you  come  to  fight  a  man's  appetite, 
you  fight  the  man  himself.  He  resents  it  as  a  personal  interference 
with  his  rights,  personal  rights.  And  we  have  all  that  inherent 
and  acquired  appetite  for  strong  drink  to  overcome.  \\'li\-,  so  strong 
is  this  appetite  that  man  will  drink  anything  that  looks  like  li(|uor, 

57 


no  matter  what  it  is,  even  petroleum  and  gasoline,  and  things  of  that 
kind,  and  all  the  substitutes,  poisonous  and  otherwise.  Knowing 
the  dangers  that  inhere  in  wood  alcohol,  they  will  drink  it,  knowing 
what  it  is,  and  will  risk  blindness  and  death  on  account  of  the  power 
of  that  appetite.  Now,  what  will  happen  in  a  few  years?  The  old 
appetites  will  disappear  by  death  or  otherwise.  The  oncoming  gen- 
eration won't  have  any  appetites  to  fight !  And  every  year,  every 
succeeding  year,  will  make  the  enforcement  of  Prohibition  easier 
and  more  complete. 

I  just  read  this  morning — I  am  not  blaming  the  Prohibition 
officers  at  all ;  I  think  they  are  doing-  very  well — about  how  many 
licenses  to  sell  liquor  they  have  issued — seventy  thousand,  three 
thousand  of  which  are  wholesale  licenses.  Now,  as  long  as  the 
Prohibition  commissioner  issues  in  less  than  a  year  seventy  thou- 
sand licenses  for  trade  in  intoxicating  beverages,  how  perfect  do 
you  think  the  enforcement  of  that  resolution  and  act  of  Congress 
will  be?  And  the  report  added  that  when  these  permits  automatic- 
ally expire  on  the  31st  of  December,  the  large  number  of  them  will 
never  be  renewed. 

And  now,  my  dear  friends,  here  I  am  a  physician  by  profession 
and  training  and  not  by  practice,  however ;  I  have  a  great  sympathy 
for  the  profession,  and  I  am  a  member  of  it,  and  I  think  an  upright 
member;  I  pay  my  dues  in  the  Medical  Association,  and  subscribe 
to  the  Journal — and  read  it.  That's  more  than  some  doctors  do ! 
Thirty  thousand  doctors  have  been  issued  permits  to  prescribe 
whisky — thirty  thousand  doctors  out  of  a  hundred  and  twenty  thou- 
sand in  this  country.  And  yet  every  advanced  physician  knows  that 
alcohol  in  no  sense  is  ever  a  remedy !  NEVER !  All  of  these  li- 
censes have  been  issued  on  the  supposition  that  whisky  and  alcohol 
are  remedies.  Now  there  are  great  numbers  of  honest  physicians  in 
this  country  who  believe  down  deep  in  their  hearts  that  alcohol  is  a 
remedy,  and  I  have  the  greatest  respect  for  my  professional  brethren 
who  have  that  conviction.  But  they  are  a  little  slow  on  their  phar- 
macy. They  have  not  read  the  best  results  of  scientific  investiga- 
tion, which  show  beyond  any  question  what  the  doctor  who  pre- 
ceded me  has  already  told  you,  namely,  that  alcohol  is  not  a  rem- 
edy, is  always  a  narcotic.  Now,  just  as  soon  as  we  can  convince  the 
medical  profession — those  thirty  thousand — we  will  have  gone  a 
long  way  on  our  journey.  Those  thirty  thousand  probably  repre- 
sent all  in  the  medical  profession  who  believe  that  alcohol  is  a 
remedy.  Now,  it  isn't  much  of  a  job  to  convert  thirty  thousand 
people.  We  converted  in  this  country,  inside  of  five  years,  one  hun- 
dred million  people  to  Prohibition.  And  I  am  doing  the  best  I  can 
to  convert  my  professional  brethren,  and  to  get  them  to  face  this 
actual  fact  and  actual  problem  that  what  they  are  doing  is  hurting 
their  patients  and  not  helping  them.     And  the  moment  you  can  get 

58 


an  honest  physician  to  believ^e  that,  he  will  stop  administering  alco- 
holic liquors  for  remedial  purposes.  I  have  a  very  sly  suspicion  that 
a  great  part  of  the  so-called  "medicine"  goes  down  in  the  form  of 
intoxicating  beverages  in  the  throats  that  do  not  need  any  healing 
except  for  the  effect  of  the  alcoholic  consumption.  I  may  be  wrong 
in  this,  but  I  do  not  know  what  anybody  wants  with  a  whole  pint  of 
liquor  for  one  dose  of  medicine.  They  don't  give  them  a  c|uart  of 
quinine,  when  they  ask  for  quinine.  No,  they  give  a  very  few 
grammes.  And  if  alcohol  is  a  remedy,  it  is  a  homeopathic  remedy. 
At  least  it  ought  to  be,  and  the  less  you  take  of  it  the  better.  I 
would  not  object  to  a  little  homeopathic  alcohol,  because  some  pa- 
tients have  been  receiving  it  in  wholesale  application.  That  is.  I 
believe  the  homeopathic  dose  would  be  more  efficacious ;  and,  if  it 
does  any  good,  it  does  it  in  the  small  quantities. 

Nov\',  that's  an  economic  point  of  view-  that  we  mvist  impress  on 
the  medical  profession. 

Why,  when  I  was  a  student  of  medicine,  if  anybody  had  said 
Avhisky  was  not  a  sovereign  remedy  for  tuberculosis,  he  would  have 
been  hooted  out  of  the  house.  That  was  the  way  they  treated  that 
disease.  Keep  the  patient  full.  Well,  that  made  him  die  happy,  1 
suppose,  and  made  him  die  full,  both  of  which  are  good  things  for  the 
person  suffering  from  tuberculosis.  But  it  never  had  any  other  eft'ect. 
It  didn't  tickle  the  men  so  the  germs  couldn't  work.  They  seemed  to 
thrive  on  that  amount  of  whisky,  and  worked  more  vigorously  than 
otherwise,  and  the  patient  died  long  before  his  time.  Now,  what  do 
we  do  with  tuberculosis?  We  cure  it.  We  cure  it  with  whisky?  No. 
with  food  and  air  and  rest;  and  the  superintendent  of  the  IMassachu- 
setts  Asylum  for  Tuberculosis  told  me  not  long  ago,  when  I  asked 
the  question  "How  many  of  your  patients  do  you  send  home  cured?" 
— and  I  was  astounded  with  what  he  said :  "Eighty  per  cent  of  the 
people  who  come  here  w'ith  tuberculosis  we  cure  and  send  them 
home."  And  never  a  drop  of  alcohol  or  whisky  used  in  connection 
with  this  remedial  system.  In  old  days,  everybody  died  who  had 
tuberculosis.  In  present  days  80  per  cent  of  the  people  who  have 
tuberculosis  get  well. 

Now  the  same  is  true  of  every  other  disease.  I  know  that  many  of 
our  brave  soldier  boys  who  had  influenza  and  pneumonia  were  sent  to 
their  graves,  not  by  the  diseases,  but  by  the  remedy  which  was  given 
to  them.  I  am  fully  convinced  of  that  fact.  Honor  to  their  memo- 
ries!  They  were  just  as  brave  and  are  just  as  worthy  of  our  admira- 
tion and  love;  but  they  didn't  do  the  duty  which  they  were  expected 
to  do  for  their  country  when  they  were  prematurely  cut  off  by  doses 
of  whisky,  as  were  issued  in  some  cases  very  extravagantly. 

Now  I  thank  God  that  the  United  States  Navy  has  banished 
whisky  and  brandy.  I  ha\c  letters  in  my  possession  from  Admiral 
Braisted  and  the  late  head  of  the  Public  Health  Service,  Surgeon- 

59 


General  Blue,  in  black  and  white,  saying  that  in  their  opinion  alcohol 
and  whisk)'  and  brandy  are  valueless  as  remedies ;  and  Admiral 
Braisted  told  me  in  person,  ''If  I  could  overcome  the  prejudices  of 
my  profession,  I  would  myself  issue  an  order  banishing  it  from  the 
Xavy  absolutely.  But  I  have  to  respect  professional  prejudice."  We 
al!  have  prejudices.  I  have  some  myself.  I  have  some  very  deep- 
seated  prejudices.  I  am  prejudiced  against  everything  that  impairs 
the  value  of  human  life.  I  am  prejudiced  against  ever\-  form  of  treat- 
ment that  hurts  and  does  not  aid  the  patient.  I  am  prejudiced  against 
every  business  which  glorifies  the  drunkard.  I  have  a  lot  of  preju- 
dices of  that  kind,  and  I  hope  I  will  never  get  over  them.  But  you 
cannot  overcome  a  prejudice,  if  it  is  not  a  well-founded  prejudice. 
You  can  appeal  to  the  reason  of  a  man  who  has  a  prejudice,  and  show 
him  the  reason  on  which  he  based  it  is  false.  In  this  way  we  can  get 
further  along  in  this  work  which  we  are  doing. 

Xow  another  thing  to  which  I  wish  to  call  your  attention  is  the 
political  aspect  of  the  case,  not  in  this  campaign  in  which  we  are 
engaged  now  only.  I  would  say  this,  if  I  were  a  voter,  which  I  am 
not,  living  in  this  great  free  countn.^  of  ours !  In  this  beautiful  Capi- 
tal Cit\-  of  the  greatest  republic  of  the  world,  in  this  beautiful  build- 
ing erected  to  Pan-American  unity,  one  of  Carnegie's  most  glorious 
and  munificent  gifts  to  humanit\%  I  am  deprived  of  the  right  that 
ever}^  citizen  should  possess.  I  have  no  voice  in  saying  who  shall 
govern  me ;  and  I  have  no  voice  in  saying  who  shall  assess  my  prop- 
erty" ;  "I  have  no  voice  in  saying  how  my  taxes  shall  be  spent.  We  are 
just  in  the  condition  that  the  Colonies  were  when  we  revolted  from 
Great  Britain.  I  don't  see  why  Washington  should  not  issue  a  new 
Declaration  of  Independence. 

Aside  from  that,  in  the  old  days,  the  saloon  controlled  the  politics 
of  many  States,  and  nearly  all  cities.  Xo  one  can  deny  that  fact.  The 
doctor  who  spoke  before  me  said,  "Thank  God  that  one  thing  at  least 
has  come,  and  that's  the  abolition  of  the  comer  saloon."  I  thank  God. 
also,  that  the  saloon,  while  still  a  power  in  politics,  is  not  a  potent 
power  in  politics.  The  saloon  and  its  advocates  have  to  work  in 
secret  nowadays.  They  don't  care  to  come  out  in  public.  And  if  they 
want  to  subscribe  to  the  funds  for  a  presidential  election,  they  are 
going  to  be  might}-  careful  to  wait  imtil  Congress  gets  through  with 
its  investigation.  Then  they  will  pour  it  in.  If  I  were  a  voter,  I  was 
about  to  say,  while  I  have  profound  convictions  on  political  matters, 
as  ever}-  American  citizen  should  have.  I  would  be  very  much  inclined 
to  side  with  my  very  dear  friend  William  J.  Bryan.  I  would  consider 
ver}-  seriously  voting  for  a  man  who  I  knew  would  sustain  the  present 
condition  of  legislation  if  he  had  the  opportunity  in  the  White  House, 
and  I  would  defeat  the  Prohibition  candidate  for  the  presidency, 
because  he  has  no  show  of  getting  there,  taking  good  votes  away, 

60 


where  they  could  do  some  good.  Xow,  that's  my  political  opinion. 
That's  all  I  have  to  say  about  politics. 

Thank  God  the  saloon  is  rapidly  going  out  of  politics !  That's 
the  greatest  blessing  that  has  happened  to  the  politics  of  this  country 
in  the  last  century,  in  my  opinion. 

Xow,  Mr.  Chairman,  I  want  to  say  a  word  or  two  about  this 
mooted  question — and  I  speak  purely  as  a  scientific  man — about  beer 
and  A\'ine.  I  have  a  profound  veneration  for  our  Supreme  Court. 
Every  time  it  decides  a  case  the  way  I  want  it  decided,  my  admiration 
becomes  enthusiasm.  When  it  goes  the  other  way  I  feel  sorry  for  the 
Justices.  They  made  a  decision  several  years  ago  which  I  thought 
was  quite  unfortunate,  though  it  turned  out  to  be  quite  a  fortunate 
decision.  It  concerned  a  qvtestion  of  bleached  flour.  I  am  an  oppo- 
nent of  bleached  flour.  I  think  flour  ought  to  be  what  nature  made 
it,  and  not  what  man  makes  it ;  and  when  you  bleach  flour  to  make  it 
look  ghastly  white,  and  then  sell  it  for  an  increased  price  per  barrel 
to  an  unsuspecting  customer,  you  are  deceiving  and  defrauding  that 
customer.  Through  my  machinations,  when  I  was  Chief  of  Bureau — 
and  I  see  I  am  still  represented  on  the  program  as  a  Government 
chemist,  vrhich.  thank  God,  I  am  not  any  more — one  of  the  things 
Vv'hich  I  brought  to  trial  was  bleached  flour ;  and  it  was  a  great  trial, 
lasting  many  weeks.  You  knoAV  experts  will  swear  to  anything  on 
any  side.  There  is  no  angle  which  some  expert  will  not  swear  to  as 
being  correct.  And  they  are  honest  men — in  their  way.  And  they 
are  paid  for  their  honesty.  A  great  many  experts  declared  that  the 
bleaching  of  flour  was  perfectly  harmless,  but  a  great  many  declared 
otherwise;  and  the  court  and  the  jury  decided  that  it  was  a  violation 
of  the  food  law,  and  was  both  a  misbranding  and  an  adulteration ; 
and  the  court  was  very  enthusiastic  in  his  instructions  to  the  jury, 
and  he  said  to  them,  'Tf  you  believe  that  any  poisonous  matter  has 
been  added  to  the  flour  in  this  process,  you  shall  find  for  the  Govern- 
ment.'' Xow  the  law  says  if  any  such-  ingredient  is  added — take  note 
— "which  may  render  it  injurious  to  health";  and  the  judge  forgot  to 
put  that  part  of  the  law  into  his  instructions;  and  when  it  came  to 
the  Supreme  Court,  they  reversed  his  decision,  and  said  he  had  not 
quoted  the  whole  law,  and  ordered  a  new  trial !  And  when  the  new 
trial  was  called,  what  happened?  The  bleached  flour  men  confessed 
judgment  before  the  court,  and  acknowledged  that  their  product  was 
both  misbranded  and  adulterated.  But  what  I  value  in  this  Supreme 
Court  decision  applies  now  to  the  Volstead  Act.  It's  most  remark- 
able that  the  thing  which  I  regarded  as  a  misfortune  has  turned  out 
to  be  a  blessing  in  disguise. 

I  want  to  read  to  you  what  they  say  about  being  injurious  to 
health,  and  you  can  apply  every  word  of  it  to  being  intoxicating.  Just 
read  '"intoxicating"  instead  of  "being  injurious  to  health"  and  this 
decision  will  apjily.     X'ow,  this  is  the  language  of  the  Supreme  Court 

61 


of  the  United  States,  in  overturning  my  case  and  remanding  it  for 
a  new  trial ;  and  it  says  what  will  happen  when  the  trial  comes  on : 

It  is  not  required  that  the  article  of  food  containing  added  f)oisonous  or 
other  added  deleterious  ingredients  must  afi'ect  the  public  health  and  it  is 
not  incumbent  upon  the  Government,  in  order  to  make  out  a  case,  to  estab- 
lish  that  fact. 

Xow,  it  is  not  incumbent  on  the  Government  to  prove  that  one- 
half  of  one  per  cent  is  intoxicating,  nor  even  to  establish  that  fact. 
That's  not  the  duty  of  the  Government,  and  the  burden  is  placed  on 
the  Government  only  to  secure  a  verdict  under  this  statute  that  the 
"added  poisonous  or  other  added  deleterious  ingredients,"'  as  alcohol, 
must  be  such  substances  as  may  render  such  article  injurious  to 
health — may  render  such  article  injurious  to  health. 

Xow  listen  to  this;  this  is  most  important  to  every  one  of  you: 

The  v/ord  "maj-"  is  here  used  in  its  ordinary  and  usual  signification,  there 
being  nothing  to  show  the  intention  of  Congress  to  afl&x  to  it  an}-  other 
meaning.  It  is,  says  Webster,  "an  auxiliary  verb,  qualifying  the  meaning  of 
another  verb  b}-  expressing  abilitj-,  .  .  .  contingency  or  liabilit}',  or  pos- 
sibility or  probability."  In  thus  describing  the  oftense  Congress  doubtless 
took  into  consideration  that  flour  may  be  used  in  many  ways — in  bread,  cake, 
gra-\-y,  broth,  etc.  It  may  be  consumed,  when  prepared  as  a  food,  by  the 
strong  and  the  weak,  the  old  and  the  3'oung,  the  well  and  the  sick;  and  it  is 
intended  that  if  any  flour,  because  of  anj^  added  poisonous  or  other  deleteri- 
ous ingredient,  may  possibly  injure  the  health  of  any  of  these,  it  shall  come 
within  the  ban  of  the  statute.  If  it  can  not  by  anj'  possibility,  when  the  facts 
are  reasonabl}*  considered,  injure  the  health  of  any  consumer,  such  flour, 
though  having  a  small  addition  of  poisonous  or  deleterious  ingredients,  may 
not  be  condemned  under  the  act. 

Now,  that  applies,  word  for  word,  that  decision;  and  I  want  to  say 
that,  in  my  opinion,  if  ever  that  point  comes  before  the  Supreme  Court 
directly  as  to  whether  this  limitation  of  one-half  of  one  per  cent  is  con- 
stitutional, that  court  will  assume  exactly  the  same  attitude  that  it 
assumed  here.  If  it  can,  by  any  possibility,  injure  the  weakest,  the 
youngest,  the  most  susceptible  human  being,  it  is  intoxicating. 

And  now,  to  go  forward  in  a  sober  and  serious  manner,  and  claim 
that  beer  is  not  an  intoxicating  liquor,  in  the  language  and  under  the 
instructions  of  the  Supreme  Court,  is  sheer  madness. 

And  then,  when  you  come  to  light  wines,  that  have  ten  per  cent — 
that's  the  lightest  wine  ever  made  in  this  country,  that  I  ever  saw — how 
can  any  man  in  his  senses  come  up  and  argue  before  this  audience  or 
the  Supreme  Court  that  such  a  wine  is  not  intoxicating?  It  is  perfectly 
impossible  to  sustain  such  an  argument. 

So  I  think,  my  friends,  that  our  position  on  this  matter  is  buttressed 
already  on  what  the  Supreme  Court  has  already  said,  and  that  if  it  ever 
comes  to  this  question  of  construing  this  act,  or  if  it  ever  comes  to  the 
question  of  increasing  the  limits,  as  may  and  certainly  will  come  up  in 
the  Congress  of  the  United  States  at  the  very  next  session,  we  have  here 
a  foundation,  firm  and  solid  as  a  rock  on  which  to  stand  and  make  our 

62 


fight,  and  our  opponents  will  be  standing  upon  the  sands,  at  A  not  upon 
the  foundation  we  will  have  beneath  our  feet. 

So  my  idea  is  that  this  condition  of  affairs  which  we  now  find  here 
has  come  to  stay,  that  it  will  never  be  repealed  by  any  Congress  elected 
by  the  people  of  this  country.  The  business  men  of  this  country,  those 
engaged  in  the  great  industries  of  this  country,  the  bankers  and  the 
merchants  and  the  manufacturers  'and  the  farmers,  will  stand  like  a 
rock  against  any  softening  of  that  measure,  and  any  increasing  percent- 
age of  alcoholic  beverages  in  the  liquors  of  our  covmtry.  The  whole 
economic  power  of  this  people  will  be  exerted  against  such  a  propo- 
sition ;  and  I  thank  God  that  in  my  opinion  the  whole  political  power  of 
this  people  will  be  enlisted  against  any  such  action. 

[Dr.  Dinwiddie  having  to  leave  the  meeting,  the  Secretary,  ]\Ir. 
Ernest  H,  Cherrington,  occupied  the  chair.] 

The  acting  CHAIRMAN:  A  discussion  of  this  subject  is  now 
thrown  open  under  the  five-minute  rule. 

DISCUSSION 

Mr.  HARRIS  (of  Alissouri)  :  I  do  not  care  to  discuss  the  question, 
but  with  the  doctor's  consent,  I  would  like  to  ask  Dr.  Wiley  one  question. 

The  acting  CHAIR:^IAN:  Does  Dr.  Wiley  consent  to  the 
question  ? 

Dr.  WILEY:    Yes,  come  forward,  because  I  cannot  hear. 

Mr.  HARRIS  :  If  I  understood  you  rightly,  Doctor,  you  advised  us 
to  withdraw  the  Prohibition  ticket  from  the  field? 

Dr.  WILEY:     Yes,  sir. 

Mr.  HARRIS:  For  whom  would  you  have  a  Christian  man  cast 
his  ballot? 

Dr.  WILEY :  I  would  leave  it  to  his  own  conscience,  and  ask  him 
to  cast  his  ballot  for  the  man  who  he  thinks  would  best  support  his  ideals, 

Mr.  HARRIS :  \Mien  both  candidates  are  wet.  how  can  you 
choose  ? 

Dr.  WILEY:  You  will  never  get  anywhere  in  the  world  by  voting 
on  the  Prohibition  ticket.  A  man  voting  for  that  ticket  throws  his  vote 
away.   T  am  not  saying  which  of  the  other  candidates  you  should  vote  for. 

The  ACTING  CHAIRMAN :  Dr.  Rosewater.  of  New  Jersey— five 
minutes. 

Dr.  CHARLES  A.  ROSEW.ATER  (of  Newark.  N.  J.):  Mr. 
Chairman,  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen  :     Five  minutes  is  all  I  think  ynti  w  ill 

63 


want  to  hear  from  me.  It  isn't  all  the  time  I  should  like  to  occupy,  how- 
ever, in  discussing  this  subject.  I  do  not  expect,  however,  to  be  very 
popular.  I  come  from  Governor  Edwards,  and  I  am  going  to  talk  the 
truth.  \Mien  I  received  the  announcement  of  this  meeting,  I  was  im- 
pressed by  the  fact  that  this  International  Congress  was  not  wedded 
to  any  one  form  of  solution  of  the  problem  of  alcoholism,  but  from  the 
discussion  this  morning,  and  going  ot¥  to  a  question  of  whom  to  vote  for, 
I  think  we  have  wandered  very  far  afield  from  the  scientific  discussion 
of  the  problem  of  alcoholism. 

I  took  drunkards  out  of  the  gutter,  and  wrote  on  this  subject,  when 
to  do  so  you  were  considered  a  crank,  and  when  our  meetings  at  Wash- 
ington were  used  as  food  for  the  joke  editor  and  not  for  the  serious 
columns  of  the  press.  I  make  no  apologies  for  my  stand.  I  am  to-day 
one  of  the  original  anti-saloon  men,  but  I  want  to  ask  you  this :  "Was 
this  Congress  called  to  advocate  Prohibition,  or  to  be  a  discussion  of  the 
total-abstinence  questioti?"  It  recently  appeared  in  the  public  press, 
presumably,  and  I  think  if  I  am  wrong  I  may  be  corrected,  that  it  came 
from  the  anti-saloon  headquarters ;  it  is  said  that  the  one  half  of  one  per 
cent  applies  to  the  sale  and  manufacture  for  sale  of  alcoholic  beverages. 
In  your  own  home  the  test  is  not  one  half  of  one  per  cent ;  it  is  actual 
intoxication.  Is  this  substance  that  you  are  making  in  your  own  home 
intoxicating  in  fact?  If  it  is,  according  to  this  authority  from  the  Anti- 
Saloon  League,  you  are  all  right.  Now,  I  ask  you,  who  is  going  to  be 
the  judge  of  that  particular  substance  that  Mr.  Farmer  has  made.  Is 
he  going  to  try  it  on  himself,  and  determine  the  intoxicating  value,  or  is 
he  going  to  try  it  on  his  dog?  I  say  this  in  all  seriousness,  because  the 
question.  \Miat  is  an  intoxicating  beverage?  in  fact  has  never  yet  been 
settled. 

Personalh".  I  made  some  experiments.  I  found,  and  I  have  published 
my  experiments — my  name  is  Dr.  Charles  A.  Rosewater — that  two  and 
three-fourths  per  cent  is  not  intoxicating,  in  fact.  In  law  it  is.  Now, 
my  friends,  let  us  be  honest  with  each  other.  Let's  be  on  the  level.  If 
we  want  to  make  this  country  bone-dry.  and  if  we  want  to  produce  a 
non-alcoholic  race — and  I  say  to  you.  that  as  vigorously  as  I  fought 
against  Prohibtion.  because  I  did  not  believe  it  the  proper  remedy,  so 
vigorously  do  I  fight  now  for  law  enforcement — I  say,  let's  give  this 
thing  a  trial ;  let's  try  it  out  absolutely ;  let's  try  it  out  in  the  homes  as 
well  as  on  the  street  corner.  Alcoholism  is  no  respecter  of  persons,  and 
the  alcohol  that  a  man  drinks  in  his  own  home  has  the  same  effect  as 
the  alcohol  he  drinks  in  the  saloon  ;  and  if  the  Anti-Saloon  League  stands 
for  the  drinking  of  alcoholic  beverages  in  one's  own  home,  they  nullify 
themselves  absolutely.  They  cannot  go  before  the  world  as  an  anti- 
saloon  crowd  favoring  the  abolition  of  alcohol,  and  then  come  out  in  the 
public  press  and  say,  "It's  all  right  in  your  own  home."  Now,  these  are 
truths.     I  give  them  to  you  for  what  they  are  worth. 

64 


Till-.    AMI-.UICAX    KXKCl'TIVF.    COMMITTTKK 
1.   Rkv.   E.   C.  Dinwiddik,   IJ.I).,   Chairman.     2.   Rev.  Ciiari.ks  Scani.on,   D.D..   rice-Chairman.     3.   Rev. 
RuFus    W.    Miller.    D.D.,    Vice-Chairman.      4.    Ernest    H.    Cherrington,    Secretary.      5.    Bishop    James 
Cannon.   Jr.,   D.D.      6.    Mrs.    Suessv    It     Ki  mm        7.    \ihv    Riv.    r.    J.    O'Cm  i  \i:iiw.    r.S.l'.,    Treasurer. 


Dr.  WlLliUR  F.  CRAFTS  (Director,  International  Reform 
Bureau,  Washington,  D.  C.)  :  Air.  Chairman,  I  have  here,  from  Surgeon- 
General  Braisted  a  document  which  I  am  sure  you  will  want  to  have  in 
detail  You  have  had  reference  to  the  Navy.  It  seems  to  me  there  is 
nothing  more  timely,  after  the  splendid  address  of  Secretary  Daniels, 
and  what  we  have  heard  this  morning,  than  to  say  exactly  what  the 
Secretary  of  the  Navy  has  decided;  and  this  comes  from  Surgeon- 
General  Braisted,  referred  to  this  morning  —  an  order  issued  on 
]VIarch  30th,  but  I  have  not  seen  publication  of  the  details,  and  many  of 
you  may  not  have  seen  it.  • 

(Dr.  Crafts  then  read  the  order.) 

May  I  give  you  the  argument  about  beer  and  wine  as  I  am  accus- 
tomed to  give  it  to  the  young  people — the  very  argument  we  have  had 
this  morning,  so  simple  we  can  give  it  to  the  man  on  the  street,  who  is 
not  of  our  view.    I  got  this  illustration  from  Miss  Stoddard. 

There  are  three  burglars.  Burglar  No.  1  is  a  pint  of  wine;  burglar 
No.  2  is  a  glass  of  beer ;  burglar  No.  3  is  three  ounces  of  whisky.  The 
same  relative  amount  of  alcohol  is  in  each  of  these  three  units.  Of  the 
three  burglars,  the  biggest  burglar,  carrying  the  biggest  gun,  is  the 
whisky,  but  the  two  little  burglars  have  the  more  rapid  fire,  and  the  big 
burglar  never  gets  into  the  human  system  until  the  little  burglars  get 
into  the  system  first  and  pave  the  way  for  the  big  burglar.  Therefore, 
we  should  not  let  the  little  burglars  into  the  system. 

I  have  heard  the  story  from  a  man  in  the  inebriate  asylum,  with  which 
I  am  very  familiar,  that  80  per  cent  get  there  through  the  influence  of 
beer,  and  another  10  per  cent  through  wine.  If  we  want  to  cut  ofif  the 
supply,  we  should  cut  off  the  beer  and  wine.     I  thank  you. 

The  ACTING  CHAIRAIAN :  Dr.  C.  W.  Saleeby,  of  London, 
England,  is  recognized. 

Dr.  C.  W.  SALEEBY,  F.R.S.,  Edin.  (Chairman  of  the  National 
Birth  Rate  Commission,  London)  :  ]Mr.  Chairman,  Ladies,  and  Gentle- 
men :  I  was  very  grateful  to  Dr.  Wiley  for  his  paper.  I  want  to  make 
a  very  small  contribution  on  the  matter  of  pneumonia.  When  you  had 
your  influenza  epidemic  in  America,  and  pneumonia,  there  was  a  howl 
of  joy  from  the  liquor  people  of  my  country,  because  they  said,  "The 
doctors  have  been  terrorized  by  the  members  of  the  Anti-Saloon  League, 
and  could  not  get  whisky  to  cure  their  patients,  and  they  were  d_ying." 
You  should  know  that  at  least  one  definite  experiment  has  been  made  on 
this  subject,  with  reference  to  pneumonia,  and  you  can  estimate  how 
many  men  are  killed  or  saved  by  the  use  of  alcohol  in  pneumonia.  And 
the  final  suggestion  I  make,  when  I  tell  you  the  results  of  this  experi- 
ment, is  that  in  my  judgment  it  should  be  repeated  on  a  large  scale  in 
the  United  States,  and  the  results  published  broadcast.  The  experiment 
was  made  by  Dr.  John  Iloe,  of  the  Royal  Inflrmary.  Liverpool,  and  pub- 
lished in  1904.     Dr.  Hoc  was  dubious  as  to  the  supposed  advantage  of 

6B 


aicuhol  in  the  treatment  of  pneumonia.  At  that  date  such  use  of  alcohol 
was  universal.  I  was  taught  to  use  it  when  I  was  a  resident  in  the 
intirmary  in  Edinburgh;  and  in  every  ward,  with  one  exception,  all  our 
pneumonia  patients — and  we  are  now  speaking  of  the  most  deadly  of 
all  acute  diseases — were  liberally  dosed  with  whisky  whenever  they  were 
awake  during  their  stay  in  the  place.  Dr.  Hoe  made  an  experiment.  He 
had  a  ward  and  beds  at  his  disposal.  He  took  patients  and  divided  them 
into  two  groups :  those  who  desired  alcohol  as  usual,  or  whose  friends 
desired  it,  were  so  treated ;  those  who  did  not  were  so  treated.  In 
ever}'  possible  particular  the  conditions  wert  identical,  the  same  doc- 
toring, the  same  drugs,  the  same  nursing,  the  same  time  of  the  year,  the 
same  conditions  of  ventilation,  etc  One  set  got  alcohol,  and  the  others 
got  none.  This  experiment  ran  into  several  hundreds  of  cases.  The 
result  was  that  the  death-rate  among  those  who  got  the  whisky  was  six- 
teen per  cent  higher  than  among  those  who  did  not.  In  other  words, 
according  to  this  large  experiment,  which  has  never  been  refuted,  the 
expert  medicinal  use  of  whisky  in  pneumonia  kills  sixteen 'out  of  every 
hundred  patients !  That  experiment  is  now  sixteen  years  old,  and  to  this 
day  most  of  the  doctors  in  England  are  killing  their  patients  at  that 
rate — sixteen  out  of  one  hundred.  The  pneumonia  patients  are  being 
killed  by  getting  whisky  in  England.  Now.  I  think  in  your  country, 
where  you  have  a  great  deal  of  pneumonia,  where  you  have  the  oppor- 
tunities. I  think  the  ninety  thousand  doctors  who  do  not  take  out  whisky 
permits  ought  to  issue  a  challenge  to  the  thirty  thousand  doctors  who 
do.  and  in  one  of  your  big  hospitals  you  should  have  a  series  of  wards, 
and  establish  a  large  experiment  next  winter  with  reference  to  pneu- 
monia, and  I  will  abide  by  the  results. 

]Mrs.  ALLEX  (Superintendent  of  IMedical  Temperance  for  the 
National  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union)  :  I  thought  that* you 
might  like  to  know  that  experiments  of  that  character  were  carried  on 
in  Bellevue  Hospital.  New  York,  the  largest  hospital  in  the  United 
States,  by  Dr.  Alexander  Lambert,  some  years  ago,  with  not  quite  so 
large  a  diflference.  but  still  the  death-rate  was  much  higher  where  the 
alcohol  was  used  than  where  it  was  not.  Dr.  Henry  Copley  has  also 
experimented  in  the  same  hospital  with  pneumonia  among  children.  So 
satisfied  was  he  that  the  alcohol  caused  more  deaths,  that  he  has  en- 
tirely abandoned  the  use  of  alcohol  in  pneumonia.  Those  experiments 
have  been  carried  on ;  and  in  Mercy  Hospital.  Chicago,  some  years  ago, 
when  the  great  Nestor  of  the  medical  profession.  Dr.  Nathan  F.  Davis, 
was  in  charge  there,  they  had  only  a  twelve  per  cent  death-rate  without 
alcohol.  During  the  thirty  year?  that  Dr.  Davis  had  charge  of  the  hos- 
pital, not  a  drop  of  alcohol  was  given  in  any  disease.  Now  he  told  me 
that  himself.  I  am  not  sneaking  from  hearsay.  And  in  the  other  hos- 
pitals of  the  coimtry  that  have  been  using  very  large  quantities  of  alcohol 
in  pneumonia,  the  death-rates  ranged  from  eighteen  to  thirty-eight  per 
cent  with  alcohol,  and  only  twelve  per  cent  without 

6*6 


I  am  glad  we  have  had  some  of  these  experiments  in  this  country. 
I  am  glad  this  suggestion  has  come  from  our  Enghsh  friend,  that  we 
have  more  such  experiments. 

[Dr.  Dinwiddle  here  resumed  the  chair.] 

Dk.  a.  M.  COURTENAY  (W^esterville,  Ohio):  Air.  Chairman: 
Dr.  Rosewater  has  challenged  the  bona  tides  of  the  Anti-Saloon  League 
on  the  allegation  that  in  seeking  legislation  for  the  Prohibition  of  alco- 
holic beverages,  it  did  not  ask  for  power  to  enter  into  the  homes  of  the 
people  and  control  the  domestic  manufacture  of  drinks  of  any  degree  of 
alcoholic  content.  Now,  as  the  name  of  the  League  indicates,  its  imme- 
diate and  specific  objective  was  the  abolition  of  the  saloon.  No  man 
associated  with  that  League  but  desired  absolute  abstinence  from  intoxi- 
cants in  every  form  among  the  people  universally.  I  challenge  Dr.  Rose- 
water  and  the  men  whom  he  represents  to  inaugurate  measures  for  the 
prohibition  of  the  domestic  manufacture  of  drinks  with  an  alcoholic 
content  above  one-half  of  one  per  cent,  and  I  pledge  to  him  the  support 
of  the  Anti-Saloon  League,  with  all  its  power,  for  carrying  out  such  a 
measure. 

Dr.  IGLEHART  (Associate  Editor  of  The  Christian  Herald)  :  It 
would  have  been  unconstitutional,  and  the  whole  thing  would  have 
failed ;  it  can  not  be  done  that  way. 

Dr  J.  B.  LEWIS:  Mr.  Chairman  and  Members  of  the  Convention  : 
I  think  it  would  be  well  for  one  in  Massachusetts,  the  only  State  in  the 
United  States  that  has  come  out  directly  against  the  use  of  alcoholic 
licjuors,  to  say  a  word  on  this  subject.  Our  State  has  appointed  a  com- 
mittee to  investigate  the  relationship  of  alcoholic  drinks  to  crime,  pau- 
perism, and  insanity.  That  committee  was  composed  of  the  best  men 
of  Massachusetts — not  all  of  them  Prohibitionists ;  some  of  them  drank 
more  than  the}'  ought  to.  but  they  were  prominent  men — and  they  made 
a  thorough  investigation,  having  a  whole  year  to  make  their  investiga- 
tion ;  and  then  they  came  out  with  these  statistics:  that  eighty-two  per 
cent  of  the  criminals  of  Massachusetts  \\ere  made  so  by  alcoholic  drink; 
that  eighty-four  per  cent  of  all  the  criminals  arrested  were  under  the 
influence  of  intoxicating  drink  at  the  time  the  crime  was  committed. 

In  regard  to  insanity,  after  this  year  of  careful  investigation,  going 
through  the  State  and  taking  every  insane  case,  they  made  the  report 
that  fifty  per  cent  of  the  insanity  v.as  induced  by  alc(^holic  drink. 

In  regard  to  pauperism,  they  did  the  same  with  that — made  a  thor- 
ough investigation  of  an  entire  year  l)v  the  best  men  of  the  State,  and 
they  returned  to  the  legislature  of  Alassachusetts  the  fact  that  seventy- 
five  per  cent  of  the  paupers  were  made  so  by  the  use  of  intoxicating 
drink.  And  I  myself  investigated  with  regard  to  that.  I  went  to  the 
insane  asylums ;  T  went  to  the  pauper  asylums ;  and  I  was  told  there,  in 
most  cases  by  the  mrin  wIk^  had  charge,  that  it  was  caused  by  alcohol, 

6/ 


and  that  they  never  knew  a  case — in  so  far  as  the  paupers  were  con- 
cerned— that  they  never  knew  a  case  that  came  there  except  for  drink. 
I  thank  you. 

Miss  RUTH  E.  SPENCE:  Mr.  Chairman:  Without  entering  at 
all  into  the  merits  of  the  discussion  between  the  Anti-Saloon  League 
and  Professor  Rosewater  as  to  the  good  or  bad  effects  of  beer  drinking 
in  the  home,  let  them  experiment  as  they  will  about  that;  we  have  ex- 
perimented in  our  country  upon  beer  sales,  and  w^ith  the  public  sale  of 
liquor,  and  I  want  briefly  to  give  you  a  few  figures  as  to  the  actual 
results — not  guesswork. 

We  have  Prohibition  in  eight  provinces. 

We  have  tried  the  beer  and  w'ine  public  sale  proposition  on  the  very 
cleanest  possible  basis,  and  have  demonstrated  that  it  is  a  great  success — 
from  the  standpoint  of  the  brewer — with  the  result  that  brewery  stock 
has  gone  up  from  twenty  to  two  hundred  and  eighty,  a  profit  of  fourteen 
hundred  per  cent  for  the  brewer,  by  allowing  the  beer  and  wine  sold 
publicly. 

Now,  in  my  judgment,  Mr.  Chairman,  this  is  a  proposition  of  the 
interests  of  the  brewers  on  the  one  hand,  and  the  interests  of  the  public 
on  the  other. 

In  1916  the  illicit  sale  of  liquor — "blind  tigers" — increased  from 
three  hundred  and  sixty-five  convictions  to  five  hundred  and  seventy- 
three.  \\'e  found  that  the  beer  and  wine  cafe  was  peculiarly  an  adjunct 
of  the  dance-hall,  and  led  to  immorality  and  evil  of  that  kind ;  so  that 
the  convictions  for  keeping  disorderly  houses  increased  from  three  hun- 
dred and  sixty-five  to  seven  hundred  and  twenty-one;  and,  moreover, 
the  convictions  of  frequenters  of  those  resorts  went  up  from  thirteen 
hundred  and  twenty-one  to  thirteen  hundred  and  ninety-five.  We  found 
that  there  were  convicted  in  1916  fnr  selling  or  carrying  noxious  drinks, 
one  himdred  and  three  persons.  In  1919.  one  hundred  and  eighty-one 
were  convicted  of  being  found  in  opium  dens ;  under  the  old  regime, 
forty-six.  Under  beer  and  wine  this  was  increased  to  two  hundred  and 
seventy-five.  And  we  have  demonstrated  that,  from  the  standpoint  of 
the  brewer,  the  beer  and  wine  proposition  is  a  magnificent  success.  From 
the  standpoint  of  the  public,  it's  an  absolute  failure.  And  you  can  not 
cure  the  evils  of  intemperance  by  selling  booze. 

•  Dr.  SUTCLIFFE  :  Mr.  President :  I  won't  take  the  five  minutes 
allotted  me.  I  simply  want  to  say,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  in  regard  to  the 
effects  of  alcohol  on  pneumonia,  as  to  whether  it  is  best  to  use  alcohol 
in  connection  with  pneumonia — they  say  "the  proof  of  the  pudding  lies 
in  the  eating"  of  it.  During  the  great  epidemic  last  winter  in  Boston  of 
influenza,  it  came  right  into  my  own  home.  My  wife  and  daughter  were 
both  down  with  influenza.  In  both  cases  it  developed  into  pneumonia. 
The  temperature  of  my  \vife  was  a  hundred  and  twelve,  and  of  my 
daughter  a  hundred  and  eight.     It  was  impossible  to  get  nurses.     I  will 

68 


give  you  the  name  of  the  physician — Dr.  Charies  R.  Alorgan,  of  Boylston 
Street,  near  the  entrance  to  the  Fenway.  He  instructed  me  to  have  a 
quart  pitcher  of  water  at  the  bedside  of  the  daughter,  and  the  bedside  of 
my  wife,  and  they  were  to  keep  drinking  and  drinking,  and  when  they 
had  drunk  so  much  they  could  not  drink  any  more,  they  were  to  try  to 
drink  some  more !  And  for  food,  simple  Hquid  food,  whenever  they 
were  able  to  take  it  and  sustain  it.  As  1  said  before,  it  was  impossible 
to  hire  a  nurse,  although  I  offered  all  in  the  world  I  had  to  get  a  nurse, 
because  the  lives  of  my  wife  and  daughter  were  more  valuable  to  me 
than  anything  else.  My  wife  and  daughter  are  living  now.  And  during 
the  entire  sickness,  Dr.  J\Iorgan  never  prescribed  any  medicine  for  them 
that  contained  any  alcohol.  I  state  that  as  a  matter  of  fact.  I  do  not 
care  to  enter  into  the  discussion ;  but  I  felt  it  my  duty  to  state  these 
facts  that  came  under  my  own  personal  observation,  and  in  my  own 
family. 

The  Rev.  R.  L.  DAVIS  (of  Raleigh,  North  Carolina):  Mr. 
Chairman :  As  a  matter  of  information  for  our  delegates  here  from 
foreign  coimtries,  and  as  a  matter  of  pride  concerning  the  medical 
society  of  my  State,  I  wish  to  say  that  they  appointed  a  committee, 
composed  of  the  president  of  the  association,  the  secretary  of  the 
State  Board  of  Health  of  North  Carolina,  along  with  the  superin- 
tendent of  the  Tuberculosis  Hospital  of  that  State,  a  State  institution, 
and  two  or  three  others,  as  a  legislative  committee,  to  go  before  the 
next  General  Assembly  of  North  Carolina,  and  request  that  they 
have  a  law  that  would  absolutely  take  liquor  out  of  the  medicine 
chest,  and  out  of  the  drug  stores  as  a  medicine,  and  would  forbid  the 
permit  proposition  that  now  obtains.  I  want  to  say  further  that  the 
.Association  of  Pharmacists  in  that  State  took  identically  the  same  action, 
and  that  the  next  General  Assembly,  meeting  in  January,  1915,  almost 
unanimously,  in  response  to  this  appeal  from  the  physicians,  almost 
unanimously  said  "no  more  spirituous  liquor  as  medicine  in  the  State  of 
North  Carolina."    And  permits  do  not  bother  us  a  little  bit. 

In  addition,  and  particularly,  I  am  sure  we  are  all  gratified  that 
alcohol  has  been  banished  from  the  list  of  medicines  of  the  Navy  De- 
partment. We  owe  this  splendid  step  in  the  direction  of  progress  to 
Josephus  Daniels,  who  is  at  the  head  of  the  Navy. 

Dr.  CHARLES  SCANLON  (General  Secretary  of  the  Presby- 
terian Board  of  Temperance)  :  Mr.  President,  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen: 
Prohibition  helps  not  only  the  living,  but  the  dead.  A  few  days  ago,  I 
went  into  the  morgue  in  Pittsburgh,  inquiring  of  the  caretaker,  or  the 
superintendent,  how  Prohibition  had  affected  them.  He  replied  that 
before  Prohibition  they  had  from  seventy  to  seventy-five  cases  every 
week,  or  dead  bodies  brought  in  ;  following  Prohibition  they  had  had 
fewer  than   fifty;   in  other  words,  that   Prohiliition  had  decreased  the 

69 


population  of  the  morgue  in  Pittsburgh  by  about  one-third.     1  submit 
that  that's  testimony  that's  competent  in  a  body  of  this  kind. 

I  have  seen  recently  in  the  papers  the  statement  that  Prohibition,  or 
the  liquor  traffic,  is  as  dead  as  slavery  in  America.  There  have  been 
some  who  have  not  assented  to  that  fully.  Now,  1  am  not  aware  that 
anybody  in  this  country  is  advocating  a  law  to  revive  slavery.  It  is  in- 
timated that  there  are  some  who  would  revive  the  liquor  traffic,  if  they 
could,  at  least  that  portion  of  the  population  do  not  regard  it  quite  as 
dead  as  slavery.  Further  than  that,  I  think  it  might  be  competent  to 
ask,  "Is  there  any  one  seeking  high  office  in  this  country,  or  low  either, 
who  would  advocate  the  return  of  chattel  slaver}-,  if  he  had  the  power?" 
Manifestly  not.  Then,  is  there  any  one  seeking  low  or  high  office  in  this 
country  who  is  willing  to  modify  the  law  so  as  to  allow  the  return  of  the 
liquor  traffic.  It's  intimated  that  there  are  some  who  have  not  fully 
made  up  their  minds  on  that  question.  But  the  questions  before  us  are 
three.  There's  the  scientific ;  we  have  the  economic  ;  we  have  the  politi- 
cal. Dr.  Wiley  touched  on  all  of  these.  But  I  think  it  is  competent  to 
ask.  and  this  is  all  I  have  to  say,  "Is  there  any  one  in  our  land  who 
would,  if  he  could,  revive  the  liquor  traffic,  either  in  wine  or  beer  or 
anything  else?"  There  are  some  who  are  suspected  of  being  willing  to 
do  that  thing,  if  they  have  the  chance.  The  great  majority  of  the  people 
of  this  country  do  not  want  it,  and  they  intend,  if  they  can  have  it  so, 
that  the  liquor  traffic  shall  be  just  as  dead  as  chattel  slavery. 

Dr.  CHAS.  O.  JOXES  :  ^Ir.  Chairman :  I  do  not  agree  in  the 
slightest  with  the  preceding  speaker.  The  liquor  question  is  dead  in 
this  countr}^  legally,  but  very  much  alive  politically ;  and  our  greatest 
fight  is  before  us  on  that  platform.  In  my  own  city  of  Atlanta,  where 
we  have  had  Prohibition  by  State  laws  since  1908,  against  that  blessed 
Congressman  known  to  most  of  you  Americans,  \V.  D.  Upshaw,  a  man 
offered  himself  for  Congress,  and  said.  'Tf  you  elect  me.  I  will  do  my 
level  best  to  repeal  not  only  the  A'olstead  Act,  but  the  Eighteenth  Amend- 
ment." And  in  that  same  State  a  man  offered  himself  for  the  position 
of  United  States  Senator  on  that  same  liquor  platform.  And  I  can  say 
to  you,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen,  that  as  sure  as  3-ou  live  and  are  in  this 
beautiful  Hall  of  the  Americas,  there  are  already  most  tremendous 
efforts  and  organizations  to  bring  liquor  back ;  and  unless  you  anti-saloon 
men  and  you  W.  C.  T.  U.  women  are  wide  awake,  and  are  determined 
by  God's  help  to  win.  liquor  will  be  brought  back  in  America,  and  it  will 
be  impossible  for  us  to  have  a  Prohibition  nation  or  a  bone-dry  world. 
I  give  this  earnest  and  most  solemn  warning. 

I  did  not  intend.  Mr.  Chairman,  to  respond — I  hoped  somebody  else 
would — to  the  gentleman  from  Xew  Jersey,  who  may  have  created  the 
impression  on  the  foreign  delegates  that  we  have  no  definition  of  intoxi- 
cants in  this  country,  and  used  that  favorite  proportion  of  the  liquor 
men.  2.75  per  cent,  in  alcoholic  content.  We  gentlemen  ought  to  know, 
and  you  foreign  gentlemen  and  delegates  ought  to  know,  that  by  Con- 

70 


gresbional  action,  and  by  the  decision  of  our  Supreme  Court  ot  tne 
United  States,  which  we  consider  the  most  venerable  and  intiuentiai 
under  the  sun — those  two  have  decided  that  an  intoxicant  is  one-half  of 
one  per  cent  of  alcohol  or  more,  and  so  that's  the  law  of  the  land;  and 
that  law  cannot  be  broken  except  by  law-breakers  and  criminals,  and  we 
are  determined  to  see  that  it  is  the  law  of  this  land  until  Gabriel  blows 
his  trumpet. 

Now  the  gentleman  from  Xew  Jersey  also  created  the  impression, 
and  made  the  distinction  between  Prohibition  and  total  abstinence,  that 
in  every  family  in  America  there  may  be  made  privately  alcoholic 
drinks,  if  that  family  so  desires.  I  don't  know,  Mr.  Chairman,  and 
Ladies  and  Gentlemen,  how  that  is  in  the  State  of  New  Jersey,  but  I 
do  know  that  in  thirty-seven  of  the  sovereign  States  of  this  great 
republic  of  ours  there  can  be  no  home  brews,  and  if  I,  in  my  own  city 
of  Atlanta,  were  to  buy  a  private  still  and  attempt  to  make  a  home  brew, 
and  anybody  fovmd  it  out,  I  could  be  arrested  as  a  criminal. 

I  want  to  create  those  two  impressions :  that  we  have  the  Prohibition 
law,  and  it  does  prohibit.  We  will  hear  whisky  propaganda  about  moon- 
shining,  and  that  there  is  as  much  liquor  sold  in  America  as  before  the 
law.     That  is  a  whisky  lie ! 

Dr.  WILEY:  Mr.  President,  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen:  I  would 
like  to  refer  to  the  statement  of  Dr.  Rose  water,  for  just  a  moment,  that 
he  had  tried  2.75  per  cent  beer  and  found  it  non-intoxicating.  There 
are  one  hundred  and  ten  million  people  in  this  country,  and  I  don't 
think  he  tried  it  on  all  of  them.  If  he  believes  in  the  doctrine  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  he  must  try  it  on  the  strong  and  the  weak,  on  the  old 
and  the  young,  on  the  child  and  the  grandfather,  and  on  everybody. 
Experimental  determinations  are  the  proper  scientific  methods  of  getting 
at  the  facts,  if  you  make  the  experiment  large  enough.  I  want  to  recall 
an  experiment  in  which  I  took  part  with  2.75  per  cent  beer.  That  is, 
by  weight,  making  it  a  little  over  three  per  cent  by  volume.  It  was  in 
November,  1878.  I  was  a  student  in  the  Lmiversity  of  Berlin.  The 
old  Kaiser  W'ilhelm  had  almost  been  assassinated — an  attempt  had  been 
made  to  assassinate  him  in  the  spring,  and  he  had  been  passing  the 
summer  away  from  P>erlin.  He  returned  in  November.  There  was  a 
great  celebration.  We  had  three  days'  vacation.  The  American 
students  had  a  meeting  to  organize  properly  to  take  part  in  this  celebra- 
tion. While  we  were  meeting  the  police  swooped  down  upon  us  and 
arrested  the  whole  bunch  for  holding  a  public  meeting  without  the  con- 
sent of  the  police ;  but  later  they  let  us  off,  when  they  found  what  we 
were  doing.  We  subscribed  to  the  sum  of  five  hundred  marks.  Most 
of  us  were  as  poor  as  Job's  turkey,  because  we  even  gobl)led.  Wc  had 
nothing,  but  we  contributed  five  marks  apiece.  We  came  down  town, 
and  wc  bought  a  drum  Jind  an  .Xmerican  flag,  and  a  sash  and  a  belt  for 
the  captain.  Then  they  turned  in  and  elected  me  captain.  \\'e  went  to 
the  great  festival  in  the  evening.     The  experiment  was  tried  <^n  three 


thousand  people.  1  was  one  of  them.  I  sat  at  the  head  of  the  American 
table.  \\'e  drank  innumerable  Salamanders,  and  the  man  who  drank  the 
most  beer  at  any  one  table  got  a  prize.  I  got  the  prize  for  my  table ! 
We  were  in  session  twelve  hours — from  seven  o'clock  in  the  evening 
until  the  first  lecture  at  the  university  in  the  morning.  Ten  per  cent  of 
that  crowd  who  had  been  drinking  2.75  per  cent  beer  were  under  the 
table  dead  drunk;  twenty-five  per  cent  were  violently  intoxicated.  I 
could  walk  straight,  however.  That  showed  the  ditterence  in  suscepti- 
bility! Xow  that  was  an  experiment  on  three  thousand  men,  lasting 
twelve  hours,  and  thirty  per  cent  of  them  were  drunk — not  intoxicated, 
but  drunk.    Where  is  your  2.75  beer? 

The  CHAIR^MAX  :  The  Chair  has  been  advised  that  a  number  of 
other  governments  have  certified  official  representatives  as  delegates  to 
the  Congress.  I  do  not  think  it's  fair  either  to  the  Congress  or  to  these 
representatives  to  have  another  call  made  without  sufficient  announce- 
ment as  to  the  time.  I  would  otherwise  call  now,  or  arrange  for  this, 
before  the  close  of  the  morning  session.  I  would  do  the  same  thing  for 
this  afternoon,  but  for  a  complete  change  of  program  and  shifting  of 
hours,  which  is  made  necessary-  for  the  convenience  of  some  of  our 
speakers.  I  think  the  only  fair  way  to  do  is  to  say  that  tomorrow 
morning,  at  the  opening  of  the  session,  we  will  arrange  to  hear  the  repre- 
sentatives of  foreign  governments  who  have  not  been  heard  at  the  Con- 
gress, and  we  will  ask  the  local  press  to  announce  that  fact ;  and  we  will 
otherwise  attempt  to  reach  the  embassies  and  legations  of  the  countries 
referred  to,  and  everybody  then  will  be  on  notice  that  that  part  of  the 
Congress'  work  will  be  continued,  and  possibly  concluded,  tomorrov/ 
morning. 

^Ir   Cherrington  has  some  further  announcements  to  make. 

The  secretary.  Mr.  ERNEST  H.  CHERRIXGTOX:  :Mr. 
Chairman,  before  the  announcements,  I  have  a  resolution  which  has 
been  sent  to  the  Secretary's  table.  I  may  say,  before  reading  the  resolu- 
tion, that  it  is  well  understood  that  the  Congress  and  the  Permanent 
International  Committee  of  Congress  have  nothing  to  do  with  conducting 
campaigns  of  any  character. 

Resolutiox  Offered  by  Captaix  Richmoxd  Pearsox  Hobsox* 

Recognizing  that  humanity,  as  a  living  organism,  is  sick  with  the 
disease  of  alcoholism ;  that  the  disease  is  in  advanced  and  alarming 
stages ;  that  truth  is  the  foundation  of  wisdom,  and  that  intelligent  men 
wish  to  know  truth  that  is  finally  established ;  that  the  researches  of 
m.odem  science  have  now  reached  the  point  where  the  properties  of  the 
drug  alcohol  are  determined  and  the  consequences  of  its  beverage  use 
are  definitely  established ;  that  wide  difrerences  of  opinion  exist  as  to 
the  best  methods  for  public  policy  to  pursue,  we  unite  in  the  following 
declaration : 

72 


I.  We  declare  united  and  full  loyalty  to  the  truth  and  advocate  a 
comprehensive  cooperative  policy  for  the  education  of  the  world 
in  the  truth  about  alcohol. 
II.  \\'"e  advise  the  immediate  and  hearty  codperation  of  all  con- 
structive forces  for  the  quickest  practicable  inoculation  df 
humanity  with  this  truth  serum. 


May  I  suggest,  J\Ir.  Chairman,  that  the  resolution  properly  should 
be  referred  under  the  rules  of  the  Congress  to  the  Permanent  Interna- 
tional Committee? 

The  CHAIRMAN:  Unless  there  is  objection,  it  will  follow  the 
usual  procedure,  and  be  so  referred. 

The  secretary,  Mr.  ERNEST  H.  CHERRINGTON,  there- 
upon made  some  announcements. 

Dr.  SCANLON  :  Mr.  Chairman :  I  move — or  rather  I  suggest,  if 
in  order — I  do  not  know  that  it  is  necessary  to  make  a  motion — that 
the  Chairman  and  Secretary  be  authorized  to  respond  to  the  greetings 
from  the  Baptist  Convention  in  behalf  of  this  body,  or  to  any  similar 
communications  which  may  be  received. 

The  motion,  duly  seconded,  w^as  carried  unanimously. 

The  Congress  then  adjourned  till  the  afternoon. 


73 


AFTERNOON  SESSION 

WEDNESDAY,   SEPTEMBER   22,    1920 


At  the  afternoon  session,  September  22,  Dr.  DIWMDDIE  presided. 

The  chairman  :  I  have  pleasure  at  this  time  in  announcing  the 
paper  "PoHtical  Aspects  of  the  Prohibition  Movement  in  America — 
Partizan  and  Non-Partizan  Effort/'  by  Dr.  P.  A.  Baker,  General  Super- 
intendent of  the  Anti-Saloon  League  of  America. 

POLITICAL    ASPECTS    OF    THE    PROHIBITION    MOVE- 
MENT   IN    AMERICA: 
PARTIZAN  AND  NON-PARTIZAN  EFFORT 

BY  PURLEY  A.  BAKER,  D.  D. 

GENERAL    SUPERINTENDENT,   ANTI-SALOON    LEAGUE   OF   AMERICA 
WESTERVILLE,   OHIO 

Mr.  Chairman,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen.  I  do  not  pretend  to  be 
familiar  with  the  political  conditions  that  prevail  in  other  countries 
touching  the  temperance  and  prohibition  reform.  I  do  know  that 
some  of  the  methods  employed  in  this  country  for  the  first  half  cen- 
tury of  the  movement  were  not  calculated  to  inspire  admiration  or  to 
win  success.  Ezekiel's  vision  of  dry  bones  was  not  a  circumstance 
when  compared  with  the  group  antagonism  and  factional  strifes  that 
beset,  and  largely  nullified,  the  efforts  of  the  early  advocates.  They 
clearly  demonstrated  that  reformers  are  made  up  of  a  class  who, 
when  not  aggressively  engaging  the  enemy,  are  in  very  great  danger 
of  aggressively  engaging  each  other. 

All  great  moral  reforms  that  seriously  affect  the  monetary  interest 
of  a  large  group  of  people  quickly  assume  a  political  aspect,  and 
those  engaged  on  the  respective  sides  do  not  always  readily  distin- 
guish between  a  political  aspect  and  a  partizan  aspect. 

The  United  States  of  America  have  passed  through  two  great 
moral  reforms — in  fact,  moral  upheavals — the  abolition  of  African 
slavery  and  the  abolition  of  the  liquor  traffic.  One  was  sectional  and 
the  other  universal.  The  first,  early  and  inevitably,  assumed  the 
partizan  aspect  and  issued  in  a  destructive  civil  war.  It  is  true  that 
African  slavery  was  not  the  primary  cause,  but  the  pretext  for  it. 
The  real  cause  was  the  age-long  war  between  the  civilization  of  the 
Puritan  and  the  civilization  of  the  Cavalier,  which  had  its  beginnings 
back  of  Naseby  and  Marston  Moor.  There  it  was  new  wine  in  old 
skins ;  here  it  was  old  wine  in  new  skins.     Our  civil  strife  was  the 

74 


last  battle  in  a  three-hundred-year  war.  It  was  inevitable  that  when 
transplanted  to  this  continent  it  should  become  partizan.  The  strife 
and  bitterness  thus  engendered  continued  for  fifty  years,  and  it  has 
required  the  war  with  Spain  and  the  World  War,  where  the  sons 
of  the  North  and  the  sons  of  the  South  marched  and  fought  and  died 
together,  to  soften  our  asperities  and  quicken  our  fraternal  instincts. 
The  effect  was  to  make  the  North  practically  solidly  Republican,  and 
the  South  solidly  Democratic.  The  North  being  the  larger,  the 
South,  which  with  New  England  had  furnished  most  of  the  great 
leaders  of  the  country  during  its  early  history,  for  fifty  years  follow- 
ing the  Civil  War  had  but  little  voice  or  influence  in  the  governing 
of  the  Republic.  The  South  is  poorer  by  billions  of  dollars  through 
the  lack  of  helpful  Federal  legislation,  and,  what  is  still  worse,  her 
splendid  citizenship  is  deprived  of  independent  political  action.  It  is 
a  fearful  price  to  pay  for  the  gratification  of  a  partizan  prejudice.  I 
am  not  criticizing,  but  trying,  by  illustration,  to  emphasize  the  un- 
wisdom of  settling  any  question,  and  especially  a  moral  question,  by 
partizan  methods  when  by  mutual  concessions  it  may  be  avoided, 
it  is  not  the  province  of  political  parties  to  inaugurate  specifically 
moral  issues.  That  belongs  to  the  Church,  unless  it  be  in  a  country 
where  the  Church  has  no  potent  moral  voice  and  ver}-  little  con- 
science. 

First,  political  parties  are  opportune ;  they  seek  votes,  given 
isues  are  championed  with  an  enthusiasm  commensurate  with  the 
number  of  votes  they  are  expected  to  draw  to  the  party  standard. 
Issues  that  have  no  vote-getting  power  are  quickly  abandoned. 
Moral  reforms  are  rooted  in  the  Church,  or  should  be,  and  should 
be  opportune  enough  to  admit  of  progress,  but  dogmatic  enough 
never  to  be  swept  from  their  moorings  by  a  partizan  appeal.  Moral 
reforms  are  the  overflow  from  the  Church.  They  are  never  the  over- 
flow from  a  political  party,  unless  it  be  a  reform  in  which  the  oppo- 
sition has  few  votes  and  bears  the  marks  of  being  popular.  While  it 
is  the  province  and  duty  of  the  Church  to  inaugurate  and  develop 
moral  issues,  it  is  the  duty  of  political  parties  in  power  to  crystallize 
those  issues  into  law  and  then  to  enforce  the  law. 

The  party  method  of  dealing  with  the  liquor  traffic  in  the  United 
States,  except  in  the  South  where  there  is  but  one  political  party, 
has  never  been  a  success,  whether  attempted  by  the  major  parties  in 
States,  or  by  a  party  brought  into  existence  on  that  specific  issue. 
The  Republican  party  made  one  or  two  sporadic  attempts  to  cham- 
pion the  cause,  but  met  with  defeat  and  at  once  abandoned  its  efiforts. 

The  chief  objections  to  the  party  method  are:  First,  only  the 
radical  Prohibitionist  will  abandon  his  political  party  to  join  another 
on  a  single  issue.  By  so  doing  you  divide  your  forces  and  detach 
your  reform  from  the  very  group  from  which  you  must  draw  your 
converts. 

Second,  you  tie  up  your  issue  to  the  varying  fortunes  of  a  political 

75 


party.  If  the  party  is  defeated,  your  issue,  for  the  time  being,  goes 
down  with  it ;  and  the  strength  of  your  cause  is  measured  by  the 
number  of  votes  your  party  can  poll.  Under  the  non-partizan  plan, 
political  eiTorts  are  exerted  for  a  candidate  who  champions  your 
cause.  Many  of  the  less  radical  will  join  in  the  election  of  a  can- 
didate for  office,  regardless  of  party,  who  will  not  abandon  their  party 
as  such.  If  your  candidate  fails,  your  cause  lives  in  the  next  can- 
didate or  another  candidate,  and  winning  in  some  fields  puts  heart 
and  enthusiasm  into  your  following.  A  small  victory  does  infinitely 
more  to  put  esprit  de  corps  into  an  army  than  does  big  defeats. 

Third,  under  the  non-partizan  method  you  are  not  compelled  to 
keep  up  party  organization,  which  requires  time,  money,  and  nerve 
force.  When  seeking  the  nomination  and  election  of  candidates  for 
ofifice  who  have  to  do  with  the  enactment  and  enforcement  of  laws 
touching  the  liquor  traffic — and  no  other  issue  will  be  championed 
by  the  wise  reformer,  for  to  multiply  issues  incorporates  opposition 
to  the  main  issue — you  do  so  through  existing  party  organizations. 
The  whole  question  is  simplified.  If  friendly  candidates  for  a  given 
office  are  nominated  on  both  major  party  tickets,  your  responsibility 
is  at  an  end.  Let  them  fight  out  their  election  on  Avhatever  issues 
they  choose.  If  only  one  of  the  candidates  is  friendly,  you  already 
find  party  machinery  set  up  and  in  running  order,  through  which  you 
can  receive  or  give  assistance  for  the  election  of  that  particular  can- 
didate; for,  whatever  may  be  the  attitude  of  a  party  on  the  liquor 
issue,  they  are  usually  more  anxious  to  have  their  candidate  elected 
than  they  are  to  oppose  your  issue.  If  both  candidates  on  the  major 
party  tickets  are  wrong,  then  make  your  protest  by  supporting  a 
candidate  on  one  of  the  minor  party  tickets  who  may  be  friendly. 
Here  again  you  will  find  an  existing  party  organization  that  may  be 
utilized  without  expense  or  eiTort  on  your  part. 

The  Prohibition  party  in  the  United  States  has  been  in  existence 
for  half  a  century,  and  for  the  most  part  its  leaders  have  been  men 
of  character  and  ability,  yet  in  no  national  election  has  it  been  able 
to  poll  as  many  as  three  hundred  thousand  votes,  and,  by  its  own 
established  voting  constituency  alone  has  never  been  able  to  elect  a 
candidate  to  office.  In  the  few  instances  in  which  party  Prohibition- 
ists have  been  elected,  it  was  accomplished  by  adherents  of  other 
parties  protesting  against  local  conditions.  Candor  compels  us  to 
say  that  Prohibitionists  on  other  party  tickets  have  been  defeated 
oftener,  and  Anti-Prohibitionists  elected,  by  the  withholding  from 
them  of  party  Prohibition  votes,  than  there  have  been  party  Prohi- 
bitionists elected  as  a  protest  against  local  conditions ;  clearly  dem- 
onstrating that  if  these  votes,  though  few  in  number,  had  been  used 
in  a  non-partizan  way  to  form  a  balance  of  power,  they  would  have 
counted  for  infinitely  more  than  through  the  policy  of  isolation  for 
partizan  purposes. 

76 


We  have  been  told  often  by  our  Prohibition  party  friends  that  it 
was  necessary  to  have  a  party,  with  a  definite  platform  utterance,  to 
secvire  definite  and  permanent  results.  The  following  is  a  record 
nationally : 

The  Webb-Kenyon  Interstate  Liquor  Shipment  Bill  was  the  first 
really  telling  blow  given  the  liquor  traffic  by  the  United  States  Con- 
gress. The  Congress  was  in  control  of  the  Democratic  party  and  the 
bill  passed  by  a  vote  of  239  yeas  and  64  noes  in  the  House  of  Con- 
gress, thus  indicating  that  large  numbers  of  both  parties  voted  for  it. 
It  passed  the  Senate  without  a  roll  call.  This  measure  was  vetoed 
by  a  Republican  President  and  was  passed  over  his  veto  in  the  Sen- 
ate by  a  vote  of  63  to  21,  and  in  the  House  by  a  vote  of  244  to  95. 
In  the  Senate  33  Democrats  voted  for  it,  and  9  against  it ;  30  Repub- 
licans voted  for  it  and  12  against  it.  In  the  House  of  Congress  152 
Democrats  voted  for  and  61  against;  90  Republicans  voted  for  and 
35  against. 

The  next  and  most  important  measure  coming  before  the  United 
States  Congress  was  the  vote  on  submission  of  the  Eighteenth 
Amendment.  In  the  Senate  29  Republicans  voted  for  it,  8  against 
it ;  36  Democrats  voted  for  it,  and  12  against  it ;  in  the  House  137 
Republicans  for  and  61  against;  141  Democrats  for  and  64  against. 
In  both  House  and  Senate  the  total  number  of  Repviblicans  voting 
for  it  was  166.  with  69  voting  against.  The  total  number  of  Demo- 
crats was  177  for  and  76  against. 

Next  came  the  Volstead  Law,  the  code  carrying  into  efTect  the 
Eighteenth  Amendment.  In  the  House  230  voted  for,  69  against,  not 
voting  100.  The  party  vote  showed  126  Republicans  voted  yea  and 
104  Democrats ;  against  the  passage  26  Republicans  and  43  Demo- 
crats. This  measure  was  vetoed  by  a  Democratic  President  and  was 
passed  over  his  veto  in  the  Senate  by  a  vote  of  65  to  20,  and  in  the 
House  176  to  55,  there  being  many  absentees  from  the  House.  The 
party  vote  on  passing  it  over  the  President's  veto  was  76  Democrats 
yea  and  26  no ;  100  Republicans  yea  and  29  no. 

The  non-partizan  methods  that  prevailed  in  the  United  States 
Congress  on  these  measures  has  prevailed  in  all  temperance  legisla- 
tion in  the  various  State  legislatures  excepting  in  some  of  the 
Southern  States  where  there  are  only  Democrats  in  the  legislature. 
The  non-partizan  or  omni-partizan  methods  of  the  Anti-Saloon 
League  back  in  the  States  and  districts  are  simply  reflected  in  the 
vote  on  these  various  measures  in  the  Congress,  proving  beyond 
question  that  the  non-partizan  method  is  the  method  that  will  win. 

You  who  are  from  abroad  may  be  perplexed  to  know  whv.  after 
Prohibition  has  been  made  a  part  of  the  fundamental  law  of  the  land 
and  the  question  at  issue  is  that  of  enforcing  the  law,  a  partv  Pro- 
hibition ticket  should  be  in  the  field.  Your  jicrplexity  is  no  greater 
than  ours.  We  can  not  enlighten  you.  Many  formerlv  strong 
adherents  of  the  party  idea  admit  that  no  good  can  possiblv  be  hoped 

77 


for.  While  on  the  other  hand,  just  enough  votes  may  be  drawn  off 
to  elect  some  wet  Congressman,  and  thereby  modify  the  enforcement 
code,  or  land  in  the  White  House  an  avowed  friend  of  the  drink 
traffic.  The  maintenance  and  complete  enforcement  of  the  Eigh- 
teenth Amendment  will  be  secured  just  as  the  Amendment  itself  was 
secured — by  electing  Presidents,  Congresses  and  State  legislatures 
that  are  in  favor  of  law^  enforcement  regardless  of  party. 

The  cause  of  Prohibition  is  greater  than  any  political  party  in  any 
country.  The  well-being  of  all  the  people  is  involved,  and  when 
made  a  party  issue  it  becomes  divisive  and  puts  many  of  its  friends 
in  the  unwilling  but  inevitable  attitude  of  being  in  opposition.  It 
lends  positive  strength  to  the  enemy,  and  postpones  the  unity  of 
effort  that  is  essential  to  success  Another  weakness  of  the  party 
effort  is  that,  with  many,  allegiance  to  the  party  becomes  stronger 
than  allegiance  to  the  cause.  The  fight  for  party  supremacy  becomes 
more  acute  than  the  fight  for  the  triumph  of  Prohibition.  The  mobil- 
ization of  all  the  forces,  politically,  regardless  of  party  and  religions, 
regardless  of  denomination,  has  proven  its  supremacy  above  all  other 
methods,  "Our  enemies  tliemselves  being  the  judges."  The  adop- 
tion of  the  party  method  of  necessity  takes  the  leadership  of  the 
reform  from  the  church.  This  not  only  weakens  the  reform,  but  does 
positive  injury  to  the  church.  The  church  can  not  seem  to  be  allied 
with'  any  partizan  political  enterprise  as  such.  Yet  the  grappling" 
and  solving  of  these  problems  gives  the  church  moral  muscle  and 
fits  her  for  the  task  of  building  and  administering  the  Kingdom. 
The  Prohibition  movement  in  this  country  was  born  in  the  church 
and  could  not  have  existed  without  the  support  of  the  church, 
although  it,  on  occasion,  went  far  afield  and,  like  the  children  of 
Israel,  spent  forty  years  in  the  wilderness.  Its  success  came  when 
it  got  back  to  the  church,  back  home  again. 

While  many  pastors  and  church  officials  are  so  short-sighted  as 
to  give  away  their  oportunity,  and  try  to  shift  to  the  shoulders  of 
some  political  party  or  to  some  distinctively  outside  organization  the 
responsibility  as  well  as  the  privilege  of  directing  the  movement 
against  the  drink  traffic,  in  loyalty  to  the  growing  strength  of  the 
church  we  should  kindly,  but  persistently,  insist  that  the  church  shall 
assume  her  rightful  place  of  leadership  for  the  overthrow  of  this 
monstrous  evil.  Nothing  has  given  to  the  American  churches  greater 
vitality  and  spiritual  energy  than  the  battle  they  have  waged  against 
the  beverage  liquor  traffic ;  and  now  her  reward  and  glory  are  seen 
in  empty  jails,  abandoned  work-houses,  reduced  delinquency,  a  sober 
citizenship,  in  prosperous  homes,  happy  families,  protected  child- 
hood, and  peaceful  communities.  The  Son  of  God  came  to  this 
earth  "to  destroy  the  works  of  the  devil" ;  and  when  the  Church.  His 
divine  representative  in  the  earth,  is  after  the  liquor  traffic  it  is  on  its 
job — with  the  Master's  approval. 

78 


DISCUSSION 

The  CHAIRMAN:  Dr.  Aaron  S.  Watkins— he  has  sent  in  his 
name  for  discussion  of  this  paper — is  recognized  for  five  minutes. 

A  DELEGATE :  I  make  a  motion  that  the  Doctor  be  allowed  ten 
minutes. 

The  chairman  :  The  Chair  does  not  think  he  can  entertain  that 
motion,  not  unless  you  want  to  extend  the  time  of  the  Congress,  because 
we  are  five  minutes  late,  unfortunately.  Another  request  has  been  made, 
and  I  do  not  think  we  ought  to  begin  that.  Let  Dr.  Watkins  proceed  for 
five  minutes,  and  then  we  will  see  how  the  time  shapes  up. 

Dr.  AARON  S.  WATKINS  (Prohibition  candidate  for  President 
of  the  United  States)  :  Mr.  President  and  Friends:  I  remember  the  case 
of  an  old  Quaker  who  had  a  case  pending  before  a  justice  of  the  peace. 
Afterwards  the  justice  of  the  peace  said  to  him,  "I  tried  to  be  as  upright 
as  I  could."  And  he  said.  "I  think  thee  was  so  upright  thee  leaned  back 
a  little."  You  have  heard  a  discussion  from  a  non-partizan  standpoint, 
which  was  entirely  occu])ie(l  with  a  statement  of  why  there  should  be  no 
political  party  on  a  very  pressing  question.  Let  me  tell  you  something 
as  a  secret  right  now.  I  am  willing  to  say  to  this  audience  that  we  belong 
to  the  most  non-partizan  crowd  in  tlie  field.  We  always  vote  for  the 
dry  candidate,  and  some  other  non-partizan  men  don't.  A  few  years 
ago  when  two  wet  candidates  were  on  the  ticket  for  governor  in  Ohio, 
we  appealed  to  the  non-]:)artizian  temperance  folks  to  endorse  our  man. 
They  failed  to  do  so.  We  are  willing  this  .year,  and  this  minute,  to 
issue  this  challenge  to  the  country :  There  are  six  candidates  for  Presi- 
dent in  the  field  right  now,  and  only  one  of  them  has  declared  for  the 
program  that  you  stand  for  here  today.  I  am  ready  here  this  moment. 
when  I  get  proper  authorization  from  any  one  of  those  other  five  candi- 
dates, to  withdraw  my  name  from  the  field  if  they  will  take  a  position 
on  a  straight  out-and-out  dry  platform.  I  am  willing  then  to  get  off. 
But  I  am  not  willing  to  vacate  the  track  and  disappoint  multitudes  who 
believe  I  am  on  the  right  track,  on  the  mere  vaporings  of  sentiment.  I 
want  a  distinct  and  out-and-out  pledge  on  which  I  can  stand,  and  I  appeal 
to  the  fair  dealing  of  any  brethren  here,  on  the  platform,  or  in  this 
audience,  that,  if  I  do  that,  they  will  join  me  in  the  program.  T  appeal 
to  their  fair  dealing  again  to  say  that  if  they  do  not  do  it,  your  obligation 
as  a  non-partizan  temperance  man  or  woman  directs  you  to  vote  for  the 
only  dry  candidate  in  the  field ! 

Some  of  these  statements  in  regard  to  partizan  activity  sound  very 
strange  when  applied  to  the  Prohibition  party.  We  never  took  up  an 
issue  because  we  thouglit  it  would  catch  votes,  and  we  never  dropped  it 
because  we  thought  it   did  not.     Never.   Sir.  in   all  our  hi>.;tory!     We 

79 


held  on  to  some  questions  lor  thirty  years  until  others  discovered  they 
were  questions,  and  put  them  into  the  platforms,  and  into  law. 

And  if  you  will  look  over  the  political  history  of  this  country,  the 
Prchihition  party  has  written  more  history  than  all  the  other  parties 
combined.    And  we  wrote  it  prophetically. 

Xow  the  very  program  you  are  discussing  here  to-day,  we  discussed 
from  a  layman's  standpoint  years  ago.  We  declared  that  alcohol  was  a 
poison  and  not  a  medicine,  and  all  that.  And  along  came  the  medical 
men  a  little  while  after,  and  they  confirmed  our  words. 

I  am  not  here  asking  for  a  position  on  the  platform.  I  am  not  here 
asking  for  a  residence  in  the  White  House.  I  am  asking  that  the  principle 
be  brought  to  the  front,  that  a  principle  be  brought  to  the  front,  and  I 
am  willing  that  the  banner  shall  be  carried  by  any  man.  I  voted  for  Mr. 
Bryan  at  Lincoln,  Nebraska,  and  did  my  level  best  to  keep  from  getting 
on  the  ticket — and  yet  I  am  from  Ohio !  the  State  where  every  man  is  a 
candidate  for  ofiice.  And  I  am  willing,  I  say,  to  stand  squarely  upon 
that  platform  from  this  moment,  and  if  proper  authority,  proper  ability 
comes  from  the  proper  source  before  this  convention  ends,  I  am  willing 
to  announce  my  withdrawal  from  the  ticket. 

The  chairman  :  I  have  allowed  the  speaker  to  go  on  six  and 
one-half  minutes.  A\'hy  cannot  you  decide  the  question  now?  It  is 
entirely  agreeable  to  the  Chair ;  he  has  nothing  to  do  with  it.  If  you 
choose  to  extend  the  time,  the  Chair  will  recognize  a  motion  to  that 
efifect,  and  then  we  will-  talk  about  extending  the  time  of  the  speaker. 
We  can  extend  the  time,  if  you  choose  to  do  it,  but  I  am  not  going  to 
do  it  myself.  What  is  the  pleasure  of  the  convention  ?  Do  you  want  to 
extend  the  time  of  the  convention?  We  have  three  foreign  speakers 
this  afternoon  who  must  have  their  thirty  minutes.  They  can  not  speak 
so  rapidly  nor  so  plainly  in  English. 

A  DELEGATE:  What  is  the  rule  of  the  Congress — five  minutes  for 
a  discussion  of  papers? 

The  CHAIRMAN :    That's  the  rule. 

A  DELEGATE:     Then  why  should  we  not  follow  the  rule? 

The  CHAIRMAN:  We  shall  follow  the  rule  unless  you  extend 
the  time,  because  we  can  not  interfere  with  the  time  of  the  speakers. 

]\Tr.  HINSHAW:  Mr.  Chairman,  my  reason  for  making  a  motion 
awhile  ago  was  this — this  was  supposed  to  be  an  impartial  discussion  by 
Dr.  Baker,  and  it  happened  to  be  all  on  one  side,  and  we  felt  the  other 
side  should  be  given  a  similar  opportunity.  I  move  that  we  extend  the 
time  of  the  speaker  ten  minutes. 

80 


Ur.  MICHAEL  J.  FANNING:  1  move  we  extend  the  time  of  the 
session  until  five-thirty. 

The  secretary,  Mr.  ERNEST  H.  CHERRINGTON:  I 
move,  Mr,  Chairman,  that  we  do  not  interfere  with  the  rule  of  the  Con- 
gress, but  that  in  this  particular  case  the  rule  of  the  Congress  be  sus- 
pended, and  five  minutes  more  be  granted  to  the  speaker. 

Mr.  FANNING:    I  accept  tiiat. 
The  motion  was  put  and  carried. 

Dr.  W'ATKINS  :  I  thank  you,  my  friends.  Now,  gentlemen,  do  not 
take  up  any  of  my  time  unnecessarily  with  applause.  I  have  only  a  few 
things  to  add  to  what  I  have  said.  I  want  you  distinctly  to  understand 
that  the  Prohibition  party  has  never  made  the  mistakes  that  have  been 
alleged  here  upon  this  platform.  It  has  never  made  the  mistake  of 
attacking  a  man  who  had  no  opportunity  to  reply.  It  has  never  made 
the  mistake  of  pretending  a  non-partizanship  that  it  did  not  follow  up. 
I  have  stood  squarely  and  four-sided  toward  all  the  temperance  forces 
of  the  United  States.  I  have  worked  with  them,  and  so  have  multitudes 
of  my  fellow  workers  in  the  party ;  and  I  resent  very  seriously,  because 
they  are  misrepresented,  all  of  these  aspersions  upon  the  party. 

And  then  again,  I  resent  very  distinctly  the  implication  that  the 
Church  originated  the  temperance  reform,  or  that  it  has  been  in  the  sole 
and  exclusive  sense  the  advocate  of  Prohibition.  The  church  to  which 
Dr.  Baker  and  I  belong  did  not  come  out  squarely  upon  National  Pro- 
hibition in  any  political  phase  until  1888,  nearly  twenty  years  after  the 
Prohibition  party  had  been  in  the  field.  And  we  were  a  pioneer  as  a 
Church  in  that  regard. 

The  rest  of  the  political  parties  of  this  country  did  not  come  out  on 
the  great  questions  of  civil-service  reform,  tariff  commission,  election  of 
United  States  Senators  by  direct  vote  of  the  people,  several  of  the  postal 
reforms,  and  equal  suft'rage  until  we  had  advocated  them  for  a  long, 
long  period. 

And  I  want  the  womanhood  of  this  convention  and  of  America  to 
remember,  when  you  go  to  the  ballot-box  this  fall,  who  were  your  first 
and  best  friends,  fighting  for  the  enfranchisement  of  womankind.  A 
friend  in  need  is  a  friend  indeed.  Now,  everybody  is  the  friend  of  the 
ladies,  because  the  ladies  have  the  ballot,  and  they  fear  that  ballot.  But 
in  the  days  of  storm,  days  of  twenty-five  years  ago.  when  the  politicians 
were  silent,  and  the  crowd  said  this  equal-suffrage  business  was  advo- 
cated by  long-haired  men  and  short-haired  women,  we  Prohibitionists 
stood  and  took  the  brunt  of  the  storm.  .And  T  think  you  ought  to  credit 
us  just  a  little  with  that  fact.  In  1012  Mr.  Roosevelt  di.scovered  the 
equal-suffrage  question,  and  he  juit  it  in  the  progressive  platform.    Think 

81 


of  it — progressive !  Forty  years  behind  the  Prohibition  party  on  that 
question. 

That  reminds  me  of  a  group  of  children  I  heard  playing  in  the  street. 
They  had  an  express  wagon.  Several  children  were  in  the  wagon,  and 
a  little  fellow  was  tagging  along  away  back  in  the  rear.  Some  kind- 
hearted  passerby  asked:  "Little  man,  why  don't  you  children  let  your 
little  brother  play  with  you?"  "He's  playing,"  came  the  reply.  "What 
game  are  you  playing?"  "Automobile."  "Well,  what  part  does  your 
Httle  brother  play?"  "Oh,"  came  the  answer  in  chorus  from  the  chil- 
dren, '"he's  the  gasoline  smell !" 

Xow,  there  are  some  of  the  progressives  in  this  country  that  got  in 
this  game  twenty-five  or  thirty  years  after  the  Prohibition  party  had 
borne  the  taunts  and  the  scorn,  and  then  they  called  themselves  the  only 
Simon-pure  temperance  people  in  the  whole  row.  Now,  my  friends, 
let's  be  fair  and  candid.  There  is  no  bitterness  in  my  heart  toward  any- 
body. I  am  in  the  field,  as  I  say,  for  the  cause,  not  for  a  party.  ]Much 
as  I  love  the  Methodist  Church,  to  which  I  belong,  if  I  discovered  it 
stood  in  the  way  of  the  temperance  reform,  I  would  say  it  was  my  duty 
to  stand  b)'  the  reform.  And  much  as  I  love  the  body  to  which  I  belong, 
if  I  find  it  stands  in  the  wa}'  of  the  temperance  reform,  I  will  make  a 
bee-line  for  the  first  convention  I  can  find,  and  lift  my  voice  and  say, 
"]\Ir.  Chairman,  I  insist  that  our  party  be  everlastingly  dissolved." 
That's  the  kind  of  a  non-partizan  man  I  am.  I  show  my  faith  by  my 
works,  in  season  and  out  of  season.  I  thank  you  very  kindly  for  this 
reception. 

The  CHAIRMAN:  There  are  ten  minutes  allowed  for  this  dis- 
cussion, and  Dr.  Duncan  C.  ^Milner,  of  Chicago,  followed  the  rule  and 
sent  in  his  card,  also  asking  to  discuss  this  paper.  According  to  your 
action,  I  shall  recognize  Dr.  ^lilner  for  five  minutes,  and  unless  you 
extend  the  time,  the  discussion  will  end,  and  the  next  paper  will  be  called. 

Dr.  DUXCAX  C.  ^vIILXER  (of  Chicago.  Illinois)  :  Mr.  President, 
Ladies,  and  Gentlemen :  Dr.  Baker  referred  to  the  two  great  revolutions 
that  have  been  accomplished  in  our  coimtry.  I  was  a  soldier  in  both  the 
wars.  I  was  a  soldier  of  the  Civil  War  that  brought  the  emancipation 
of  slavery.  Thirty-seven  years  ago  last  month,  was  an  anniversary  day 
with  me.  The  battle  of  Chickamauga  was  fought,  and  I  was  wounded 
in  that  battle;  and,  because  I  never  participated  in  the  use  of  liquor  or 
tobacco,  I  recovered  from  a  very  severe  wound,  and  am  before  you 
to-day. 

But  the  point  I  want  to  make  is  this :  Emancipation  was  accom- 
plished as  a  result  of  that  war.  Abraham  Lincoln — ^we  think  of  him  as 
the  "Great  Emancipator,"  and  he  was.  I  want  us  to  think  of  Lincoln 
as  also  our  great  name  in  behalf  of  temperance,  in  behalf  of  the  obstruc- 
tion of  the  liquor  traffic.     He  was  a  great  politician ;  and  Abraham 

82 


Lincoln,  by  his  life-long  abstinence  and  opposition  to  the  liquor  business, 
prophesying  the  end  of  the  liquor  business,  becomes  our  great  temper- 
ance leader. 

But,  my  friends,  I  want  especially  to  speak  of  Kansas.  Forty  years 
ago  I  was  a  member  of  the  Kansas  State  campaign  for  Prohibition. 
Kansas  was  the  first  commonwealth  that  put  Prohibition  as  a  party 
organic  law — constitutional  Prohibition — into  its  statutes,  and  Kansas 
won  that  victory  in  a  non-partizan  way ;  and  Kansas  my  friends,  has 
furnished  a  perfect  example  of  constitutional  Prohibition  and  an  abso- 
lute demonstration  of  what  Prohibition  can  do.  So  that  to-day  Kansas 
furnishes  a  history  that  is  to  be  fulfilled  in  larger  w^ays  by  the  nation. 
Lawlessness  and  opposition  to  it  followed,  by  degrees  the  public  senti- 
ment sprang  up,  however;  and  to-day  ninety-five  per  cent  of  Kansas 
people  are  in  favor  of  the  prohibitory  law. 

Now  this  is  a  simple  fact.  At  first  we  won  out,  I  say,  and  in  a  non- 
partizan  way,  and  afterwards  we  started  to  enforce  the  law.  The  Demo- 
cratic party  of  Kansas  took  up  the  other  side,  with  the  backing  of  the 
brewers.  They  talked  in  a  partizan  way  opposition  to  Prohibition.  And 
the  Republican  party  was  compelled  to  take  it  up,  and  on  that  platform 
we  fought.  May  I  say  that  in  that  battle  our  Prohibition  friends  some- 
times fought  the  best  temperance  people  we  had  in  Kansas,  simply  be- 
cause they  would  not  join  the  Prohibition  party?  That's  a  fact  of  his- 
tory. But  Kansas  furnished,  and  is  furnishing  by  degrees,  a  fine  illus- 
tration of  what  Prohibition  can  do  for  any  State. 

Now,  thTs  is  the  fact,  when  Kansas  had  adopted  this  amendment,  a 
large  part  of  the  political  managers  were  against  it,  both  parties,  bankers, 
and  railroads  and  newspapers  were  against  Prohibition.  It  won  out  in 
the  face  of  all  those  things.  It  won  out,  my  friends,  so  that  to-day  in 
Kansas  the  people  are  so  united  that  no  political  party  thinks  of  any- 
thing else.  The  Democratic  party  came  around  until  the  last  Democrat 
elected  has  been  an  out-and-out  adherent  in  his  soul  for  Prohibition. 

The  federation  there  was  non-partizan  in  behalf  of  Prohibition,  and 
only  when  we  were  compelled  to  do  so  did  it  take  a  partizan  aspect.  But 
it  won  out,  a  splendid  and  wonderful  victory. 

i\lR.  PARIS  (of  Missour)  :  What  I  have  to  stay  will  not  take  a 
minute.  The  Good  Book  says,  "Come  out  from  among  them,  and  be  ye 
separate,  saith  the  Lord,  and  touch  not  the  unclean  thing;  and  I  will 
receive  you ; 

"And  will  be  a  Father  unto  you,  and  ye  shall  be  my  sons  and 
daughters,  saith  the  Lord  Almighty." 

The  CTIATRM.A.N:  I  have  pleasure  now  in  introducing  the  topic, 
"The  Churches  of  Europe  Agjiinst  Alcoholism.  Section  A,  Catholic 
Church  ;■'  and  T  have  pleasure  in  introducing  Dr.  P.  A.  Ming,  of  the 
Swiss  Parliament. 

83 


THE  CHURCHES  OF  EUROPE  AGAINST  ALCOHOLISM: 
THE  CATHOLIC  CHURCH 

BY  DR.  PETER  A.  MIXG 

OF  SARNEN^  SWITZERLAND,  MEMBER  OF  THE  SWISS  PARLIAMENT 

Mr.  President,  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen :  The  resolution  to  combat 
alcohol  depends  upon  the  aspect  in  which  alcoholism  presents  itself  in 
the  different  countries.  We  also  are  convinced  by  experience,  that 
short-sighted  political  economy  and  a  blind  hunger  for  money,  present- 
ing themselves  especially  in  small  countries,  are  always  opposed  to 
efficacious  measures  for  limiting  the  dangers  of  alcoholic  beverages. 
The  method  of  this  combat  is  influenced  in  a  large  degree  by  religious, 
social,  and  political  convictions. 

These  truths  we  can  study  most  easily  in  the  narrow,  limited,  but 
multifarious  conditions  of  Switzerland.  Our  country,  consuming  14.67 
liters  of  alcohol  on  an  average  for  every  inhabitant,  occupies  in  drinking 
the  third  place  of  all  the  countries  of  Europe.  Considering  the  success- 
ful work  of  our  American  friends,  we  can  not  suppress  a  sentiment  of 
sorrow.  We  admit  that  the  abstinence  movement,  introduced  by  the 
Protestant  Blue  Cross  Society  about  1877,  with  its  120,000  members 
together  with  other  total-abstinence  societies,  has  altered  in  a  large 
degree  old  convictions  about  the  necessity  of  drinking  alcoholic  liquors, 
and  has  also  reduced  the  widespread  social  compulsion  to  drink  at  meet- 
ings and  parties.  But  still,  up  to  the  present  day  they  have  not  obtained 
the  influence  on  legislation  we  ought  to  see. 

A  glance  at  the  Roman  Catholic  total-abstinence  work  in  Switzerland 
enables  us  best  to  understand  the  difficulties  of  the  anti-alcoholic  move- 
ment in  Europe.  We  may  also  judge  from  the  facts  I  shall  point  out 
that  neither  we  Catholics  of  Switzerland  nor  the  organizations  of  other 
countries,  which  in  the  struggle  against  alcoholism  have  accepted  our 
methods,  may  declare  themselves  satisfied  with  their  work. 

The  Catholic  Abstinence  movement  of  Switzerland  has  been  called 
forth  by  the  surprising  results  of  the  Anglo-American  Temperance 
movement.  Of  course,  it  lacked  in  the  European  countries  Father 
Mathew's  enthusiasm,  that  had  given  to  his  work  such  a  wonderful 
power  of  persuasion ;  and  the  extraordinary  capacity  of  organization  in 
which  Cardinal  Manning  excelled  had  found  no  equal  in  Switzerland. 
]\Ionseigneur  Savoy  of  Fribourg.  deeply  affected  by  the  destruction  that 
absinth  and  other  intoxicating  drinks  caused  in  French-speaking  Switzer- 
land, created  about  1885  the  Ligue  de  la  Croix,  talcing  up  the  standard 
statutes  given  by  Cardinal  Alanning.  Being  himself  a  total  abstainer  he 
was  not  so  happy  as  to  find  his  friends  of  the  same  opinion.  The  over- 
whelming majority  of  the  members  of  his  league  pledged  themselves 
only  to  abstinence  from  strong  drinks  and  to  moderation  with  fermented 
drinks.  In  French-speaking  Switzerland,  as  in  France,  a  difiference  is 
still  made  between  distilled  and  fermented  beverages,  the  first  being 
considered  as  of  a  noxious  character  and  the  second  as  harmless. 

84 


Bishop  Augustinus  Egger  of  Saint  Gall,  a  keen  observer  of  people 
and  conditions  of  life,  had  seen  for  long  years  the  dreadful  effects  of 
alcohol;  and  at  his  pastoral  visitations  he  had  chiefly  noticed  the  effects 
caused  on  children  by  cider,  which  was,  especially  in  former  days,  con- 
sidered as  a  harmless  beverage.  With  eloquent  lectures  and  impressive 
pamphlets  he  pleaded  for  the  protection  of  children  against  alcohol,  and 
Nvorked  against  immoderate  drinking  by  grown-up  people,  and  for  the 
reformation  of  the  liquor  trade.  In  the  year  1893  he  induced  the  Swiss 
bishops,  on  the  occasion  of  Thanksgiving  day,  to  sign  with  him  a  proc- 
lamation in  order  to  start  an  extensive  crusade  against  alcohol.  His 
deeply  affecting  words,  spoken  at  the  International  Congress  Against 
Alcoholism  in  Basel,  as  a  representative  of  the  Holy  See,  met  with 
unanimous  approval.  In  1895  he  founded  the  Swiss  Catholic  League  of 
Abstinence.  The  obvious  fact,  that  the  action  introduced  by  Father 
Mathew,  who  once  had  converted  millions,  was  several  years  after  his 
death  almost  forgotten,  convinced  him  that  enthusiasm  alone,  strong  as 
it  might  be,  is  not  enough  to  secure  a  lasting  success.  Therefore  he  took 
up  in  his  numerous  lectures  and  pamphlets  on  the  alcohol  question  the 
scientific  arguments  of  Bunge,  Forel,  and  others,  and  went  for  advice  to 
the  physicians  and  to  scientific  literature. 

Although  being  personally  a  strong  total  abstainer,  he  w^as  persuaded 
not  to  exact  total  abstinence  from  every  member  of  .the  League.  Mem- 
bers of  the  second  class  pledged  themselves  to  abstain  from  strong 
spirits  and  to  make  only  moderate  use  of  fermented  beverages.  In  a 
short  time  the  League  had  a  considerable  number  of  sections  and  mem- 
bers. But  after  a  few  months  we  began  to  see  that  such  organizations 
were  not  satisfactory  at  all.  They  contained  few  total  abstainers,  but  a 
great  number  of  persons  w^ho  wished  to  fight  against  the  abuse  of  alco- 
holic beverages  by  moderation  and  who  defended  with  ardor  the  opinion 
that  moderation  is  more  compatible  with  the  principles  of  Christianity 
than  total  abstinence.  Even  among  students  this  opinion  was  spread 
about :  "In  medio  stat  virtus,"  with  the  interpretation  that  total  absti- 
nence is  a  vice  as  well  as  intemperance.  Many  a  member  of  the  first 
class  became  easily  converted  to  that  opinion,  and  in  consequence  many 
rescued  drunkards  relapsed  and  perished.  One  branch  after  another 
disappeared.  After  having  suppressed  the  second  class,  the  League 
began  to  develop  itself  in  a  hopeful  manner. 

Bishop  Egger  attributed  a  special  importance  to  organizing  abstinent 
students.  In  all  Catholic  colleges,  at  the  University  of  Fribourg,  and  in 
the  seminaries  for  priests  and  teachers  there  arose  by  and  by  total- 
abstinence  sections.  The  students,  satisfying  highly  the  hope  of  the 
master,  became  in  their  professional  life  courageous  promoters  of  the 
abstinence  movement. 

Nevertheless  the  cause  finds  up  to  this  day  a  hard  opposition,  especi- 
ally from  the  small  farmers,  and  we  find  them  very  numerous-  in  the 
Catholic  districts  of  oiu-  country.  In  some  districts  nearly  every  family 
is  in  po-^session  of  a  still,  in  order  to  distil  fruits,     ^^'c  almost  can  sav: 

85 


so  many  families,  so  many  stills,  so  many  interested  in  the  alcohol  trade, 
so  many  antagonists  of  abstinence.  The  competition  of  foreign  countries 
had  suppressed  the  raising  of  cereals  in  favor  of  an  intensive  culture  of 
fruits,  the  product  of  which  is  mostly  used  for  making  cider.  The  spirits 
made  out  of  fruit  or  its  residua  contain  a  certain  quantity  of  methyl 
alcohol;  and  the  alcohol  resulting  from  this  product,  as  well  as  from 
cider  produces  an  alcoholism  which  may  be  called  an  epidemic  in  many 
parts  of  Switzerland.  These  facts  were  up  to  now  not  obvious  enough 
to  make  people  and  authorities  act  against  alcohol  in  a  satisfactory  v.^ay. 
Public  drunkenness  or  habitual  inebriety,  that  leads  certain  persons  to 
destitution,  is  menaced  by  law  with  punishment.  Chronic  alcoholism,  as 
the  consequence  of  so-called  moderation,  receives  but  seldom  any  atten- 
tion. In  consequence,  total  abstinence  is  considered  as  an  exaggeration, 
often  as  a  Manichean  heresy. 

Following  the  example  of  Bishop  Egger,  the  Dominican  Father 
\^'eis5,  the  Jesuit  Father  Joye,  and  many  other  prominent  priests,  especi- 
ally younger  ones,  provided  by  high-school  education  with  a  good 
knowledge  of  natural  science,  faithfully  help  the  total-abstinence  organi- 
zations to  struggle  against  such  fatal  opinions.  Emigrants  recently  re- 
turned from  the  United  States  to  the  Old  World  assert  that  there  exists 
a  tendency  to  prohibit  the  use  of  wine  for  celebrating  the  Roman 
Catholic  ]\Ia5s.  We  hope  to  receive  from  our  American  friends  con- 
trary assurances,  so  that  we  may  be  able  to  deny  such  rumors  which  are 
harming  our  work  in  a  sensible  degree. 

The  admonition  to  protect  children  from  alcoholic  drinks  and  the 
recommendation  of  total  abstinence  as  the  only  remedy  against  drunk- 
enness, found  by  and  by  widespread  approbation.  The  asylum  for 
drunkards,  Pension  Vonderfiueh,  at  Sarnen,  therefore,  enjoys  great 
esteem.  Four  periodicals  for  young  and  grown-up  people  advocate  our 
cause.  Father  Columban.  a  monk  of  Einsiedeln.  has  written  a  prayer- 
book  intended  for  the  use  of  abstainers.  The  number  of  12.000 
abstinent  grown-up  people  and  32.000  children,  when  compared  to  a 
million  and  a  half  Catholics  in  Switzerland,  is  really  a  very  modest  one. 
But,  considering  that  the  United  States  have  worked  more  than  100 
years  to  bring  their  beautiful  work  to  success,  w^e  shall  not  lose  courage. 

The  exemplar}'  activit}'  of  Bishop  Augustinus  in  Switzerland  and 
the  marvelous  results  of  Father  Mathew  and  of  Cardinal  ^Manning  in 
England  and  Ireland  made  a  deep  impression  on  many  prominent 
Roman  Catholics  in  Germany.  The  movement  for  moderation,  having 
been  highly  esteemed  during  several  years  in  the  fourth  decade  of  the 
past  century,  had  disappeared,  leaving  behind  very  few  traces.  The 
Dominican  Father  Xeumann  renewed  in  the  year  1896  the  action  against 
alcoholism  in  almost  the  same  manner,  founding  temperance  societies 
and  asylums  for  drunkards,  for  the  leading  of  which  he  employed  the 
Order  of  St,  Camillus  a  Lellis.  established  in  the  sixteenth  centur}- 
especially  for  nursing  cases  of  cholera  and  leprosy.  After  a  short  time 
he  became  convinced  that  only  a  serious  abstinence  movement  is  quali- 

86 


tied  to  light  successfully  the  alcohol  plague.  He  founded  the  Krciis;- 
bundnis,  a  society  of  total  abstainers  which  vip  to  the  year  1919  num- 
bered 38;000  members.  The  Society  of  Abstaining  Priests  {Priester- 
abstuientcnbiind),  founded  by  him  in  1901,  brought  to  the  anti-alcohol 
side  a  great  number  of  promoters.  After  his  death  the  Franciscan 
Father  Elpidius  continued  the  work  with  apostolic  zeal.  He  found 
devoted  assistants  in  Father  Dr.  Schmitz,  Dr.  Schmiiderrich,  and  other 
clergymen  as  well  as  laymen. 

At  a  time  when  the  principle  to  educate  children  without  alcohol  was 
but  little  known,  the  Austrian  Benedictine  Father  Edmund  Hager  not 
only  warned  against  alcohol,  but  introduced  total  abstinence  in  his  school 
of  artisans,  Alartinsbuchel,  in  Tyrol.  As  for  the  rest  of  Austria  it  seems 
that  the  Swiss  and  German  development  of  the  struggle  against  alcohol 
impressed  but  few  of  the  ecclesiastical  and  political  authorities.  The 
want  of  schooling  in  the  natural  sciences  prevents  many  theologians  and 
jurists  from  understanding  the  influence  of  alcohol  on  the  nervous 
system  and  the  mind.  Thence  resulted  the  opinion,  that  physiology  and 
pathology  have  very  little  to  say  to  the  alcohol  question,  which,  for  them, 
is  a  question  of  Christian  religion  and  morals.  The  worthiest  champion 
of  the  total-abstinence  movement,  the  clergyman  Prof.  Uhde  wrote,  that 
certain  persons  are  obliged  to  abstain  altogether  from  alcoholic  drinks 
under  pain  of  sin.  If  this  opinion  was  perhaps  too  strong,  the  reaction 
against  it,  initiated  by  several  prominent  clergymen,  might  not  be  de- 
clared free  from  exaggeration,  and  was  evidently  in  prejudice  of  our 
work  in  Germany  as  well  as  in  Austria  and  in  Switzerland.  But  at  the 
present  time  most  of  the  Catholic  authorities  of  Austria  admit  thai  ?.«. 
serious  combat  against  alcohol  is  indispensable  for  rescuing  this  un- 
happy country.  The  society  Weisses  Kreus  is  organized  on  religious 
principles.  The  first-class  members  abstain  from  every  alcoholic  bev- 
erage and  from  tobacco.  They  avoid  unnecessary  expenses  and  spend 
a  tenth  of  their  income  and  as  much  as  possible  from  their  working 
power  for  the  purposes  of  the  society.  By  daily  communion  they 
strengthen  themselves  for  their  hard  work.  The  number  of  grown-up 
total  abstainers  is  more  than  10.000  and  that  of  children  more  than 
20.000.  The  greatest  difficulty  of  this  holy  work  is  the  want  of  money. 
The  periodicals  of  the  society  are  very  well  written.  The  asylum  for 
drunkards,  Maria  Elcnd,  is  well  conducted.  Father  Dr.  IMctzgcr,  the 
zealous  director  of  the  Weisses  Kreitc  is  benevolently  encouraged  by 
Bishop  Waiz  and  has  received  the  approbation  of  Pope  Benedict  XV  as 
well  as  of  a  great  number  of  bishops.  May  the  ardent  zeal  of  the 
so-called  Johannis  Brndcr,  the  soldiers  of  this  holy  war,  be  successful 
in  unhappy  Austria ! 

In  countries  to  the  east  of  Austria,  also,  the  abstinence  movement 
had  taken  root  among  Catholics  before  the  war ;  for  instance.  Das 
Hciliqe  Hcer  in  southern  Slavonia.  Here,  as  elsewhere.  Christian 
charity  has  been  employed  in  other  directions  on  account  of  the  disas- 
trous war. 

87 


In  England  Cardinal  ^Manning's  League  of  the  Cross  with  its  hon- 
orary president,  Cardinal  Bourne,  is  steadily  pursuing  the  aim  of  its 
founder.    An  excellent  organization  guarantees  very  fruitful  results. 

In  Italy  the  ingeniously  edited  periodical  La  Nuova  Crociata,  organ 
of  the  Catholic  Anti-alcoholic  Society,  began  several  years  ago  to  preach 
\'igorously  the  war  against  alcohol.  The  permanent  political  troubles 
seem  not  to  be  favorable  to  such  a  work  of  true  peace.  But  we  dare  say 
that  inebriety  has  not  yet  brought  to  Italy  such  ravages  as  we  find  in 
German-speaking  countries.  Emigrants  bring  back  from  thence,  as  a 
very  fatal  gift,  the  inclination  for  strong  drinks. 

In  France  the  Protestant  La  Croix  Bleue  was  for  a  long  time  the 
only  organization  defending  total  abstinence.  Other  associations.  La 
Croix  Blanche,  for  instance,  recommended  since  1876  by  difterent 
bishops,  fought  against  absinth  and  other  distilled  spirits,  but  never 
attacked  wine,  beer,  or  cider.  During  the  war  the  periodical  La  Croix 
d'Or  began  to  appear  and  to  defend  total  abstinence.  The  bishops  of 
Strasbourg  and  Xancy  issued  pastoral  letters  full  of  enthusiasm  for  the 
struggle  against  alcohol.  They  admonished  the  faithful  to  unite  their 
action  with  that  of  the  political  and  religious  parties.  The  work  of  the 
abstaining  students  of  Strasbourg  University  promises  good  fruits  for 
the  future. 

Although  Belgium  had  suffered  by  the  war  so  ver\-  cruelly,  the 
Catholic  abstinence  movement  has  never  vanished  there.  The  encour- 
aging proclamations  of  Cardinal  ]\Iercier  are  giving  it  new  strength. 

In  Holland  Sohri£tas,  the  Catholic  Temperance  Society,  counted  in 
1917  no  less  than  73,000  members.  There  also  exists  a  Catholic  society 
of  total  abstinence  railway-men.  The  movement  is  widely  spread 
among  youth,  especially  among  students  of  colleges  and  universities, 
who  labor  with  great  zeal  for  abstinence. 

The  Catholic  organizations  of  Europe  had  but  little  intercommuni- 
cation before  the  Augustine  Father  Gross  founded  the  international 
society  Crux.  Promoted  by  Bishop  Augustinus  Egger,  the  periodical 
Sohrietas  unites  the  German-speaking  priests.  An  international  Cath- 
olic society  of  student  total  abstainers  w^as  projected  before  the  war. 
The  abstinent  association  Quikhorn  has  its  groups  in  Germany,  Hol- 
land and  Austria.  Professor  Herrmann  Hoffman  has  gathered  8.000 
members  in  300  groups.  They  will  promote  the  purpose  of  educating 
apostles  for  furthering  abstinence  as  much  as  their  very  poor  means 
allow  it.  I  wish  they  may  find  charitable  help  from  abroad.  A  fre- 
quent exchange  of  literature  and  the  harmony  of  their  religious  opinions 
as  well  as  the  blessing  snd  the  encouragement  of  Popes  Gregory  X\'I. 
Pius  IX.  Leo  XIII,  and  Benedict  X^^.  and  a  great  number  of  cardinals 
and  bishops  promise  a  prosperous  future  to  the  Catholic  total-abstinence 
movement  in  Europe. 

We  Catholics  consider  the  war  against  alcoholism  as  a  social  work 
of  Christian  charity.  We  are  convinced  that  the  spirit  of  Christianity, 
which  once  has  renewed  the  face  of  the  world,  will  bestow  also  in  our 

88 


days  on  Christian  people  the  will  and  the  strength  to  exterminate  the 
strongest  and  most  wide-spread  root  of  social  calamities.  Side  by  side 
with  all  antagonists  of  intoxicating  drinks,  of  whatever  religious,  politi- 
cal, or  social  opinions  they  may  be,  we  w411  fight  against  the  sworn  foe 
of  human  civilization;  for  the  foe  of  human  civilization  is  the  foe  of 
every  noble-minded  man. 

Dr.  DINWIDDIE  having  to  leave  the  meeting,  the  Rev.  CHARLES 
SCANLON,  D.D.,  assumed  the  chair. 

The  acting  CHAIRMAN :  Dr.  Ming  has  raised  one  question 
in  his  paper  that  I  think  I  could  answer  in  a  few  words.  That  was  with 
reference  to  wine  for  the  Sacrament  or  the  Communion.  The  National 
Prohibition  Amendment  in  the  United  States  specifically  excepts  wine 
for  that  purpose.  In  other  words,  it  permits  wine  for  the  Sacrar^ent. 
so  that  any  impression  or  report  that  the  Prohibition  Amendment  in  the 
United  States  does  not  permit  any  church  to  celebrate  the  Communion 
is  in  error.     It  does  not  interfere  w-ith  that  at  all. 

We  have  not  heard  from  the  other  representative  of  the  Catholic 
Church  in  Europe,  Father  Vullings.  If  Father  Vullings  is  here.  I 
should  be  glad  to  have  him  come  to  the  platform.  There  are  two  sec- 
tions of  this  topic.  The  other  is  "The  Protestant  Churches  in  Europe," 
and  the  first  speaker  under  that  head  is  Pastor  G.  Gallienne,  general 
secretary  of  the  Blue  Cross  Society  of  Paris. 

THE  PROTESTANT   CHURCHES   OF  EUROPE  AGAINST 

ALCOHOLISM 

By  pastor  G.  GALLIENNE 

GENERAL   SECRETARY,   BLUE   CROSS   SOCIETY,   PARIS 

Mr.  President,  Fellow  Delegates,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen :  This 
is  a  large  subject,  and  ^ve  have  little  time  to  go  over  it.  I  shall 
therefore  note  very  briefly  the  various  stages  of  the  anti-alcoholic 
campaign  of  the  Protestant  churches  during  the  past  years  and  up  to 
the  present  day. 

Loyal  to  the  Gospel  teachings,  they  have  always  taught  temper- 
ance according  to  the  words  of  Paul,  "And  be  not  drunk  w^itli  wine 
wherein  there  is  riot^'  (Eph.  5:18),  and  they  are  laying  more  and 
more  stress  on  life  than  on  creed.  This  is  not  to  say  that  all  the 
members  of  our  churches  have  l)een  true  to  temperance  ideals  and 
been  teetotalers  from  the  first. 

At  one  of  our  previous  Congresses,  Professor  Lars  O.  Jensen,  of 
Bergen,  pointed  out  that  years  ago  the  drinking  of  brandy  was  so 
common  in  Norway  that  in  some  of  the  parishes  some  of  the  women 
would  no  longer  go  to  church  on  Sunday  without  having  their  bottle 
of  wine  with  them,  while  it  was  not  unusual  to  find  a  great  part  of  the 

89 


congregation  lying  dead  drunk  outside  the  chvnxh  walls  when  the 
service  was  over. 

All  the  Protestant  ministers  have  not  been  always  promoters  of 
abstinence  and  lovers  of  Prohibition ;  for  we  were  told  by  one  of  our 
first  French  members.  Salmon,  that  the  two  great  difficulties  he  had 
to  overcome  when  he  first  took  the  pledge  were,  firstly,  that  he  had  to 
gather  in  four  thousand  piles  of  hay  on  a  hot  day  with  parched  lips 
while  his  two  fellow  workers  drank  two  liters  of  wine ;  and,  secondly, 
to  discuss  with  his  pastor,  who,  during  three  hours,  argued  with  him 
and  criticized  all  the  principles  of  the  Temperance  Society.  Of  the 
tw'o  worries,  Salmon  used  to  put  the  theological  controversy  in  the 
first  rank. 

But  still  it  is  not  untrue  to  say  that  wherever  there  is  a  faithful 
church  and  a  loyal  minister,  the  true  principles  of  temperance  have 
been  maintained. 

Ever  since  1559  the  Synod  of  the  Reformed  Churches  of  France 
inscribed  in  its  discipline :  "Ministers  shall  be  dismissed  who  are 
teaching  false  doctrines,  ditto  those  who  addict  themselves  to  drunk- 
enness." 

Calvin  in  his  Commentary  advises  the  members  not  to  fall  in  the 
ways  of  intemperance.  "He  will  have  them  sober,  because  the 
excess,  of  drink  is  a  vice  too  common  amongst  old  people." 

Wesley,  in  April,  1769,  recommended  that  his  church  members 
practise  abstinence  from  spirituous  liquors ;  and  in  1784  the  Wesleyan 
Methodist  Church  decided  that  its  ministers  should  themselves  ab- 
stain from  spirits. 

Xot  that  all  the  churches  and  all  the  ministers  have  taken  the  lead 
in  temperance  reform.  Sometimes  even  ofificially,  taken  as  an  eccle- 
siastical body,  the  churches  have  not  been  at  the  front.  But  when 
we  read  the  following  figures  we  can  not  say  that  our  churches  have 
not  done  something:  In  England  the  Wesleyans  are  proud  of  their 
96  per  cent  of  total  abstainers  amongst  their  ministers ;  Baptist,  99 
per  cent;  Congregationalists,  85.1  per  cent;  in  Switzerland  75  per 
cent  and  some  amongst  them  have  been  and  are  still  leaders  in  the 
world's  movement  against  alcoholism. 

Why  so?  Because  when  a  church  responds  to  her  commission  to 
seek  and  save  the  lost  one,  it  learns  very  quickly  that  if  men  and 
w^omen  go  astray,  it  is  often  through  excessive  drinking.  Alcohol  is 
the  biggest  factor  of  human  sufiferings.  Many  tears  would  not  have 
been  shed,  much  blood  would  not  have  been  shed,  if  alcohol  had  not 
been. 

"I  see  alcohol  everywhere,"  said  one  of  our  greatest  home  mis- 
sionaries in  France  to  me,  "and  the  church,  true  to  her  mission, 
stretched  a  helping  hand  to  rescue  the  lost,  the  drunkards." 

"Temperance  reform  is  pre-eminently  a  religious  work.  It  is  pre- 
eminently a  work  for  the  Christian  churches ;  and  if  the  churches 
would  all  rise  and  go  out  on  a  crusade  of  Good  Samaritanship,  it 

90 


would  not  be  long  until  this,  our  greatest  problem,  was  solved,"  said 
the  Rev.  R.  J.  Patterson,  the  genial  promoter  of  the  "Catch-my-Pal"' 
movement,  at  the  Hague  Congress. 

Pastor  Rochat,  founder  of  the  Blue  Cross  Society,  wrote  also : 
"The  true  mission  of  evangelic  ministers,  the  one  that  must  particu- 
larly occupy  and  preoccupy  them,  is  the  rescue  of  drunkards." 

In  1830  one  of  the  Methodist  churches  of  England  decided  upon 
the  creation  of  a  society  of  abstinence  from  spirituous  liquors,  and  in 
1841  the  first  minister,  a  Wesleyan  preacher,  took  the  total-absti- 
nence pledge. 

In  1862  was  created  the  Church  of  England  Total  Abstinence 
Society.  In  Switzerland,  ever  since  1830,  were  founded  modest  tem- 
perance societies,  similar  to  the  English  or  Scandinavian  ones.  But 
the  real  activity  of  the  Continental  Protestant  churches,  either  Swiss, 
French,  German,  or  Belgian,  starts  from  the  foundation  of  the  Blue 
Cross  Society,  in  Geneva,  on  the  21st  of  September,  1877.  Pastor 
L.  L.  Rochat,  the  great  apostle  of  total  abstinence,  was  its  founder. 

At  this  day  the  Federation  unites  organized  national  societies  in 
eight  different  countries  of  Europe,  without  speaking  of  a  few  sec- 
tions organized  beside  its  proper  limits.  The  International  Blue 
Cross  Society  counts  nearly  two  thousand  local  sections  and  more 
than  120,000  members,  20,000  of  whom  have  taken  the  pledge  to  cure 
their  drinking  habits. 

Our  method  is  a  threefold  one : 

1st,  Medical:  Total  abstinence  necessary  for  disintoxication  from 
alcohol. 

2nd,  Moral :  Re-education  of  the  drunkard's  will  (a)  by  signing 
first  a  pledge  of  total  renouncement;  (b)  by  the  overcoming  of  all 
the  temptations  that  crowd  in  in  a  day ;  (c)  by  a  desperate  call  to  the 
only  helper  that  can  see  the  drunkard  through,  i.  e..  the  Power  of 
God,  'T  promise  with  the  help  of  God." 

3rd,  Social :  The  drunkard  cannot  cure  himself  alone.  He  needs 
the  sympathy  and  help  of  his  fellow  creatures.  The  Blue  Cross  asks 
the  help  of  the  drunkard's  family  or  friends.  Thus  the  local  section 
is  formed,  the  principal  object  of  which  is  to  offer  to  the  drunkard  a 
brotherly  environment  absolutely  free  from  alcohol. 

Each  country  has  various  methods  of  working,  and  emphasizes 
more  or  less  such  points. 

In  France  the  work  is  pre-eminently  religious. 

In  Germany  much  stress  is  laid  upon  publications  of  various 
kinds,  and  juvenile  associations. 

In  Switzerland  Blue  Cross  homes  have  been  erected  ;  they  answer 
to  the  need  of  sociability  of  the  German  Swiss. 

In  Norway  the  Blue  Cross  Society  has  founded  some  asylums  for 
drunkards,  where  inebriates  can  find  shelter  and  friends.  But 
whether  in  Denmark,  Hungary,  or  sunny  Italy,  this  Blue  Cross  work 
is  distinctly  religious. 

91 


But  even  from  the  first  the  churches  understood  that,  if  the  rescue 
of  the  victims  of  alcohol  began  with  the  drunkard  himself,  there  were 
also  other  victims — the  drunkard's  children.  It  was  quite  as  much 
needed  to  prevent  as  to  cure,  and  juvenile  temperance  associations 
were  formed.  They  were  suggested  to  the  Rev.  Tabez  Tunnicliff  by 
the  words  of  a  poor  man,  a  former  Sunday-school  teacher,  who  had 
become  an  alcoholic:  "I  want  you,  if  you  think  it  worth  while  to  say 
anything  about  me  when  I  am  gone,  to  warn  young  men  against  the 
first  glass." 

It  was  the  same  cry  of  despair  of  a  young  man  going  to  a  prema- 
ture end  that  threw  Madame  Allie  Trigg  Helenius  of  Helsingfors 
into  her  magnificent  crusade  in  favor  of  the  Band  of  Hope  movement 
in  Finland.  "I  tell  you  nothing  further  can  help  me,"  said  he  to  her ; 
"everything  comes  too  late.  Why  did  not  somebody  tell  me  when  I 
took  the  first  glass  what  the  results  would  be?  Now  it  is  too  late, 
too  late !" 

And  so,  ever  since  1830,  juvenile  associations  have  been  found 
eitb  jr  in  the  churches  or  with  the  help  of  Christian  people. 

The  first  societies  were  created  in  Scotland  and  were  known  as 
the  Youths'  Temperance  Society.  The  following  year  (1831)  they 
numbered  52 ;  in  1833  they  numbered  6,000  members  and  had  adopted 
the  total-abstinence  pledge. 

In  1847  the  first  Band  'of  Hope  was  created ;  and  1855  saw  the 
formation  of  the  United  Kingdom  Band  of  Hope  Union,  which  num- 
bers at  this  time  four  million  members. 

The  methods  have  been  very  varied  in  providing  amusement 
for  the  children.  Father  Catton,  ever  since  1850,  made  great  use  of 
the  magic  lantern,  singing,  scientific  elucation  of  the  child,  forma- 
tion of  his  will  power,  etc. 

On  the  Continent,  the  Band  of  Hope  movement  is  also  of  ancient 
creation.  The  Morning  Chronicle  of  Sept.  8,  1847,  contains  the  fol- 
lowing lines:  "We  read  in  a  Berlin  paper  of  August  31,  1847,  a 
singular  scene  took  place  yesterday.  On  the  invitation  of  the  Tem- 
perance Society  there  was  a  meeting  of  3,000  boys  from  four  to  six- 
teen years  of  age.  They  are  to  compose  a  Band  of  Hope  for  the 
complete  abolition  of  the  use  of  spirituous  liquors  and  the  propaga- 
tion of  gymnastic  exercises.  After  singing  some  hymns  the  Band  of 
Hope  separated  amidst  loud  huzzas." 

In  1865  creation  of  the  first  Band  of  Hope  in  Holland  was  efTected 
at  Amsterdam,  with  410  children.  In  1878  Miss  Charlotte  Gray 
started  a  Band  of  Hope  at  Antwerp,  and  in  1885  M.  Robyn,  Chief 
Inspector  of  Belgian  Schools,  applied  the  same  methods  and  created 
the  Stes.  Scolaires  de  Temperance.  In  Switzerland  the  society 
L'Espoir  was  founded  in  1893,  and  in  1896  there  was  held  in  Geneva 
an  International  Congress  The  Espoir  in  France  is  closely  con- 
nected with  our  ]\Iission  churches.  \\-q  lay  great  emphasis  on  the 
scientific  education  of  the  children  and  on  teaching  the  children  to 

92 


play.  We  do  believe  that  singing  and  entertainment  can  have  a  very 
good  influence  on  children's  lives,  so  darkened  by  the  bad  influence  of 
alcohol. 

Time  is  too  short  to  mention  the  good  work  done  by  the  Prot- 
estant churches  of  Norway,  Denmark,  Holland,  and  Germany  to  pro- 
mote abstinence  among  the  young  people. 

Our  friends  of  the  Salvation  Army  have  said  the  true  word  to 
promote  temperance  principles  amongst  the  young,  when  they  called 
the  associations  "Band  of  Love." 

VIGILANCE   COMMITTEES 

The  churches  in  their  great  crusade  against  alcohol  understood 
very  soon  that  they  had  not  only  to  exercise  their  influence  to  rescue 
the  perishing  and  bring  up  a  generation  of  sober  yaung  men,  but 
that  they  had  to  keep  a  sharp  lookout  to  safeguard  them  from  their 
enemies  the  saloon-keepers.  There  were  laws  that  ought  to  have 
been  strictly  enforced  to  restrain  the  saloon-keeper  in  his  own  limit. 
Thus  Vigilance  Committees  were  formed. 

They  exercised  a  good  deal  of  true  power.  The  church  kept  a 
strict  lookout  on  the  tavern.  Very  good  results  were  thus  obtained, 
but  they  were  not  satisfied  with  this.  The  strict  observance  of  law 
is  good,  but  human  law  is  imperfect.  "The  people  have  only  the 
laws  they  deserve."  Good  people  knew  that  they  deserved  better 
laws.    They  rose  and  asked  for  them. 

In  Norway  when,  in  1894,  they  saw  the  wrong  done  by  the 
Samlag,  they  went  into  the  fray.  "A  political  election  never  stirred 
the  people  of  Norway  as  much  as  the  Samlag  fight.  In  some  places 
the  people  remained  standing  outside  the  town  hall  till  late  at  night, 
in  rain  and  storm,  until  the  vote  had  been  counted ;  and  when  it  was 
announced  that  the  drink-shops  had  been  voted  out  they  uncovered 
their  heads,  singing  the  old  hymn  of  Gustavus  Adolphus,  "God  Is 
Our  Strength."    Then  they  went  quietly  to  their  homes. 

This  will  always  be  true.  When  the  law  is  oblivious  of  human 
rights,  the  Church  must  go  with  the  quiet  but  obstinate  will  of  the 
Great  Reformer,  who  before  the  lawmakers  of  his  country  could  only 
say,  "I  can  not  do  otherwise.    May  God  be  my  helper." 

As  a  typical  example  of  the  church's  action  in  the  legislative 
domain,  I  shall  briefly  relate  the  work  accomplished  of  late  by  the 
Temperance  Council  of  the  Christian  Churches  of  England  and 
Wales.  This  council  was  organized  in  June,  1915.  in  order  to  focus 
the  opinions  of  the  Christian  public  and  organize  its  powers  for  the 
purpose  of  temperance  reform. 

The  churches  have  organizations  within  themselves  working  each 
in  its  own  orbit,  and  on  its  own  lines,  for  temperance.  The  measures 
they  advocate  are  not  identical,  but  there  is  a  central  unity  of  pur- 
pose which  had  hitherto  not  found  an  adequate  means  of  expression 
as  powerful  and  efl'cctivc  as  it  deserved  to  l)e.     Unity  of  action  was 

93 


recognized  from  the  very  first  as  absolutely  essential  if  progress  was 
to  be  made.  The  Council  therefore  placed  upon  the  agenda  of  re- 
forms those  subjects,  and  those  only,  which  had  received  the  ap- 
proval of  all  the  organizations  constituting  the  Council,  and  it  laid 
down  the  condition  that  no  additional  subject  should  be  added  to  its 
agenda  unless  it  had  received  that  unanimous  approval. 

It  must  be  clearly  understood  that  the  program  of  the  Council, 
represents  the  greatest  common  measure  of  agreement.  For  united 
action  the  program  is  definite ;  for  individual  action  there  is  absolute 
liberty,  and  no  organization  sacrifices  anything  by  its  adherence  to 
the  Council. 

The  Council  consists  of  representatives  appointed  by  the  following 
organizations : 

Baptist  Total  Abstinence  Association. 

Baptist  Union  of  Wales  and  Monmouthshire. 

Catholic  Total  Abstinence  League  of  the  Cross. 

Church  of  England  Temperance  Society. 

Congregational  Union  Temperance  Society. 

The  Society  of  Friends. 

The  Moravian  Church. 

Presb^'terian  Church  of  England. 

Presbyterian  Church  of  Wales. 

Primitive  Methodist  Temperance  Committee. 

The  Salvation  ArmJ^ 

United  Methodist  Temperance  Committee. 

Welsh  Congregational  Union. 

Wesleyan  Methodist  Temperance  Committee. 

The  Council  has  united  church  organizations  which  dift'er  widely 
on  social,  political,  or  religious  grounds,  and  this  is  emphasized  by 
the  fact  that  its  four  joint  presidents  are  the  Archbishop  of  Canter- 
bviry.  Cardinal  Bourne,  Dr.  Clifford  (of  the  Free  Churches),  and  Gen- 
eral Bramwell  Booth. 

There  is  evidence  that  politicians  are  beginning  to  realize  and 
appreciate  the  force  and  power  which  such  a  combination  represents. 
A  deputation  of  the  Council  was  received  at  No.  10  Downing  Street, 
London,  on  the  20th  of  November,  1919,  by  the  Prime  Minister,  the 
Right  Hon.  David  Lloyd  George,  who  replied  to  the  delegates  in 
these  words :  'Tt  is  very  rarely  that  it  falls  to'  the  lot  of  any  minister 
to  receive  a  more  representative  and  a  more  important  deputation 
than  the  one  which  it  is  my  privilege  and  that  of  my  colleagues  to 
welcome  here  this  afternoon." 

Indeed  there  is  power  in  the  churches,  because  if  they  are  faithful 
to  the  spirit  of  their  Master,  they  are  one  with  Him.  And  who  may 
resist  "God  our  Strength"?  If  God  is  with  us,  who  shall  be 
against  us? 

"I  welcome,"  added  the  Prime  Minister,  "the  unity  which  it  prog- 
nosticates, and  I  predict  considerable  results  from  it." 

Having  thus  brought  together  so  many  powerful  organizations, 

94 


the  Temperance  Council  has  drawn  up  a  program  in  the  spirit  of 
unity  and  unanimous  consent.  This  program  is  not  a  sentimental 
one,  a  very  vague  and  indefinite  motion,  moderate  in  thought  or 
words,  but  a  strong  and  carefully  drawn  up  program. 

"We  ask  for  action  commensurate  with  the  public  need,"  said 
Henry  Carter  to  the  Prime  Minister;  and  the  Bishop  of  London  was 
not  afraid  to  unfurl  the  banner,  saying:  "We  are  full  of  fight,  and  we 
are  really  prepared  to  go  to  any  lengths  rather  than  have  the  old 
hours  back.  In  my  midnight  march  around  the  vicinity  of  the 
Houses  of  Parliament,  in  the  days  before  the  hours  for  the  sale  of 
drink  were  restricted,  I  collected  between  12  :00  and  1 :00  A.  M.  on 
Saturday  night  200  young  men  between  18  and  25  years  of  age,  all 
half-drunk.  I  shall  never  forget  that  sight.  If  we  are  going  to  have 
nineteen  and  one-half  hours  again,  or  anything  like  that,  we  do  not 
deserve  to  have  won  this  war." 

The  agenda  of  reforms  which  up  to  the  present  have  been  adopted 
is  known  as  the '  Xine  Points  Temperance  Agenda,  which  reads  as 
follows : 

1.  Sunday  closing. 

2.  Restriction  of  hours  for  the  sale  of  drink  on  week-days. 

3.  Reduction  of  the  number  of  licensed  houses. 

4.  Increase  of  the  power  of  local  licensing  authorities. 

5.  Control  of  clubs. 

6.  The  abolition  of  grocers'  licenses. 

7.  The  prohibition  of  the  sale  of  intoxicating  liquor  to  young  persons. 

8.  Local  option. 

9.  The  provision  of  alternatives  to  the  liquor  tavern. 

Let  us  go  very  briefly  over  these  nine  points. 

1.  Sniiday  closing.  The  boon  of  Sunday  closing,  conferred  on 
Scotland  in  1854.  on  Ireland  (partially)  in  1876.  and  on  Wales  in  1881. 
has  proved  of  incalculable  benefit  to  the  communities  of  those  countries. 
The  Royal  Commissions  appointed  to  investigate  the  operations  of  these 
Acts  of  Parliament  would  have  unanimously  confirmed  them.  Sunday 
closing  would  prove  of  inestimable  value  to  the  working  classes  of 
England  and  give  to  more  than  300.000  people  engaged  in  the  liquor 
trade   a  much  needed  rest. 

2.  Restriction  of  hours  for  the  sale  of  drink  on  li'eek  days,  and 

3.  Reduction  of  the  number  of  licensed  houses. 

In  England  and  Wales  there  are  125,000  premises  licensed  for  the 
sale  of  alcoholic  drinks.  Under  normal  conditions  they  are  open  on 
week  days  for  15  or  16  hours  in  rural  and  provincial  places,  and  19^/2 
hours  in  London. 

The  Central  Control  P.oard  has  restricted  the  sale  of  drink  to  5^/2 
hours  per  day  throughout  the  greater  part  of  the  country  and  the 
restilts  of  restriction  have  abundantlv  justified  the  action  of  the  board. 
The  Temperance  Council  docs  not  want  the  old  system  to  come  again 
into  force. 

95 


4.  Increase  of  the  poiver  of  local  licensing  authorities. 

Prior  to  1904  the  authorities  could  always  refuse  to  grant  an  appli- 
cation for  a  new  license,  and  could  refuse  a  license,  by  way  of  renewal,, 
subject  since  1828  to  the  right  of  the  holder  to  appeal  to  quarter  sessions 
against  the  refusal.  Thus  the  authority  was  enabled  to  impose  upon 
applicants  conditions  regulating  their  conduct  of  the  trade.  All  this  dis- 
cretionary power,  except  as  to  new  licenses,  was  swept  away  by  the  Act 
of  1904.  To-day  the  licensing  justice  has  to  ""ask"  the  trade  to  do  this^ 
that,  or  the  other. 

If  reform  of  any  value  is  to  be  effected  by  the  licensing  authorities,^ 
their  powers  must  be  widely  extended  in  the  direction  of  those  entrusted 
temporarily  to  the  Central  Control  Board.  They  must  have  absolute 
discretion,  free  from  the  incubus  of  quarter  sessions,  to  refuse  renewal 
and  transfer  of  licenses,  and  to  impose  conditions  of  sale  suited  to  the 
localit}-. 

5.  Control  of  Clubs.  Of  late  years  the  number  of  workingmen's 
clubs  has  greatly  increased  in  England.  It  must  be  also  remembered 
that  the  clubs  are  really  unlicensed  public  places,  without  the  restriction 
and  supen-ision  attached  to  the  ordinary  public  house  and  hotel.  Hours 
of  sale,  conditions  of  sale,  and  methods  of  supervision,  should  be 
identical. 

6.  The  abolition  of  grocers'  licenses.  When  the  Act  of  1860 
allowed  the  grocers  to  take  a  license,  the  author  of  this  Act,  Mr.  Glad- 
stone, believed  it  to  be  "a  good  and  wise  measure,  not  only  with  regard 
to  comforts  of  the  people,  but  for  the  promotion  of  temperance  and 
sobriety,  as  opposed  to  drunkenness  and  demoralized  habits."" 

Unfortunately,  the  promotion  of  temperance  and  sobriet}-  which  was 
expected  to  follow  the  granting  of  grocers'  licenses  has  not  been 
realized.  There  is  reason  to  believe  that  some  shopkeepers  have  made 
a  practise  of  supplying  drink  and  charging  it  as  groceries ;  by  this  means 
mistresses  and  maids  have  obtained  drink  surreptitiously,  the  supply  of 
which  has  been  hidden  in  the  bill  for  groceries. 

Another  evil  has  arisen  in  recent  times ;  namely,  the  conveyance  of 
liquor  to  the  home  and  sale  from  delivery  vans,  a  practise  not  easy 
to  detect. 

The  abolition  of  grocers'  licenses  would  be  a  reform  of  the  highest 
importance. 

7.  The  Prohibition  of  the  sale  of  intoxicating  liquor  to  young 
persons.  Till  now  a  child  under  14  years  of  age  can  not  at  any  time  be 
in  the  bar  of  licensed  premises  during  hours  of  sale.  In  many  of  the 
colonies  the  age  limit  below  which  the  sending  of  young  people  and 
children  is  prohibited  ranges  from  16  to  21  years.  The  age  limit  should 
be  also  raised  to  16  years  at  the  least. 

8.  Local  Option.  The  people  of  a  locality  are  the  very  people  who 
are  most  interested  in  the  conditions  affecting  the  sale  of  intoxicating 
liquor  there,  and  it  is  therefore  reasonable  that  they  should  have  a 
determining  voice  in  the  matter. 

96 


The  Temperance  Council  adopted  a  threefold  option,  namely,  the 
right  of  a  locahty  to  vote:  {I)  that  there  should  be  no  change;  {A)  tnat 
there  should  be  a  reduction  in  the  numoer  of  licenses  granted;  and 
(v5j  that  there  should  be  no  licenses  whatsoever. 

The  principle  ot  the  threefold  option  has  already  received  the  sanc- 
tion of  Parliament  m  the  case  of  Scotland,  and  has  become  operative 
in  1920. 

9.  J  he  Provision  of  Alternatives  to  the  Liquor  Tavern.  The  ninth 
point  in  the  temperance  reform  agenda  needs  to  occupy  our  attention 
somewhat  longer. 

Nothing  in  the  temperance  program  has  come  more  rapidly  into 
prominence  and  received  a  greater  measure  of  general  support  than  the 
question  of  the  provision  of  alternatives  to  the  public  house. 

The  war  crisis  has  shown  what  the  Church  and  religious  agencies 
can  do  by  the  wide-spread  establishment  of  Soldiers'  Clubs,  Y.  M.  C.  A. 
huts,  etc.  What  has  been  done  in  war-time  should  surely  be  possible  in 
time  of  peace  for  the  soldiers  of  the  great  industrial  army. 

There  are,  and  have  been  for  some  years,  illustrations  in  various 
places  of  what  may  be  accomplished  in  this  direction.  Under  the  Blue 
Cross  flag  many  such  institutions  have  been  opened  in  Norw^ay,  France, 
Switzerland,  Alsace,  etc.  I  wish  you  had  the  opportunity  to  see  the 
Blue  Cross  hotels  of  the  old  city  of  Strasbourg.  With  coordination  and 
some  cooperation  of  the  big  churches  of  America,  a  great  step  forward 
might  be  taken.  A  wide  extension  of  these  useful  agencies  w'ould  con- 
tribute greatly  tow'ard  a  solution  of  the  liquor  problem. 

The  Temperance  Council  of  England  and  Wales  earnestly  desires 
that  the  members  of  the  Christian  churches  realize  their  responsibility 
and  lose  no  opportunity  of  doing  something  practical  in  these  directions. 

Our  Blue  Cross  Society  in  France  has  the  same  desire.  We  have  to 
reconstruct  large  areas  devastated  by  the  war.  In  St.  Quentin,  for 
instance,  where  all  the  houses  have  been  more  or  less  wrecked  by  bombs 
and  shells,  there  are  already  485  saloons !  In  Lens,  which  was  some 
months  ago  but  a  huge  pile  of  dust  and  broken  bricks,  the  first  wooden 
huts  which  were  erected  were  saloons.  These  saloons  were  the  curse 
of  the  land  in  pre-w-ar  times.  We  must  make  our  utmost  efforts  that 
they  shall  not  prove  to  be  the  everlasting  curse  of  our  desolated  provinces 
of  the  North.  My  last  word  is  an  earnest  and  strong  appeal  to  the 
churches  of  America,  so  powerful  and  so  ready  to  help.  We  are  serving 
the  same  Master.  He  is  our  Head.  We  are  His  body.  But  when  a 
member  suffers  all  the  members  of  the  body  suffer  with  it. 

Alcohol  is  a  mortal  disease.  You  can  not  cure  its  attacks  on  some  of 
the  boflily  organs  and  leave  it  to  do  its  deadly  work  on  other  parts  of  the 
body.  'S''ou  are  quite  aHve  to  that  fact,  and.  to  keep  America  free  from 
alcohol,  you  are  now  bound  to  pursue  your  foe  outside  the  territorial 
limits. 

Churches  of  America,  hear  the  cry  of  our  churches  in  Europe!  We 
are  doing  our  best,  fighting  to  the  utmost  of  our  energies.     Come  over 

97 


and  help  us  and  destroy  the  baloon,  the  modern  plague,  wherever  it 
spreads  its  powertul  tentacles;  and  especially  in  the  countries  where  the 
saloon  revels  in  triumph,  help  us  to  open  People's  Palaces,  free  from 
poisonous  alcohol.  In  helping  us  you  will  be  working  for  your  own 
salvation. 

And  i  must  add  that  this  is  the  golden  opportunity  to  do  this.  Never 
have  the  needs  been  so  great  for  moral  reforms  in  our  beloved  country. 
In  many  circles  they  are  looking  for  our  Protestant  Church  to  come  to 
the  front,  and  the  Church  as  an  ecclesiastical  body  has  never  before  been 
so  alive  to  the  need  of  the  Temperance  Reform,  in  November  (18-21) 
last,  the  General  Assembly  of  all  our  Protestant  Churches  met  in  Lyons, 
and  the  following  motion  was  passed  unanimously:  "it  is  desirable 
that  in  every  Protestant  church  the  fight  against  alcoholism  be  organ- 
ized on  the  most  energetic  and  efficacious  basis  of  total  abstinence,  for 
the  rescuing  of  drunkards  and  the  formation  of  a  strong  and  sober  young 
generation." 

Our  beloved  country  has  great  needs.  Our  churches  are  willing  to 
do  their  part.  May  our  common  Master  give  to  you,  dear  American 
brethren,  the  true  vision  of  what  you  can  and  must  do  to  help  us  win 
the  larger  victory. 

Father  GEORGE  ZURCHER  (of  North  Evans,  New  York)  :  I 
am  connected  with  the  Catholic  Clergy  Prohibition  League  of  America, 
and  two  years  ago,  or  nearly  two  years  ago,  this  organization  offered  to 
help  any  priest  in  the  United  States  who  should  have  trouble  under 
Prohibition  to  secure  all  the  wine  necessary  for  sacramental  purposes. 
We  offered  to  help  him  get  it,  and  they  also  got  the  services  of  our 
Mr.  Wayne  B.  Wheeler,  of  the  Anti-Saloon  League.  In  case  of  legal 
procedure  he  oft'ered  his  services  gratis ;  and  I  can  assure  Dr.  Aling 
to-day  we  have  not  heard  of  a  single  priest  in  the  United  States  who 
has  had  any  difficulty  in  getting  all  the  wine  necessary.  In  fact,  several 
of  the  pastors  of  Catholic  churches,  friends  of  the  leading  pastors  in 
Washington,  told  me  this  morning  that  under  Prohibition  they  find  it 
easier  to  obtain  genuine  wine  than  they  did  before. 

This  is  a  lie  from  the  enemy,  and  like  some  of  the  lies  it  circulates 
around  the  world.  I  heard  it  circulated  in  Australia,  that  Prohibition 
in  America  would  destroy  the  mass.  It  is  not  true.  There  is  no  truth 
whatever  in  it. 

I  am  delighted  to  meet  the  two  representatives  from  Europe  this 
afternoon :  one  a  representative  of  the  Catholic  Church,  and  the  other 
a  representative  of  the  Protestant  Church  ;  and  let  me  assure  these  gentle- 
men from  Europe  that  the  one  thing  which  assured  the  success  of  Pro- 
hibition in  America  was  the  fact  that  we  Prohibitionists.  Catholic  and 
non-Catholic — we  pulled  together !  More  than  that,  for  the  first  time  in 
nearly  four  hundred  years  have  the  Christian  moral  forces  united. 
Because  Prohibition  is  mainly  a  moral  movement ;  and  the  success  we 
hnve  achieved  in  this  great  moral  movement  in  America,  through  Pro- 

98 


hibition,  is  an  augury  that  the  Christian  forces  of  the  world  shall  attain 
still  greater  success  in  the  future  in  moral  progress  throughout  the  world 
than  ever  in  the  past  four  hundred  years.  And  who  knows  but  sometime 
in  the  future  they  will  tell  the  history  of  these  times,  and  they  will  say 
to  Prohibitionists  in  America,  "To  you  do  we  owe  the  debt  of  doing 
the  first  real  work  along  the  lines  of  Christian  unity." 

Miss  HENRIETTE  CROMMELIN  (of  Holland)  :  Air.  Chairman 
and  Friends  :  It  is  not  to  ask  a  question,  but  to  emphasize  the  appeal  made 
by  Pastor  Gallienne,  of  France.  It  was  some  time  before  the  great  war,  it 
was  in  October,  1913,  that  I  attended  a  four-day  conference  in  England, 
and  there  we  had  delegates,  of  cotirse,  from  England,  from  Switzerland, 
and  from  France,  and  we  each  had  to  give  a  report ;  and  then  I  was  very 
much  struck  by  the  report  of  a  French  delegate,  Madame  d'Aubigne. 
She  was  much  struck  by  the  fact,  she  said,  of  the  terrible  drinking  in 
France,  which  of  course  I  knew,  but  when  it  is  in  your  own  country,  it 
makes  all  the  more  impression — by  the  terrible  drinking  and  hard 
struggle,  and  by  the  courage  and  whole-heartedness  of  the  temperance 
workers  there.  And  she  then  made  a  great  appeal  to  the  English  to  help 
the  iJand  of  Hope,  and  the  temperance  work,  in  every  way  in  France ; 
and  I  was  very  much  struck  with  it.  Her  last  words  were,  to  quote 
Tolstoi,  "France,  the  greatest  good,  and  the  greatest  evil!"  France  is 
great.     You  will  hear  of  her  yet,  and  you  have  heard  of  her. 

Then,  some  time  ago,  some  time  afterward,  I  wrote  to  the  English 
temperance  workers,  and  said,  "Can  not  we  all  together  help  France?" 
And  they  said  they  would  bring  the  matter  to  the  attention  of  the  com- 
mittee, and  plans  were  made  to  help  the  Band  of  Hope  movement,  and 
the  temperance  movement  in  France.  Then  the  terrible  war  came  and 
put  an  end  to  everything ;  and  now  that  we  have  heard  this  eloquent 
appeal,  I  should  very  much  like  to  second  it,  and  to  bring  this  matter 
before  this  important  assembly,  and  to  ask  the  great  and  rich  American 
nation  to  help  France.  They  have  helped  us,  with  God's  help,  out  of  the 
war.    Let  them  he\p  us  in  God's  name  out  of  this  war. 

Mr.  MICHAEL  J.  FANNING  (representing  the  Plulaclcl{^liia 
A'orfli  American):  Air.  Chairman:  We  are  about  twelve  minutes 
ahead  of  the  program.  I  would  like  five  minutes  of  the  time  to  speak 
on  Dr.  IJaker's  paper. 

The  ACTING  CHAIRMAN :  \Vc  have  ])assed  that  discussion.  Mr. 
Fanning. 

Mr.  FANNING:  I  know,  but  you  passed  it  with  two  speakers  on 
one  side,  and  only  one  on  the  other. 

TiiF  ACTING  CHAIRMAN:     I  l)cg  pardtm.  Mr.  Fanning. 

99 


Mr.  FAXXIXG  :  And  we  are  twelve  minutes  ahead  of  the  program, 
and  I  would  ask  for  live  of  those  twelve  minutes. 

The  acting  CHAIRMAN :  Just  a  moment.  In  the  first  place, 
you  understand  that  both  the  spirit  and  the  letter  of  the  rules  of  this 
Congress  forbid  any  criticism  of  any  other  organization,  and  any  one 
who  indulges  in  it  is  violating  the  spirit  of  this  Congress  when  they 
do  it. 

Mr.  FANNING:  I  object  to  anybody  intimating  that  I  propose  to 
criticize  an  organization. 

The  acting  CHAIRMAN:  I  made  no  such  intimation,  Mr. 
Fanning.     You  will  be  heard.     We  are  both  Irishmen,  Sir ! 

Mr.  FANNING:    I  am  an  American. 

The  acting  CHAIRMAN:  Now.  friends,  I  am  the  vice-chair- 
man of  the  American  Committee.  I  think  I  am  perfectly  within  my 
rights  in  stating  this :  I  don't  care  who  does  it  at  any  time,  it  is  a  viola- 
tion of  the  spirit  and  letter  of  the  rules  of  this  Congress ;  and  let  us  stay 
within  that  rule.  Now.  I  do  not  imderstand  there  were  two  speakers  on 
one  side,  and  one  on  the  other,  for  I  think  Dr.  !Milner  did  not  speak  on 
the  side  that  Mr.  Watkias  represents.  Nevertheless,  that  is  only  a  matter 
of  judgment.  Now  we  shall  be  glad  to  hear  from  Mr.  Fanning  for  five 
minutes. 

'Mr.  FANNING:  Mr.  Chairman:  I  think  perhaps  I  am  the  Pro- 
hibition part}'  man  with  the  longest  record  of  any  man  in  the  convention, 
if  not  in  the  world.  For  more  than  half  of  a  centun.-  that  right  hand  of 
mine  has  put  no  ballot  in  the  box  but  a  straight  Prohibition  part}-  ballot, 
with  one  exception.  I  simply  want  to  stand  for  the  old  name  with  which 
I  was  associated  when  a  boy.  The  wisdom  of  the  movement  was  ques- 
tioned, and  the  wisdom  of  the  fathers  of  the  movement  was  questioned. 
I  want  also  to  take  exception  to  the  stand  taken  by  Dr.  Baker,  my  friend, 
regarding  the  Church  in  its  relation  to  this  movement. 

There  are  two  factors  that  we  must  consider  separately  in  the 
temperance  reform — the  drink  habit,  and  the  drink  traffic,  entirely 
separate  and  distinct.  The  drink  habit  is  a  personal  affair,  and  we 
turn  its  victims  over  to  the  church  and  the  temperance  society  for 
reformation.  The  drink  traffic  involves  barter,  trade,  commerce;  and 
the  Church  as  a  church  has  nothing  to  do  with  settling  questions  of 
trade,  barter,  or  commerce.  It  is  purely  and  solely  an  attribute  of 
governmental  action,  and  we  should  approach  the  Prohibition  idea 
as  citizens,  because  it  must  come  through  governmental  action  and 
not  through  church  action. 

100 


We  had  several  States  attempt  to  install  Prohibition  before  the 
Civil  War.  They  lost  out.  Why?  They  had  no  more  sense  then  than 
we  have  now — not  a  bit  more — some  States.  The  law  was  declared 
in  some  States  to  be  unconstitutional,  and  in  others  they  had  no  more 
sense  than  to  vote  for  horse-thieves  to  enforce  the  law  against  steal- 
ing horses.  Just  what  we  have  been  doing!  Just  as  much  sense  in 
voting  for  a  horse-thief  to  enforce  the  law  against  stealing  horses  as 
for  the  saloon-keepers  to  enforce  the  law  against  the  liquor  traffic. 
And  just  as  much  sense  in  voting  for  the  saloon-keeper  to  do  it  as  in 
voting  for  the  saloon-keeper's  man  to  do  it  Let  me  tell  you  that  a 
man  in  politics,  no  matter  how  big  a  man  he  is,  who  dares  not  declare 
against  the  saloon  before  election,  will  be  the  servant  of  the  saloon 
after  election. 

Now  then,  when  the  war  ended,  I  came  into  the  work,  and  was 
elected  president  of  a  temperance  society  in  1865.  We  held  a  con- 
vention that  year.  In  it  we  took  the  remnants  of  all  the  temperance 
organizations  in  this  country  and  dumped  them  into  one,  excepting 
the  secret  societies,  and  we  called  this  one  the  National  Temperance 
Society  and  Publication  House,  still  an  active  factor  in  this  reform ; 
and  at  that  convention  we  spent  the  time  in  talking,  and  the  only 
wise  thing  we  did  was  to  appoint  a  committee  to  tell  us  how  to  talk 
at  the  next  convention.  The  chairman  of  that  committee  was  old 
Dr.  John  Russell,  of  Michigan ;  and  at  the  Cleveland  convention,  in 
1866,  Dr.  Russell  reported.  He  was  appointed  a  committee  to  report 
back  to  us,  "Plow  can  we  best  secure  Prohibition?"  He  commenced 
his  report  by  calling  attention  to  the  fact  that  politically  we  were 
divided,  hopelessly  divided.  Good  laws,  to  be  enforced,  must  have 
good  men  behind  them,  and  the  good  people  of  this  country  are  hope- 
lessly divided  becavise  of  the  war.  The  best  men  of  the  North,  as 
Dr  Baker  well  said,  were  Republicans.  The  best  men  of  the  South 
were  Democrats.  And  our  problem  as  temperance  people  was  to 
unite  the  good  men  of  both  sections.  The  question  arose.  How  can 
it  be  done?  That  was  the  time  Horace  Greeley  wrote  that  famous 
editorial  that  no  man  could  make  him  believe  that  all  Democrats 
were  horse-thieves,  but  he  knew  that  all  horse-thieves  were  Demo- 
crats! And  the  Democrats  of  the  South  had  just  as  exalted  an 
opinion  of  the  Republicans  of  the  North  as  Greeley  had  of  the  Demo- 
crats of  the  South,  and  justly  so. 

Now  that  is  our  problem,  to  unite  them.  How  can  it  be  done?  1 
remember  Dr.  Russell's  illustration:  Here  is  an  old  house;  it  leaks 
badly;  it  is  raining  hard.  A  Rej)u1)lican  lives  in  the  house.  Another 
old  house  stands  near  by.  It  also  leaks;  it  is  raining  hard;  and  a 
Democrat  lives  in  the  house.  Both  are  good  men.  clean  men,  patri- 
otic men.  Christian  men.  and  they  ought  to  be  together.  The  best 
interests  of  Christ  and  the  best  interests  of  Cjesar  call  to  them  to  get 
together.     Leave  it  to  themselves,  said  the  doctor.     The  Republican 

101 


speaks  first:  "Here,  you  old  copperhead,"  (a  pet  name  he  had  for  his 
his  friend!)  "come  over  here  to  my  house  I"  "I  won't  do  it.  you  old 
blacksnake.     I  will  have  naught  to  do  with  you." 

Our  problem  was  to  unite  the  good  men.  How  can  it  be  done? 
Dr.  Russell's  plan  was  to  build  a  new  house  between  the  two  old 
ones,  with  a  good  room  in  it  that  would  not  leak,  and  to  extend  an 
invitation  to  both  men  to  come  in  on  an  equal  footing.  And  that 
Avas  the  corner-stone  of  the  Prohibition  party !  The  key-word  was 
"organization,"  so  that  the  good  men  in  all  parties  could  get  together 
and  come  in  and  be  equal. 

Did  they  do  a  wise  thing?  The  only  possible  thing  to  do  at  that 
time.  And  I  don't  like  to  hear  the  wisdom  of  the  founders  of  the 
party,  and  the  fathers  of  this  temperance  movement,  questioned  in 
this  manner.  It  ma}'  be  that  we  have  forgotten  one  fact,  or  it  may 
be  the  ameliorating  influences  of  time  in  this  warfare,  and  it  may  be 
that  Lowell  was  correct  when  he  said,  "New  occasions  teach  new 
duties ;  time  makes  ancient  good  uncouth,"  and  it  may  be  that  the 
time  has  com.e  when  the  party  is  in  the  way.  But  let  me  say,  two- 
thirds,  if  not  more,  of  the  leaders  of  the  party  are  in  the  way,  if  the 
party  is  in  the  way,  because  they  were  forced  in  by  the  non-action  of 
the  others,  after  the  judgment  of  most  of  us  was  to  let  the  party  go. 

Now  that  Prohibition  is  written  in  the  Constitution  I  think  it 
was  in  our  platform  of  1876  we  declared  the  primary  purpose  of  the 
Prohibition  party  was  to  write  Prohibition  into  the  Constitution  of 
the  United  States.  Prohibition  is  in  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States,  and  the  primary  purpose  of  the  Prohibition  party  is  accom- 
plished, and  I  would  sa}'  to  my  friend  Dr.  Baker,  we  never  elected  a 
man,  but.  thank  God,  we  elected  our  issue.  And  we  cleared  the  path 
and  made  non-partizan  methods  possible.  Where  would  there  be 
any  origin  of  the  non-partizan  work  if  the  present  methods  had  not 
stirred  this  country  up?  And  our  Kansas  friend  tells  us  how  four 
innocent  Republicans  were  whipped  out  there  by  weak  Prohibition- 
ists. I  lived  there  at  that  time.  My  friend.  Gkjvernor  St.  John,  was 
hung  in  effigy^  there,  and  we  Prohibitionists  were  abused,  and  not 
the  non-partizans,  or  the  men  who  failed  to  come  to  our  party's  aid. 

It  may  be  that  the  time  for  the  part}-  work  is  done,  and  Dr.  Wat- 
kins  has  done  a  noble  thing  in  stating  that  if  any  man,  any  can- 
didate, will  come  out  and  say  he  will  stand  for  this  cause  if  elected, 
the  Prohibition  party,  as  a  party,  will  disappear  in  this  campaign. 

I  did  not  rise  to  defend  the  party.  I  rose  to  defend  the  wisdom  of 
the  founders  of  the  party,  to  show  that  they  did  the  only  thing  that 
could  be  done  wisely  at  that  time — to  seek  to  bring  about  a  union  of 
the  best  elements  of  our  society,'. 

Dr.  ]\nLXER:  I  make  no  charge  against  the  Prohibition  party 
except  this :     I  know  repeatedly  they  have  defeated  some  of  the  best 

102 


Prohibitionists  in  Kansas  for  office,  because  they  were  not  members 
of  the  Prohibition  party. 

The  acting  CHAIRMAX  :  Yes,  friends,  the  Prohibitionists 
have  been  just  Hke  other  people;  they  have  been  fallible  at  times.  I 
confess,  what  any  of  you  who  choose  to  know  me  know,  that  I  am  a 
reconstructed  Prohibitionist,  and  Dr.  IMilner  knows  that  he  hasn't  a 
better  friend  than  I  am  in  this  country,  and  so  does  Mr.  Fanning. 

Xow.  we  have  all  had  our  say,  and  our  friends  will  excuse  this 
little  national  family  discussion.  We  have  this  talk,  which  is  of 
interest  to  ourselves  largely,  and  for  their  edification.  One  of  the 
friends  in  Europe  said  to  me,  when  I  was  there  a  year  ago,  'Tt  is  the 
enthusiasm  of  you  Americans  that  carried  this  thing  over."  Well, 
our  enthusiasm  expresses  itself  in  various  forms. 

We  are  glad,  however,  to  have  as  our  next  speaker  Dr.  Lev,  of 
the  University  of  Brussels. 

ALCOHOL   AND   CRIMINALITY 

BY  DR.  AUGUST  LEY 

PROFESSOR    OF    PSYCHIATRY    IX    THE    UNIVERSITY    OF    BRUSSELS,    BELGIUM 

It  seems  at  first  strange  and  rather  superfluous  that  the  commit- 
tee of  the  International  Congress  Against  Alcoholism  included  in  our 
program  this  question,  which  has  been  so  often  discussed,  and  the 
demonstration  of  which  is  as  evident  as  painful ;  that  is,  the  question 
of  the  relation  of  alcoholism  to  crime. 

But  among  all  the  evils  provoked  by  alcohol,  its  influence  on 
crime  is  so  characteristic  and  important,  and  may  give  us  so  power- 
ful an  argument  for  the  suppression  of  the  consumption  of  alcohol, 
that  no  conference  discussing  this  question  can  put  it  aside.  It  must 
draw  attention  to  the  very  active  role  of  alcoholic  liquors  as  a  factor 
tending  to  the  production  of  all  kinds  of  crimes. 

It  is  useless  to  repeat  here  the  numberless  facts  and  statistics  and 
to  analyze  the  clinical  researches  bearing  upon  the  subject.  Let  us 
remind  this  audience  of  the  many  publications  dealing  with  the  mat- 
ter and  of  the  results  of  temporary  or  permanent  Prohibition. 

The  temporary  Prohibition  in  Sweden,  during  the  general  strike 
of  August,  1909,  and  the  American  experiences,  are  decisive. 

We  will  allude  also  to  the  interesting  war  experiences  made  in 
the  countries  where  the  diminution  or  the  sudden  suppression  of 
alcohol  was  followed  by  a  diminution  of  criminality,  as  shown  by 
Lord  d'Abcrnon. 

In  Belgium  an  important  experiment  has  been  made  during  Ger- 
man occupation.  Alcoholic  liquors  were  difficult  to  obtain,  and  ex- 
pensive, so  that  only  little  beer  and  wine  was  drunk,  and  the  German 
soldiers  in  their  march  through  our  country  had  stolen  and  drunk. 

103 


wherever  it  was  possible,  wine  and  liquor,  a  fact  w^hich  certainly 
contrilnited  to  the  criminal  acts  perpetrated  during-  the  period  of  the 
invasion.  But  among  the  Belgian  i^opulation  which  remained  in  the 
country,  public  drunkenness  and  blood  criminality,  which  is  so 
noticeable  after  a  consumption  of  alcohol,  diminished  in  a  very 
marked   degree. 

Since  1919  a  new  law  prohibits  in  our  country  the  sale  of  spirits 
for  consumption  in  public  houses.  This  law  had  an  evident  effect  on 
the  number  of  cases  of  alcoholic  insanity  as  well  as  remarkable 
results  as  to  criminality. 

We  give  here  a  chart  which  shows  the  results  on  criminality  of 
an  even  partial  suppression  of  alcohol  consumption.  It  is  important 
to  state  that  in  every  country,  as  soon  as  the  sale  of  alcoholic  liquors 
was  earnestly  restricted,  this  had  an  immediate  effect  on  two  great 
social  diseases — on  lunacy  and  criminality. 

We  know  that  in  the  year  1917  the  consumption  of  spirits  in  Bel- 
gium had  gone  down  from  5  liters  per  head  (1913)  to  about  1  liter. 

These  statistics  are  important  as  they  show  that  even  the  sup- 
pression of  spirits  alone  gives  excellent  results  from  our  point  of 
view\  It  is  certain  that  total  Prohibition  would  be  a  much  greater 
success,  and  we  may  expect  much  from  permanent  Prohibition, 
which  will  affect  alcoholic  heredity,  and  its  effects  on  degeneration 
and  criminality. 

Some  alienists  have  affirmed  (an  opinion  which  is  much  too  abso- 
lute) that  alcohol  and  criminality  are  only  outward  signs  of  a  state 
of  general  degeneration,  and  that  the  legal  suppression  of  alcohol 
hardly  alters  this  constitutional  state.  I  do  not  intend  to  deny  that 
some  alcoholists  drink  and  commit  criminal  acts  because  they  are 
insane ;  but  we  have  only  to  study  the  situation  in  the  States  under 
Prohibition  and  we  will  see  that  alcoholism  is  in  itself,  as  a  conse- 
quence of  its  special  action  on  the  human  brain,  a  direct  and  power- 
ful cause  of  crime.  The  scientific  method  used  in  the  social  experi- 
ences of  wdiich  recent  statistics  give  us  the  results  does  not  speak  for 
a  simple  coincidence,  as  it  could,  owing  to  the  method  of  concomitant 
variations,  isolate  the  factor — alcohol,  and  with  the  alteration  of  this 
factor  we  observe  variations  in  the  criminal  facts. 

It  is  evident  that  the  new  facts  revealed  by  Prohibition  experi- 
ences have  a  great  social  importance.  They  force  the  conviction 
that  alcohol  is,  from  a  social  standpoint,  harmful,  and  they  diminish 
the  importance  of  the  opinion  that  alcohol  is  only  a  symptom  of 
degeneration,  against  which  social  measures  have  only  a  small  direct 
value. 

We  find,  on  the  contrary,  that,  even  for  healthy  people,  alcoholism 
is  directly  the  cause  of  violent  and  criminal  reactions,  and  that  there- 
fore the  social  measures  which  suppress  its  use  are  perfectly  justi- 
fied in  order  to  protect  society. 

104 


It  is  worth  while  to  remind  the  hearers  of  the  main  ps}xhological 
notions  of  the  action  of  alcohol  and  to  study  how  they  explain  the 
specific  criminal-engendering  action  of  this  toxicant  on  the  human 
brain. 

THE  ACTION  OF  ALCOHOLIC  LIQUORS  OX   THE  PSYCHIC  ACTIVITIES 
AXD    THE    BEHAVIOR    OF    MAX 

We  want  to  show  in  this  section  alcohol,  owing  to  its  specific 
psychic  action,  must  almost  fatally  provoke  the  vio^.ent  reaction 
which  we  know ;  that  its  crime-engendering  etTect  derives  from  this 
specific  action  on  the  human  brain ;  that  this  special  action  is  unde- 
niable; and  that  every  individual,  even  a  healthy  one,  who  uses  alco- 
hol may  at  a  certain  point  be  induced  to  have  a  criminal  reaction. 

If  we  observe  people  who  have  just  drunk  alcohol,  we  see,  at  the 
beginning  of  its  action,  that  the  period  of  so-called  excitation  is  in 
reality  a  dim.inution  of  the  control  of  intelligence  and  will  on  auto- 
matic movements  and  emotions.  During  this  period  speech  flows 
freely,  language  is  easy ;  it  is  a  time  for  superficial  jokes,  for  hilarious 
disposition,  for  a  light  tone  of  conversation,  for  a  relaxing  of  behavior 
and  language,  for  a  tendency  to  improper  compliments,  which  women 
are  the  more  easily  induced  to  accept  when  they  have  been  drinking 
and  putting  themselves  on  the  same  plane  as  men,  as  regards  dimi- 
nution of  judgment  and  of  critical  sense. 

Euphoria — that  is,  a  feeling  of  wxll-being — is  at  the  beginning 
evident  among  most  of  those  who  use  alcohol.  Just  this  feeling  of 
well-being  makes  alcohol  a  dangerous  foe  for  humanity ;  but  if  we 
remember  that  this  feeling  is  false,  is  purely  subjective  and  covering 
in  reality  an  objective  lessening  of  the  value  of  man,  one  feels  less 
inclined  to  try  to  obtain  it.  The  diminution  of  the  field  of  conscious- 
ness, this  phenomenon  so  well  described  by  the  French  psychologist 
Pierre  Janet,  is  manifest  even  in  a  state  of  light  intoxication.  The 
drinker  forgets  contingencies ;  the  present  state  alone,  colored  by  the 
characteristic  euphoria,  exists  for  him.  The  realities  of  life,  care  for 
his  family,  care  of  the  future,  the  feeling  of  duty,  all  the  sensibilities 
of  conscience  disappear,  letting  the  field  open  to  a  small  stock  of 
agreeable  and  easy  ideas. 

The  dissociation  and,  later  on,  the  disaggregation  of  personality 
are  markedly  provoked  by  alcoholic  liquors.  We  have  already  shown 
that  their  consumption  provokes  in  the  first  period  a  lessening  of  the 
brain  control  on  inferior  automatic  activities :  language,  movement, 
external,  sensual  feelings.  In  a  more  advanced  stage  of  intoxication 
one  observes  such  aggravation  of  the  psychologic  state  that  one  is 
entitled  to  speak  of  a  dissociation  of  the  personality,  as  it  appears 
often  in  the  cases  of  pathologic  dream,  of  somnambulism,  of  walking 
automatism,  or  of  a  toxic  or  infectious  "onirism."  In  this  special 
state  crimes  are  committed  which  show  very  clearly  the  want  of  con- 

105 


trol  on  automatic  reactions,  the  abolition  of  critical  sense  and  of  the 
mastery  of  one's  self. 

In  the  more  advanced  stage  the  man  intoxicated  by  alcohol  sees 
his  personality  in  a  full  state  of  disaggregation ;  he  loses  the  notion 
of  his  "I";  the  consciousness  of  his  individuality  wholly  disappears; 
and  we  register  then  this  specially  dangerous  state  of  alcoholic  intoxi- 
cation marked  by  the  commission  of  inconscient  crimes,  with  complete 
forgetfulness  of  the  criminal  act  which  has  just  been  committed. 

The  unhealthy  mental  constitution  and  the  degeneracy  of  the 
subject  interferes  often,  giving  a  peculiar  appearance  to  the  special 
criminal  reactions. 

MISTAKES  OF   APPERCEPTIOX 

If  you  ask  an  alcoholized  subject  to  read  words  which  are  quickly 
passing  before  his  eyes,  or  if  you  pronounce  in  his  presence  words 
which  he  has  to  catch  and  repeat,  you  see  very  soon  mistakes  are 
numerous.     He  is  often  in  error  as  to  what  he  sees  or  hears. 

Already  Aschaffenburg  has  shown  how  often  errors  of  appercep- 
tion appear  in  the  criminal  reactions  of  alcoholists,  and  how  many 
quarrels  are  provoked  by  misunderstandings,  grounded  on  a  mistake 
of  the  ear  or  the  eye.  a  movement,  or  a  word  which  have  not  been 
understood.  These  mistakes  are  also  explained  by  the  diminution 
of  the  possibility  to  attend  to  things.  This  function  is  characteristic 
of  the  superior  mental  phenomena,  and  these  mistakes  confirm  the 
opinion  of  modern  therapeutists,  who  consider  alcohol  to  be  really  a 
drug. 

The  reaction  times  are  used  in  psychology  in  order  to  measure  the 
time  which  passes  between  an  excitation  and  its  answer.  One  may 
also  ask  the  subject  to  react  only  after  some  special  excitation  and  to 
suppress  every  movement  as  answer  to  other  excitations.  This  last 
experiment  puts  into  play  the  power  of  inhibition.  These  experi- 
ments have  shown  that  small  quantities  of  alcohol  lessen  the  duration 
of  the  reaction;  thus  the  subject  is  more  excitable  and  his  answer 
comes  sooner.  It  is  even  sometimes  an  anticipation ;  that  is.  it  is 
given  before  the  excitation  itself.  The  subject  is  in  a  too  great 
hurry ;  his  centers  of  inhibition  are  not  working  any  more.  He  does 
not  give  himself  the  time  to  wait  for  the  sensorial  excitation  to  which 
he  has  to  answer.  How  many  criminal  reactions  have  been  thus  im- 
pulsively provoked  by  a  common  excitation  in  an  intoxicated  man 
who  would  never  have  reacted  in  such  a  way  if  he  had  been  sober ! 

The  choice  of  reactions  in  which  the  subject  must  inhibit,  that  is. 
prevent  some  automatic  reactions  from  being  manifested,  is  still 
more  interesting,  as  illustrating  the  paralyzing  action  of  alcohol  on 
the  inhibiting  centers  of  the  brain.  Sometimes  the  reaction  is  faulty ; 
that  is,  the  subject  answers  with  a  movement  to  a  noise  after  which, 
according  to  the  given  orders,  he  ought  not  to  react.  Sometimes  the 
reactions  come  in  anticipation. 

106 


In  experiments  bearing  on  the  association  of  ideas  one  obstives- 
often  in  alcoholics  a  great  quickness  of  association,  which  is  given 
impulsively  and  quickly,  but  its  intellectuality  greatly  suffers  from 
this  impulsive  explosion.  The  poverty  of  the  associations  in  alcohol- 
ics has  been  noted  by  all  scientists  who  have  had  to  deal  with  the 
question. 

In  all  these  psychological  reactions  the  characteristic  fact  is  the 
poverty  and  the  paralysis  of  the  psychic  check  of  the  inhibiting  cen- 
ters, the  diminution  of  the  superior  mental  functions,  and  the  liberty 
given  the  uncontrolled  automatic  activities.  If  we  add  to  these  facts 
that  the  power  to  control  the  emotions  is  lost,  a  fact  which  is  charac- 
teristic in  cases  of  alcoholic  intoxication,  we  have  a  complete  picture 
of  the  mental  dissociation  so  favorable  to  the  explosion  of  antisocial 
reactions  and  especially  of  criminality. 

Psychological  study  of  the  action  of  alcohol  on  the  brain  explains, 
therefore,  the  almost  fatal  mechanism  according  to  which  the  poison 
may  provoke  in  healthy  subjects  criminal  reactions. 

But  this  action  is  still  more  evident  when  we  observe  the  psycho- 
logicl  reactions  with  morbid  characters,  those  of  chronic  alcoholism, 
and  of  delirium  tremens. 

ALCOHOL    CRIMINALITY 

We  recall  at  first  that  all  scientists  recognize  that  alcohol  pro- 
duces a  special  delinquency  and  criminality,  the  principal  character- 
istics of  which  are:  First,  impulsiveness  and  violence,  especially  in 
acute  alcoholism ;  second,  diminution  of  brain  control  and  of  moral 
sense,  especially  in   chronic  alcoholism. 

DRUNKENNESS 

It  is  useless  in  such  a  meeting  as  this  to  show  by  concrete  cases 
that  drunkenness,  or  acute  alcoholism^  with  its  various  forms,  is 
often  the  cause  of  violent  crimes.  The  newspapers  give  too  often 
the  proof  of  these  facts  in  all  Europe.  It  is  a  fact  that  the  drunken- 
ness of  a  normal  individual,  without  any  psychopathic  defects,  may 
produce  criminality,  violence,  and  murder.  Many  of  those  crimes, 
which  are  called  "passional"  crimes,  have  been  committed  under  the 
action  of  alcoholism  on  the  criminal,  who  nearly  al\\a\s.  l)efore  com- 
mitting his  act,  has  taken  some  glasses  of  alcohol.  And  in  the  World 
War  alcoholism  explains  often  how  peaceful  and  refined  men  could 
be  transformed  into  barbarous  and  inhuman  beings,  who  would  mur- 
der and  commit  unheard-of  atrocities. 

CHRONIC    ALCOHOLISM 

This  is  the  alcoholism  of  indiivduals  who  bear  alcoliol  well.  They 
are  seldom  in  a  state  of  drunkenness,  some  of  them  never.  Ililarious- 
ness  is  for  a  long  time  the  principal  feature  of  their  character,  to 
which  one  has  to  add,  however,  irritability  and  impulsiveness.  One 
observes  among  them  th.e  psychological  characteristics  described  in 

107 


another  section ;  but  they  are  in  a  permanent  state,  habitual  excita- 
tion, with  progressive  diminution  of  inhibiting  reactions  and  altera- 
tion of  the  moral  sense. 

Little  by  little  we  see  in  chronic  alcoholics  that  not  only  memory 
and  intelligence  become  altered,  but  especially  morality  and  will. 
They  are  unable  to  work  regularly,  they  lose  any  sense  of  dignity  ; 
they  do  not  care  for  their  family;  they  are  jealous.  Those  are  the 
main  symptoms  which  are  observed  in  such  people,  and  we  may  say 
that  they  are  permanently  in  a  situation  named  by  the  criminologists 
the  "dangerous"  state.  And  really  they  are  a  perpetual  danger,  for 
their  surroundings  and  experience  has  shown  that  they  can  commit 
very  easily  any  kind  of  crime.  A  movement  of  anger,  a  misunder- 
standing, a  jealous  idea,  and  sometimes  an  hallucination,  and  the 
blind  brute  m.ay  strike  and  kill. 

The  diminution  of  moral  sen^e,  which  is  a  consequence  of  chronic 
alcoholism,  is  a  perpetual  danger  to  society,  if  such  people  are  left 
free. 

DcliriiDii  Tremens.  This  is  the  generic  name  by  which  one  designates 
the  beginnir.g  of  acute  alcoholism,  the  state  of  inebriety  which  takes 
place  in  an  individual  after  a  long  period  of  habitual  intoxication. 
This  state  presents,  as  to  crime,  special  characteristics,  the  principal 
of  which  are  hallucinations  of  the  sight;  the  patient  has  horrible 
visions,  he  sees  animals  which  want  to  eat  him,  swarms  of  insects 
or  enemies  who  want  to  kill  him.  He  fights  against  these  imaginary 
productions,  which  in  m.ost  cases  are  acting  silently,  without  being 
heard.  It  is  evidently  a  consequence  of  the  specific  action  of  alcohol 
on  the  brain,  of  its  tendency  to  provoke  horrible  hallucinations  of 
sight,  with  following  reactions,  that  alcohol  is  such  a  powerful  factor 
of  crime  among  alcoholics  affected  with  delirium. 

Every  kind  of  alcoholic  liquor,  beer,  wine  or  whisky  has,  on  the 
whole,  identical  effects  Vv-hich  show  the  necessity  of  undertaking 
against  all  alcoholic  liquors  a  general  action  if  one  wants  to  suppress 
the  criminality  especially  due  to  alcohol. 

TOXICOMAXIA    AXD    CRIMIXALITV 

It  is  a  current  opinion,  often  advocated  in  these  last  years  by  the 
enemies  of  the  temperance  movement,  in  every  country,  where  meas- 
ures are  taken  against  alcohol,  that  alcoholism  is  only  a  manifestation 
of  a  mental  state,  peculiar  to  humanity,  of  an  unconquerable  desire 
to  resort  to  drugs,  and  therefore  that  it  would  be  perfectly  useless  to 
suppress  alcohol  because  it  would  be  substituted  by  much  more  dan- 
gerous poisons,  such  as  morphine,  cocaine,  opium,  and  hasheesh. 

We  have  already  refuted  this  opinion,  which  is  entirely  at  vari- 
ance with  the  facts.  AVe  observed  at  Brussels  a  great  diminution  in 
the  number  of  alcoholic  insanities,  but  only  exceptionally,  and  frotu 
very  well  known  special  causes,  an  increasing  number  of  cocaino- 

108 


maniacs  and  morphinomanics.  Besides  the  fact  that  the  use  of  these 
drugs  is  known  only  in  some  special  circles — night  bars,  music  halls, 
theaters — we  had  a  certain  number  of  cases  at  Brussels  after  the 
Armistice  and  the  German  revolution,  because  the  German  soldiers 
sold  all  the  material  which  they  had  in  their  hands,  even  the  medi- 
cine-chests ;  thus,  in  the  special  market  where  cocainomanics  buy  the 
drug,  one  could  obtain  great  quantities  of  cocaine,  and  an  increase 
of  the  evil  could  be  observed  at  the  end  of  1918  and  in  1919.  But 
actually,  in  spite  of  an  evident  diminution  of  alcohol  consumption  in 
Belgium,  the  cases  which  we  could  observe  were  few  and  certainly 
were  not  more  numerous  than  before  the  war.  At  Paris,  where  since 
long  years  cocainomaniacs  and  morphinomaniacs  are  so  often  met,  the 
liquor  traffic  is  free. 

One  will  always  find  people  with  an  intense  craving  for  poisons. 
Such  people  take  alcohol,  morphine,  cocaine,  veronal,  or  aspirin,  in 
order  to  obtain  special  sensations,  or,  as  they  say,  for  suppressing 
unpleasant  feelings ;  but  the  rest  they  obtain  is  only  for  a  short  time, 
and  they  are  induced  to  begin  again  and  little  by  little  to  absorb  a 
great  quantity  of  drugs. 

But  such  people  will  always  be  the  exception.  There  are  also  a 
large  number  of  men,  chronically  intoxicated  by  alcohol,  on  whom 
occasion  and  habit  have  a  great  influence.  Restrictive  or  prohibitory 
measures  have  an  action  upon  these  people ;  and  in  all  the  countries 
where  they  have  been  taken,  criminality  through  alcohol  has  been 
lessened.  There  is  absolutely  no  proof  that  criminality  provoked  by 
cocaine  or  other  drugs  has  substituted  in  number  or  in  intensity  the 
antisocial  reactions  of  alcohol. 

CONCLUSIONS 

1st.  Alcohol  is  an  important  cause  of  criminality  and  delin- 
quency. Experiments  in  the  countries  where  alcoholic  liquors  have 
been  for  a  time  or  forever  suppressed  have  given  evident  proof  of  the 
influences  of  alcohol  on  the  number  of  crimes. 

2nd.  It  is  possible  to  find,  in  the  action  of  alcohol  on  psychologi- 
cal activities  and  on  behavior,  the  fundamental  mechanism  of  the 
production  of  criminal  reactions,  which  are  then  the  fruit  of  a  kind 
of  necessity. 

3rd.  Alcoholics  in  any  acute  or  chronic  state  are  in  what  crim- 
inologists call  the  "dangerous"  state,  and  all  measures  should  be 
taken  in  order  to  protect  and  to  cure  them,  in  the  interest  of  society. 

4th.  Although  there  does  not  seem  to  be  any  danger  that  drugs 
like  morphine,  cocaine,  or  opium  will  substitute  alcohol  as  a  cause 
of  criminality  and  degeneration,  it  would  be  well  if  the  governments 
would  prohibit  with  the  greatest  rigor  these  drugs,  and  limit  their 
sale  to  pharmaceutic  uses. 

The  .acting  CHAIRMAN:  Now.  friends,  the  next  paper  is  by 

109 


Dr.  Paul  Maurice  Legrain,  of  Paris.  Those  of  you  who  have  beet- 
awaiting  the  scientific  aspect  of  this  question  know  how  widely  he  has 
been  read  on  the  subject,  and  with  what  confidence  his  opinions  have 
been  quoted.  We  are  ^e^^•  fortunate  in  having  Dr.  Legrain  with  us. 
Dr.  Legrain  speaks  English,  but  not  as  fluently  as  he  does  French,  and 
Pastor  Gallienne  is  going  to  interpret  for  us. 

NERVOUS    AND    MENTAL    DISEASES    IN    THEIR    RELA- 
TIONS  TO   ALCOHOLISM 
BY  DR.  PAUL  MAURICE  LEGRAIN 

HEAD  PHVSICIAX,  ASYLU^t   FOR  THE  IX5AXE.  VILLEJUIF^  NEAR  PARIS. 
(Interpreted  for  the   audience  by  Pastor  G.   Gallienne) 

Laides  and  Gentlemen :  I  am  before  you  as  a  representative  of  the 
Prohibitionists  in  Prance,  small  in  nimiber,  but  powerful  in  influence 
In  Frsuice  the  fight  against  alcohol  is  very  diflicult  on  acount  of  the 
^reat  protection  of  wine.  The  problem  of  alcoholism  in  France  will 
be  solved  when  the  wine  question  is  solved.  Some  of  our  French  tem- 
perance leaders  have  thought  wine  and  beer  are  hygienic  beverages. 
The  platform  is  solely  a  government  platform,  and  Prohibitionists  in 
France  do  not  stand  in  the  front  on  account  of  that  fact. 

I  must  speak  to-night  on  the  question  of  alcoholism  and  mental  dis- 
eases. I  know  the  problem  quite  well,  because  I  have  been  chief  phy- 
scian  in  one  of  the  largest  asylums  near  Paris  for  many  years. 

The  subject  is  a  very  large  one.  and  I  do  not  wish  to  go  into  details. 

I  want  only  to  take  a  few  points  on  the  relation  of  alcohol  and  mental 
diseases,  especially  with  regard  to  observation  on  inebriates  coming 
out  from  the  asylum  for  treatment. 

I  am  going  to  tell  you  the  connection  between  alcohol  and  mental 
■diseases  and  crime.  For  twenty-five  years  I  have  been  the  chief  phy- 
sician of  an  inebriate  asylum  near  Paris,  and  have  been  the  doctor  for 
■eight  thousand  drunkards ;  and  I  choose  from  among  my  personal 
■obser\-ations  a  few  facts  relating  to  the  special  action  of  wine  upon  the 
brain.  I  must  say  also,  that  during  the  war — the  \\'orld  \\'ar — wine 
has  been  doing  great  havoc  in  France.  The  alcoholism  due  to  the 
drinking  of  spirits  has  apparently  been  diminished ;  but  it  has  been  fully 
replaced  by  the  alcoholism  from  wine ;  and  while  the  men  were  mobilized, 
I  had  the  opportunity  of  obsers^ing  some  cases  of  alcoholism  through 
Avine  before  the  martial  court. 

The  action  of  alcohol  on  the  brain  is  great,  even  in  small  doses. 
That  constitutes  the  chief  and  peculiar  danger  of  fermented  bever- 
ages. Little  by  little  the  drunkards — the  habitual  drunkards — while  not 
m  a  state  of  drunkenness,  see  their  mental  powers  and  will  power 
diminished  by  alcoholic  beverages.  And  it  is  interesting  to  note  that 
when  a  drtinkard  has  been  in  a  nice  hospital,  taking  a  cure  for  the  first 
time,   it  is   difficult  to   recuperate  his  will   power. 

110 


[The  speaker  called  attention  to  a  series  of  charts  which  he  had  on 
the  [ iatform.J 

On  this  chart  [indicating]  there  is  the  case  of  a  drunkard,  described 
in  those  squares.  This  is  the  history  of  a  drunkard  who  was  a  saloon- 
keeper, drinking  wine  exclusively.  At  thirty  years  of  age,  for  the  nrsc 
time,  he  was  sent  to  an  asylum  for  mental  diseases.  And  this  is  the 
record  of  the  life  of  this  man — he  is  sent  in  1S97,  1898,  1899,  and  1900. 
He  dies  at  the  end  from  pneumonia.  During  those  periods  he  has  been 
sent  ten  times  to  the  asylum.  He  is  an  intelligent  fellow.  One  thing 
is  wanting  in  that  fellow,  and  that  is  W'ill  power.  His  brain  is  normal, 
or  rather  was  normal  before  he  became  alcoholic.  After  the  first  stay 
in  the  asylum  will  power  disapeared,  and  he  goes  to  his  end. 

This  [indicating  another  chart]  is  the  second  case  in  the  same 
category.  From  the  year  1886  to  the  year  1901  this  man  was  sent 
more  than  twenty  times  to  the  asylum,  with  very  short  periods  of  free- 
dom. This  man  can  not  be  set  free,  because  every  time  he  drinks  wine, 
it  takes  hold  of  him,  and  he  must  be  sent  back  to  the  asylum. 

The  third  case  [exhibiting  another  chart]  is  still  more  instructive. 
It's  a  man  of  normal  intellect,  quite  normal.  He  has  been  sent  a  number 
of  times  to  the  asylum,  with  short  times  of  liberty  between  the  intervals. 
This  man  is  not  dead  yet,  and  I  am  still  taking  care  of  him.  He  is 
seventy-nine;  and  I  have  known  this  man  for  thirty  years.  He  is  quite 
paralyzed  now.  He  has  been  sent  to  the  asylum  more  than  a  hundred 
times. 

These  cases  [indicating  another  chart]  show  another  interesting  point. 
i'ou  see  red  and  blue  cases.  Those  indicate  a  mixture  of  mental  diseases 
and  crimes ;  show  crime,  mental  diseases,  numerous  admissions  into  the 
asylum,  another  crime,  crime  again,  mental  disease,  internments, 
crimes,  etc. 

Another  case  where  the  stay  in  the  asylum  has  been  very  long,  for 
many  years,  following  without  any  breaks  three  and  four  years.  This 
is  a  peculiar  case.  Those  cases  are  inebriates  that  are  what  we  call 
"parasites."'  They  are  so  well  cared  for  in  the  French  asylum  they  don't 
\vant  to  get  out  again.  But  it  gives  us  a  good  opportunity  of  studying 
those  cases  from  the  moral  and  economic  point  of  view.  \\^hen  a  man 
has  been  living  in  one  asvlum  his  whole  life,  it  costs  the  French  Govern- 
ment a  good  deal. 

All  of  these  cases  [cxhiljiting  another  chart]  are  wine-drinkers 
especially.  This  is  the  life  of  one  single  case ;  and  it  is  interesting  to 
note  that  larger  spaces,  large  intervals  of  liberty,  occur  between  the 
times  spent  in  the  asylum.  That  man  has  had  twenty  internments  and 
twenty  continuations.  Those  cases  bring  to  notice  the  very  grave  prob- 
lem of  responsibility  of  alcoholism  when  cut  oft.  One  may  ask  if  those 
men  are  criminals  and  insane.  Sometimes  they  are  sent  before  the  judge 
and  sent  before  the  doctor  in  the  asylum,  and  sometimes  the  two  follow 
successively.  This  man.  was  he  responsible,  or  is  be  a  criminal?  That 
question  has  been  asked  in  many  countries,  and  T  think  in  some  of  your 

111 


American  States.  That  question  is  still  unanswered  in  France,  and  alco- 
holism is  the  source  of  public  expense  on  account  of  insanity  and  crime. 
When  the  doctor  appeared  before  the  judge  and  asked  internment  of 
the  man  in  the  asylum,  the  judges  refused,  sometimes  because  the  coun- 
cilor of  the  drunkard  is  socially  powerful.  We  are  brought  then  to  the 
necessity  of  having  a  special  law  for  the  compulsory  internment  of 
habitual  drunkards.  You  have  that  law  in  your  States,  but  we  must 
make  a  big  progress  in  France  to  get  it. 

I  come  back  to  the  wine  question.  On  those  charts  the  danger  of 
wine  is  evident.  Those  drunkards  are  good  people,  who  are  simply  led 
by  the  public  opinion  of  the  good  influence  of  wine  and  light  beer.  If  the 
wine  was  not  in  existence  in  France,  the  alcoholism  due  to  the  spirituous 
liquors  would  exist  in  a  smaller  qua.ntity.  The  alcoholism  due  to  wine  is 
the  father  of  the  alcoholism  due  to  alcohol.  And  it  it  quite  necessary  in 
all  the  Latin  nations  to  tight  against  wine  with  the  same  power  as  you  fight 
against  alcohol.  And  France  is  looking  towards  America  with  an  evident 
interest  in  your  struggle  for  Prohibition.  French  Prohibitionists,  who 
are  few  still,  are  afraid  of  one  thing ;  they  are  afraid  to  see  the  amend- 
ment of  2.65  gain  success  in  America.  We  think  thus  far  that  if  that 
amendment  passes  in  America,  it  will  be  the  justification  for  fermented 
beverages.  We  are  afraid  of  that,  because  of  our  moral  friends  in  all 
the  Latin  countries  who  look  at  the  American  experiment.  We  hope, 
therefore,  that  American  Prohibitionists  will  fight  with  the  utmost 
energy  and  decisive  power  the  2.65  per  cent  measure.  It  is  necessarv 
for  the  definite  success  of  Prohibition  in  your  land.  We  hope  that  in 
France,  which  is  still  the  slave  of  fermented  beverages,  we  will  take 
example  from  our  big  sister,  our  great  sister,  the  American  Republic.  I 
join  you  in  hoping  that  for  the  furtherance  of  the  public  welfare  and  the 
moral  well-being,  the  Prohibition  movement  will  be  victorious  all  over 
the  world. 

DISCUSSION 

Dr.  JEWETT  (of  Bellevue  Hospital,  Xew  York  City)  :  Ladies  and 
Gentlemen  of  the  Congress:  As  a  delegate  representing  the  State  of 
Xew  York  at  this  great  Congress.  I  would  not  wish  to  be  misinterpreted 
or  misconstrued  in  any  remarks  which  I  might  make  as  to  the  purely 
scientific  aspects  of  this  problem,  nor  as  to  any  methods — personal 
methods — which  I  might  have — opinions  or  methods  to  prevent  alcohol- 
ism. Rather  would  I  wish  to  convey  the  idea  that  in  a  movement  so 
pregnant  v.'ith  possibilities  in  the  social,  economic,  and  spiritual  progress 
of  the  nation  and  the  world,  Xew  York  is  with  this  body,  heart  and  soul. 

I  would  like  to  mention,  however,  some  of  the  blessings  which  have 
already  accrued  from  the  partial  enforcement  of  the  Eighteenth  Amend- 
ment in  our  great  city  of  X^ew  York.  Prior  to  two  years  ago.  in  the 
great  clearing-house  for  mental  disorders  with  which  T  am  connected, 
there  were  approximately  fifteen  hundred  cases  of  alcoholism,  coming 
through  the  male  and  female  wards  in  a  constant  stream.    These  admis- 

112 


sions  have  suddenly  diminished  from  about  eight  hundred  a  month  on 
the  male  side  and  about  four  hundred  a  month  on  the  female  side  to 
around  one  hundred  and  one  hundred  and  fifty  on  the  male  and  twenty 
to  thirty  a  month  on  the  female  side. 

We  have  also  heard  a  great  deal  about  the  increase  in  drug  addic- 
tion, etc.,  which  might  take  place  if  Prohibition  were  enforced.  So  far 
we  have  not  seen  this.  It  may  come  in  the  future,  but  so  far  it  has  not 
come. 

Had  I  known  I  was  going  to  speak,  I  would  have  brought  a  chart 
showing  the  gradual  decline  in  the  alcoholism  rate,  but  not  knowing,  I  did 
not  bring  it.     I  thank  you. 

Dr.  la  place  (of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia, 
Pennsylvania)  :  Ladies  and  Gentlemen :  I  have  the  honor  to  have  been 
appointed  by  Governor  Sproul,  of  Pennsylvania,  to  attend  this  wonderful 
Congress.  The  wonderful  papers  that  T  have  heard  here  have  only 
added  to  my  conviction  that  Prohibition  has  come  to  stay.  I  must 
make  my  remarks  short,  but  will  try  to  be  as  pointed  as  I  can.  This 
is  but  a  tremendous  monument  to  the  glory  and  civilization  of  America. 
Like  all  monuments — and  the  greatest  of  all  monuments  of  antiquity 
was  the  building  of  Rome — neither  Rome  nor  Prohibition  can  be  built  in 
a  dav.  The  enactment  of  this  amendment  to  the  Constitution  has  been 
the  result  of  the  careful  thought  and  work  of  men  and  women  who  are 
working  for  the  uplift  of  humanity.  No  man  or  woman  can  dare 
stand  on  this  platform  and  deny  the  authority  of  the  facts  that  have 
been  brought  before  you  here  this  afternoon.  These  facts  can  be  cor- 
roborated by  all  those  who  have  had  similar  opportunities  to  the  gentle- 
men who  have  read  the  papers  before  you.  And  therefore,  here  we  are 
confronted  with  the  proposition;  a  great  thing  has  been  achieved,  and 
that  great  thing  has  to  be  brought  into  actual  practice.  How  must  it 
be  done? 

The  greatest  argument  against  Prohibition  that  I  have  heard  is  this, 
that  it  infringes  upon  a  person's  free  will.  In  contrast  to  that  are 
the  so-called  temperance  societies,  where  an  individual  who  has  been 
told  that  he  is  weak,  and  therefore  brings  dishonor  and  shame  upon  his 
family  and  upon  his  country,  is  made  to  forswear  this  enemy  of  his  own 
free  will.  That  is  true.  We  are  confronted,  on  the  other  hand, 
through  Prohibition,  with  inflicting,  I  would  say,  upon  those  who  have 
the  habit,  those  who  have  the  appetite,  the  eleventh  Commandment — 
"Thou  shalt  not  drink."  Xow  the  American  people,  especially  those  who 
are  addicted  to  this  habit,  will  naturally  resent  that,  and  you  can  not 
very  well  blame  them.  W^e  are  here  to  consider  this  question  from 
every  .standpoint;  and  we  have  but  one  object  and  that  is  to  bring  about 
the  uplift  to  the. highest  degree  of  the  American  people  first  and  the 
rest  of  the  world  afterwards,  America  acting  as  an  example  to  them. 
Now  let's  face  this  question  squarely.  How  can  we  bring  about  this 
consummation,  devoutly  to  be  wished? 

113 


Of  all  the  blessings  in  the  world,  probably  water  taken  inside  and 
outside  is  the  best.  If  we  go  to  the  seashore  and  bathe,  I,  who  can  not 
swim,  dare  not  go  beyond  my  depth.  Another,  who  knows  how  to 
swim,  may  go  beyond  his  depth  and  come  out  all  right,  but  1  dare  not. 
If  I  do,  I  must  take  the  consequences.  Xow,  therefore,  that  would 
seem  to  prove,  or  rather  to  lead  to  the  thought  that  one  can  drink 
moderately  and  not  suffer  therefrom.  Another  who  drinks  immod- 
erately must  suffer  from  it.  That  is  true  as  a  general  proposition. 
On  the  other  hand,  it  has  been  absolutely  proved  here  this  afternoon, 
a  fact  that  I  have  been  conversant  with  for  a  long  time,  that  even  a 
small  amount  does  detract  from  that  one  thing  that  dift'erentiates  respon- 
sibility from  irresponsibility,  and  that. is  the  sense  of  restraint.  Crime 
is  nothing  else  but  yielding  to  temptation.  We  are  all  animals,  and  it's 
civilization  that  has  brought  us  up  to  our  highest  uplift,  by  developing 
that  highest  center  in  the  mind  which  is  conscientiousness  and  restraint. 
Anything  that  tends  to  diminish  restraint  renders  the  proneness  to  crime 
greater.  An  individual  who  has  been  a  trusted  bank  employee  for 
thirty  years,  to  w^hose  grasp  the  bank's  money  is  as  foreign  as  the 
moon,  who  suddenly  has  met  with  reverses,  and  who  takes  alcohol  to 
drown  his  sorrow,  has  diminished  from  the  first  his  sense  of  restraint  to 
the  temptation  of  taking  that  money.  A  second  drink  brings  the  money 
closer  to  him.  The  third  drink  he  may  touch  it  and  feel  it  and  say,  'T 
will  take  it.  but  I  will  put  it  back."  With  the  next  drink  he  is  an  em- 
bezzler. 

I  had  a  teacher  many  years  ago  who  became  chaplain  to  the  Eastern 
Penitentiary  in  Philadelphia,  and  I  asked  him — he  called  these  convicts 
"his  boys,"  he  had  gotten  so  close  to  them — I  asked  him,  "In  your  in- 
timate relations  with  these  people,  w'hat  have  they  admitted  as  having 
been  the  cause  of  their  getting  behind  the  bars?"  Eight  out  of  ten,  he 
said,  admitted  that  it  was  that  last  drink,  that  so  blunted  the  sense  of 
restraint  as  to  allow  them  to  pull  the  trigger  or  to  deal  the  blow,  or 
commit  the  last  fatal  act  which  brought  them  where  they  were.  Xow 
there  is  no  doubt  about  that  in  my  mind.  Therefore,  we  are  all  agreed 
that  this  is  desirable;  we  are  all  agreed  that  better  health  will  breed  a 
better  mind,  and  a  better  mind  will  uplift  humanity.  How  shall  we 
achieve  that?  There  is  but  one  method  in  this  wide  world  that  will 
achieve  anything  in  this  free  American  country,  just  one  and  no  other, 
and  that  is  education. 

I  am  for  the  education  of  the  people  at  large  by  such  meetings  as 
this,  where  men  from  all  over  the  world  have  come  and  given  us  their 
experience,  men  whom  we  must  respect,  men  who  are  not  upstarts,  men 
who  out  of  better  insight,  and  seconded  by  their  scientific  achievements, 
come  and  tell  us  the  pure  truths.  The  facts  that  I  have  heard  here  this 
evening  are  not  due  to  any  hysteria  or  emotion.  Thev  are  simply  the 
calm  statements  of  men  of  science,  who  have  made  their  observations 
clear  to  themselves,  and  are  now  trying  to  make  them  clear  to  us. 

Xow,  we  would  be  clams,  or  oysters,  or  worse,  if  we  stood  here  with 

114 


■deaf  ears  and  blind  to  the  truths.  Xow,  therefore,  education,  the  cam- 
paign of  education,  will  brnig  this  great  jury  of  American  people  to  the 
truth.  I  am  a  great  believer  in  the  ultimate  good  judgment  of  Ameri- 
cans. 1  believe  that  those  who  have  these  appetites,  that  still  must  be 
catered  to  a  little  bit,  or  they  think  they'll  get  sick — let  them  have  it 
if  they  must  have  it.  but  don't  let  them  talk  about  it.  Let  them  have  it, 
so  they  do  not  think  they  will  get  sick  or  die  too  soon,  but  let  them  agree, 
with  those  who  know  and  those  who  wish  the  progress  of  mankind,  that 
abstinence  from  alcohol  is  a  desirable  thing  for  the  progress  of  humanity, 
for  the  lifting  of  man  to  a  higher  sphere,  and  therefore  let  them  favor 
the  campaign  of  education  that  ought  to  begin  in  the  lower  schools. 
Give  me  the  child  of  four  or  five  years  of  age,  and  let  me  impress  his 
mind  with  the  moral  principles  that  are  correct,  and  the  man  will  take 
care  of  himself.  Begin  with  the  lower  schools;  let  the  women  that  have 
handled  these  problems  so  well  devise  a  little  kindergarten  course  that 
will  teach  the  child  how  horrible  this  thing  is,  how  horrible  it  will  be 
if  he  ever  gets  drunk,  how  he  will  sell  his  body  and  soul  for  a  mere  pit- 
tance if  he  follows  the  bad  example  of  some  friends. 

Therefore,  let  us  have  a  campaign  of  education  in  the  schools,,  in  the 
lower  schools,  a  campaign  of  education  in  the  higher  schools,  a  cam- 
paign of  education  in  the  country,  in  the  city,  and  everywhere,  until  out 
of  his  own  free  will  the  man  will  say,  'T  will  not  drink  because  I  am 
taught  b}'  those  who  are  sincere,  by  those  who  are  scientific,  that  my  body 
will  be  better,  and  my  mind  will  have  its  uplift,  and  my  soul  its  uplift, 
and  I  will  be  able  to  develop  into  a  purer  and  higher  being  than  I  could 
if  my  brain  had  been  dulled  and  crystallized  by  alcohol."      I  thank  you. 

Dr.  \  villi  am  a.  WHITE  (Superintendent  of  St.  Elizabeth's 
Hospital  for  the  Insane,  Washington,  D.  C.)  :  Ladies  and  Gentlemen:  I 
am  quite  unexpectedly  called  upon  by  your  Chairman,  and  I  don't  know 
just  what  I  am  expected  to  say.  I  am  not  a  member  of  your  Congress, 
but  I  presume,  naturally,  T  might  be  expected  to  say  a  word  with  regard 
particularly  to  the  two  papers  of  Dr.  Ley  and  Dr.  Legrain,  who  dealt 
with  the  scientific  question  of  the  effects  of  alcohol  in  the  one  instance, 
and  its  relation  to  mental  diseases  in  the    second  instance. 

Dr.  Ley's  paper.  I  think,  is  particularly  of  interest,  and  particularly 
of  importance  to  a  Congress  of  this  sort,  because,  I  take  it,  without 
knowing  you  very  well,  that  there  are  a  great  many  lay  memliers  of 
an  organization  like  this,  a  great  many  people  who  have  not  first-hand 
contact  with  the  scientific  information;  and  Dr.  Ley's  paper  was  a  pecu- 
liarlv  clear  presentation  of  the  physiological  effects  of  alcohol,  and  its 
effect  upon  the  mental  operations  in  general,  producing  a  lessened  mental 
efficicncv  in  the  imbiber.  Dr.  Ley  asked  mc  to  say,  by  the  way,  some- 
thing about  our  experience  here  in  Washington  witli  respect  to  the 
increase  or  otherwise,  of  drug  habituation  since  the  Prohibition  law  went 
into  effect.  My  experience,  ]icrhaps.  is  not  a  good  standard  to  judge 
bv.  but   <.()   far  as  it  has  gone.   I   hnvv  n(^t   seen   any   increase   in   drug 

11.=^ 


habituation.  I  don't  see  very  many  drug  cases  anyway,  because  most 
of  them  are  weeded  out  before  they  get  to  our  hospital  by  an  interme- 
diate institution ;  but  I  am  not  aware  that  there  has  been  any  material 
increase  in  that  institution,  the  Washington  Asylum  Hospital. 

I  would  like  to  say  a  word  with  reference  to  Dr.  Legrain's  paper. 
He  complimented  us  in  this  countr\'  about  having  laws  to  deal  with  in- 
ebriates that  were  better  than  the  law's  of  France.  It  was  very  gracious 
in  him,  but  I  am  afraid  the  facts  do  not  quite  come  up  to  his  compli- 
mentary statements.  We  have,  over  and  over  again,  all  over  the  United 
States,  and  as  you  know  perfectly  well  here  in  the  District  of  Columbia, 
people  W'ho  are  constantly  called  the  anti-social, — more  or  less  under 
the  influence  of  stimulants.  They  come  in  and  go  out  of  the  asylums — 
in  and  out.  Xobody  puts  any  restraints  on  them,  and  they  are  per- 
mitted continuously  to  lead  this  anti-social  existence,  without  an}'  re- 
straint of  law.  That.  I  think,  is  the  usual  situation  in  the  United  States, 
although  in  some  places  there  are  inebriate  laws  and  laws,  as  you  know 
better  than  I  do,  that  restrain  the  chronic  inebriates. 

Now,  I  want  to  thank  the  Chairman  and  you  for  having,  through 
him,  called  upon  me  to  speak,  and  I  may  take  the  privilege  of  not  being 
a  member  of  the  organization  to  say  one  thing  that  comes  to  me,  and 
I  know  you  will  take  it  kindly.  I  belong  to  a  good  many  medical  or- 
ganizations, and  I  find  that  as  a  member  of  those  organizations  I  like 
to  stir  up  discussion  and  throw  bombshells  here  and  there,  and  get  some- 
thing started ;  and  I  have  sat  here  now,  the  second  day,  and  I  have  heard 
you  condemning  old  John  Barleycorn  so  thoroughly  that  apparently  he 
hasn't  a  leg  to  stand  on;  but  for  the  fun  of  it  I  would  like  to  hear 
John's  case  presented  here,  and  see  what  would  happen.  In  other 
words,  I  think  that  societies  of  this  sort  sometimes — I  am  sure  it  is  true 
of  our  medical  societies — get  a  certain  amount  of  self-sufiiciency  from 
hearing  all  about  one  aspect  of  the  situation,  and  forget  sometimes  there 
is  something  else  to  be  said.  And  I  would  like  very  much  now,  since 
the  Prohibition  movement  is  an  accomplished  fact  in  this  country,  if  the 
energies  and  the  thought  and  the  efforts  of  a  Congress  of  this  sort  now 
could  be  devoted  more  especially  to  the  study  of  a  great  many  mooted 
questions  with  reference  to  alcohol,  and  the  clarifying  of  lots  of  situations 
that  we  are  not  now  at  all  sure  of.  For  instance,  here  we  have  got 
alcohol  with  us.  Why  have  we  alcohol  with  us?  ^^"hat  is  there  in 
human  nature  that  makes  alcohol  such  a  difficult  evil  to  eradicate?  Xow 
the  psychologists  have  a  lot  of  things  to  say  about  these  questions,  and 
I  wish  ven,'  much  that  those  things  might  be  thrashed  out  in  a  Congress 
of  this  sort.  Perhaps  they  have  been,  but  I  could  not  refrain  from 
saying  that,  because  the  opportunity  has  been  given  me.  I  thank  you 
ver}''  much. 

The  ACTING  CHAIR:MAX  :  There  is  a  member  of  the  American 
Executive  Committee.  Bishop  James  Cannon,  who  represented  the  Gov- 
ernment as  one  of  its  delegates  at  the  last  Congress  at  ]\Iilan.  present  at 

116 


this  session.    We  will  hear  from  Dr.  Cannon,  of  the  American  Executive 
Committee. 

Bishop  CANNON  (of  The  American  Executive  Committee)  :  Mr. 
President,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen :  It  has  occurred  to  me  that  perhaps 
this  is  the  time  to  call  attention  to  one  phase  of  this  subject  which  I  do 
not  see  can  be  very  well  brought  up  under  the  program  elsewhere, 
namely,  the  right  of  society  to  protect  itself  against  the  vice  of  pauperism 
and  the  criminality  that  results  from  alcoholism.  I  say  the  right  of 
society  to  protect  itself  from  the  results  of  alcoholism.  The  doctor  who 
spoke  just  preceding  the  last  gentleman  raised  the  question  somewhat 
of  the  right  to  restrain  man  from  drinking.  Well,  I  would  not  like 
to  put  it  exactly  in  that  way ;  but  I  would  say  that  society  has  the  right 
to  prohibit,  as  far  as  it  is  necessary  for  the  good  of  society,  the  oppor- 
tunities for  the  development  of  criminality  and  pauperism  and  vice.  And 
our  question  to-day  in  this  country,  I  believe,  the  question  of  Prohibi- 
tion, was  settled  finally  on  that  basis ;  society  finally  rose  up  and  said, 
"Our  rights  must  be  respected."  The  drinking  man  may  claim  certain 
rights,  but  if  it  is  the  consensus  of  the  large  majority  of  the  American 
people  that  the  exercise  of  those  rights  results  in  a  large  amount  of 
criminality,  of  pauperism,  of  danger  to  the  rest  of  the  community,  re- 
sulting in  heavier  taxation,  resulting  in  assaults  upon  innocent  men  and 
women,  resulting  in  a  decrease  in  the  efficiency  of  the  nation  as  a  whole, 
which  was  the  thing  we  lecognized  in  our  war-time  Prohibition  measure, 
— T  say  that  this  nation.  I  believe,  holds  the  Prohibition  question  largely 
upon  that  basis.  And  I  have  been  asked  in  Europe,  especially  in  England, 
— I  have  had  letters  addressed  to  me  in  reply  to  communications  in 
newspapers, — "What  right  does  anybody  have  to  tell  another  man  that 
he  should  not  have  a  chance  to  drink  liquor  to  his  comfort,  or  to  have 
as  many  places  as  he  desires, — public  houses, — where  liquor  could  be 
obtained?"  We  have  been  told  that  it  was  a  desire  upon  our  part  to 
repress  and  restrain  men  from  doing  that  which  is  their  natural  right. 
I  insist  that  the  question  must  be  fought  out  in  Europe  as  it  has  been 
fought  out  here  on  the  rights  of  society,  as  over  and  against  the  rights 
of  the  individual,  and  that  society,  represented  by  the  childhood,  the 
womanhood,  and  the  men  and  women  all  over  the  nation  who  do  not  use 
intoxicating  liquors,  to  say  nothing  of  protecting  tlie  drinker  from  him- 
self, and  that  society,  having  tested  this  matter,  has  a  right  to  say  to 
the  man  wlio  drinks,  "We  do  you  no  wrong;  you  can  not  say  that  we 
do  you  a  wrong;  ])ut  we  do  protect  ourselves  and  our  children,  and  our 
state  and  our  community  generally  from  that  which  is  the  result  cif  the 
sale  of  alcoholic  beverages  and  the  liquor  traffic." 

Some  announcements  were  made  by  Dr.  Dinwiddic.  Chairman  of 
the  Congress,  and  by  IMr.  Cherrington,  the  Secretary,  and  the  Congress 
then  adjourned. 

117 


EVENING  SESSIOxN 

WEDNESDAY,  SEPTEMBER  22,    1920 


The  evening  session  was  held  at  the  Central  High  School  Auditorium^ 
the  Chairman  of  the  Congress,  the  Rev.  E.  C.  Dinwiddie  D.D.,  presiding. 

Dr.  DIX\\TDDIE  :  I  have  pleasure  in  introducing  to  the  Congress 
the  Wry  Reverend  Peter  J.  O'Callaghan,  and  I  am  going  to  ask  him 
to  preside  at  the  meeting  tonight. 

Father  O'CALLAGHAX  occupied  the  chair. 

The  Rt.  Rev.  :\1oxsigxor  C.  F.  THOMAS.  Rector  of  St.  Patrick's 
Church,  delivered  the  invocation. 

[Community  singing,  led  by  ^Ir.  W.  R.  Schmucker,   followed.] 

The  presiding  OFFICER,  Father  O'CALLAGHAN :  There 
is  at  the  moment  a  sense  that  this  is  the  dawn  of  woman's  day.  Un- 
doubtedly, there  has  been  granted  to  woman  the  ballot,  but  women  have 
wielded  a  mighty  power  for  many  a  year.  I  know  of  no  organization  in 
all  the  lands,  no  organization  of  men  or  women  which  has  wielded  a 
greater  power  in  furthering  that  which  we  celebrate  in  these  days  than 
the  ^^'oman's  Christian  Temperance  Cnion.  We  have  with  us  tonight 
the  head  of  that  great  organization.  I  have  the  honor  of  introducing 
]\Iiss  Anna  A.  Gordon. 

WOMAN'S  RELATION  TO   THE   ANTIALCOHOL   MOVE- 
MENT  IN   AMERICA 
By  miss  AXXA  A.  GORDOX 

PRESIDEXT  OF  THE  NATIONAL  WOMAN's   CHRISTIAN  TEMPERANCE   UNION 

Mr.  Chairman,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen :  Every  great  reform  has  been 
initiated  by  a  great  personality.  Every  successful  movement  for  the  bet- 
terment of  hum.anity  can  be  traced  to  the  exalted  vision  of  an  inspira- 
tional, organizing  genius. 

Under  the  dome  of  our  National  Capitol  building  stands  the  portrait 
statue  of  Frances  E.  Willard,  whose  far-reaching,  constructive  ideals  of 
woman's  relation  to  the  antialcohol  movement  crown  her  as  the  central 
figure — the  inspirational,  organizing  genius  of  the  American  woman's 
struggle  against  the  alcoholic  liquor  traffic. 

Sculptors  ever  have  presented  in  the  form  of  women  the  highest  as- 
pirations of  the  human  race — liberty,  justice,  good-will,  purity,  and  peace. 
All  these  are  personified  in  Helen  Farnsworth  Mears'  statue  of  Frances 
E.  \\'illard.    \Mien  the  beautiful  Cararra  marble  figure,  sent  to  the  Cap- 

118 


itol  by  the  legislature  of  Aliss  Willard's  adopted  State  of  Illinois,  was 
unveiled  (February  17,  1905),  Senators  and  Representatives  brought 
eloquent  tributes  of  sincere  appreciation  of  this  great  woman  of  the 
nineteenth  century.  Frances  E.  Willard  kindled  a  conscience  on  the 
liquor  question  in  the  hearts  of  the  American  people.  For  nearly 
twenty-five  years  she  was  the  master-builder  of  the  National  Woman's 
Christian  Temperance  Union,  and  founded  the  World's  Woman's 
Christian  Temperance  Union,  now  federated  in  thirty  countries  with  a 
membership  of  more  than  a  half-million.  Katharine  Lent  Stevenson's 
prophetic  words  will  yet  be  fulfilled:  "Stand,  radiant  soul,  here  in  the 
center  of  the  nation's  heart;  forever  of  its  best  life  thou  art  a  part.  Here 
shalt  thou  draw  the  land  to  what  thou  art !     Stand,  radiant  soul !'' 

One  who  figured  largely  in  the  legislative  activities  of  the  Woman's 
Christian  Temperance  Union  well  remembers  an  eventful  day  when 
Frances  E.  Willard  called  her  attention  to  the  woman's  figure  which 
adorns  the  summit  of  the  Capitol,  and.  with  her  characteristic  prescience 
said  :  "Men  reverence  women,  and  they  have  shown  it  by  placing  the  figure 
of  a  woman  at  the  top  of  this  wonderful  building.  Some  day  within 
its  walls  the  United  States  Congress  will  pass  a  law  that  will  free  Amer- 
ican women  from  the  greatest  enemy  that  imperils  the  home — the  legal- 
ized liquor  traffic."      A  womanly,  statesmanlike  utterance  ! 

CONGRESS  ADOPTS  RESOLITTION   FOR  NATIONAL  CONSTITUTIONAL 
PROHIBITION 

In  a  little  more  than  three  decades  later  the  House  of  Representatives 
was  the  scene  of  one  of  the  greatest  moral  triumphs  in  history.  On 
December  17,  1917,  by  a  two-thirds  vote,  it  passed  the  joint  resolution 
for  National  Constitutional  Prohibition.  The  Senate,  which  had  pre- 
viously adopted  the  resolution,  concurred,  and  the  amendment  was  re- 
ferred for  action  to  the  legislatures  of  the  forty-eight  States.  In  the 
course  of  the  heated  de1)ate  on  this  victory  day.  Congressman  Webb  of 
North  Carolina  read  the  letter  which  it  was  my  privilege  as  president 
of  the  National  W.  C.  T.  U.  to  address  to  him,  the  House  leader  of 
the  dry  forces.  As  the  letter  sums  up  the  part  taken  by  the  temperance 
women  in  the  fight  for  ratification,  it  is  here  appended. 

Hon.  Edwin  Y.  Webb — House  of  Representatives: 

It  is  an  honor  to  present  to  you,  and  through  you,  to  tlic  House  of  Represen- 
tatives, the  appeal  of  500,000  members  here  of  the  Woman's  Christian  Temper- 
ance Union,  praying  for  the  passage  of  the  joint  resolution  providing  for  a  refer- 
endum to  the  States  on  National  Constitutional  Prohibition.  This  appeal  comes 
from  a  host  of  home-loving  women  who  with  untiring  energy  and  unstinted 
devotion  have  wrought  marvelousiy  for  the  moral  and  spiritual  advancement  of 
our  country.  This  appeal  comes  from  half  a  million  patriots  who  answered 
promptly  the  call  to  the  colors.  The  nobility  of  woman's  sacrifice,  the  fine 
f|uality  of  her  patriotic  service,  her  keen  discernment  in  the  adjustment  of  indus- 
trial conditions  for  women  and  children,  her  tender  ministrations  at  home  and 
on  the  battlefield  should  entitle  her  to  the  granting  by  the  Congress  of  this  ai)peal. 

In  addition  to  the  petition  of  women  meml)ers  of  the  National  Woman's  Chris- 
tian Tcmi)erance  Union.  I  beg  to  present  a  huge  petition  of  the  indorscrs  of  the 

119 


joint  resolution  for  a  referendum  to  the  States  on  National  Constitutional  Prohi- 
bition, secured  through  the  efforts  of  the  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union, 
and  representing  8,000,000  men  and  women  of  our  republic.  Adding  to  these  the 
petitions  sent  directly  to  ^lembers  of  Congress  it  is  safe  to  saj-  that  our  appeal 
.is  backed  by  more  than  11,000,000  people.  If  these  petitioners  could  be  massed 
in  solid  phalanx  in  our  Capital  Cit\-  you  would  see  more  than  thirtj-  times  the 
population  of  the  District  of  Columbia.  Unquestionably  it  is  an  appeal  for  an 
act  of  true  democracy,  an  appeal  for  a  patriotic  economic  measure.  Autocracy 
and  alcohol  must  both  be  overthrown.  "Speed  up"  is  the  urgent  cry  echoing  back 
to  us  from  the  awful  battle-fronts  of  Europe.  "Speed  up"  on  Prohibition  legis- 
lation is  the  respectful  appeal  of  the  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union  to 
the  Congress  of  the  United  States.  We  pray  that  in  this  crucial  time  of  a  stu- 
pendous world  crisis  the  House  of  Representatives  will  rise  to  this  exalted  oppor- 
tunitj-  and  give  the  legislatures  of  the  various  States  the  chance  to  deal  with  a 
question  so  enormously  vital  to  the  economic  and  moral  interests  of  our  republic 
^\'hen  the  war  is  over  and  a  righteous  peace  has  been  secured,  only  the  clear 
brain  of  a  sober  nation  can  be  intrusted  with  the  solution  of  the  might}'  problems 
that  will  then  confront  the  greatest  democracy  on  earth — the  United  States  of 
America. 

Our  intensive  program  of  war  sacrifice  and  service,  which  will  later 
be  outlined,  made  our  temperance  and  Prohibition  program  better  known 
and  appreciated. 

W.    C.   T.   U.    IX   R.\TIFICATIOX    FIGHT 

The  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union  had  a  notable  part  in  the 
wonderful  sweep  of  ratification  across  our  continent.  Their  petitions 
and  argtmients  at  State  and  Congressional  legislative  hearings  were  most 
effective.  Their  song,  "Ratify,  ratify,  catch  the  word,  ratify,"  echoed 
from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific.  Many  women  were  voters  and  helped 
elect  the  State  legislatures  of  1918  on  the  ratification  issue.  When, 
on  January  16,  1919,  the  proclamation  was  signed  announcing  the  vic- 
tory of  National  Constitutional  Prohibition  by  the  ratification  of  thirtv'- 
six  States,  the  W.  C.  T.  U.  joined  in  the  celebrations  which  were  well- 
nigh  universal.  The  first  of  several  pens  used  by  the  Acting  Secretary' 
of  State,  the  Honorable  Frank  L.  Polk,  in  signing  the  proclamation,  is 
proudly  possessed  by  the  National  W.  C.  T.  U. 

woman's  temper.\nce  crus.\de,  1873-1874 

^^'hat  is  the  history  of  the  phenomenal  movement  which  eventuated 
in  the  organization  of  the  women  of  the  United  States  and  made  them  a 
might}-    factor   in   securing   these   unprecedented   temperance   victories? 

For  nearly  one  hundred  years  after  the  founding  of  our  republic 
woman  was  the  silent,  agonized  suft'erer  from  the  liquor  traffic.  Her 
home,  poetically  supposed  to  be  her  castle,  was  despoiled  by  an  insidious 
foe  from  within,  and  she  was  cruelly  robbed  of  her  dearest  treasures. 
Except  in  isolated  cases  she  made  no  public  outcry.  In  ^^lassachusetts 
in  1825  a  prominent  woman  who  had  joined  with  eleven  others  in  a 
compact  not  to  serve  alcoholic  liquors  in  their  homes,  hearing  that  John 
Quincy  Adams,  then  President  of  the  United  States,  would  be  speaking 
in  the  State,  rode  sixty  miles  on  horseback  in  order  to  meet  him  and 
make    a    personal    temperance    appeal.       The    courtly    gentleman    gave 

120 


courteous  hearing  to  her  burning  words,  as  she  pleaded  with  him  to 
save  her  husband  and  children  and  the  homes  all  about  her.  His  refusal 
to  undertake  the  task  was  given  with  grave  and  manly  dignity,  and  the 
interview  ended  with  the  surprising  statement,  "Madam,  it  is  impos- 
sible.     You  might  as  well  legislate  against  the  winds  and  the  tides." 

In  the  winter  of  1873-1874  the  entire  nation  was  startled  and  aroused 
by  the  Woman's  Temperance  Crusade.  Suddenly  woman  had  taken  up 
offensive  warfare  against  the  legalized  liquor  traffic.  Gentle,  home- 
loving  women  were  camping  in  hundreds  of  barrooms  in  Ohio  and  other 
States,  pleading  witii  rum-sellers  to  give  up  their  business.  Astute 
liquor-dealers  must  have  foreseen  their  final  everlasting  doom  in  this 
uprising  of  women,  even  though  the  crusading  women  used  only  the  ap- 
parently harmless  weapons  of  prayer,  song,  and  persuasion.  God's  hour 
for  the  beginning  of  the  end  of  the  legalized  traffic  in  drink  had  struck, 
and  that  legislation  against  the  "winds  and  tides"  commenced,  although 
at  first  the  praying  women  knew  it  not.  Like  a  prairie  fire  the  Crusade 
swept  over  many  States.  P'rances  E.  Willard  described  it  as  a  "whirl- 
wind of  the  Lord."  xA.nother  Prohibitionist  hero,  Henry  W.  Blair, 
termed  it  "a  great  moral  commotion  in  which  woman  escaped  and 
learned  her  power,  never  again  to  be  caged."  Song  was  a  mighty  agency 
in  the  fifty  days  of  this  moral  commotion  of  the  "Rock  of  Ages  vimmen," 
as  the  German  saloon  men  called  the  crusading  women  of  Ohio.  Hun- 
dreds of  dramshops  were  closed ;  cotnitless  barrels  of  alcoholic  drinks 
gurgled  into  the  gutters  of  250  towns  and  villages  as  church  bells  pealed 
forth  the  people's  joy.  The  Presbyterian  church  in  Hillsboro,  Ohio, 
from  which  Airs.  Eliza  J.  Thompson,  daughter  of  Governor  Trimble  of 
Ohio,  led  the  Crusaders  in  their  successful  effort  in  closing  the  saloons 
and  barrooms  of  the  town,  has  a  Memorial  Room  in  which  are  pre- 
served many  interesting  souvenirs  of  the  Crusade,  and  the  Bible  from 
which  Mrs.  Thompson  read  the  Crusade  Psalm  (146th)  in  which  it  is 
prophesied  that  "the  way  of  the  wicked  shall  be  turned  upside  down." 
Other  prominent  names  connected  with  this  historic  antialcohol  protest 
are :  Mrs.  ]\I.  G.  Carpenter  of  Washington  Courthouse,  Ohio,  who  pre- 
pared an  appeal  much  used  in  many  States ;  Mother  Stewart  of  Spring- 
field, Ohio,  who  carried  the  Crusade  fire  to  other  lands ;  Mrs.  Mattie 
McClellan  Brown,  Mrs.  Mary  A.  Ingham,  and  Mrs.  IT.  C.  McCabe  of 
Ohio;  Mrs.  Jennie  Fowler  W^illing,  Mrs.  E.  E.  Marcy,  and  Mrs.  Emily 
Huntington  Miller  of  Illinois ;  Mrs.  Zerelda  G.  Wallace  and  Miss  Auretta 
Hoyt  of  Indiana;  Mrs.  Annie  Wittenmyer  of  Pennsylvania,  first  presi- 
dent of  the  National  W.  C.  T.  U. ;  Airs.  Mary  C.  Johnson  and  Miss 
Margaret  Winslow  of  New  York;  Mrs.  Alary  A.  Livermore  and  Airs. 
Susan  S.  Gifford  of  Alassachusetts. 

ORGANIZATION     OF    THE     NATIONAL     WOMAn's     CIIRISTIAX     TEMPERANCE 

UNION 

During  the  "sacred  fury"  of  the  Crusade,  women  learned  the  strength 
of  their  organized  foe.  They  discovered  its  political  entrenchments,  its 
legal  and  financial  fortifications.      They  decided  that  to  bring  aliout  the 

121  '^ 


triumph  of  Xational  Prohibition,  the  crusading  area  must  be  greatly  en- 
larged ;  the  Crusade  miracle,  followed  l>y  a  long  campaign  of  education, 
agitation,  organization,  and  legislation.  Once  convinced  of  this  fact,, 
the.  next  logical  step  in  the  campaign  of  the  women  of  the  nation  versus 
the  liquor  traffic  was  to  call  an  organizing  convention.  This  historic 
meeting  convened  November  18-20.  1874,  in  Cleveland.  Ohio,  a  com- 
monwealth that  ever  since  has  been  known  in  W.  C.  T.  U.  annals  as 
the  Crusade  State.  The  compelling  urge  of  this  convention  was  well 
stated  by  Mrs.  !Mattie  ]\IcClellan  Brown,  one  of  its  leaders,  who  said: 

Woman  is  ordained  to  lead  the  vanguard  of  this  great  movement,  until  the 
American  public  is  borne  across  the  abysmal  transition  from  the  superstitious 
notion  that  "alcohol  is  food"  to  the  scientific  fact  that  alcohol  is  poison ;  from 
the  pusillanimous  concession  that  intemperance  is  a  great  evil  to  the  responsible 
conviction  that  the  liquor  traffic  is  a  crime. 

With  a  divine  command  for  its  marching  orders— "Make  a  chain,  for 
the  land  is  full  of  bloody  crimes  and  the  cities  of  violence" — the  Xa- 
tional Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union  entered  upon  its  great 
mission  to  make  the  world  wider  for  women  and  more  home-like  for 
humanity.  Christian  women  banded  themselves  together  for  "the  pro- 
tection of  the  home,  for  the  abolition  of  the  liquor  traffic,  and  the  tri- 
umph of  Christ's  Golden  Rule  in  custom  and  in  law ."  The  spirit  of 
their  work  is  set  forth  in  Miss  Willard's  famous  resolution: 

Resolved,  That,  recognizing  the  fact  that  our  cause  is,  and  will  be  combated 
b}-  mighty,  determined,  and  relentless  forces,  we  w-ill,  trusting  in  Him  who  is  the 
Prince  of  Peace,  meet  argument  with  argimient,  misjudgment  with  patience, 
denunciation  with  kindness,  and  all  our  difficulties  and  dangers  with  prayer. 

SCIENTIFIC    TEMPERANCE    INSTRUCTION     IN    PUBLIC    SCHOOLS 

In  the  peaceful  antialcohol  warfare  of  W.  C.  T.  U.  women,  their  first 
and  greatest  strategy  was  to  secure  legislation  making  the  study  and 
teaching  of  the  laws  of  health,  with  special  reference  to  the  eft'ects  of 
stimulants  and  narcotics  on  the  human  body,  obligatory  throughout  the 
entire  system  of  public  education.  This  fimdamental  work  of  the 
W.  C.  T.  U.  will  receive  detailed  attention  in  another  paper  during  this 
Congress  or  I  would  here  pay  tribute  to  the  eftorts  of  Frances  E. 
Willard.  Mary  H.  Hunt,  Edith  Smith  Davis,  and  others  prominently 
identified  in  promoting  this  vital  factor  in  the  victory  of  nation-wide 
Prohibition.  In  many  States  the  \A'.  C.  T.  U.  has  secured  a  law  pro- 
viding for  the  observance  of  Temperance  Day  in  the  public  schools. 
In  most  of  them  it  is  designated  as  "Frances  E.  Willard  Day."  Thou- 
sands of  Prohibition  votes  have  been  made  and  total-abstinence  senti- 
ment vastly  increased  through  oratorical  prize-medal  contests,  also  essay 
contests,  in  which  young  people  of  schools  and  colleges  have  participated. 

WINNING    THE    CHILDREN 

Coincident  with  the  teaching  of  the  scientific  facts  concerning  alco- 
hol to  twenty  million  children  in  the  public  schools,  W.  C.  T.  U.  women 
everywhere  rallied  the  twenty  million  children  of  the  Sunday-schools. 
Largely  through  the  efforts  of  the  ^^^  C.  T.  U.  and  the  matchless  appeals 

122 


of  Frances  E.  Willard  to  Sunday-school  leaders,  the  Quarterly  Temper- 
ance Lesson  was  furnished  in  the  International  Lesson  series  used  by 
many  denominations. 

The  value  of  training  children  as  active  workers  in  the  movement 
against  alcohol  always  has  been  understood  by  women  of  the  \V.  C.  T.  U. 
Ouf  juvenile  branch,  the  Loyal  Temperance  Legion,  as  well  as  its  divi- 
sion for  young  people,  has  made  deep  and  lasting  sentiment  for  Prohi- 
bition and  its  enforcement.  "Tremble,  King  Alcohol,  we  shall  grow  up," 
shouted  the  children,  and  in  spirited  fashion  they  sang,  "We'll  purify  the 
ballot  box,  we'll  consecrate  the  ballot  box,  we'll  elevate  the  l)allot  box 
when  we  are  twenty-one."  In  State  and  National  Prohibition  campaigns, 
as  Young  Campaigners  for  Prohibition,  in  patriotic  regalia,  with  pennants 
fl^■ing  and  appealing,  significant  banners  held  aloft,  the  boys  and  girls 
prophesied  the  downfall  of  the  trade  that  with  its  cruel  heel  dared  "stifle 
down  the  beating  of  a  child's  heart."  The  cry  of  the  children  has  been 
heeded  by  this  great  nation.  Educated  by  the  facts  of  science,  by  the 
precepts  of  the  Bible, 'and  by  the  joy  of  temperance  service,  the  children 
have  grown  to  manhood  and  v.^omanhood  and  have  helped  vote  out  of 
existence  the  traftic  in  alcoholic  beverages. 

In  its  conflict  against  alcohol  the  W.  C.  T.  U.  has  maintained  National 
headquarters  in  Evanston,  Illinois,  and  in  Washington,  D.  C,  and  has 
issued  millions  of  leaflets,  posters,  books,  and  pamphlets  on  all  phases  of 
the  temperance  reform.  Besides  the  immense  amount  of  organization 
supplies,  issued  by  the  National  Headquarters  and  the  superintendents  of 
departments,  its  publishing  house  prints  large  quantities  of  campaign 
leaflets,  posters,  etc.,  for  which  there  is  a  rapidly  increasing  demand. 
Each  year  it  distributes  from  National  Headquarters  thousands  of  pages 
of  free  literature. 

Literature  is  sent  to  lumbermen,  railroad  cabooses,  ships,  army 
posts,  jails,  penitentiaries,  prisons,  hospitals,  schools.  Junior  League  so- 
cieties. Christian  Endeavorers,  ministers,  missionaries,  and  the  different 
countries  that  make  up  the  World's  W.  C.  T.  U.  The  larger  part  of  this 
is  missionary  work  and  is  limited  only  by  the  lack  of  money.  Its  effi- 
cient weekly  paper,  Tlic  Union  Signal,  has  been  of  high  educational  value 
in  all  State  and  National  campaigns,  and  The  Young  Crnsadcr  has  helped 
to  make  sentiment  among  the  children. 

NATIONAL    ORGANIZERS,    LECTURERS,    AND    EVANGELISTS 

National  organizers.  National  lecturers,  and  National  evangelists 
numbering  nearly  one  hundred  are  constantly  in  the  field,  besides  those 
employed  by  the  several  .States.  Through  its  unique  flcpartment  work, 
classified  under  the  general  heads  of  preventive,  educational,  evangelistic, 
social  and  legal,  and  the  department  of  organization,  the  W.  C.  T.  L^. 
during  the  fortv-six  vears  of  its  existence  has  done  an  incalculalile 
amount  of  valuable  service  in  the  antialcohol  movement. 

MEDICAL  TEMPERANCE 

Its  Medical  Temperance  department  has  been  thoroughly  scientific 

12.3 


and  sagacious  in  its  systematic  campaign  against  the  medicinal  use  of 
alcohol — one  of  the  most  subtle  entrenchments  of  the  alcohol  trade.  This 
department  of  W.  C.  T.  U.  work  ranks  high,  educationally,  in  the  struggle 
against  alcohol,  because  it  reaches  the  humblest  home  in  the  rural  districts 
and  in  the  congested  city  areas  and  tells  new  Americans  of  the  alcohol 
contained  in  patent  medicines  and  of  their  injurious  effects  as  family 
remedies.  Our  leaders  in  this  line  of  endeavor  are  working  for  the  pass- 
age of  laws  against  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  all  alcoholic  patent  medi- 
cines. Their  crusade  against  alcohol  in  proprietary  and  patent  medicines 
resulted  in  agitation  for  legislation  recjuiring  the  publication  of  ingredi- 
ents used,  and  awakened  the  church  and  secular  press  to  the  danger  lurk- 
ing in  medicines. 

One  year  eight  thousand  petitions  were  sent  by  the  \\\  C.  T.  U.  to 
the  physicians  of  the  United  States,  asking  that  their  medical  practise 
teaching,  as  ^vell  as  their  personal  example,  be  upon  the  side  of  safety  in 
regard  to  the  use  of  alcohol.  The  sentiment  arousd  by  this  and  similar 
agitation  was  doubtless  an  important  factor  in  changing  the  medical  view- 
point and  thus  eliminating  whisky  and  brandy  from  the  United  States 
Pharmacopoeia.  The  majority  of  successful  physicians  are  now  con- 
demning the  use  of  alcoholic  liquor,  both  as  a  beverage  and  as  a  medicine. 

The  National  W.  C.  T.  U.  believes  that  since  the  adoption  of  the 
Eighteenth  Amendment  it  is  especially  important  to  make  widely  known 
the  ofBcial  pronouncements  against  alcohol  as  a  medicine  of  the  leading 
American  medical  associations.  Obviously  the  less  demand  there  is  for 
prescriptions  from  physicians  for  alcoholic  liquors  the  less  need  there  will 
be  for  their  manufacture.  At  the  present  time  one  of  the  dif^culties  in 
the  enforcement  of  the  Eighteenth  Amendment,  which  allows  the  manu- 
facture of  alcoholic  liquors  for  medicinal  purposes,  is  the  opportunities  it 
gives  for  iniprincipled  doctors  and  their  so-called  patients  to  break  the 
law  in  order  to  obtain  liquor  under  false  pretenses.  The  W.  C.  T.  U.  is 
cooperating  with  the  better  class  of  physicians  and  with  the  health 
authorities. 

WORK   AMONG   FOREIGN-SPEAKIXG   PEOPLE 

In  the  struggle  against  alcohol,  "White  Ribbon"  women  early  learned 
the  vital  necessity  and  privilege  of  being  neighbors  to  men  and  women 
from  other  lands,  who  too  often  were  exploited  by  unprincipled  liqvior 
sympathizers.  Through  mass  meetings,  mothers'  meetings,  children's 
rallies,  and  by  the  use  of  literature  in  their  own  language,  and  classes  for 
the  study  of  English,  the  W.  C.  T.  U.  has  come  in  close  touch  with  the 
foreign-speaking  people  of  America.  The  latter  have  been  given,  in 
attractive  form,  the  latest  scientific  facts  regarding  the  harmful  effect 
of  alcohol  upon  the  human  system  and  the  benefits  of  total  abstinence. 
Lessons  in  American  citizenship  have  enabled  them  to  see  that  Prohibition 
promotes  prosperitv. 

"  1  I  -  CHILD   WEL'^ARE 

A  notable  phase  of  our  more  intensive  activities  against  alcoholism  is 
the  appropriation  of  a  generous  sum  to  the  Child  Welfare  and  Research 

124 


Station  of  the  Iowa  State  University.  In  the  investigation  of  the  best 
methods  for  conserving  and  developing  the  normal  child,  we  shall,  ere- 
long, have  reliable  scientific  data  to  send  out  that  will  make  this  new  and 
brave  venture,  as  we  hope,  a  world-wide  blessing  to  children.  We  pro- 
pose to  open  Mother-Children  Centers  in  congested  areas  of  large  cities. 
One  of  these,  already  in  successful  operation,  is  located  in  an  abandoned 
saloon  in  Detroit,  Michigan. 

CHRISTIAN    CITIZENSHIP 

Educational  efforts  in  the  lines  of  Christian  citizenship  are  effectively 
promoting  antialcohol  sentiment.  Schoolhouses  are  used  as  social  cen- 
ters; classes  for  the  study  of  community  civics,  citizenship,  and  morals  are 
organized. 

PUBLICITY 

The  great  educative  agency,  the  public  press,  has  been  utilized  by  the 
W.  C.  T.  U.  in  its  antialcohol  fight.  In  addition  to  work  done  in  this 
direction  by  its  fifty-three  State  and  20,000  local  organizations,  the 
National  W.  C.  T.  U.,  through  its  Bureau  of  Publicity,  supplies  materials 
used  by  papers  throughout  the  country.  It  has  placed  the  best  antialcohol 
reference  books  in  hundreds  of  public  libraries. 

DO  EVERYTHING 

The  physician,  the  lawyer,  the  preacher,  the  merchant,  the  hotel- 
keeper,  the  railroad  manager,  the  butcher,  the  baker,  and  the  candlestick- 
maker,  as  well  as  the  distiller,  the  brewer,  and  the  saloon-keeper,  have 
heard  of  and  from  the  w^omen  of  America  in  their  antialcohol  warfare. 
Prize-winning  antialcohol  exhibits  at  great  expositions  testify  to  an  impor- 
tant line  of  education  successfully  pursued  by  the  W.  C.  T.  U.  Thou- 
sands of  young  mothers,  instructed  at  mothers'  meetings,  pledge  them- 
selves to  bring  up  their  little  ones  in  the  principles  of  total  abstinence  and 
purity.  Curfew  ordinances,  moral  education,  and  rescue  work  in  the  towns 
and  cities  are  among  the  ceaseless  activities  of  the  temperance  women. 
For  nearly  fifty  years  it  has  been  a  great  antiliquor,  antivice  and  anti- 
everything-that-strikes-at-the-home  organization.  The  National  W.  C.  T. 
U.  maintains  headquarters  every  summer  at  Chautauqua,  New  York ;  and 
State  unions  have  done  much  to  educate  the  pul)lic  in  the  principles  of 
total  abstinence  and  Prohibition  by  making  W.  C.  T.  U.  institutes  a  fea- 
ture of  State  assemblies.  I  wish  it  were  possible  to  mention  the  great 
work  carried  forward  by  our  forty  distinct  lines  of  endeavor,  each  doing 
its  own  peculiar  work,  Init  all  converging  toward  one  distinct  end,  honey- 
combing society  with  the  fundamental  truth  that  alcohol  is  a  poison  and 
that  Prohibition  brings  social,  civic,  and  economic  prosperity. 

HISTORIC  PROCLA^rATIONS 

As  early  as  1875  the  National  W.  C.  T.  U.,  through  its  president, 
Frances  E.  Willard.  presented  to  the  United  States  Congress  a  huge  peti- 
tion asking  for  the  passage  of  a  measure  providing  for  national  constitu- 
tional Prohibition.     Senator  Henry  W.  P>lair  of  New  Hampshire  cham- 

125 


pioned  a  bill  for  nation-wide  Prohiljition  in  1876,  the  law  to  take  effect  in 
1900.  In  1884  Miss  Willard  sent  out  from  her  home  office  in  Evanston, 
Illinois,  addressed  to  each  government  of  the  world,  a  wonderful  appeal 
for  total  abstinence,  purity  of  life,  and  against  the  manufacture  and  sale 
of  opium,  with  this  clarion  call  for  world  Prohibition:  "W'e  come  to  you 
with  the  united  A-oices  of  representative  w^omen  of  every  land,  beseeching 
you  to  raise  the  standard  of  the  law  to  that  of  Christian  morals,  to  strip 
away  the  safeguards  and  sanctions  of  the  State  from  the  drink  traffic,  and 
to  protect  our  homes  1)y  the  total  Prohil)ition  of  this  curse  of  civilization 
throughout  all  the  territory  over  which  your  Government  extends." 

This  "polyglot"  petition,  as  it  has  been  termed,  is  historically  signifi- 
cant, for  it  is  the  first  world-wide  proclamation  against  the  legalized  liquor 
traffic.  It  marks  an  epoch  in  the  annals  of  the  temperance  reform.  It 
was  endorsed  by  seven  million  people — Catholic  and  Protestant,  Gentile 
and  Jew,  Hindu  and  Mohammedan. 

In  1911,  nearly  thirty  years  later,  when  half  the  people  of  the  United 
States  were  living  in  Prohibition  territory.  Lillian  M.  N.  Stevens,  then 
president  of  the  National  W.  C.  T.  U.  of  the  United  States — a  statesman 
with  a  mother  heart — issued  a  proclamation  for  national  constitutional 
Prohibition  in  the  United  States,  with  these  closing  paragraphs : 

In  the  name  of  the  World  and  National  Woman's  Christian  Temperance 
Union,  we  hereb}-  make  this  proclamation  for  a  great  crusade  to  carry  the  vital 
truth  to  the  people  in  all  lands,  and  through  them  to  place  Prohibition  in  the 
organic  law  of  the  world ;  and  to  this  high  end  we  invoke  the  guidance  and  bless- 
ing of  Almighty  God  and  the  cooperation  of  the  men  and  women  of  all  lands 
who  love  their  fellow-men. 

To  America,  the  birthplace  of  the  National  and  World's  W.  C.  T.  U.,  we 
"hereby  proclaim  that  within  a  decade,  Prohibition  shall  be  placed  in  the  Consti- 
tution of  the  United  States,  and  to  this  end,  we  call  to  active  cooperation  all 
temperance,  religious,  and  philanthropic  bodies,  all  patriotic,  fraternal,  and  civic 
associations,  and  all  Americans  who  love  their  country. 

A  spirit  of  heroic,  holy  self-sacrifice  in  the  struggle  against  the  liquor 
traffic  animated  every  fiber  of  Mrs.  Stevens'  being.  During  her  admin- 
istration of  nearly  twenty  years  woman's  attack  upon  the  legal  strong- 
holds of  the  liquor  traffic  was  greatly  intensified. 

AMien  thirty-two  States  had  voted  for  State-wide  Prohibition  and  with 
national  constitutional  Prohibition  assured,  and  coincident  with  the  close 
of  the  World  War  (November  11,  1918),  believing  the  time  ripe  for  an 
intensive  campaign  for  world  Prohibition,  I  sent  out  from  Evanston,  on 
bel-^alf  of  the  National  W.  C.  T.  U..  the  following  proclamation : 

World  democracy,  world  peace,  world  purity,  and  world  patriotism,  demand 
world  Prohibition. 

Representing  the  National  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union  of  the 
United  States,  a  Republic  about  to  write  Prohibition  in  its  constitutional  law,  we 
hereby  call  upon  the  peoples  of  all  faiths  and  of  all  organizations  in  the  world's 
family  of  nations,  to  clasp  hands  with  the  World's  W.  C.  T.  U.  and  to  help  bring 
to  full  fruition  its  hope  and  its  heroic  service  of  thirty-five  years  on  behalf  of  a 
sober  world.  Science  declares  against  alcohol.  Health,  conservation,  and  busi- 
ness prosperity  demand  total  abstinence  and  Prohibition.  Together  let  us  agitate, 
•educate,  organizCj  and  legislate,  until  the  exalted  vision   of  the   founder  of  the 

126 


A\'orld's  W.  C.  T.  U.,  Frances  E.  Willard,  is  realized;  until  the  Gospel  of  the 
Golden  Rule  of  Christ  is  worked  out  in  the  customs  of  society  and  in  the  laws 
of  every  land. 

At  the  close  of  the  devastating  World  War,  in  the  white  heat  of  the  limitless, 
imparalleled  opportunities  of  a  new  internationalism,  depending  upon  the  help  of 
God  and  of  all  who  love  humanity,  we  hereby  proclaim,  by  the  year  1925,  the 
triumph  of  world  Prohibition. 

Rest  Cottage,  Evanston,  Illinois,  U.  S.  A.,  November  11,  1918. 

LEGISLATION 

While  Congress  is  in  session  a  National  W.  C.  T.  U.  representative 
remains  in  Washington  to  promote  the  passage  of  bills  in  which  the  organi- 
zation is  especially  interested. 

For  twenty-two  years  Mrs.  Margaret  Dye  Ellis  held  this  important 
office,  carrying  out  her  commission  with  intense  devotion  and  marked 
ability.  ^Irs.  Lenna  Lowe  Yost  is  now  most  ably  directing  our  legislative 
activities. 

In  1901  the  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union  was  an  important 
factor  in  securing  the  passage  of  the  Anti-Canteeti  Law  which  prohil)ited 
the  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors  in  all  army  post  exchanges,  and  was  among 
the  first  agencies  to  ask  for  an  appropriation  by  the  United  States  Con- 
gress for  amusement  halls,  libraries,  and  better  food  for  the  soldiers. 

It  helped  to  secure  the  prohibition  of  the  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors  in 
immigration  stations,  and  in  the  appointment  of  women  to  meet  incoming 
vessels  at  ports  of  entry  to  assist  and  protect  women  traveling  alone. 

It  aided  in  the  passage  of  the  New  Hebrides  bill,  prohibiting  the  sale 
of  liquor,  opium,  or  fire-arms  by  traders  to  the  islanders  of  the  Pacific 
not  under  a  civilized  government. 

It  was  an  important  factor  in  securing  the  passage  of  the  \\'ebb- 
Ker^von  law.  prohibiting  the  shipment  of  liquor  into  dry  States.  This 
measure  passed  over  President  Taft's  veto  March  1,  1913.  and  was 
declared  constitutional  bv  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  in  Febru- 
ary. 1917. 

Two  memorials  presented  to  the  United  States  Congress  by  the 
National  W  .  C.  T.  U.  in  1904  were  made  Senate  documents.  The  reply 
to  the  accusations  of  the  Committee  of  Fifty  in  regard  to  the  Scientific 
Temperance  laws  was  "Senate  Document  171,"  and  100,000  copies  were 
distributed.  A  remonstrance  against  the  union  of  Indian  Territory  and 
Oklahoma  Territory  as  one  State  unless  the  sale  of  intoxicants  should  Ijc 
therein  prohibited,  was  made  "Senate  Document  194."  It  was  widely 
<listril)uted  through  the  mails  and  otherwise. 

The  W.  C.  T,  U.  does  more  petition  work  than  any  other  organiza- 
ti<in  in  the  world.  As  before  mentioned.  White  Ribboners  throughout 
the  country  were  the  means  of  securing  for  the  Shei:)pard-1  lobson  and 
the  Sheppard-W^ebb  constitutional  Prohibition  measures  some  twelve 
million  signatures. 

The  W.  C.  T.  U.  aided  very  materially  also  in  the  i)assage  of  the 
Di-^trict  of  Columbia  Prohibition  bill;  the  ratification  of  the  Alaska 
plebiscite;  the  Portr)  Rican   Proliil)iti()n  measure,  and  the  l-'cdcral  anti- 

127 


liquor  advertising  and  "bone-dry"'  provisions  of  the  postof^ce  appropria- 
tion bill,  passed  in  the  closing  days  of  the  Sixty-Fourth  Congress. 

WAR   PROHIBITION 

War  Prohibition  was  enacted  by  the  Sixty-Fifth  Congress.  During 
the  campaign  for  this  measure  a  memorial  prepared  and  promoted  by 
the  National  W.  C.  T.  U.  was  addressed  to  the  President  of  the  United 
States  as  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Army  and  Navy,  signed  and  en- 
dorsed by  six  million  women  representing  practically  all  the  uplift  organi- 
zations of  women  in  the  United  States.  President  Wilson  was  addressed 
as  follows : 

To  THE  HoxoRABLE  WooDROw  WiLSON,  President  of  the  United  States : 

Believing  that  the  women  of  the  United  States  are  loyally  doing  their  utmost 

in  our  national  crisis  to  carry  out  all  Government  plans  for  the  conservation  of 

food ;  and 

Realizing  that  there  is  still  an  alarming  waste  of  foodstuffs  in  the  production 

of  malt  and  vinous  liquors ; 

We,    in    behalf    of    mothers,    wives,    daughters,    sisters,     and     sweethearts     of 

enlisted  men,  appeal  to  you,  our  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Army  and  Xavy,  to 

prohibit   the    further   waste   of   these    foodstuffs   in   the   production    of    malt   and 

vinous  liquors  during  the  period  of  the  war. 

The  document,  engrossed  on  parchment  in  handsome  book  form,  was 
presented  to  President  Wilson  with  the  following  letter  from  the 
National  W.  C.  T.  U.,  the  promoters  of  the  conserv^ation  petition : 

March  i,  1918. 
Mr.  President  : 

We  deeply  appreciate  the  privilege  of  presenting  to  you  a  memorial  repre- 
senting six  million  women  patriots  of  the  United  States. 

\\'e  believe  this  is  the  first  petition  in  the  history  of  our  country  in  which  all 
leading  organizations  of  women — civic,  fraternal,  social,  patriotic,  and  religious 
as  well  as  hundreds  of  notable  women  in  the  educational  and  official  life  cd  the 
Republic — have  united.  It  comes  to  you,  Mr.  President,  as  the  voice  of  the  woman- 
hood of  America.  It  comes  to  3'ou,  our  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Army  and 
I^av}',  at  the  time  of  an  appalling  crisis  which  peculiarh-  concerns  the  mothers  of 
the  nation. 

Educated  by  the  Government  to  believe  that  food  will  win  the  war,  these 
women,  whose  magnificent  war  service  and  sacrifice  everywhere  are  attested, 
plead  for  the  maximum  conservation  of  food  materials  for  the  duration  of  the 
war.  They  earnestly  and  respectfully  ask  that  all  food  materials  now  used  in  the 
production  of  malt  liquors  be  diverted  to  food  supplies  desperately  needed  by  our 
Army  and  the  Armies  of  the  allies. 

On  behalf  of  these  six  million  petitioners,  ]Mr.  President,  we  thank  you  for 
the  steps  in  this  direction  already  taken,  and  we  beg  your  early  and  favorable 
consideration  of  the  prayer  of  the  Memorial  we  have  the  honor  to  place  in  your 
hands. 

(Signed)     Axxa  A.  Gordon, 
President,  National  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union. 

THE  W.    C.  T.  U.   SUFFRAGE   CAMPAIGN 

The  woman's  movement  against  alcoholism,  having  passed  through 
its  first  decade  of  organization,  agitation,  and  education,  entered  one 
more  circle  of  influence — that  of  government.  The  women  saw  that  for 
every  CTiristian  man  who  had  a  voice  in  making  and  enforcing  good  laws 

128 


there  were  at  least  two  Christian  women  who  had  no  voice  at  all,  and  in 
1882  the  department  of  Franchise,  as  a  weapon  against  the  liquor  traffic, 
was  adopted.  It  is  generally  conceded  that  the  W.  C.  T.  U.  has  been 
more  effective  than  any  other  one  agency  in  overcoming  prejudice  and 
winning  conservative  women  to  a  belief  in  the  ballot  as  a  powerful  in- 
strument against  alcoholism,  for  the  protection  of  the  home,  and  the 
welfare  of  the  nation.  In  Indiana  the  W.  C.  T.  U.  in  the  early  days 
appealed  to  the  legislature  for  a  law  that  would  protect  the  young  from 
the  ravages  of  the  liquor  traffic.  This  petition  was  signed  by  20,000 
influential  women,  including  the  waves  and  mothers  of  many  of  the  sub- 
stantial men  of  the  State.  The  youngest  member  of  the  House,  in  a 
tirade  against  the  bill,  vehemently  said :  "I  understand  that  this  bill  is 
backed  by  a  petition  of  20,000  w'omen;  but,  gentlemen,  the  signatures  of 
20,000  women  in  this  State  mean  no  more  to  us  than  the  signatures  of 
20,000  mice."  The  smallness  of  this  masculine  egotistical  dictum  so  stirred 
one  of  Indiana's  great  women,  Zerelda  Wallace,  that,  to  help  gain  Prohi- 
bition, she  became  a  devoted  woman  suffragist. 

This  incident  is  typical  of  many  that  occurred  and  made  the  women 
ready  for  action  along  governmental  lines.  In  campaigning  for  women's 
ballot,  the  National  W.  C.  T.  U.  has  been  in  heartiest  cooperation  with 
the  National  .Suffrage  Association  and  now  joins  with  it  in  celebrating 
the  new  era  of  emancipation.  Woman  suffrage  met  in  the  legalized 
liquor  traffic  its  greatest  foe.  It  was  a  great  triumph  against  alcohohsm 
when,  on  August  28,  1920,  the  Nineteenth  Amendment  was  proclaimed. 
It  is  the  text  of  the  original  resolution  presented  to  Congress  in  1875  by 
Susan  B.  Anthony  and  reads : 

The  right  of  citizens  of  the  United  States  to  vote  shall  not  be  denied  by  the 
United  States  or  by  any  state  on  account  of  sex. 

The  Nineteenth  Federal  Amendment  will  be  a  tremendous  aid  in  the 
enforcement  of  the  Eighteenth  Amendment.  For  this  reason  its  ratifica- 
tion was  bitterly  opposed  by  the  liquor  forces. 

PATRIOTIC  SERVICE  ' 

During  the  European  War  no  women  were  more  patriotic  or  more  at 
the  front  in  deeds  of  week-day  holiness  than  were  those  who  wear  the 
white  ribbon.  The  National  W.  C.  T.  U.,  while  closely  cooperating  with 
the  Government  plans  for  women's  war  service  through  the  membership 
of  its  president  on  the  Advisory  Committee  of  the  Woman's  Committee 
of  the  Council  of  National  Defense,  carried  out  a  special  program  of  tem- 
perance effort.  W.  C.  T.  U.  home  centers  and  rest  rooms  near  the  camps 
furnished  places  where  the  touch  of  home  and  mother  could  be  found. 
Not  only  during  the  war,  but  in  the  months  of  demobilization  these 
centers  proved  a  sheltering  influence  for  thousands  of  lonely  lads,  and 
helped  to  keep  them  from  unwholesome  and  dangerous  areas.  The 
State  W.  C.  T.  U.  of  Iowa  maintained  for  a  year  a  resident  hospital 
mother  at  Fort  Des  Moines,  and  the  National  W.  C.  T.  U.  for  two  years 
made  a  similar  contribution  to  Fort  Sheridan.  Illinois,  Reconstruction 

129 


Hospital.  W.  C.  T.  U.  ambulances  at  the  front;  stereomotorgraphs, 
with  antialcohol  slides  in  the  training  camps ;  comfort  kits,  each  one 
furnished  with  homy  comforts,  a  Testament,  and  a  package  of  temper- 
ance literature,  to  the  value  of  $200,000,  were  supplied  to  the  Army  and 
Navy.  Hundreds  of  French  and  Belgian  orphans  were  supported  by 
W.  C.  T.  U.  contributions.  The  amount  of  money  expended  by  the 
organization  in  war  work,  not  including  Liberty  Bonds,  gifts  to  Red 
Cross  and  war  budget,  or  the  many  unrecorded  financial  gifts,  totals 
$295,000. 

THE  FUTURE 

The  W.  C.  T.  U.  will  continue  its  work  for  the  protection  of  the 
home  against  every  enemy  that  threatens  its  peace  and  happiness ;  with 
National  Constitutional  Prohibition  of  the  liquor  traffic  secured,  the 
organization  will  press  its  educational  campaign  for  total  abstinence 
from  all  intoxicating  liquor  and  other  narcotic  poisons,  for  law  enforce- 
ment and  the  election  of  officials  who  will  fearlessly  perform  their 
duties  according  to  their  oath  of  office.  The  program  will  place  also 
special  emphasis  upon  Americanization,  Child  Welfare,  Woman  in 
Industry,  Education  and  Information,  and  Health  and  ^slorality,  with 
increased  activity  in  every  department  included  in  our  "Do  Everything" 
policy. 

In  accord  with  the  exalted  vision  of  Frances  E.  Willard  that  "the 
mission  of  the  white  ribbon  women  is  to  organize  the  motherhood  of 
the  world  for  peace  and  purity  and  the  protection  and  exaltation  of  its 
homes,"  the  W.  C.  T.  U.  will  continue  to  increase  its  membership  and 
extend  its  influence  in  every  land,  to  aid  in  obtaining  Prohibition  in 
other  countries  and  in  maintaining  in  all  the  world  the  high  moral 
standards  for  which  the  organization  has  ever  contended. 

JUBILEE    YEAR 1924 

As  an  appropriate  celebration  of  the  Jubilee  Year  of  the  National 
W.  C.  T.  U.  which  occurs  in  1924,  the  organization  has  inaugurated  a 
campaign  for  a  million  members  and  a  million  dollars,  $300,000  of  the 
Jubilee  Fund  to  be  applied  to  aid  ^^'.  C.  T.  U.  plans  for  world  Pro- 
hibition. 

WORLD   PROHIBITIOX 

On  board  the  steamship  "Olympic,"  on  which  Miss  Dean  and  I 
returned  from  a  recent  European  survey  made  possible  by  the  Jubilee 
Fund,  were  a  thousand  or  more  men,  women,  and  children  in  the 
steerage.  As  we  entered  New  York  harbor  they  greeted  with  joy  our 
nation's  flag  "With  its  red  for  love,  its  white  for  law.  and  its  blue  for 
the  hope  that  our  fathers  saw  of  a  larger  liberty."  Thoughts  that  could 
not  be  made  articulate,  and  an  intense  love  of  our  America  the  beautiful 
possessed  my  soul  as  we  steamed  toward  the  wonderful  Statue  of 
Liberty  that  embodies  America's  highest  hopes.  Although  familiar  with 
the  womanly  presence.  I  was  impressed  anew  as  I  noted  that  the  historic 
hostess  of  our  Atlantic  seaboard  faces  with  her  lighted  torch — not  the 

130 


home  she  loves,  but  the  incoming  tides  of  humanity.  She  is  welcoming 
them,  they  believe,  to  happy  homes,  and  to  the  life,  liberty  and  pursuit 
of  happiness  guaranteed  them  by  our  Constitution,  and  especially  by  the 
Eighteenth  Amendment.  She  is  not  only  the  Statue  of  Liberty,  but,  as 
her  donor,  the  Republic  of  France,  wisely  named  her,  she  is  preeminently 
the  Statute  of  Liberty  Enlightening  the  World. 

The  Eighteenth  Amendment  to  the  United  States  Constitution  pro- 
hibiting the  beverage  liquor  traffic  is  a  Prohibition  torch,  radiant  with 
the  light  of  life  and  liberty.  The  women  of  America,  newly  enfran- 
chised by  the  Nineteenth  Amendment,  sacredly  will  continue  their  anti- 
alcohol  fight,  and  will  hold  aloft  this  shining  Prohibition  torch  until  it 
illumines  the  whole  world. 

The  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  Father  O'CALLAGHAN  :  Deeds 
speak  louder  than  words.  We  are  particularly  delighted  to-night 
because  there  has  had  to  be  a  transfer,  or  a  substitution  of  a  speaker 
set  down  for  to-morrow'  night,  on  account  of  engagements  which 
he  has  to  keep.  He  is  one  who  has  done  great  historic  deeds  for  tlie 
cause  of  temperance.  He  startled  the  world  by  establishing  a  just 
law  for  the  whole  of  the  United  States  Navy,  declaring  that  if  the 
common  sailor  must  be  kept  from  whisky  and  be  a  sober  man.  the 
officers  who  have  the  lives  of  the  sailors  and  the  destiny  of  the  ships 
in  their  keeping  must  be  also  put  under  the  same  regulation.  Those 
who  look  to  superficial  and  frivolous  things  rather  than  at  the  reali- 
ties of  life,  and  who  take  not  the  time  to  study,  set  up  a  hue  and 
cry;  but  all  the  world  and  the  whole  Navy  applaud  the  brave  deed  of 
its  leader. 

The  Secretary  of  our  Navy  made  a  kingdom  dry,  though  he  is  not 
an  autocrat;  by  a  stroke  of  his  pen  he  established  Prohibition  in 
Guam. 

I  had  the  honor  of  introducing  him  some  six  years  ago  at  a  con- 
vention of  the  Catholic  Total  Abstinence  Union  of  America.  I  am 
glad  that  on  this  occasion  of  the  Fifteenth  International  Congress 
Against  Alcoholism  I  have  the  very  great  honor  of  presenting  the 
Secretary  of  the  Navy,  the  Honorable  Josephus  Daniels. 

ADDRESS 

BY  THE  HON.  JOSEPHUS  DANIELS 
SECRETARY  OF  THE  NAVY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA 

Mr.  Chairman,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen:  There  are  a  few  dates  in 
our  recent  history  which  will  never  be  forgotten.  The  day  of  April 
6,  1917,  when  the  President  of  the  United  States,  voicing  the  conse- 
crated purpose  of  the  American  people,  directed  the  mobilization  of 
our  people  and  the  consecration  of  all  tliat  they  had  and  all  that  they 

131 


were  in  the  great  war  that  should  end  autocracy,  is  a  day  ever  mem- 
orable; and  out  of  that  memorable  speech,  and  the  memorable  act 
that  followed  it,  the  American  people  summoned  to  arms  more  than 
four  and  one  half  millions  of  the  finest  flower  of  our  young  man- 
hood. Up  to  that  hour  I  dare  say  few  of  us  had  properly  appraised 
and  appreciated  the  place  that  youth  occupied  in  the  world.  A\'e  had 
looked  to  older  statesmen,  to  men  of  experience,  to  men  of  large 
vision,  to  guide  and  direct  and  inspire  our  national  policies.  But 
suddenly,  as  if  it  were  a  new  thing,  we  found  that  however  wise  our 
older  statesmen  were,  however  eloquent  our  advocates  of  a  holy 
cause,  in  the  supreme  hour  of  the  world's  need,  youth  was  the  very 
rock  on  which  our  nation  and  the  liberties  of  the  world  rested.  And 
1  have  never  since  passed  on  the  street  boys  in  uniform,  or  young 
men  out  of  uniform,  who  were  potential  soldiers,  without  having  the 
feeling  toward  them  which  Mr.  Garfield  said  he  always  had  toward 
youth.  He  said:  "I  rarely  stop  to  speak  to  a  man  on  the  street, 
except  in  a  hurry  in  passing,  but  I  always  speak  to  a  boy  or  a  young 
man ;  because  I  know  what  a  man  is,  but  a  youth  has  all  the  unfold- 
ing possibilities  of  greatness."    So  the  6th  was  a  memorable  day. 

But  there  is  another  day  that  followed  shortly  in  our  history,  a 
day  we  have  not  marked  on  our  calendars,  which  had  a  vital  signifi- 
cance, and  was  closely  related  to  this  April  6th.  It  was  the  eight- 
eenth day  of  May  of  that  same  year ;  and  that  eighteenth  day  of 
May — by  the  way,  Bishop,  it  was  my  birthday — that  eighteenth  day 
of  May,  1917,  I  think  the  American  people  did  what  no  nation  in 
the  world  ever  did  before,  certainly  what  our  nation  never  dreamed 
of  doing  before ;  they  said  by  statute :  'AVe  have  called  from  their 
homes  the  young  men  of  America  to  fight  in  a  holy  crusade ;  we 
know  they  will  respond,  but  we  know  there  never  has  been  a  war  in 
history  when  more  men  did  not  die  from  disease  than  from  bullets." 
The  mothers  who  gave  their  sons  feared  the  bullets  of  the  enemy 
less  than  they  feared  the  danger  of  drink  and  immoral  diseases.  And 
so  this  Congress  passed  an  act  on  the  eighteenth  day  of  May,  author- 
izing the  President  to  establish  a  zone  system  in  America.  We  had 
had  zone  systems  of  postage,  and  zone  systems  for  various  other 
things,  but  on  that  date  in  our  history  it  was  the  first  time  we  had 
ever  established  a  moral  zone.  The  President  was  authorized  to 
establish  a  zone  around  every  school,  around  every  cantonment, 
around  every  training  station,  around  every  place  in  which  young 
men  were  gathered  to  be  trained  for  war  in  Xavy  or  Army.  And 
soon  the  proclamation  was  issued,  and  before  we  had  been  able  to 
send  many  thousand  men  across  the  seas,  this  zone  had  prohibited 

132 


within  ten  miles  of  any  training  station,  Navy  or  Army,  in  America, 
the  introduction  of  Hquor  or  women  of  loose  character. 

We  sent  four  and  one  half  million  of  men  into  our  camps,  and 
from  them  more  than  two  million  across  the  sea.  I  had  close  touch 
with  that  transportation  problem,  and  I  knew  then,  as  we  all  realized, 
the  thing  that  gave  pause  to  mothers  in  America  was  not  that  their 
sons  might  die  on  the  field  of  battle — that  was  the  hazard  of  war, 
and  they  were  conscious  that  their  boys  though  not  trained  in  long 
military  usage,  had  the  initiative  and  the  courage  to  meet  any  enemy 
on  any  field,  and  give  a  good  account  of  themselves — but  what 
tugged  at  their  heart-strings,  what  made  the  pall  upon  a  million 
homes  in  America,  was  lest  these  boys  should  be  submarined  whi^e 
crossing  the  ocean.  And  when  the  first  ship  went  abroad  there  were 
prayers  in  all  these  homes  that  these  lads  might  escape  this  modern 
death,  which  was,  of  all  deaths,  the  most  awful  for  a  soldier,  and 
might  land  safely  on  the  other  side ;  and  then,  when  they  had  landed, 
that  they  might  not  be  submarined  by  the  evils  of  intemperance 
and  looseness.  That  was  the  prayer,  that  was  the  feeling;  because 
we  knew  that  if  these  young  men  of  ours  lived  straight  and  walked 
straight,  they'd  shoot  straight ! 

The  war  taught  that  if  a  man  would  shoot  straight  he  must  live 
straight,  and  he  must  think  straight ;  and  all  the  influences  of  our 
Government,  of  our  associations,  were  united  to  throw  around  these 
youths  environments  that  were  wholesome,  recreations  that  were 
harmless,  amusements  that  would  take  them  away  from  the  grosser 
things.  And  the  result  was,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen,  that  we  sent  a 
clean  army  to  France,  and  it  came  back  cleaner  and  purer  than  any 
army  we  ever  had  in  the  history  of  cur  Government. 

We  have  learned  we  must  vaccinate  against  evil,  and  we  have  learned 
also  there  are  no  walls  or  dikes  of  protection  of  people  in  one  country 
against  the  people  of  another.  There  was  a  great  organization  some 
years  ago  in  America  that  had  as  its  motto  "The  injury  of  one  is  the 
concern  of  all."  May  we  not  all  of  us,  since  this  new  day  has  come, 
when  narrow  political  lines  are  done  with  forever,  and  when  all  the 
world  is  coming  into  a  day  of  unity,  closeness  of  elTort,  mutual  hel]) ful- 
ness, may  we  not  say  of  the  evils  against  which  we  fight — "The  injury 
of  one  is  the  concern  of  all?" 

Men  of  America  are  concerned  for  the  welfare  of  men  in  Africa, 
and  men  in  Asia,  and  men  in  Europe.  And  so  this  international  body, 
powerless  to  legislate  for  any  government,  still  has  about  it  the  power 
to  educate,  the  power  to  inspire,  and  it  has  the  purpose  to  say  that  what 
is  evil  to  ignorant  peoples  and  child  races  is  evil  to  the  educated  people 
of  the  most  advanced  races.  In  the  Spanish-American  War  we  had  two 
hunrlred    and    fifty-three   thousand    soldiers.      Wc   lost   by    death    from 

133 


typhoid  fever  alone  more  than  fifteen  hundred,  ancl  twenty-five  thousand 
were  incapacitated  by  that  dread  disease.  The  study  of  preventive 
medicine  and  its  appfication  has  ahiiost  done  away  with  typhoid,  once 
the  greatest  foe  of  the  soldier.  In  this  war  we  had  an  average  of  three, 
and  a  quarter  million  men  under  arms,  and  we  lost  one  hundred  and  fifty 
men  from  typhoid  fever!  Think  of  it!  the  progress  we  had  made  in 
preventive  medicine!  If  we  can  do  that  in  a  disease  so  long  fatal,  we 
can  surely  make  the  loss  of  man-power  in  war  due  to  alcoholism  and. 
immoral  diseases  almost  as  negligible  as  we  have  made  the  typhoid 
scourge. 

A\'e  never  heard  of  influenza  until  a  few  years  ago.  We  heard  of 
the  Spanish  influenza.  People  in  Indiana  or  Texas  supposed  that  they 
were  far  removed  from  Spain,  and  that  the  disease  that  had  devastated 
parts  of  that  country  could  not  touch  them ;  and  yet  the  germs  of  disease 
float  on  the  winds  of  every  air,  and  soon  the  part  of  America  furtherest 
removed  from  the  ocean  had  been  contaminated  by  this  new-  disease,  and 
many  of  the  people  died  before  the  doctors  learned  how  to  prevent  its 
ravages.  The  disease  which  handicapped  man  by  the  use  of  alcohol  was 
sharply  called  to  our  attention  in  the  time  of  war,  and  because  we  must 
have  strong  young  men  to  fight  our  battles,  Congress  rose  to  the  need  of 
protection ;  and  the  loss  of  man-power  at  the  front  by  liquor  and 
immoral  diseases,  the  twin  evils  that  curse  the  w^orld,  was  reduced  more 
than  fivefold  from  what  it  was  before  the  war. 

Ladies  and  Gentlemen,  if  we  preserved  our  man-power  for  war.  shall 
we  neglect  it  in  peace  ?  The  battles  of  peace  are  to  be  fought  as  well  as 
the  battles  of  war.  Messini  was  certainly  right  when  he  said  "the 
morrow  of  victory  is  more  dangerous  than  the  eve."  And  the  shell- 
shocked  condition  of  the  world,  the  gassed  condition  of  many  men,  calls 
even  for  more  heroic  remedy,  for  a  more  united  organization  for  the 
suppression  of  that  which  steals  a  man's  brain  and  will  and  power,  in 
these  peace  times  even  more  than  in  war,  because  then  men  were  lifted 
up  to  high  consecration,  whereas  after  the  war  the  danger  is  that  we 
shall  lapse  into  indiflference.  and  fall  back  from  the  elevation  to  which 
we  ascended  in  days  of  peril. 

Your  presiding  officer  has  done  me  the  honor  to  speak  of  a  small 
order  that  I  signed  one  afternoon,  which  made  the  oceans  in  all  the 
world,  so  far  as  Americans  were  concerned,  dry.  Somebody  said  that 
Air.  Roosevelt  discovered  the  "River  of  Doubt,"  and  that  the  Secretary 
of  the  Xav}-  discovered  that  the  Xa^•y  ought  to  run  along  on  water ! 

During  the  war.  when  we  were  beginning  our  first  Liberty  Loan 
campaign,  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  paid  a  great  tribute  to  the 
Navy,  whose  men,  in  proportion  to  their  numbers,  had  subscribed  more 
liberally  for  bonds  than  any  other  men  in  any  other  body  in  the  country- ; 
and  he  issued  the  call  for  Americans  to  comie  forward,  with  the  words, 
"Match  the  Xavy !"  And  so,  when  the  Xavy,  which  is  the  first  arm  of 
defense,  and  the  finest  fighting  body.  Sir,  in  all  the  world,  showed  that 

134 


its  efficiency  had  not  been  injured  for  the  lack  of  stimulants,  but  that  its 
hand  was  steady  and  its  brain  clear,  why,  the  people  of  America  said, 
"Let's  match  the  Xavy !"  And  so  we  have  another  great  day  in  America 
— July  1,  1919 —  when  General  Order  Number  Ninety-nine  in  the  Navy 
was  made  general  orders  for  every  part  of  the  world  that  Uncle  Sam's 
flag  floats  over. 

It's  very  interesting  to  see  the  steady  rise  of  the  sentiment  which  is 
coming  in  the  world,  that  men  do  not  need  alcohol.  In  1800 — I  have 
forgotten  the  date,  but  in  Andrew  Jackson's  administration,  "Old 
Hickory" — there  was  a  Secretary  of  the  Navy  who  came  from  the  State 
of  North  Carolina,  and  he  was  long  enough  in  office  to  advocate  and  seek 
to  obtain  a  law  ending  the  regular  rationing  of  grog  served  to  men  in 
the  Navy.  But  it  took  until  1862,  another  great  war,  for  people  to  see 
the  power  of  young  manhood,  and  to  protest  it  against  strong  tempta- 
tions ;  and  then  Congress  passed  a  law  forbidding  the  rationing  of  grog 
in  the  Navy. 

And  then  Secretary  John  D.  Long  issued  an  order  that  the  canteen^ — 
it  was  not  called  "the  canteen."  but  a  naval  name — should  not  exist  on 
a  ship  in  the  Navy.  And  then,  in  1914,  about  the  time  the  war  broke 
out,  another  order  was  issued  in  the  Navy  which  forbade  intoxicants  on 
any  ship  or  shore  station  in  the  Navy.  And  a  few  weeks  ago,  the  dis- 
tinguished Surgeon-General  of  the  Navy,  a  physician  and  surgeon  who 
not  only  cares  for  the  health  of  men,  but  has  the  wisdom  to  see  what  is 
the  best  remedy  for  medical  men,  issued  an  order  that  no  more  were 
intoxicants  to  be  prescribed  on  any  of  the  ships  of  the  Navy. 

So,  Mr.  Chairman,  I  say,  "Match  the  Navy !"  You  would  find  it 
impossible  to  find  ofiicers  or  men  on  any  ship  in  the  American  Navy 
to-day  who  would  go  back  to  the  old  conditions.  And  you  will  find  it 
equally  true  that  after  the  Eighteenth  Amendment  was  made  a  part  of 
our  organic  law.  embodied  in  the  Constitution,  an  instrument  we  all 
revere,  an  instrument  born  in  the  throes  of  liberty,  improved  to  meet 
conditions  of  modern  life — you  will  find  that  this  Fughteenth  Amend- 
ment will  last  as  long  as  the  preamble  or  any  other  part  of  this  great 
contribution  to  the  laws  of  our  nation ! 

I  wish  to  say  to  our  friends  from  abroad  who  are  here,  who  in  many 
ways  have  led  in  this  great  cause,  not  only  is  the  amendment  embodied 
there  sustained,  but  no  man  living  will  ever  see  a  Congress  that  will 
lessen  the  enforcement  of  that  law!  The  saloon  is  as  dead  as  slavery! 
It  is  slavery,  slavery  worse  than  slavery  of  the  l)ody,  because  its  efifect 
is  to  destroy  both  the  body  and  soul. 

In  this  national  gathering,  where  we  have  representatives  from  all 
parts  of  the  world,  we  should  feel  as  the  great  Ajiostle  felt  when  he 
came  near  Rome  and  reached  Appii  Forum — we  should  thank  God  and 
take  courage.  That's  a  good  text  for  the  Bishop  to  preach  upon  when 
he  follows  me. 

135 


The  presiding  OFFICER,  Father  O'CALLAGHAX  :  It  has 
been  suggested  that  I  read  here  a  letter  which  is  supplementary  to  a 
cablegram  received  by  the  International  Congress  Against  Alcoholism. 

Archeveche  de  Malines, 
Le  30  Aout,  1920. 
Dear  Father  O'Callaghan  : 

I  duly  received  your  kind  letter  of  August  i6th  and  your  cable  of  a  fortnight 
ago. 

In  the  hope  of  being  perhaps  able  to  accept  the  pressing  invitation  of  your 
committee  I  delayed  answering. 

Then  when  I  felt  that,  do  what  I  will,  it  w-ould  be  impossible  for  me  to  leave 
my  diocese  at  the  present  time,  I,  in  agreement  with  Baron  Ruijs  de  Beerenbrouck 
appointed  Dr.  Ariens,  the  well-known  Dutch  antialcoholist,  in  my  place ;  but  he, 
also,  was  unable  to  make  the  journey. 

I  have  now  named  Father  Vullings,  the  warmest  champion  cf  the  cause  here 
in  Belgium,  as  my  delegate  and  representative  at  your  Congress. 

Please  express  to  your  Committee  my  deep  regret  at  not  having  been  able 
to  be  with  you  on  this  occasion  and  to  share  your  labors  in  the  struggle  against 
the  evils  of  alcoholism. 

Kindly  also  be  my  spokesman  to  assure  them  of  my  warm  thanks  for  their 
courteous  offer  of  receiving  me  as  their  guest. 

Yours  very  sincerely, 

(Signed)     Desideratus  Card.  Mercier, 

Archbishop  of  Malines. 
Very  Rev.  P.  J.  O'Callaghan,  C.  S.  P., 

Treasurer,  Fifteenth  International  Congress 
Against  Alcoholism,  Washington. 

This  is  one  more  to  add  to  the  long  list  of  distinguished  bishops  of 
the  Catholic  Church  that  have  spoken  and  labored  for  the  cause  of 
temperance. 

I  am  sure  that  you  are  familiar  with  the  great  names  of  Archbishop 
Ireland,  Archbishop  Hayes,  and  Archbishop  Spalding.  They  have  all 
passed  to  their  reward ;  but,  linking  to  their  time,  there  is  one  amongst 
us  than  whom  none  has  been  more  devoted,  than  whom  none  has  been 
more  tireless  in  every  sort  of  service,  none  more  intimately  identified, 
through  a  long  life,  wnth  the  Total  Abstinence  Union  of  America,  who 
has  consented  to  speak  tonight  for  the  position  of  the  Catholic  Church, 
and  the  part  it  has  played  in  the  great  cause  of  temperance — the  Rt.  Rev. 
Regis  Canevin,  of  Pittsburgh.  Pennsylvania. 

THE   CHURCHES   OF  AMERICA   IN   THE  MOVEMENT 
AGAINST   ALCOHOLISM 

(a)    THE  ROMAN  CATHOLIC  CHURCH 

BY  THE  RIGHT  REV.  REGIS  CAXEVIX 

BISHOP  OF  PITTSBURGH,    PEXXSYLVAXIA 

■  Mr.  Chairman.  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen :  I  have  been  asked  to  confine 
my  remarks  to  the  efforts  of  the  Catholic  Church  in  the  United  States 
against  alcoholism.  It  is  very  gratifying  to  feel  the  religious  atmos- 
phere that  surrounds  this  meeting.     It  reminds  us  of  the  admonition  of 

136 


the  great   father   of   this   repubhc — "Let   us   with   caution   indulge   the 
supposition  that  morahty  can  be  maintained  without  rehgion." 

The  whole  civilization  and  order  of  society  rests  upon  religion,  and 
upon  the  basis  and  principles  of  the  Christian  religion  our  forefathers 
built  the  Commonwealth  of  these  United  States.  W  ithout  religion  there 
is  no  basis  of  authority  above  the  human  will,  and  without  authority 
higher  than  the  will  of  man  there  is  no  law  and  no  morality.  When  the 
lights  and  laws  of  religion  grow  dim  or  are  lost,  no  form  of  civil  society 
can  be  maintained.  Natural  society,  and  civilization,  apart  from  Divine 
revelation,  must  depend  upon  natural  religion ;  Christian  society  and 
Christian  civilization  must  spring  from  and  depend  upon  the  truths  and 
laws  of  Christianity. 

As  in  the  commonwealth,  authority,  law,  and  morality  depend  upon 
religion,  so  in  the  individual,  virtue,  obedience,  morals,  and  the  manner 
and  use  of  life  are  decided  by  man's  relations  with  God,  his  Creator, 
Lawgiver,  and  Judge. 

The  Catholic  Church  has  preached  the  doctrine  of  temperance  as  a 
natural  virtue,  and  to  natural  virtue  are  added  religious  motives  and 
supernatural  grace  that  have  raised  the  practise  of  total  abstinence  fuom 
intoxicating  beverages  to  the  heights  of  Christian  asceticism ;  by  which 
the  passions  are  restrained  and  the  body  is  brought  into  subjection  to 
the  soul,  that  man  may  more  closely  imitate  Christ  in  His  atoning 
sufferings. 

The  Catholic  Church  does  not  condemn  alcohol  as  a  thing  evil  in  sc; 
that  is,  the  Church  does  not  regard  alcohol  as  intrinsically  evil.  She 
discriminates  between  the  use  which  is  lawful  and  the  abuse  which  is 
condemned.  Alcohol  is  not  in  itself  an  evil  thing;  alcoholism  is  men's 
abuse  of  alcohol  and  is  evil.  The  terrible  evils  caused  by  alcoholic 
beverages  have  inclined  some  reformers  to  condemn  any  use  of  them. 
The  Catholic  Church  has  endeavored  to  prevent,  or  to  cure,  the  evils  of 
alcoholism  rather  by  persuasion  and  voluntary  abstinence  than  by  whole- 
sale condemnation. 

No  movement  can  succeed  in  preserving  virtue,  suppressing  vice, 
reforming  society,  and  leading  men  by  noble  ideals  to  better  manage- 
ment of  soul  and  body,  unless  the  truth  and  grace  of  religion  guide  and 
sanctify  the  minds  and  actions  of  those  w^ho  lead  and  those  who  follow. 
Though  deeply  concerned  for  the  physical  and  social  well-being  of  man- 
kind, the  Church  is  concerned  chiefly  with  the  moral  consequences  of 
alcoholism.  It  injures  men  in  body  and  soul;  it  degrades  him  in  the 
order  of  nature  as  well  as  in  the  order  of  grace.  Even  the  animal 
powers  sink  under  alcoholism.  It  clouds  and  debases  the  mind,  brutifies 
the  appetites,  stimulates  the  lower  passions,  and  is  the  source  of  the 
foulest  sins  that  enslave  the  will  and  deaden  the  moral  sense  of  men 
and  women. 

Ry  her  discipline  of  self-denial  and  mortification,  the  Church  has 
been  an  advocate  of  all  reasonable  movements  against  alcoholism  and 
intemperance    in    every    form ;    but    in    a    more    definite    way.    she    has 

137 


approved  and  encouraged  abstinence  from  intoxicating  liquors,  and 
various  organizations  have  been  established  to  combat  alcoholism  and 
increase  total  abstinence  as  the  surest  remedial  measure  and  preventive 
of  the  social  and  moral  evils  of  intemperance.  Many  bishops  and  priests 
and  thousands  of  the  Catholic  laity  have  been  leaders  in  the  antialcohol 
and  temperance  movements  in  this  country.  Since  the  beginning  of  the 
nineteenth  century  the  Church  in  the  United  States  has  taken  part  in 
the  battle  against  alcoholism  and  drunkenness.  No  nation  was  in  greater 
need  of  reform.  As  a  nation  we  have  been,  and  still  are,  strong  drinkers 
of  intoxicants.  We  have  had  to  strive  against  traditions  of  intemperance 
inherited  from  European  ancestors.  Neither  legislative  enactments, 
pastorals  of  bishops,  nor  decrees  of  synods  were  sufficient  to  place  us 
first  in  sobriety  among  the  nations  of  the  world. 

Catholic  bishops  in  the  first  half  of  the  nineteenth  century  were 
among  the  leading  advocates  of  total  abstinence  as  a  remedy  for  the 
plague  of  intemperance.  We  have  records  of  men  like  Bishop  Joseph 
Rosati  in  the  West,  and  Bishop  Francis  T.  Kendrick  in  Pennsylvania, 
in  the  twenties  and  thirties.  Bishop  Loras  of  Dubuque  and  Bishop 
Cretin  of  St.  Paul  in  the  forties  and  fifties,  pleading  the  cause  of  total 
abstinence  in  courthouses,  public  halls,  as  well  as  in  churches ;  and 
several  large  Catholic  total-abstinence  societies  were  organized  before 
the  temperance  crusade  of  Father  Alathew  roused  the  enthusiasm  of 
the  American  people,  who  hailed  him  as  a  benefactor  of  mankind.  He 
landed  on  our  shores  in  1849,  spent  two  years  and  a  half  in  this  country, 
visited  twenty-five  States,  and  administered  the  pledge  of  total  absti- 
nence to  more  than  500,000  persons. 

]\Iany  societies  were  organized  throughout  the  country  after  the  visit 
of  Father  Mathew,  but  it  was  not  until  1872  that  a  national  union.  The 
Catholic  Total  Abstinence  Union  of  America,  was  organized  at  a  con- 
vention held  in  the  city  of  Baltimore.  The  Union  is  composed  of 
societies  of  men.  women,  boys  and  girls.  It  has  met  in  annual  conven- 
tion since  1872.  and  is  now  convened  at  the  Catholic  University  during 
these  days  of  this  International  Congress  Against  Alcoholism.  Bishops, 
priests,  and  the  laity  have  recognized  the  Catholic  Total  Abstinence 
Union  as  the  principal  Catholic  organization  combating  the  forces  of 
intemperance  and  alcoholism  in  the  United  States.  Its  subordinate 
Unions  and  allied  societies  exist  in  all  parts  of  the  country,  and  thou- 
sands of  men,  women,  and  children  are  on  the  rolls  of  total  abstinence. 
In  addition  to  these  there  are  thousands  of  Catholics  pledged  to  total 
abstinence  who  are  not  members  of  any  society. 

The  Church  inculcates  prayer  as  well  as  work  in  a  good  cause. 
Pious  associations  such  as  the  Confraternity,  of  the  Sacred  Thirst,  the 
League  of  the  Cross,  St.  Veronica's  League,  the  Apostleship  of  Prayer, 
and  other  societies,  have  done  much  by  their  prayers  to  help  in  the 
conflict. 

One  of  the  principal  societies  of  the  Total  Abstinence  Union  is  the 
Priests'  Total  Abstinence  League,  made  up  of  priests   who  are  total 

138 


abstainers  and  cooperators  in  the  aim  and  work  of  the  temperance  cause. 
The  number  of  priests  who  are  total  abstamers  has  been  greatly  in- 
creased during  the  past  thirty  years,  owmg  in  a  great  measure  to  the 
Apostolate  of  total  abstainers  established  in  many  seminaries  by  the  late 
Father  Anthony  S.  Siebenfoercher,  who,  as  long  as  God  gave  him 
strength,  visited  seminaries  and  encouraged  seminarians  to  pledge 
themselves  for  life  to  the  self-denial  of  abstinence  from  alcoholic  bev- 
erages and  to  the  promotion  of  temperance  among  the  people.  His  work 
lives  after  him  and  bears  its  blessings  to  mankind. 

The  Union  has  had  among  its  leaders  men  like  Archbishops  John 
Ireland,  John  J.  Keane,  Patrick  J.  Ryan,  John  Lancaster  Spalding,  and 
many  others,  whom  hundreds  of  priests  and  thousands  of  laymen  fol- 
lowed in  the  crusade  against  the  evils  of  intemperance  and  the  drinking 
customs  of  American  society.  The  Church  stands  for  temperance,  and 
has  approved  total  abstinence  as  the  safer  course  for  young  and  old. 
Bishops  yearly  administer  the  pledge  of  total  abstinence  to  thousands 
when  giving  confirmation  in  parish  churches,  and  boys  and  girls  are 
enrolled  by  pastors  in  the  ranks  of  total  abstainers  at  the  time  of  their 
first  communion. 

All  Catholics  have  not  been  total  abstainers,  but  all  Catholics  by 
their  religion  as  well  as  by  their  citizenship,  are  bound  to  do  all  in  their 
power  to  suppress  intemperance  and  to  defend  society  against  the  perils 
of  alcoholism.  Every  official  declaration  of  the  Church  on  the  temper- 
ance question  has  been  an  exhortation  to  Catholics  to  do  all  in  their 
power  by  word  and  example  to  suppress  alcoholism. 

In  1879  the  Holy  See  addressed  a  letter  of  commendation  to  the 
members  of  the  Total  Abstinence  Union  for  their  noble  determination 
"to  oppose  and  uproot  the  baneful  vice  of  drunkenness  and  to  keep  far 
from  yourselves  and  those  united  with  you  all  incentive  to  it,  for,  in  the 
words  of  the  wise  man.  "It  goeth  in  pleasantly,  but  in  the  end  it  will  bite 
like  a  snake,  and  will  spread  abroad  poison  like  a  basilisk." 

In  1885  the  Third  Plenary  Council  of  the  Hierarchy  of  the  United 
States  declared : 

There  can  be  no  manner  of  doubt  that  the  abuse  of  intoxicating  drinks  is  to 
be  reckoned  among  the  most  deplorable  evils  of  this  country.  This  excess  is  an 
unceasing  stimulant  to  vice  and  a  fruitful  source  of  misery:  vast  numbers  of 
men  and  entire  families  are  plunged  into  hopeless  ruin,  and  multitudes  of  souls 
are  by  it  dragged  headlong  into  eternal  perdition.  Now  because  the  ravages  of 
this  vice  extend  not  a  little  among  Catholics,  non-Catholics  are  much  scandalized 
and  a  great  obstacle  is  set  up  against  the  spread  of  the  true  religion.  Hence  it 
behooves  all  Christians  to  be  filled  with  zeal  against  this  vice  and  for  the  love  of 
God  and  of  country  to  endeavor  to  root  out  this  pestilential  evil.     (No.  260.) 

It  is  from  the  priests  of  the  Church  that  we  especially  hope  for  assistance  in 
this  work ;  for  upon  them  has  God  imposed  the  duty  of  imparting  the  Word  of 
Life,  and  of  propagating  sound  morality  among  the  people.  Let  them  never 
cease  to  cry  out  boldly  against  drunkenness  and  whatsoever  leads  to  it;  and  let 
this  be  done  more  especially  during  such  seasons  of  devotion  as  Retreats  and 
Missions.  Let  them  bear  in  mind  the  teaching  of  the  Apostle  and  earnestly 
admonish   their  people  that   "dnuikards   sliall   not  possess  the  kingdom   of   God."" 

139 


(I  Cor.  vi.  10.)  Those  of  their  flocks  who  presumptuously  deem  themselves 
above  the  danger  of  temptation  should  be  warned  that  "he  that  loveth  the  danger 
shall  perish  in  it."  (Ecclus.  iii.  27.)  And  since  the  moving  force  of  instruction 
should  be  strengthened  by  the  attractive  power  of  good  example,  the  clergy 
themselves  should  in  this  matter  be  patterns  to  their  flocks,  exhibiting  in  their 
conduct,  living  models  of  the  virtue  of  temperance.     (No.  261.) 

On  July  10,  1906,  Pope  Pius  X  sent  the  following  message  which 
for  brevity  sake,  we  quote  in  part : 

BRIEF  OF  PIUS  X,  A.  D.  1906 

To  our  Venerable  Brother,  Francis  Regis,  Bishop  of  Pittsburgh,  President  of  the 
Catholic  Total  Abstinence  Union  of  America: 
Venerable  Brother:  .Health  and  apostolic  benediction.  We  learn  with  pleasure 
that  the  Catholic  Total  Abstinence  Union  of  America  is  about  to  hold  a  conven- 
tion in  the  city  of  Providence,  for  the  most  praiseworthy  purpose  of  condemning 
openly  the  public  and  destructive  evil  of  the  excessive  use  of  intoxicating  liquors, 
and  of  influoicing  and  encouraging  the  members  of  the  Union  to  resist  and  sup- 
press it  in  private  life.  Following  the  example  of  our  predecessors,  and  especially 
the  latest  among  them,  to  whom  there  seemed  to  he  no  greater  enemy  of  the 
teachings  and  commands  of  Christ  than  the  abuse  of  strong  drink,  we  heartily 
approve  the  work  of  the  Union,  and  congratulate  all  in  this  commendable  assem- 
blage, because  they  are  really  our  associates  and  helpers  in  persuading  men  to 
practice  one  of  the  principal  Christian  virtues — temperance. 

In  the  struggle  to  suppress  drunkenness  and  inculcate  temperance 
the  Catholic  Church  has  had  to  deplore  not  only  the  weakness  and  fall 
of  many  of  her  own  members,  but  most  of  all  the  opposition  or  indiffer- 
ence of  persons  such  as  are  described  by  Cardinal  Manning  in  his  article 
on  the  national  vice  of  England : 

They  are  too  far  removed  from  the  life  of  the  people  to  be  conscious  of  the 
immensity  of  the  evils  which  exist  below  their  own  level  in  life;  or  they  are 
directly  interested  as  capitalists,  or  as  possessors  of  house  property ;  or  they  are 
prejudiced  by  the  imprudence  and  exaggeration  of  certain  persons,  and  will  neither 
see  nor  listen;  or  they  are  too  delicate  to  touch  so  vulgar  a  subject;  or  they  are 
refined  free  livers  themselves ;  or  they  are  thoughtless  of  the  wreck  of  souls ;  or 
though  never  intoxicated  they  are  sometimes  not  sober ;  or  they  belong  to  the 
pessinium  genus  otiosiorum  of  idlers,  trifiers,  and  jokers,  who,  if  they  are  ever 
serious,  lament  the  evils  of  intemperance,  and  then  mischievously  obstruct  the 
labors  of  more  earnest  men  who  are  striving  to  save  men,  women,  and  children 
from  the  havoc  of  drink. 

The  international  movement  of  Catholics  against  alcoholism  received 
in  1914  through  Cardinal  Merry  del  Val,  this  hearty  commendation  of 
the  Visible  Head  of  the  Catholic  Church : 

The  Sovereign  Pontiff  congratulates  you  on  the  success  of  the  splendid  Cru- 
sade carried  on  by  you  throughout  the  world,  based  on  the  principles  of  the 
Gospel  and  guided  by  the  authority  of  the  hierarchy.  He  prays  God  to  fructify 
the  zeal  you  are  displaying  against  the  terrible  scourge,  which  is  the  enemy  of 
men's  bodies  and  souls  and  which  brings  in  its  train  so  many  miseries,  physical 
and  moral.  .  .  .  The  Popes  in  these  latter  times  have  not  failed  to  call  atten- 
tion to  the  deadly  evil  you  are  combating  and  have  proclaimed  the  necessity  of 
prompt  and  efficacious  remedies.  Provincial  Councils,  bishops  in  all  parts  of  the 
world,  have  raised  the  cry  of  alarm  and  have  roused  men's  consciences.  Follow- 
ing them,  men  of  faith,  of  science,  of  action  have  by  their  words  and  their  example 
produced  a  most  salutary  movement  in  Catholic  temperance  organizations. 
His  Holiness  earnestly  expresses  the  desire  that  the  clergy  everywhere  encour- 

140 


age  this  work  of  social  re-education  and  preservation,  and  that  they  put  themselves 
by  their  example  in  the  very  van  of  the  struggle  against  an  evil  which,  especially 
in  some  countries,  is  sowing  so  much  shame  among  the  faithful. 

(Signed)     R.  Cardinal  Merry  del  Val. 

The  mind  of  the  CathoHc  Church  against  alcohoHsm  and  the  means 
recommended  to  suppress  alcohohsm  and  all  the  evils  of  intemperance 
are  clearly  set  forth  in  the  words  of  the  following  document  which 
Leo  XIII  sent  in  1887  to  Archbishop  Ireland: 

BRIEF  OF  LEO  XIII.,  A.  D.  1887 

lo  Our  Venerable  Brother,  John  Ireland,  Bishop  of  St.  Paul,  Minnesota. 

Venerable  Brother:  Health  and  apostolic  benediction.  The  admirable  works  of 
piety  and  charity  by  which  our  faithful  children  in  the  United  States  labor  to 
promote  not  only  their  own  temporal  and  eternal  welfare,  but  also  that  of  their 
fellow-citizens,  and  which  you  have  recently  related  to  us,  give  to  us  exceeding 
great  consolation.  And,  above  all,  we  have  rejoiced  to  learn  with  what  energy 
and  zeal,  by  means  of  various  excellent  associations,  and  especially  through  the 
Catholic  Total  Abstinence  Union,  you  combat  the  destructive  vice  of  intemperance. 
For  it  is  well  known  to  us  how  ruinous,  how  deplorable  is  the  injury,  both  to  faith 
and  to  morals,  that  is  to  be  feared  from  intemperance  in  drink.  Nor  can  we 
sufficiently  praise  the  prelates  of  the  United  States,  who  recently,  in  the  Plenary 
Council  of  Baltimore,  with  weightiest  words  condemned  this  abuse,  declaring  it 
to  be  a  perpetual  incentive  to  sin  and  a  fruitful  root  of  all  evils,  plunging  the 
families  of  the  intemperate  into  direct  ruin  and  dragging  numberless  souls  down 
to  everlasting  perdition;  declaring,  moreover,  that  the  faithful  who  yield  to  this 
vice  of  intemperance  become  thereby  a  scandal  to  non-Catholics  and  a  great  hin- 
drance to  the  propagation  of  the  true  religion. 

Hence,  we  esteem  worthy  of  all  commendation  the  noble  resolve  of  your  pious 
associations,  by  which  they  pledge  themselves  to  abstain  totally  from  every  kind 
of  intoxicating  drink.  Nor  can  it  at  all  be  doubted  that  this  determination  is  the 
proper  and  the  truly  efficacious  remedy  for  this  very  great  evil ;  and  that  so  much 
the  more  strongly  zvill  all  be  induced  to  put  this  bridle  upon  appetite,  by  how  much 
the  greater  are  the  dignity  and  influence  of  those  who  give  the  example.  But  the 
greatest  of  all  in  this  matter  should  be  the  seal  of  the  priests,  who  as  they  are 
called  to  instruct  the  people  in  the  word  of  life  and  to  mould  them  to  Christian 
morality,  sliould  also,  and  above  all,  walk  before  them  in  the  practice  of  virtue. 
Let  pastors,  therefore,  do  their  best  to  drive  the  plague  of  intemperance  from  the 
fold  of  Christ,  by  assiduous  preaching  and  exhortation,  and  to  shine  before  all  as 
models  of  abstinence,  that  so  the  many  calamities  with  which  this  vice  threatens 
both  Church  and  State  may,  by  their  strenuous  endeavors,  be  averted. 

And  we  most  earnestly  beseech  Almighty  God  that,  in  this  important  matter. 
He  may  graciously  favor  your  desires,  direct  your  counsels,  and  assist  your 
endeavors;  and  as  a  pledge  of  the  Divine  protection  and  a  testimony  of  our  pater- 
nal affection  we  most  lovingly  bestow  upon  you,  venerable  brother,  and  upon  all 
your  associates  in  this  holy  league  the  Apostolic  Benediction. 

Given  at  Rome,  from  St.  Peter's,  this  twenty-seventh  day  of  March,  in  the 
year  1887,  the  tenth  year  of  our  Pontificate. 

(Signed)     LEO  XIII,  Pope. 

The  presiding  OFFICER,  Father  O'CALLAGHAN  :  Bishop 
Anderson,  of  Cincinnati,  has  been  named  as  the  spokesman  for  the 
Protestant  Churches  of  America,  to  tell  of  the  great  work  that  they  have 
done  in  behalf  of  temperance  and  Prohibition.  I  have  the  honor  to 
introduce  Bishop  Anderson. 

141 


THE     CHURCHES     OF    AMERICA     IN     THE     MOVEMENT 
AGAINST     ALCOHOLISM 

(b)     PROTESTANT  CHURCHES 

BY  THE  RIGHT  REV.  WILLIAM  F.  AXDERSOX 

OF    CINCINNATI 

Mr.  Chairman,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen:  I  have  heard  somewhere  of 
a  thrifty  farmer  who  had  two  sons,  whom  he  was  very  anxious  to  send 
to  college.  He  was  getting  to  be  an  old  man  himself,  and  the  farm  had 
to  be  taken  care  of.  How  should  it  be  done?  He  struck  upon  the  expe- 
dient of  sending  John  to  college  one  year,  then  the  year  following  John 
would  stay  at  home,  and  George  \^ould  go.  John  went  for  his  first  year, 
had  a  very  happy  and  prosperous  time,  and  formed  the  acquaintance  of 
a  very  charming  young  lady,  who  promised,  before  he  went  back  home, 
to  share  with  him  the  joys  and  sorrows  of  his  life.  He  told  her  at  the 
last  meeting  about  the  arrangements  of  the  father,  and  said  to  her  that 
he  would  not  be  back  the  year  following,  but  that  his  brother  George 
would  be  there,  and  he  would  be  very  glad  if  she  would  make  it  pleasant 
for  his  brother.  George  went  and  began  the  term,  got  his  schedule  hap- 
pily arranged,  set  aside  an  evening  to  go  out  and  call  upon  his  brother's 
fiancee.  He  rang  the  door-bell,  and  in  a  moment  a  vision  of  loveliness 
stood  before  him.  It  was  in  the  evening  twilight  hour.  The  two  boys 
looked  strangely  like  each  other.  In  a  moment  the  door  opened,  and  he 
received  her  caresses.  She  said  to  him,  "Why,  John,  it  is  so  fine  that 
you  have  come  back  to  college  again  this  year.  I  thought  you  were  not 
coming.  Isn't  this  perfectly  splendid?"  George  took  a  moment  to 
recover  himself,  and  said,  "Well,  I  am  not  John,  I  am  George.  But  if 
this  is  where  John  left  off,  it's  where  I  would  like  to  begin!" 

The  Secretary  of  the  Navy  gave  me  his  text.  I  want  to  begin  where 
the  Secretary  and  the  good  Bishop  left  off.  "The  Spirit  of  Temperance 
is  filling  the  earth,  and  Uncle  Sam  is  leading  the  International  Reform!" 

Prohibition  with  its  reenforcement  from  every  angle  and  viewpoint 
of  life,  from  science,  from  sanitation,  from  economics,  from  experience, 
from  law  and  order,  from  patriotism,  and  from  religion — the  Bishop 
well  says  that  the  inspiration,  the  great  inspiration  of  the  reform,  is  in 
the  element  of  religion.  The  Protestant  churches  have  so  treated  it,  and 
unquestionably  that  which  has  given  great  impetus  to  it  among  all  the 
people  of  the  Protestant  following  is  the  fact  that  the  Protestant  churches 
have  treated  the  temperance  reform  as  a  religious  crusade.  The  Protes- 
tant churches  seek  to  build  their  procedure  upon  the  Christian  revelation. 
At  the  very  center  of  this  revelation,  in  its  manward  side,  stands  man. 
The  procedure  of  the  Protestant  churches  recognizes  man  in  his  three- 
fold nature — ^physical,  intellectual,  spiritual.  It  goes  forth  in  its  crusade 
against  intemperance  with  that  sublime  doctrine  of  the  Christian  revela- 
tion that  the  human  body  is  the  Temple  of  God.  and  that  if  a  man  defile 
the  temple  in  which  his  spirit  lives,  he  defiles  thereby  the  Temple  of  God. 

]^2 


It  recognizes  the  importance  of  the  cultivation  of  the  intellect  in  all  true 
progress,  and  in  all  human  welfare ;  recognizes  the  fact  that,  in  the  final 
analysis,  there  is  nothing  great  in  the  world  but  man,  and  nothing  great 
in  man  but  mind,  considered  in  itself,  considering  man  in  his  entire  spir- 
itual being,  in  contrast  with  his  material  being.  But  it  also  recognizes 
the  fact  that  trained  intellect  must  be  crystallized,  that  the  imperial  qual- 
ities of  the  soul  are  the  moral  qualities,  and  that  the  mind,  which  is  culti- 
vated, must  be  brought  into  subjection  to  the  Divine  ideal  of  a  creator, 
and  the  Divine  law  of  altruism. 

Now  I  have  not  time  to  philosophize.  I  may  say  that  the  crusade 
of  temperance  is  occupying  today  a  greater  place  in  the  procedure  of  all 
the  Protestant  churches  than  ever  before,  and  that  the  vital  men,  the 
progressive  men,  the  dominant  men,  the  vital  women,  and  the  progressive 
women,  and  the  dominant  women,  are  all  hospitabje  towards  the  tem- 
perance reform. 

There  may  have  ]:»een  many  agencies  at  work.  The  Protestant 
churches,  I  may  say,  with  perfect  truthfulness,  have  been  hospitable 
toward  them  all.  Take,  for  example,  if  you  please,  the  part  that  woman 
has  played  in  temperance  reform  and  legislation.  If  you  have  read  that 
very  interesting  little  volume  by  one  of  our  fellow  Americans,  Mr.  Wil- 
liam Allen  White,  you  recall  that  in  discussing  the  consequences  of  the 
war,  he  makes  this  statement,  that,  as  the  result  of  this  war,  motherhood 
will  be  linked  up  to  the  world  problems.  Then  it  will  be  worth  all  that 
it  has  cost.  Well,  motherhood  has  been  linked  up  to  this  great  reform. 
Motherhood  and  sisterhood  are  linked  to  this  reform,  to-day  as  never 
before,  thanks  to  the  Nineteenth  Amendment. 

And  we  expect  woman  to  give  as  good  account  of  herself  as  a  citizen 
as  she  has  done  through  all  the  years  as  a  religious  reformer. 

I  was  reading  the  other  day  the  comments  of  a  certain  writer  who 
seemed  to  have  his  reservations  about  the  wisdom  of  this  procedure. 
He  said  he  was  not  at  all  afraid  of  what  woman  would  do  to  politics,  but 
he  was  very  much  concerned  about  what  politics  would  do  to  woman. 
I  have  no  concern  except  the  highest  congratulation  as  to  what  woman 
will  do  for  politics,  and  also  as  to  what  politics  will  do  for  woman.  As 
woman  will  lift  politics  to  a  high  standard  of  morality,  so  also,  I  believe, 
politics,  with  the  investiture  of  the  full  right  of  citizenship,  will  elevate 
woman  to  a  higher  standard  of  efficiency. 

It  was  a  great  day  for  the  cause  of  temperance  when  the  churches 
of  the  Protestant  communions  determined  officially  to  function  in  this 
reform  through  the  Anti-Saloon  League,  which  practically  effected  the 
mobilization  of  the  Protestant  forces  of  this  country.  That  was  the  day 
of  very  great  advance,  and  a  time  of  real  significant  progress.  So  is  it 
that  the  Protestant  churches  are  going  forward,  basing  their  efforts  upon 
?  grand  crusade  for  the  bringing  in  of  the  time  when  the  curse  of  strong 
drink  shall  have  been  done  away  with,  and  when  men  shall  live  by  reason 
and  by  a  high  standard  of  morality. 

143 


I  was  greatly  delighted,  as  you  all  were,  as  evidenced  by  your  applause^ 
a.  moment  ago,  to  hear  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy  say  that  the  Eighteenth 
Amendment  would  abide.  I  am  glad  to  hear  that  utterance  from  one  in 
his  official  position,  and  I  am  heartily  glad  for  his  sympathy  and  constant 
cooperation  in  that  direction.  Nevertheless,  I  think  that  those  of  us 
who  are  interested  in  this  reform  must  prepare  for  a  battle  in  the  days 
that  are  near  at  hand.     The  liquor  traffic  dies  hard,  but  it  has  got  to  die. 

I  wish  to  pay  my  respects  to  those  who  are  engaged  in  one  way  or 
another  in  trying  to  defeat  the  Eighteenth  Amendment.  My  general 
charge  is  that  they  are  the  enemies  of  every  sacred  interest  in  our  national 
life,  and  in  world  life.  My  specifications  are  as  follows:  They  are  the 
enemies  of  the  home,  who  would  seek  to  defeat  the  Eighteenth  Amend- 
ment, or  in  any  way  to  cheat  the  American  people  out  of  the  practical 
results  of  this  amendment.  They  are  the  enemies,  in  the  first  place,  of 
the  home.  It  is  well  known  that  through  all  these  years  the  liquor  traffic 
has  fattened  on  the  poverty  and  suffering  of  women  and  children.  There- 
fore, they  put  themselves  in  the  attitude  of  being  inhuman.  They  are  the 
enemies  likewise  of  the  public  school.  It  would  be  interesting  if  we 
could  know  how  many  boys  and  girls  have  been  cheated  out  of  their  edu- 
cational opportunities  because  of  the  ravages  of  drunkenness  in  their 
homes.  It  would  be  very  interesting  to  know  how  much  science  has  lost, 
how  much  statesmanship  has  lost,  how  much  scholarship  has  lost,  how 
much  good  citizenship  has  lost,  how  much  religion  has  lost,  how  much  all 
the  great  fundamental  ideals  have  lost  because  the  liquor  traffic  has 
defeated  the  young  people  of  this  country  from  realizing  their  educa- 
tional opportunity.  Therefore,  we  must  write  down  these  opponents  of 
the  Eighteenth  Amendment  as  unprogressive,  seeking  to  defeat  the  prog- 
ress of  our  great  country.  There  are  the  enemies  of  the  church,  of  every 
branch  of  the  church,  Roman  Catholic,  Protestant,  Jewish.  You  could 
call  the  priests  and  pastors  from  the  various  denominations,  but  I  have 
their  testimony  as  to  how  they  have  been  trying,  through  the  years,  in 
almost  every  field,  to  undo  the  work  of  the  American  saloon.  Very  much 
of  the  time  and  strength  and  energy  of  all  the  churches  has  been  devoted 
to  the  undoing  of  the  evil  that  has  been  wrought  by  the  liquor  traffic. 
Therefore,  we  must  write  down  these  opponents  of  the  Eightenth 
Amendment  as  un-Christian. 

Can  they  put  themselves  in  the  attitude  of  being  un-patriotic  ?  It  is 
a  rather  remarkable  thing  that  among  the  leaders,  the  political  leaders, 
of  this  country  at  the  present  moment,  there  should  be  any  debating  as 
to  what  should  be  done  with  the  Eighteenth  Amendment.  The  Ameri- 
can people  have  spoken.  They  have  tried  out  the  liquor  traffic  through 
all  these  years,  and  they  are  heartily  weary  of  it,  and  yet  there  are  those 
who  would  be  called  statesmen  who  shy  at  the  question  of  the  temperance 
leform.  Any  man  in  a  position  of  leadership  who  takes  that  attitude 
ought  not  to  be  called  a  statesman,  but  a  petty  politician.  The  simple 
fact  is  that  this  reform  affords  at  this  moment  the  finest  opportimity  for 

144 


constructive  statesmanship  of  any  question,  internal  to  the  Hte  of  the 
American  people  at  the  present  moment. 

I  am  sorry  that  my  train  leaves  in  a  few  minutes,  and  that  I  must 
cut  short  my  message.  I  want  to  bring  before  you  in  the  closing  moments 
a  picture  which  I  shall  carry  away  with  me  from  this  place.  I  sat  last 
night  facing  our  classic  and  glorious  Capitol  Building.  I  saw  the  Spirit 
of  Temperance  welcome  the  representatives  of  all  the  foreign  nations 
as  they  bore  the  insignia  of  their  several  countries.  I  saw  her,  the 
Spirit  of  Temperance,  introduce  these  representatives  from  foreign 
countries  to  Columbia,  who  received  them  graciously,  and  grouped  them 
with  the  several  departments  of  state.  What  an  inspiration  it  was ! 
And  as  I  stood  there  and  looked  upon  that  picture,  and  lifted  my  eyes 
heavenward,  and  saw  the  glorious  moon,  shining  out  of  the  cloudless 
sky,  it  symbolized  to  me  the  smile  of  the  God  of  all  the  nations  upon  the 
procedure  that  was  symbolizing  a  new  period  in  American  history  and  in 
world  life.  Yes,  the  spirit  of  temperance  is  filling  the  earth,  and  Uncle 
Sam  is  leading  in  the  international  reform.  May  the  blessing  of  the 
good  God  rest  upon  our  nation  at  this  time,  and  lead  us  onward  and 
upward  to  those  higher  ideals  which  are  fundamental  to  the  progress  of 
human  welfare,  that  at  last  the  time  may  come  when  all  men's  good  shall 
be  each  man's  rule,  and  universal  peace  lie  like  a  shaft  of  light,  across  the 
land,  and  like  a  lane  of  beams  athwart  the  sea,  through  all  the  circle  of 
the  golden  year.  It  is  a  long  step  towards  the  realization  of  that  divine 
ideal  of  human  brotherhood  which  has  been  given  to  the  world  by  its 
great  world-empire  builder,  Jesus  Christ,  for  the  cross  and  crowning  of 
all  good  lives.  "Make  way  for  brotherhood,  for  it  will  bring  again  to 
earth  her  long-lost  poesy  and  mirth ;  will  send  new  light  on  every  face,  a 
kingly  power  upon  the  race.  It  will  do  good  that  men  are  slaves  and 
travel  to  the  dust  of  graves.  Come  clear  the  way,  then  clear  the  way, 
blind  creeds  and  kings  have  had  their  day.  Break  the  dead  branches 
from  the  path,  our  hope  is  in  the  aftermath;  our  hope  is  in  heroic  men, 
now  left  to  build  the  world  again.  To  this  event  the  ages  ran ;  make 
way  for  brotherhood ;  make  way  for  man." 

This  enemy  of  human  brotherhood,  thank  God !  has  come  to  the  end 
of  its  disgraceful  career,  and  we  are  to  have  a  dry  nation,  and  in  due 
time  a  dry  world. 

The  presiding  OFFICER.  Father  O'CALLAGHAX  :  On  the 
program  it  is  announced  that  Rablii  Stephen  Wise  will  speak  for  Judaism, 
biit  when  he  made  this  engagement  he  did  not  realize  that  this  was  a 
great  holiday  of  Judiasm,  and  he  has  asked  to  be  allowed  to  speak 
to-morrow  night. 

The  meeting  then  adjourned. 


145 


MORNING  SESSION 

THURSDAY    SEPTEMBER   23.    1920 


The  session  was  convened,  with  the  Rev.  Edwin  C.  Dinwiddie.  Chair- 
man of  the  Congress,  presiding. 

The    Rev.    EARL    D.    WILFLEY.    of    the    Federal    Council    of 
Churches  of  Washington,  offered  the  invocation. 

The  CHAIR]MAX  :  Agreeable  to  the  announcement  yesterday,  we 
hope  to  hear  this  morning  from  the  official  representatives  of  such  gov- 
ernments as  were  not  represented  in  the  responses  on  Tuesday  morning. 
We  have  done  our  best  to  ascertain  who  they  are.  and  whether  they  are 
present  or  not.  and  we  have  been  receiving  information  daily  and  almost 
hourly  from  the  State  Department,  some  of  it  necessarily  delayed,  so 
that  we  may  not  have  the  complete  list  up  to  the  present  moment. 

The  CHAIRMAX  :  The  Hon.  Stephen  Panaretoff,  Minister  from 
Bulgaria. 

ADDRESS 

Bv  THE  Hon.  STEPHEN  PANARETOFF 
minister    from    BULG.\IiIA 

^Ir.  Chairman.  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen :  I  certainly  did  not  expect 
to  be  called  upon  to  make  an  address  this  morning.  Moreover,  the 
authorization  whereby  I  was  authorized  to  represent  officially  Bulgaria 
at  the  Fifteenth  International  Congress  Against  Alcoholism  came  so  late 
that  I  have  not  been  able  to  secure  the  data  which  might  have  been  nec- 
essary for  m.e  to  make  an  address ;  and  that  was  the  reason  why  I  missed 
the  opening  sessions  of  the  Congress.  I  have  no  program,  I  did  not 
know  the  time  or  the  place  where  the  Congress  was  to  meet,  and  I  only 
got  the  program  on  Monday  about  noon,  which  was  already  too  late  for 
me  to  come. 

I  am  very  glad  to  be  present  at  this  Congress.  I  think  I  may  say. 
without  any  desire  to  claim  any  privilege  about  it.  that  I  am  the  first 
Bulgarian  officially  to  represent  his  country  in  a  Congress  of  this  kind. 

Alcoholism  in  Bulgaria  is  not  to  be  understood  in  the  same  sense  in 
which  it  is  understood  in  coimtries  of  Europe  or  here  in  America.  In 
Bulgaria,  for  example,  almost  every  man  of  the  middle  class  has  his 
own  vineyard  out  of  which  he  makes  his  own  wine  for  home  consump- 
tion. A\'hi5ky.  brandy,  and  gin  are  drinks  altogether  unknown  in  Bul- 
garia. Beer  is  made  and  used,  and  I  am  sorr}-  to  say  that  we  have  also 
our  drinking-saloons  like  any  other  countr\-.  But  within  the  last  ten  or 
twelve  years  a  movement  has  been  started  in  Bulgaria  which  has  the 

146 


sympathy  and  support  of  the  Bulgarian  Government,  for  Prohibition. 
And  it  gives  me  added  pleasure  to  say  that  the  initiative  for  this  move- 
ment in  Bulgaria,  which  we  hope  will  give  good  results  in  due  season, 
w'as  started  by  an  American  missionary  by  the  name  of  Dr.  Clark,  a 
man  who  has  spent  almost  all  his  life  in  Bulgaria,  who  speaks  the  lan- 
guage of  the  country,  who  is  honored  and  beloved  by  the  people,  and 
who,  in  their  love  for  him,  generally  call  him  "Grandpa  Clark."  In  the 
few  instances  where  Prohibition  has  been  put  to  the  vote  of  the  people, 
a  kind  of  local  option,  I  am  glad  to  say  that  invariably  the  vote  has  been 
in  favor  of  Prohibition. 

And  I  am  also  glad  to  say  that  even  in  villages  where  one  would 
suppose  the  women  are  ignorant  and  uneducated  as  a  rule,  the  women 
have  voted  invariably  for  Prohibition. 

I  cannot  tell  you  or  give  you  any  statistics  about  the  use  of  wine  or 
any  other  liquors  in  Bulgaria.  I  am  sorry  to  say  I  have  not  got  them  at 
my  disposal.  I  am  not  also  able  to  say  how  many  temperance  societies 
have  been  started.  If  I  remember  right  I  have  read  some  time  ago  that 
there  were  over  six  hundred  such  temperance  societies  started. 

It  is  a  small  beginning,  but  you  must  remember  that  Bulgaria  is  a 
small  country,  and  that  the  production  of  wine,  as  I  have  said,  for  home 
consumption  has  been  really  the  rule  of  the  country ;  but  I  have  no  doubt 
that  with  the  initiative  which  has  been  taken,  with  the  desire  of  the 
people  to  prohibit  the  drinking  of  spirituous  hquors,  Bulgaria  is  one  of 
the  countries  of  the  Near  East  which  looks  with  sympathy  and  interest 
to  a  Congress  of  this  kind.  And  I  consider  it  a  great  honor  to  have  been 
delegatecl  by  my  Government  to  represent  my  country  in  this  Congress. 

The  CHAIRMAN :  I  am  very  glad  to  say  that  the  Government  of 
Chile  has  appointed  five  delegates  to  this  Congress,  and  all  of  them  are 
in  the  United  States;  but  unfortunately  three  of  them  have  not  yet 
reached  W^ashington ;  but  the  Consul-General  of  Chile  and  Senor  Felix 
Nieto  del  Rio  are  present  this  morning;  and  as  the  Consul-General  does 
not  speak  English  fluently,  he  has  requested  Seiior  del  Rio  to  say  a  few 
words  of  welcome  on  behalf  of  the  Government  of  Chile. 

Senor  del  RTO  briefly  conveyed  (in  Spanish)  the  greetings  of  the 
Chilean  Government. 

The  chairman  :  As  as  I  said,  the  representatives  of  several  of 
the  other  nations  will  be  heard  later  at  their  own  request.  May  I  venture 
this  request  of  several  of  them  ?  I  will  not  call  on  you  for  a  speech  now, 
but  in  order  that  the  Congress  may  see  you  and  know  that  you  are  here, 
will  Sir  Francois  Demieux  and  Dr.  Grant,  the  official  representatives  of 
Canada,  simply  rise,  and  in  that  way  be  presented  to  the  Congress? 
[The  Canadian  delegates  in  question  thereupon  rose.] 

The  CHATRM.XN  fcontinuing)  :     I  will  ask  the  third  one  to  rise. 

147 


He  spoke  ver)-  admirably  to  us  on  Tuesday.  Professor  Zmrhal,  of 
Czecho-Slo\'akia,  will  you  introduce  the  other  two  gentlemen  who  have 
come  from  Czecho-Slovakia  ? 

A  DELEGATE :  I  beg  your  pardon.  I  am  from  Czecho-Slovakia, 
and  Dr.  Staitch  is  from  Czecho-Slovakia,  and  I  would  like  to  introduce 
the  other  Czecho-Slovakia  delegate.  There  are  two  of  us  here — Dr. 
Drime. 

The  CHAIR^ilAX :  We  are  very  glad  to  see  you.  That  being  the 
case — we  would  like  to  hear  for  three  minutes,  from  the  Honorable 
Georges  Staitch,  of  Czecho-Slovakia,  or  from  the  Kingdom  of  the  Serbs, 
Croats,  and  Slovene's,  as  I  ought  to  have  said  the  other  day. 

]\Jr.  G.  K.  staitch  (of  Belgrade)  :  ^Ir.  Chairman,  Ladies,  and 
Gentlemen :  I  was  prevented  from  coming  here  the  other  morning,  be- 
cause of  unavoidable  incidents.  The  Kingdom  of  the  Serbs,  Croats,  and 
Slovenes  takes  the  opportunity  to  convey  through  me  its  greetings  to  the 
Congress.  I  shall  have  the  opportunity  to  speak  to-morrow  afternoon 
about  the  temperance  movement  in  my  country,  and  especially  about  the 
temperance  instruction  in  European  schools.     I  thank  you. 

The  CHAIR^LW  :  I  have  very  great  pleasure  now  in  introducing 
Dr.  IMinosuke  Yamaguchi.  of  Tokyo,  Japan,  who  will  speak  to  us  on 
the  movement  against  alcoholism  in  Japan. 

THE   MOVEMENT  AGAINST  ALCOHOLISM  IN  JAPAN 

Bv  MIXOSUKE  YAMAGUCHI,  M.  A.,  M.  D. 

OF  TOKYO,    JAPAX 

Air.  Chairman,  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen :  This  is  a  great  privilege  for 
me  to  come  here  and  to  speak  a  few  words  on  the  present  condition  of 
our  movement  against  alcoholism  in  my  native  country,  Japan.  First  of 
all,  in  the  name  of  the  X'ational  Temperance  League  of  Japan,  let  me 
salute  you,  the  Fifteenth  International  Congress  Against  Alcoholism. 

THE   XATIOXAL  DRINK,   SAKE 

Japan  was  a  hermit  nation  for  a  great  many  centuries,  but  she  was 
not  behind  at  least  on  the  matter  of  drink.  She  knew  how  to  produce  a 
fermented  drink  long  before  our  first  Emperor  came  to  the  throne,  some 
2,568  years  ago.  Our  national  drink,  sake,  is  made  from  brewed  rice. 
It  is  the  most  favorite  drink  of  the  Tapanese  men  and  women  as  well  as 
Japanese  gods.  It  is  a  drink  enjoyed  at  all  feasts,  picnics,  evening 
gatherings,  and  in  fact  at  every  occasion.  Omiki,  or  sake  offered  to 
Shinto  gods,  is  divided  among  the  members  of  the  family,  in  order  that 
every  one  drinking  it  may  receive  the  blessings  from  the  gods.  Men 
and  women,  young  and  old,  drink  it.  By  drinking  sake  from  the  same 
cups  nine  times  man  and  woman  are  made  husband  and  wife.     Thus, 

148 


sake  is  most  important  at  a  japane,-e  \\eJding.  New  Year's  Day  is 
greeted  with  tosu  drinking,  which  is  a  fancy  mixture  of  sake.  Every 
New  Year's  visitor  is  persuaded  to  partake  of  the  drink.  It  is  ex- 
tremely difficult  to  refuse  such  a  drink.  Thus,  sake  occupies  a  very 
important  place  in  our  daily  life  in  our  country.  Its  poisonous  effect  is 
very  little  studied  and  thought  of,  and  every  one  is  encouraged  to  drink 
it.  One  who  does  not  drink  it  is  often  teased  by  others  very  much.  The 
worst  saying  the  Devil  ever  invented  for  the  support  of  sake  is  this, 
Sake  zva  Hyakuyaku  no  cho,  or  "Sake  is  the  superior  of  all  medicine." 
The  great  majority  of  our  people,  not  only  ignorant,  but  many  educated, 
do  believe  this  saying  to  be  the  truth,  and  use  sake  freely  whenever  a 
little  symptom  appears.  No  wonder,  therefore,  Japan  produced  some 
240,000,000  gallons  of  sake  and  some  20,000,000  gallons  of  beer  in  1917, 
which  is  the  latest  report  obtainable.  Fifty-five  million  of  people  have 
drunk  this  vast  quantity. 

OUR  TEMPERANCE   MOVEMENT 

Ever  since  the  first  able  temperance  worker,  representing  the  W.  C. 
T.  U.,  arrived  in  Japan,  in  1884,  many  equally  strong  representatives 
have  followed,  in  order  to  teach  us  the  evil  of  the  drink.  When  we  think 
of  this  we  can  not  help  but  stop  a  moment  to  salute  and  express  sincere 
gratitude  to  the  W.  C.  T.  U.  from  the  bottom  of  our  hearts  for  what 
they  have  done  for  us.  Meanwhile,  many  able  natives  took  it  up  and 
did  some  splendid  work  for  the  cause.  The  National  Temperance 
League  of  Japan  was  organized  twenty-two  years  ago.  Mr.  Ando,  Mr. 
Nemoto,  and  many,  many  strong  coworkers  did  excellent  work  for  the 
country  against  alcohol.  The  League  has  more  than  100  active  societies 
at  present,  scattered  all  over  the  land,  and  new  organizations  are  added 
from  time  to  time.  These  societies  are  now  very  much  alive  and  most 
effective  work  is  carried  on  everywhere  by  the  respective  leaders.  "Dry 
Nippon  in  Ten  Years"  is  the  goal  many  such  leaders  are  aiming  at  for 
the  present. 

JUVENILE  TEMPERANCE  LAW 

For  the  last  twenty-one  years  the  Hon.  Sho  Nemoto,  a  member  of 
the  Lower  House  of  the  National  Diet,  introduced  a  bill  prohibiting  the 
sale  or  giving  away  of  liquor  to  minors  for  their  own  use.  This  bill 
has  passed  the  Lower  House  eleven  times,  and  has  been  several  times 
approved  by  a  committee  of  the  House  of  Peers,  but  has  always  been 
finally  voted  down  in  the  House  of  Peers.  It  is  encouraging,  however, 
to  know  that  the  number  of  supporting  votes  is  increasing  steadily,  and 
the  last  fight  shows  79  members  in  favor  of  this  bill  against  100.  The 
gulf  is  not  very  wide.  Moreover,  temperance  sentiment  is  certainly 
increasing,  and  it  is  not  difficult  to  predict  that  the  final  victory  is 
very  near. 

THE    IXFrJ'ENCE   OF   PROIIIRITIOX    IX    THE   UXITEn    STATES 

After  the  Ignited  States  effected  national  ProhibititMi.  Japniiese  sen- 
timent   wont    through    wonderful  changes.      Prohibition   in   tlic  I'nitcd 

149 


States  was  a  very  popular  topic  in  our  papers  and  magazines.  Every 
one  seemed  eager  to  know  more  about  why  and  how  such  a  wonderful 
prohibition  was  introduced  to  such  a  free  people — the  strongest  and 
richest  nation — like  the  United  States.  Our  people  became  very  serious 
over  it.  They  read  and  listened.  Xow  they  have  begun  to  think.  It 
was,  therefore,  my  great  privilege  to  take  the  opportunity  to  speak  on 
these  subjects  every  where  I  visited.  The  few  scientific  facts  I  gathered 
in  this  countr}^  helped  me  much.  Our  people  were  very  much  impressed 
with  them.  It  is  a  fact,  ladies  and  gentlemen,  your  research  work  done 
in  many  laboratories  helped  to  awaken  many  prominent  scientific  men 
and  W'omen  of  our  country.  ]Many  able  scholars  were  converted  to  carry 
the  banner  for  Prohibition.  You  will  see  that  many  university  profes- 
sors and  college  teachers  are  taking  part  in  our  active  campaign.  Many 
prominent  government  officers,  statesmen,  medical  men,  business  men, 
many  well-known  manufacturers  and  such  may  be  found  among  our 
ranks.  Even  many  rice-brewers  expressed  their  intention  to  give  it  up. 
Indeed,  there  is  a  strong  sentiment  to  follow  the  steps  of  this  great 
United  States  of  America  in  Prohibition.     ^ 

THE   JAPANESE   PRESS 

There  is  another  fact.  The  great  majority  of  our  press  people  are 
drinking  men.  Naturally,  their  eyes  catch  eagerly  the  news  against 
Prohibition.  A  great  many  of  those  false  reports,  printed  in  this  country 
as  well  as  on  the  continent,  are  carefully  translated  and  printed  in  our 
dailies.  Xo  wonder,  therefore,  our  people  are  sometimes  much  con- 
fused. Some  go  so  far  as  to  say  that  the  experiment  in  this  country  is 
a  failure.  When  we  hear  that  even  English  people  were  fooled  by  their 
own  press,  it  is  not  any  surprise  to  find  such  a  condition  among  the 
Japanese. 

In  spite  of  everything  said,  Japan  as  a  nation  is  now  ready  to  listen 
to  the  truth  and  to  the  scientific  facts.  Whatever  is  spoken  before  this 
Congress  will  be  carefully  reported  and  presented  to  their  scientific 
minds.  No  doubt,  it  will  help  to  revolutionize  their  thought.  Our 
aggressive  temperance  force  is  now  marching  on.  and  with  your  splendid 
exam-ple  and  sympathetic  cooperation  we  feel  confident  in  predicting  that 
there  will  come  the  final  victory.  The  time  will  soon  come  when  we  will 
be  able  to  join  with  you  in  the  Great  League  of  Dry  Nations.  ]May 
God  help  us ! 

The  chairman  :  I  have  pleasure  in  introdv:cing  ]\Ir.  Theodore 
Neild  J.  P..  of  Leominster.  England,  who  will  speak  on  "The  Alcohol 
Problem  in  Great  Britain  During  and  After  the  War." 

I  am  very  glad  to  sav  that  Mr.  Neild  is  a  member  of  the  Permanent 
International  Committee  of  the  Congress,  and  T  think  he  has  attended 
everv  session  of  the  Congress  since  and  including  the  Bremen  session 
of  1903. 

ISO 


THE  ALCOHOL  PROBLEM  IN  GREAT  BRITAIN  DURING 
AND   AFTER  THE  WAR 

By  THEODORE  NEILD,  J.  P. 

OF   LEOMINSTER,   ENGLAND 

iMr.  President,  Ladies,  Gentlemen :  The  title  of  my  paper  is,  as  you 
know,  "The  Alcohol  Problem  in  Great  Britain  During  and  After  the 
War."  I  wish  to  be  allowed  to  anticipate  two  of  the  criticisms  which 
will  be  made;  one,  that  Ireland  is  hardly  referred  to.  Ireland  is  not 
a  part  of  Great  Britain,  and  we  earnestly  hope  that  the  day  is  not  far 
distant  when  Ireland  will  l>e  allowed  to  manage  this  and  her  other  internal 
affairs  herself.  Then  Scotland  is  only  casually  referred  to.  Scotland 
does  not  come  within  the  scope  of  the  heading  of  my  paper,  because 
Scotland's  charter  of  potential  liberty  was  granted  her  before  the  war. 
She  has  always  been  the  favored  nation  of  the  British  Parliament.  Seven 
years  were  given  the  trade  to  wind  up  their  affairs,  and  in  the  course 
of  two  or  three  weeks,  in  November,  the  localities  will  be  at  liberty  to 
vote  upon  three  options :  ( 1 )  whether  the  trade  shall  remain  as  before ; 
(2)  whether  it  shall  be  reduced;  and  (3)  whether  it  shall  be  prohibited. 
And  any  votes  which  are  granted  for  the  third,  in  case  the  third,  that  is 
Prohibition,  is  not  granted,  will  reckon  towards  reduction.  But  it  is 
most  carefully  guarded.  There  must  be  thirty-five  per  cent  of  the  popu- 
lation, of  the  total  voters,  voting.  You  must  get  a  majority  of  fifty-five 
per  cent  of  those  who  actually  do  vote,  and  you  must  get  ten  per  cent 
of  the  voters  to  sign  a  request  that  they  may  be  allowed  to  vote.  But 
during  the  war  Scotland  has  been  preparing,  and  there  is  very  much 
hope  that  a  considerable  proportion  of  Scotland  will  in  a  short  time 
follow  the  example  of  the  United  States. 

No  other  single  event  in  the  course  of  the  last  hundred  years  has 
so  profoundly  altered  the  status  of  a  social  problem  as  the  European 
War  has  altered  that  of  the  Drink  Question.  The  reform  of  the  com- 
mon sale  and  use  of  alcohol  then  sprang  at  once  from  the  list  of 
things  desirable  into  the  very  forefront  of  reforms  of  imperative 
importance.  This  change  was  not  due,  in  Great  Britain  at  least,  to 
any  sudden  aggravation  of  the  evils  of  intemperance,  but  rather  to 
the  fact — natural  at  a  time  of  grave  danger  to  the  State — that  the 
public  attention  was  concentrated  as  never  before  upon  any  habit 
or  arrangement  that  was  seen  to  impair  national  efficiency. 

In  the  years  immediately  preceding  the  war  there  was  in  England 
and  Wales  little  popular  interest  in  the  Licensing  Question.  The 
rejection  of  the  Bill  of  1908  by  the  House  of  Lords,  and  the  preoccu- 
pation of  the  Government  and  Parliament  with  great  constitutional 
fjuestions  in  the  years  immediately  following,  had  left  the  Drink 
Question  in  a  backwater,  into  which  pul)lic  interest  rarely  drifted. 
The  rejection  of  Mr.  Asquith's  bill  had  disheartened  the  Liberal 
Party,  and,  what  w^as  far  worse,  had  more  deeply  rooted  those  trade 
interests  which  the  Act  of   1904  had  to  a  large  extent  recognized 

151 


Prior  to  1904  the  licensing  justices  had  vuilimited  discretion  not  to 
re-grant  a  certihcate  if  they  deemed  it  to  be  superfluous.  The  Act 
of  1904  took  away  that  discretionary  power,  and  holders  of  redundant 
licenses  henceforward  had  to  be  compensated,  after  reference  to 
Quarter  Sessions,  out  of  money  levied  upon  the  trade.  The  ma- 
chinery for  reduction  w^as  cumbersome,  and  the  funds  available  for 
compensation  in  the  various  licensing  areas  were  small.  The  levies 
made  upon  the  trade  could  not  exceed  a  maximum  scale ;  and  the 
compensation  authorities  could,  in  their  discretion  (a  discretion 
freely  used),  impose  smaller  levies,  or  even  no  levy  at  all.  (In  the 
first  year  of  the  Act  of  1904  the  total  funds  available  for  compensa- 
tion in  England  and  Wales  amounted  to  £1,136,000;  and  in  1906  to 
£1,219,711.  Then  began  a  decline,  and  by  1914  the  total  amount 
available  was  only  £859,000.  A  corresponding  decline  naturally 
took  place  in  the  number  of  licenses  suppressed.) 

In  the  interval  between  1908  and  the  outbreak  of  the  war,  the 
national  expenditure  upon  drink  persisted,  and  even  increased.  The 
estimated  drink  bill  for  the  United  Kingdom  in  1908  was  £161,- 
000,000.  In  1913,  the  year  preceding  the  war,  it  amounted  to  well 
over  £166,000,000. 

In  the  early  part  of  1914,  when  the  hope  of  a  Government  Bill 
was  dead,  an  attempt  w'as  made  to  get  a  Sunday  Closing  Bill  passed 
for  England.  The  bill  secured  a  second  reading  in  the  House  of 
Lords,  but  did  not  get  further,  whilst  a  similar  bill  was  summarily 
rejected  in  the  House  of  Commons. 

Then  came  the  war,  and  in  a  few  months  the  position  of  the 
temperance  question  was  greatly  and  even  dramatically  changed. 
From  being  a  sectional  and  (in  the  political  sense)  a  partizan  move- 
ment, it  became  a  subject  of  growing  anxious  national  concern. 

The  earliest  of  the  steps  taken  (apart  from  the  prohibition  placed 
upon  the  transmission  of  alcoholic  liquors  to  the  British  troops  at 
the  front,  and  from  the  powers  of  restriction  conferred  upon  the 
naval  and  military  authorities  in  particular  areas  at  home)  was  the 
enactment  of  "The  Intoxicating  Liquor  (Temporary  Restriction) 
Act,  1914,"  which  empowered  local  licensing  authorities,  acting  upon 
the  recommendation  of  the  police,  to  restrict  the  hours  of  sale  both 
in  licensed  premises  and  in  clubs. 

This  was  far  from  being  a  revolutionary  measure ;  the  discretion- 
ary powers  it  conferred  were  slight  in  themselves  and  carefully  safe- 
guarded against  capricious  use  or  abuse.  Its  utmost  powers — pow- 
ers, moreover,  that  could  be  exercised  only  upon  the  advice  of  the 
police — did  not  allow  a  local  licensing  authority  to  close  licensed 
premises  earlier  than  9  p.  m.  without  the  special  sanction  of  the 
Secretary  of  State.  Nevertheless,  owing  to  the  resistance  of  the 
trade,  it  was  obtained  with  a  diflficulty.  and  at  the  cost  of  negotia- 
tions and  of  compromise,  which  separated  the  measure  sharply  from 
the    other   far   more   important   war   measures    which    were    readily 

152 


accepted  by  Parliament.  In  this  respect  it  was  a  reminder  of  the 
obstacles  which,  in  England,  have  for  generations  barred  the  way 
against  all  attempts  to  adjust  licensing  arrangements  to  public 
opinion;  and  it  was  also  a  prophecy  of  serious  difficulties  ahead. 
The  powers  of  the  act  were  nevertheless  widely  used.  In  less  than 
three  months  orders  for  early  closing  were  issued  in  more  than  250 
licensing  districts  in  England  and  Wales  alone.  In  Scotland,  where 
the  initiative  was  left  with  the  local  sheriff,  the  result  was  less  satis- 
factory, whilst  in  Ireland  little  action  was  taken  outside  of  Dublin. 

The  act  had,  however,  but  scratched  the  surface  of  a  problem 
which  war-needs  gradually,  but  wnth  ever-increasing  speed,  uncov- 
ered to  the  public  view.  Within  a  few^  months  of  its  acceptance  as 
a  statute,  reports  from  the  naval  and  military  authorities  drew 
repeated  and  more  and  more  urgent  attention  to  the  delays  caused 
by  "broken  time"  in  the  shipyards  and  dockyards  and  munition  fac- 
tories— delays  due  to  drink.  It  was  not  a  new  evil,  nor  was  there 
convincing  evidence  that  it  had  asumed  greater  proportions  since 
the  outbreak  of  war.  What  was  new  was  the  widespread  apprecia- 
tion of  its  gravity  and  far-reaching  consequences.  The  national 
emergency  made  it  a  fateful  and,  potentially,  a  tragic  fact. 

Public  opinion  was  alarmed.  There  arose  a  widespread  demand 
for  drastic  action.  The  drink  question  emerged  as  a  national  prob- 
lem. Prohibition  w^as  impossible.  In  the  circumstances  wdiich  then 
obtained  the  Government  was  informed  that  it  would  have  provoked 
a  serious  revolt.  At  the  same  time  the  existing  law,  even  as  tempo- 
rarily modified,  w^as  powerless  to  cure  the  evil.  What  w\is  wanted 
was  full  and  unfettered  control,  unhampered  by  private  vested  inter- 
ests. The  present  Prime  Minister  (Mr.  Lloyd  George),  cutting  his 
way  at  a  stroke  to  the  heart  of  the  problem,  urged  upon  his  col- 
leagues the  policy  of  State  Purchase  as  a  means  of  acquiring  a  con- 
trol that  would  be  immediately  effective  and  also  complete.  The 
suggestion  was  opposed  by  some  sections  of  the  temperance  party 
and  was  rejected  l)y  the  then  Prime  Minister,  Mr.  Asquith.  The 
problem  remained.  The  Cabinet  was  divided,  but  action  of  some 
sort  was  imperative.  Resort  was  had  to  taxation ;  and  a  novel  and 
— as  it  then  seemed — drastic  scheme  of  surtaxes  on  beer  and  spirits 
was  hastily  introduced  into  Parliament.  The  scheme  roused  intense 
opposition  and  was  ultimately  destroyed  by  trade  influence,  espe- 
cially by  the  antagonism  of  Irish  liquor-traders. 

In  the  difficult  situation  which  resulted  as  a  temporary  expedient, 
resort  was  had  to  the  creation  of  a  Central  Board  of  Control.  It  was 
an  experiment  without  precedent  in  British  licensing  history,  but  it 
also  justified  itself  by  an  unprecedented  measure  of  success.  It  was, 
however,  a  temporary  expedient,  limited  in  duration  to  a  period  not 
exceeding  twelve  months  after  the  termination  of  the  war.  It.  there- 
fore, leaves  the  (piestion  of  ultimate  ])olicy  still  unsolved. 

The  powers  conferred  upon  the  Board  were  wide,  and  tlicv  ^vere 

1  5.^ 


freely  exercised.  In  the  main  they  were  restrictive  in  character,  and 
were  applied  in  the  direction  of  drastic  restriction  of  the  hours  of 
sale,  the  abolition  of  "treating,"  the  limitation  of  facilities  for  the 
sale  of  spirits,  and  the  prohibition  of  all  "ofif"  sales  of  spirits  in  less 
quantities  than  a  "reputed  quart."  Discretionary  power  to  take 
constructive  action,  extending  to  the  purchase  of  existing  licenses 
and  to  experiments  in  direct  control,  was  also  conferred  upon  the 
Board,  and  this  power  was  used  in  a  few  munition  areas  where  the 
policy  of  restriction  did  not  suffice.  Apart  from  these  experiments 
(of  which  Carlisle  is  the  outstanding  illustration)  the  constructive 
powers  of  the  Board  were  chiefly  applied  to  the  encouragement  of 
food  sales,  and  to  the  provision  (by  direct  action  or  by  subsidy)  of 
canteens  for  the  munition  workers. 

As  the  war  developed,  other  problems  arose  which  vitally  affected  the 
attitude  of  the  nation  towards  the  drink  traffic.  The  shortage  of 
cereals,  the  difficulties  of  transport,  and  the  ever-expanding  demand 
for  recruits  and  for  munition  workers,  brought  the  question  of  the 
suspension  of  the  liquor  traffic  into  the  forefront  of  public  questions. 
The  demand  for  war-time  Prohibition  grew  and  received  significant 
support  from  many  quarters,  including  some  in  which  little  sympa- 
thy with  advanced  temperance  policy  had  hitherto  been  displayed. 
It  was  not  a  temperance  demand,  although  it  was  strongly  supported 
by  the  leading  temperance  organizations  in  the  country;  it  w?3  a 
war  demand  pure  and  simple,  based  on  needs  that  were  urgent  and 
vital.  It  was  the  most  generously  financed,  the  best  worked,  and 
the  most  widespread  eft"ort  of  the  kind  that  Great  Britain  has  known ; 
it  was  also  made  at  the  psychological  moment.  Had  success  been 
possible,  it  must  have  succeeded,  and  later  embarrassments  would 
have  been  avoided.  Unfortunately  it  was  found  to  be  impracticable. 
Large  sections  of  labor  opinion  were  resolutely  opposed  to  it,  and 
labor  leaders  and  the  Labor  Party  in  Parliament  withheld  their  sup- 
port. The  Government  was  warned  of  the  danger  of  industrial  trou- 
ble, and  they  shrank  from  the  risk.  They  fell  back  upon  a  policy  of 
drastic  limitation  of  output  in  the  case  of  both  beer  and  spirits — a 
policy  which  included  sweeping  reductions  in  the  gravity  of  beer 
and  in  the  strength  of  spirits. 

These  measures — tentative  and  hesitating  at  first,  but  applied 
with  progressive  severity  as  the  war  advanced — did  something  to 
relieve  the  situation,  and.  in  their  final  forms,  had  important  effects 
upon  sobriety ;  but  they  did  not  solve  the  problem.  Nor  did  repeated 
increases  in  taxation — unduly  delayed  at  the  outset,  but  unprece- 
dented in  their  weight  in  the  end — contribute  to  a  solution.  (Under 
the  Schedule  of  Fixed  Prices  instituted  by  the  Food  Controller,  the 
weight  of  the  new  taxes  was  shifted  from  the  manufacturer  and 
trader  to  the  consumer,  and  in  consequence  added  greatly  to  an 
alreadv  heavy  drink  bill.  The  national  drink  bill  in  1913  was  £166,- 
700,000;  by  1917  it  had  risen  to    £259,000,000  for  little  more  than 

154 


half  the  quantity  of  beer,  wine  and  spirits !  In  other  words,  consum- 
ers in  1917  actually  paid  nearly  £  100,(XX),000  more  for  half  the  liquor 
consumed  in  1913.) 

In  1917  came  further  developments.  Owing  to  the  vital  need  of 
conserving  man-power  and  of  economizing  fuel  and  transport,  the 
Government  entered  into  negotiations  w^ith  the  leaders  of  the  liquor 
trade  with  a  view  to  securing  a  voluntary  concentration  of  the  indus- 
try by  the  closing  down  of  unnecessary  breweries  and  licensed 
houses.  The  expedient  was  to  be  a  temporary  one  and  was  to  con- 
tinue in  force  only  for  the  period  of  the  war.  The  negotiations  were 
prolonged,  and  were  repeated  at  intervals ;  but  they  led  to  no  result. 
In  the  end  the  War  Cabinet  decided  upon  Mr.  Lloyd  George's  earlier 
proposal  of  State  Purchase  and  Control,  and  appointed  an  influential 
committee,  with  Lord  Sumner  as  chairman,  to  advise  them  on  the 
financial  aspects  of  the  project.  The  committee  reported  unani- 
mously on  the  financial  practicability  of  the  scheme,  and  made  defi- 
nite recommendations  to  the  Government  as  to  the  basis  and  method 
of  purchase. 

Nothing  however  was  done.  The  military  situation  w^as  critical, 
and  the  War  Cabinet  was  too  preoccupied  with  developments  in 
France  to  grapple  with  difficult  domestic  problems. 

Since  the  Armistice  the  question  has  tended  to  recede  from  public 
attention.  The  Government  show  an  increasing  reluctance  to  deal 
with  the  question,  and  the  reconstruction  of  the  English  licensing 
system  is  apparently  indefinitely  delayed.  The  war-time  regulations 
have  in  large  part  been  modified  or  repealed,  and  little  remains  of 
the  emergency  restrictions  except  a  modified  limitation  of  the  hours 
of  sale,  and  certain  restrictions  on  the  "off"  sale  of  spirits.  The  limi- 
tation of  output  in  the  case  of  beer  and  spirits  has  been  withdrawn, 
and  the  gravity  of  beer  has  been  raised  to  a  point  w^hich,  allowing  for 
beers  brewed  for  export,  the  gravity  of  which  is  not  restricted,  is  not 
far  removed  from  the  average  pre-war  gravity.  Happily  the  strength 
of  spirits  is  still  subject  to  the  war-time  restrictions. 

Meantime,  the  trade  is  active,  and  strongly  entrenched.  It  is 
fostering  and  stimulating  the  spirit  of  reaction  which  always  follows 
the  conclusion  of  a  war.  The  outlook  is  not  good,  but  something  at 
least  has  been  gained.  In  the  first  place,  large  and  important  sec- 
tions of  the  population  who  before  the  war  took  little  interest  in  the 
temperance  question,  have  awakened  to  a  sense  of  its  national  impor- 
tance ;  and,  if  temperance  statesmanship  be  wise,  they  may  be  reck- 
oned on  as  allies  in  a  struggle  which  may  be  delayed,  but  cannot  be 
avoided.  In  the  second  place — in  spite  of  that  spirit  of  resentment 
to  all  restrictions  which  has  been  engendered  or  accentuated  by  the 
war — antagonism  to  Prohibition,  as  a  local  experiment,  has  certainly 
diminished  under  war-time  experience.  The  obstacles  to  its  enact- 
ment have  been  reduced  by  the  removal  of  much  pre-war  prejudice; 
and  of  those  which  remain  the  most  formidable  is  that  represented' 

155 


by  the  interests  in  possession.  But  Local  \"eto — which,  moreover, 
will  operate  last  where  most  needed — is  not  likely,  in  the  expecta- 
tion of  most  of  its  advocates,  to  win  rapid  success  in  England ;  the 
conditions  are  in  important  respects  against  it ;  for  one  reason,  before 
it  can  be  tried  at  all,  the  way  to  its  enactment  must  be  unbarred.  To 
open  the  way  for  this  is  the  great  task  before  constructive  states- 
manship. 

It  is  here  that  our  war  experience  has  greatly  helped.  IMr.  Lloyd 
George's  proposal  of  purchase  by  the  State  has  made  the  "open  road" 
a  legislative  possibility.  It  has  arrested  attention  and  won  support 
as  no  other  proposal  in  our  lifetime  has  done.  It  is,  in  view  of  ics 
supporters,  the  way  to  unfettered  advance. 

In  its  proposed  application  to  England  and  Wales  the  policy  of 
State  purchase  and  control  is  not  one  to  be  approved  or  condemned 
on  general  abstract  principles.  It  must  be  judged  by  its  relation  to 
particular  circumstances  and  by  its  challenge  to  real  facts.  The  goal 
of  temperance  reforms  in  all  nations  and  lands  is,  broadly,  the  same. 
The  roads  leading  to  the  goal,  and  the  methods  of  approach,  do  and 
must  vary.  Some  reformers  are  apt  to  confound  policy  with  the  goal 
and  to  forget  that  it  is  merely  the  instrument  of  progress,  and  thus 
controversy  wastes  the  strength  which  is  needed  for  successful 
advance.  Standardization  of  policy  is  impossible  where  there  is  dis- 
similarity of  conditions.  In  European  groups  of  nations  there  are 
diversities  of  taste,  divergences  of  law,  and  variations  in  custom,  in 
traditions,  and  in  social  habit ;  and  there  are  even  more  important 
differences  still  in  economic  and  political  circumstances.  When  we 
cross  the  Atlantic  these  differences  become  more  marked.  Custom 
is  not  rooted  in  century-old  habit ;  the  population  is  more  sparsely 
distributed ;  tradition  does  not  mold  and  fashion  law  ;  policy  has  the 
adventurousness  of  legal  freedom,  and  vested  interests  do  not,  to 
anything  like  the  same  extent,  bar  the  road  of  advance. 

Let  me,  not  as  advocate  but  as  narrator,  put  the  case  for  State 
Purchase,  as  its  supporters  see  it,  in  its  relation  to  the  position  in 
England  and  Wales,  a  community  overwhelmingly  industrial  in 
character,  with  a  vast  preponderance  of  urban  centers  and  with  a 
density  of  population  twenty  times  as  great  as  that  of  the  United 
States  of  America. 

The  proposal  is  based  upon  a  frank  recognition  of  certain  basic 
facts.  The  drink  habit  in  England — moderately  indulged  in  on  the 
whole,  as  judged  by  the  ordinary  unscientific  standard's  wide- 
spread and  deep-rooted.  The  average  British  workingman  is  intol- 
erant of  extreme  policies ;  Prohibition,  as  a  national  policy,  is-;-as 
General  Booth,  just  back  from  Australia,  agrees — impracticable. 
Experience  during  the  war  and  for  centuries  previously  has  disclosed 
fundamental  defects  in  the  existing  licensing  system.  It  is  not 
capable  of  easy  adaptation  to  special  needs  and  it  blocks  advance. 

156 


The  nation  does  not  lack  policies — it  lacks  the  power  to  apply  them. 
For  reform  is  obstructed  by  the  interests  in  possession.  What  is 
needed  before  all  else  is  to  secure  complete  control.  That  is  the  first 
step.  To  achieve  it  requires  a  definitive  settlement  of  the  compensa- 
tion difficulty  regarded  as  equitable  by  the  general  public.  That 
difficulty  has  thwarted  reforms  for  half  a  century.  It  was  recognized 
by  Mr.  Bruce  in  1871,  and  was  accentuated  and  aggravated  by  Mr. 
Balfour  in  1904.  There  seems  to  be  only  two  ways  of  achieving  such 
a  settlement:  Either  (1)  by  a  time-notice  to  the  trade,  or  (2)  by 
State  purchase  of  trade  interests.  The  former  method  has  plain  dis- 
advantages ;  it  postpones  the  day  of  freedom  by  many  years,  and  it  is 
less  sure  in  its  results.  State  purchase,  on  the  other  hand  (so  its 
advocates  argue),  would  satisfy  all  considerations  of -equity  and 
give  immediate  freedom  of  action. 

This  is  not  all.  State  purchase  is  not  an  end  in  itself;  it  is  a  means 
to  an  end.  It  is  an  instrument  for  the  recovery  of  complete  freedom 
of  action.  It  w^ould  give  the  State  power  to  reconstruct  its  licensing 
arrangements  and  to  incline  them,  wherever  the  sale  of  drink  con- 
tinues, in  the  direction  of  sobriety  and  public  health.  The  present 
system,  w'hilst  aiming  at  restriction,  leaves  the  management  of  the 
trade  in  the  hands  of  those  whose  monetary  interests  are  necessarily 
opposed  to  restriction.  In  this  way  a  barrier  is  erected  against 
reform,  and  a  sinister  political  influence  is  introduced  into  national 
and  municipal  politics.  The  most  enlightened  eft"ort  that  is  based 
on  a  private  license  system  falls  in  its  results  far  short  of  the  results 
achievable  under  State  management  and  control.  That,  in  bare  out- 
line, is  the  argument  advanced  for  the  policy  of  State  purchase  and 
control,  and  it  is  an  argument  which  has  evoked  powerful  and  wide- 
spread support.  It  is  reinforced  by  actual  experiment.  The  very 
remarkable  achievement  of  the  Central  Control  Board  in  the  Carlisle 
area  both  during  and  since  the  war  are,  to  most  persons,  a  convincing 
illustration  of  the  possibilities  open  to  wise  management  and  control, 
when  the  sole  determining  motive  is  the  public  welfare  and  interest. 

State  purchase  is  not  a  challenge  to  other  policies;  it  is  certainly 
not  a  substitute  for  local  veto,  but  is  its  pioneer  and  comrade.  Its 
aim  is  to  open  a  path  at  present  closed  against  the  restrictionist  and 
the  vetoist  alike,  and  to  give  a  real  liberation  to  progressive  public 
opinion. 

The  CHAIRMAN  announcei:l  that,  with  the  concurrence  of  the 
meeting,  discussion  of  Mr.  Neild's  pai)er  would  be  put  over  to  Friday 
morning,  and  he  then  called  upon  Dr.  Jean  Meteil. 


157 


THE  ANTIALCOHOLIC  STRUGGLE  IN  FRANCE 

By  dr.  jean  MfiTEIL 

•SECRETARY  OF  THE  FRENCH   NATIONAL  LEAGUE  AGAINST  ALCOHOLISM 

(Ligiie  National  contrc  I'AlcooUsync) 

At  what  stage,  in  France,  is  the  antialcohoHc  struggle?  What  are 
the  forces  at  hand  ?  What  are  the  difficuUies  of  economic  and  moral 
order  met  by  the  antialcoholists ?  What  results  have  they  obtained? 
What  are  their  hopes  for  the  future?  Such  are  the  principal  questions 
which  I  wish  to  answer  here. 

The  forces  at  hand?  One  must  admit  that  up  to  the  present  time 
the  struggle  is  not  equal.  In  the  antialcohoHc  camp  we  find  the  following 
organizations : 

1.  The  National  League  Against  Alcoholism  (147  Boulevard  Saint 
Germain,  Paris),  directed  by  Mr.  Riemain,  its  general  secretary  since 
1905.  It  is  in  France  the  only  antialcohoHc  association  recognized  as  a 
public  utility,  the  only  one  authorized  to  spread  its  propaganda  in  the 
army  and  navy.  It  has  succeeded  in  grouping  into  a  federation  of  the 
French  antialcohoHc  societies,  societies  and  personalities  of  very  ditTerent 
political  and  religious  opinions.  It  comprises  antialcoholists  of  diverse 
degrees,  such  as  total  abstainers  (enemies  of  all  alcoholic  drinks,  fer- 
mented or  distilled)  "moderates"  (who  pledge  themselves  to  abstain  from 
all  distilled  drinks,  liquors,  aperitifs,  or  appetizers,  but  who  admit  for 
advilts  a  moderate  use  of  fermented  drinks,  wine,  beer,  or  cider),  and, 
lastly,  subscribers  who  take  no  pledges  at  all.  It  is  its  character,  as  a 
federation  of  French  antialcohoHc  societies,  which,  in  a  measure,  imposes 
upon  the  National  League  the  necessity  of  having  a  hygienic  program 
■common  to  all  the  antialcoholists  of  whom  it  is  composed.  It  is  as  such 
a  federation  that  the  National  League  does  not  combat  the  moderate 
use  of  fermented  drinks  by  adults,  and  limits  its  action  to  combating 
the  use  of  distilled  beverages. 

Every  action,  in  order  to  be  efficacious,  must  take  into  consideration 
the  actual  customs  of  the  country  in  which  it  exercises  itself.  In  France 
the  Academy  of  Medicine,  which  represents  the  scientific  elite,  declared, 
at  its  sitting  on  the  25th  of  January,  1916.  when  it  issued  some  advice 
•on  hygiene  destined  for  the  soldiers,  that  fermented  drinks  might  be  con- 
sumed expressly  on  the  dual  condition  that  they  were  taken  only  in  mod- 
erate quantities  (which  for  wine  should  never  exceed  L;:^  pints  every  24 
hours),  and  only  with  food.      This  equals  one  French  liter. 

The  National  League  never  advises  the  three-fourths  of  a  liter  which 
doctors  recognize  as  non-injurious  to  working  adults,  but  it  combats  all 
use  exceeding  this  limit. 

The  National  League  Against  Alcoholism,  being  the  Federation  of 
the  principal  antialcaholic  organizations,  possesses  a  service  of  documen- 
tation sufficiently  rich.  It  represents  the  antialcoholists  near  to  the 
Government  and  the  public  authorities,  it  strives  to  ameliorate  antialco- 
hoHc legislation,  and  watches  strict  application  of  the  existing  laws.      It 

158 


works  for  the  creation  of  cafes  without  alcohohc  drinks  and  of  refuges 
for  the  reformation  of  drinkers.  It  is  very  much  hindered  from  this 
point  of  view  by  French  legislation,  of  which  not  one  text  provides  for 
the  internment  of  drinkers,  or  even  of  those  who  may  be  dangerous.  It 
follows  very  closely  and  seeks  to  encourage  every  industrial  effort  having 
for  an  end  to  divert  from  the  fabrication  of  alcoholic  drinks  fruits, 
grapes,  or  apples,  in  order  to  conserve  their  nutritious  value. 

Its  budget  has  passed  in  twenty  years  from  4,000  to  300,000  francs. 
It  publishes  two  monthly  journals,  The  Blue  Star  and  Work,  a  popular 
organ,  in  all  about  20,000  copies  every  month.  It  publishes  numerous 
bills  and  tracts,  and  an  important  quantity  of  literature  which  it  spreads 
throughout  all  countries.  It  has  a  bookselling  and  information  service 
commercially  organized. 

It  organizes  numerous  conferences  and  employs  a  field  secretary  es- 
pecially occupied  throughout  the  year  in  conference  tours. 

Very  approximately  one  can  estimate  the  members  of  the  National 
League  Against  Alcoholism  at  100,000. 

2.  The  Blue  Cross  Society  of  total  abstinence,  affiliated  to  the  Na- 
tional League,  but  very  much  less  important  in  numbers  than  the  League, 
is,  nevertheless,  very  active.  It  has  at  its  head  convinced  and  ardent 
men,  and  works  for  the  reformation  of  drinkers  with  the  aid  of  God, 
in  the  small  French  Protestant  circle  which  constitutes  certainly,  from  a 
moral  point  of  view,  an  elite.  Mr.  E.  Matter  has  been  for  many  years 
the  President  of  the  French  Blue  Cross. 

I  leave  to  my  friend,  Mr.  Gallienne,  general  agent,  here  present,  the 
privilege  to  speak  of  the  Blue  Cross.  Mr.  Gallienne  is  a  man  of  spirit 
and  generous  qualities  who  will  certainly  interest  you. 

The  Blue  Cross  publishes  a  monthly  journal,  The  Liberator,  of  which 
the  issue  is  about  4,000  copies.  The  Blue  Cross  numbers  about  2,000 
members  in  Paris  and  1,500  in  the  other  sections  of  France. 

3.  "The  Hope"  abstinence  society  works  among  the  Protestant 
youth.      It  is  affiliated  to  the  National  League. 

4.  The  Good  Templars  are  a  handful  in  France.  I  do  not  think 
that  they  number  more  than  one  hundred.  A  branch  of  the  Good  Tem- 
plars affiliated  to  the  National  League  is  the  Federation  of  the  Inde- 
pendent and  Neutral  Order  of  Good  Templars.  One  of  the  person- 
alities the  most  spoken  of  in  the  International  Order  of  Good  Templars 
in  France  is  Doctor  Legrain,  head  physician  at  the  lunatic  asylum  at 
Villejuif.  Like  all  those  who  have  approached  him,  I  admire  his  quick 
intelligence,  his  force  as  a  controversialist,  and  his  talent  as  an  orator. 

The  French  abstainers  convened  in  the  month  of  April,  1920,  an  anti- 
alcohol  congress,  nearly  entirely  devoted  to  the  study  of  the  fabrication 
of  must  and  of  wine  without  alcohol  and  to  the  conservation  of  fruits, 
principally  of  the  grape,  in  order  to  protect  them  from  being  fermented. 
This  is  a  question  of  first  importance  in  France  where  one  could  not 
think  of  fighting  officially  the  moderate  use  of  wine  as  long  as  the 
utilization  of  grapes,  notably  in  the  form  of  wine  without  alcohol,  agree- 

159 


able  to  drink  and  at  an  accessible  price,  shall  not  have  been  practically 
realized. 

The  question  has  already  been  often  studied  by  French  antialcoholists, 
abstinent  and  non-abstinent,  but  the  Congress  assembled  in  April  has  had 
the  merit  of  bringing  to  light  the  gaps  in  French  legislation  uniquely 
preoccupied  in  developing  the  market  for  fermented  drinks  and  wdiich 
is  unfavorable  to  the  fabrication  of  vi^ines  without  alcohol. 

The  total  abstainers  have  constituted  a  federation  of  abstinent  socie- 
ties of  which  Mr.  A.  Monod  is  secretary,  with  headquarters  at  53  bis.  Rue 
Saint  Lazare,  Paris. 

As  all  minorities,  the  total  abstainers  are  very  much  alive,  and  make 
their  voices  heard  with  lorce,  but  in  a  very  limited  circle.  Their  means 
of  action  are  very  narrow.  They  appear  desirous  to  effect  a  collaboration 
more  cordial  than  formerly  with  organizations  less  inaccessible  to  reason 
than  themselves,  and  we  rejoice  in  it  sincerely. 

The  monthly  journal  which  Doctor  Legrain  publishes,  Tlie  Antialco- 
Jiolic  Annals,  is  very  well  edited  and  admirably  documented. 

5.  The  Gold  Cross,  a  small  Catholic  temperance  society,  a  group 
very  convinced,  but  which  has  as  yet  few  members.  Its  Alsatian  branch 
is  the  most  prosperous.  The  society  publishes  a  monthly  journel,  The 
Gold  Cross,  which  is  very  well  edited. 

6.  The  White  Cross,  a  Catholic  temperance  society  affiliated  to  the 
National  League,  is  older  and  larger  than  her  sister  society,  the  Gold 
Cross,  in  order  to  facilitate  its  propaganda,  its  publishing  service  and 
the  western  dioceses  are  the  most  energetic. 

The  National  League  put  this  year  at  the  disposition  of  the  White 
Cross,  in  order  to  facilitate  its  propaganda,  its  publishing  service  and 
secretaryship.  One  may  say  that,  at  present  the  Catholic  centers  in  their 
entirety,  which  represent  nine  tenths  of  the  French  population,  are  not 
yet  truly  in  the  antialcoholic  movement.  Its  directors  have  feared  no 
doubt  to  compromise  their  influence  in  shocking  the  prejudices  of  a 
good  number  of  French  Catholics  and  have  not,  therefore,  taken  a  posi- 
tion with  energy  and  insistence,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  rare  prelates 
or  militant  Catholics  who  have  upheld  the  Gold  Cross  or  the  White 
Cross. 

The  White  Cross  publishes  a  monthly  antialcoholic  journal.  The  Anti- 
Alcoholic  Peril,  which  issues  4,000  copies,  and  several  of  its  local  com- 
munities have  publications  of  their  own. 

Among  the  working  classes  alone  two  groups  exist  at  present,  of  which 
the  most  important  is  the  Anti-alcoholic  Association  of  the  Railroad 
Agents  of  France,  affiliated  with  the  National  League  (about  600  active 
members.)  which  publishes  a  monthly  journal  of  5,000  copies  entitled 
TJic  Health  of  the  Family ;  the  second  is  the  Federation  of  Antialcoholic 
Workers,  not  very  numerous,  but  total  abstainers.     . 

The  working  class  seems  to  lean  courageously  toward  temperance. 
In  the  workmen's  syndicates  a  certain  number  of  leaders  are  convinced 
abstainers  or  "temperates." 

160 


At  its  Congress  held  in  Lyons  in  September,  1919,  the  Labor  Union 
voted  a  motion  in  which  it  resolntely  engaged  its  mihtants  to  lead  an 
antialcoholic  fight  in  the  cooperatives  and  syndicates.  The  field  secretary 
of  the  National  League,  Gustave  Cauvin,  who  himself  belonged  to  the 
working  class,  gives  a  great  part  of  his  effort  to  this  side,  and  in  each 
locality  visited  gives  special  conferences  for  syndicalists,  establishing, 
where  possible,  local  antialcoholic  groups. 

7.  The  White  Ribbon,  a  branch  of  the  Universal  League  of  Chris- 
tian Women  Abstainers,  of  which  Mademoiselle  Weyer  is  the  secretary 
for  France,  and  which  counted  150  members  in  1914. 

8.  To  be  complete,  we  will  mention  a  "moderate"  society,  the  Union 
of  French  Women  Against  Alcohol,  affiliated  with  the  National  League, 
established  during  the  war  by  Madam  Fallot  Matter.  The  society  con- 
ducts a  propaganda  in  feminine  circles  by  bills,  tracts,  and  conferences. 

9.  Finally,  the  society  "The  Alarm,"  founded  by  a  generous  phil- 
anthropist to  conduct  an  antialcoholic  campaign  at  'the  elections  in  1914. 
It  survived  this  temporary  aim  and  has  manifested  itself  since  by  a 
few  posters  and  some  newspaper  articles.  Its  present  president  seems  to 
seek  his  way  a  little  in  the  midst  of  a  labyrinth  of  antialcoholic  theories, 
experiences,  and  laws.  At  present  he  seems  to  wish  to  cure  the  French 
of  alcoholism  In'  encouraging  the  use  of  wine. 

It  is  alread}'  an  old  and  dangerous  theory  upheld  by  a  good  number 
of  French  politicians  who  never  speak  of  wine,  beer,  or  cider  without 
calling  them  "hygienic  drinks,"  which  is  at  least  unscientific.  The  war 
has  shown  abundantly  that  the  abuse  of  wine  was  frequent,  and  leads 
to  alcoholism  just  as  well  as  spirits. 

Here  I  shall  terminate  this  short  review  of  the  French  antialcoholic 
societies  without  stepping  aside  from  the  role  of  an  impartial  observer, 
which  I  wish  to  maintain  here.  I  must  state  that  the  National  League 
is  the  only  one  exercising  an  im])ortant  action  in  Parliament  and  in  public 
opinion. 

The  alcoholic  camp  has  many  members.  It  is  rich  and  has  a  con- 
siderable political  influence.  The  different  branches  of  the  alcoholic 
drink  trade  were  formerly  sufficiently  isolated ;  their  interests  often  op- 
posed each  other.  In  the  past  few  months  they  have  effected  a  com- 
plete union  and  constituted  a  veritable  challenge,  under  the  direction  of 
powerful  syndicates  which  comprise  a  large  number  of  Frenchmen 
interested  in  the  sales  of  alcoholic  drinks  and  of  all  that  which  relates  to 
them. 

Total  Prohibition  in  America  and  Finland,  and  the  fear  that  the 
French  antialcoholic  societies  will  undertake  a  step  in  the  same  direction, 
have  brought  about  this  union  of  all  the  alcoholic  forces  in  France. 

In  comparison  with  our  small  antialcoholic  group  the  alcohol  drink 
trade  is  powerful.  It  disposes  of  considerable  capital,  and  supports,  bv 
an  enormous  publicity,  the  secular  prejudices  upon  the  pretended  hygi- 
enic virtues  of  alcoholic  drinks.  It  secures  the  favor  of  nearly  the  en- 
tire press,  which  creates  aroinid  us  the  conspiracy  of  silence. 

161 


Finally  and  above  all  the  drink  trade  is  largely  represented  in  the 
French  Congress  and  Senate.  It  is  easy  to  understand.  France  pos- 
sesses 513,000  saloon-keepers  and  at  least  1,500,000  small  cultivators, 
proprietors  of  vineyards  or  fruiterers  living  from  the  sale  of  their  wine, 
cider,  and  alcohols  which  they  distill,  and  still  again,  the  alcohol  beet,  one 
of  the  principal  cultures  of  the  north  of  France  where  distilleries  for 
such  beets  are  important. 

Saloon-keepers  and  large  distillers,  proprietors  of  small  vineyards, 
and  peasant  distillers  have  in  the  French  Parliament  numerous  defenders, 
devoted  and  clever,  who  constitute  a  considerable  majority.  Of  the  650 
Deputies  who  compose  Congress,  but  50  declare  themselves  openly 
enemies  of  distilled  alcohol,  but  not  one  is  Iiostilc  to  tJic  moderate  use  of 
fermented  drinks,  ivine,  cider,  or  beer. 

The  French  Congress  or  Senate  does  not  count  one  single  member 
who  publicly  avows  himself  a  partizan  of  total  abstinence.  Which  goes 
to  show  how  strong  is  the  current  against  which  the  antialcoholists  must 
swim.  The  small  vine  cultivators  and  distillers  are  the  best  represented 
in  Congress  and  in  the  Senate.  Prior  to  1916  the  small  proprietors 
were  permitted  to  distill  their  harvest  at  home  and  consume  the  alcohol 
obtained  without  paying  a  revenue  tax,  upon  the  condition  not  to  sell  or 
transport  their  product. 

In  1916  the  State  requisitioned  for  the  manufacture  of  munitions  the 
alcohol  from  grains,  potatoes  and  beets,  produced  in  large  distilleries 
and  called  industrial  alcohol.  The  alcohol  from  fruits  of  the  peasant 
distillers  was  alone  authorized  for  consimiption  by  man;  but  its  distilla- 
tion was  submitted  to  supervision  by  the  fiscal  authorities,  and  the  quan- 
tities produced  submitted  to  the  revenue  tax  with  the  exception  of  10 
liters  of  pure  alcohol  to  each  cultivator  for  his  family  consumption. 
This  privilege  is  still  a  terrible  encouragement  to  fraud  and  family  intoxi- 
cation in  the  country,  but  the  suppression  of  industrial  alcohol  for  human 
consumption  has  lowered  the  consumption  of  distilled  alcohol  one  half 
from  1913  to  1919. 

It  has  passed  from  1,658,000  hectoliters  (one  hectoliter  equals  22 
96/100  gallons  approximately)  in  1913  to  863.000  hectoliters  in  1919.. 
Here  was  an  appreciable  result  which  was  important  to  maintain  after 
the  armistice  and  which  has  been  maintained  until  the  present. 

Let  us  see  now  what  are  the  principal  obstacles  to  the  progress  of  the 
antialcoholic  fight  in  France. 

DIFFICULTIES   OF  AN   ECONOMIC   ORDER 

1.  The  parceling  out  of  French  property.  At  least  two  million 
French  peasants  are  interested  in  the  sale  of  wines  or  alcohols  which 
they  produce.  Often  their  soil  would  not  lend  itself  to  any  other  culture 
than  that  of  the  vineyard,  and  the  peasants  themselves  are  generally 
attached  by  tradition  to  this  venerable  occupation.  While  it  would  be 
possible  to  make  laws  against  100  or  200  large  distillers  or  importers 
of  wines  or  alcohols,  it  would  be  dangerous,  if  not  impossible,  to  legislate 
against  a  notable  part  of  the  French  peasant  population. 

162 


It  is  indispensaljle  to  be  prudent  and  to  prepare  gradually  the  tran- 
sition, which  will  be  long;  to  persuade  the  French  peasants  to  convert 
their  fruits  not  into  alcoholic  drink,  but  into  useful  and  sane  nourishing 
products,  such  as  wines  without  alcohol,  marmalades,  preserves,  sugared 
fruits,  fruit  paste,  etc. 

2.  In  France  the  number  of  wine  and  liquor  saloon-keepers  is  enor- 
mous, in  proportion  to  the  population;  one  saloon-keeper  for  every  82 
citizens  in  1914,  and  without  a  doubt  more  now.  Gambetta  designated 
the  saloon  as  "the  sitting-room  of  the  poor."  In  fact  the  saloon  is  most 
of  the  time  a  place  of  rest  and  of  conversation;  the  saloon-keeper  is 
the  friend  of  his  clients  and  an  important  electoral  agent.  Congressmen 
and  Senators  are  obliged  to  treat  him  with  respect,  if  they  wish  to  be 
reelected. 

Our  friend  M.  Schmidt,  former  Congressman,  owed  his  defeat  to  the 
last  election  partly  to  the  fact  that  he  was  the  president  of  the  anti- 
alcoholic  group  in  Congress. 

3.  The  propaganda  against  alcohol  hits  enormous  interests.  The 
French  cognacs  and  liqueurs  constitute  an  important  part  of  the  domestic 
trade  and  have  considerable  exportation  value,  and  every  one  knows  how 
France  needs  to  export  in  order  to  raise  her  exchange.  It  is  said  that 
the  wine  and  liquor  industry  in  France  represents  13  billions! 

In  order  tc  understand  well  the  antialcoholic  situation  in  France,  it  is 
necessary  to  know  that  winegrowing  occupies  one  thirteenth  of  the  soil 
fit  for  cultivation  in  France;  that  the  value  of  the  production  in  1919 
amounted  for  wine  to  6.300,000,000  francs  and  for  cider  to  800,000,000 ; 
in  all  to  7,100,000.000  francs,  and  I  do  not  speak  of  the  beer  production, 
which  is  less  important.  This  total  of  7,100,000,000  francs  exceeds  the 
total  value  of  the  production  of  cereals,  which  amounts  only  to 
6.610,000,000  francs.  It  is  double  the  value  of  the  production  of  wheat, 
which  amounts  to  3,610,000,000  francs. 

The  Government  associates  itself  but  timidly  with  the  struggle  against 
alcoholism,  fearing  to  depreciate  in  the  eyes  of  foreign  countries  a  prod- 
uct of  our  own  soil  which  is  one  of  its  riches. 

DIFFICULTIES  OF  A  MORAL  ORDER 

1.  The  French  mentality.  The  majority  of  French  people  retain 
ancient  prejudices  as  to  the  virtues  of  alcohol,  above  all.  the  alcohol 
which  they  have  distilled  at  home  from  their  fruits  and  which  is  called 
"natural  alcohol."  Many  French  keep  a  few  old  bottles  of  brandy  from 
which  they  drink  a  small  glass  upon  rare  occasions.  They  are  not  able 
to  understand  that  one  might  deprive  them  of  this  privilege. 

In  regard  to  wine  the  antialcoholic  question  is  still  more  delicate. 
All  Frenchmen,  except  a  few  abstainers  of  whom  I  am  one.  have  wine 
on  their  family  table;  they  drink  it  with  the  meal  in  one  half  or  three 
quarters  as  much  water;  it  is  an  ancestral  ha1)it.  To  try  to  suppress 
wine  brusquely  at  present  is  an  economic  impossibility,  and,  morally,  it 
would  bring  into  France  an  economic  perturbation  that  we  are  not  in  a 
'condition  lo  support;  it  wotild  menace  seriously  public  order,  for  which 

163 


we  have  made  so  many  sacrifices,  but  which  we  have  maintained  with 
success.  Beware  that  in  bettering  a  thing  you  do  not  make  it  worse ! 
To  each  country  the  reforms  which  its  present  situation  requires !  To 
wish  to  decree  in  France  total  Prohibition  before  having  led  opinion 
little  by  little  in  successive  transitions  to  adopt  this  idea,  would  be  a 
dangerous  and  ineffective  violence.  This  is  at  least  the  sentiment  of  good 
reflecting  Frenchmen,  who  know  their  country  well  and  who  do  not  let 
themselves  be  influenced  by  the  beauty  of  "everything  or  nothing,"  who 
do  not  let  themselves  be  carried  away  by  a  passionate  stubljornness.  and 
who  are  not  hypnotized  or  led  beyond  realities. 

Our  abstainers  of  France  have  felt  very  strongly  that  there  was 
danger  of  failure,  and  they  wished  to  put  themselves  upon  more  solid 
ground.  Therefore  they  have  said :  "We  do  not  ask  that  one  tear  down 
the  vineyards,  but  that  one  develop  the  trade  in  table  grapes,  the  industry 
of  wines  without  alcohol,  of  marmalades  from  fruits,  or  jams,  fruit 
paste,"  etc.  These  are  common-sense  words,  and  this  is  why  all  anti- 
alcoholists  of  France,  with  a  few  unimportant  exceptions,  pull  together 
upon  this  subject. 

Finally,  three  traits  of  the  French  mentality  constitute  an  added  diffi- 
culty :  the  individualism  of  the  Frenchman,  which  makes  him  hesitate 
to  enroll  himself  under  a  banner;  the  instinct  of  independence,  which 
often  turns  him  away  from  signing  an  engagement  of  abstinence;  and 
the  fear  of  the  ridiculous,  which  makes  him  afraid  to  affirm  his  anti- 
alcoholic  convictions. 

2.  French  antialcoholists  find  funds  with  difficulty  on  account  of  the 
character  of  their  work,  which  is  above  all  educative,  and  which  does  not 
strike  the  imagination  on  accoiuit  of  the  impossibility  of  proving  the 
efficacy  of  their  efforts.  One  will  give  more  willingly  to  build  a  sana- 
torium than  to  instruct  the  French  on  the  dangers  of  alcohol,  notwith- 
standing that  one  always  says  "an  ounce  of  prevention  is  worth  a  pound 
of  cure." 

WHAT    RESULTS    HAVE    WE    OBTAINED    AT    THE    PRESENT    TIME? 

From  the  standpoint  of  legislation : 

1.  The  consumption  of  absinth,  forbidden  in  1915,  remains  for- 
bidden in  spite  of  the  efforts  of  the  distillers. 

2.  The  prohibition  of  distilled  alcohol  was  on  the  point  of  passing 
Congress  in  1915.  The  Ministry  presided  over  by  Mr.  Briand  entered 
it  upon  its  program  and  tried  to  obtain  from  Congress  an  authorization 
to  'pass  certain  laws,  counting  upon  using  this  latitude  at  first  in  order 
to  prohibit  alcohol.  It  came  very  nearly  succeeding,  but  Congress  recov- 
ered possession  of  itself,  and  refused  the  request.  A  few  weeks  later 
Mr.  Briand's  ministry  fell.  One  can  see  a  certain  connection  between 
the  campaign  conducted  by  the  alcoholic  powers  against  Mr.  Briand  and 
his  fall.  It  served  as  a  lesson  to  many  politicians,  and  when,  18  months 
later  (in  1916),  Mr.  Ribot  and  Mr.  Siegfried  defended  a  project  for  the 
prohibition  of  alcohol,  they  were  only  followed  by  47  Congressmen. 

3.  I  have  already  said  that  all  industrial  alcohols  had  been  reserved 

164 


exclusively  for  the  Government  since  the  30th  of  June,  1916,  for  the 
manufacture  of  powder  for  the  duration  of  the  war.  This  measure  has 
been  several  times  extended. 

In  1920  the  large  distillers  tried  to  have  raised  the  embargo  put  on 
industrial  alcohols ;  the  Government,  on  whose  treasury  the  demands  were 
enormous,  wished  to  sell  for  human  consumption  the  stocks  of  industrial 
alcohols  which  they  were  detaining.  The  antialcoholists  protested  very 
strongly,  together  with  all  the  societies  interested  in  public  welfare. 
They  had,  besides,  allies  in  the  opposite  camp.  The  small  distillers,  for 
whom  alone  the  alcohol  admitted  for  human  consumption  has  increased 
tenfold  in  value,  protested  violently;  and  we  at  any  rate  secured  the 
decision  that  these  1,200,000  hectoliters  of  industrial  alcohol  should  not 
go  into  the  stomachs  of  our  fellow-citizens. 

It  will  be  necessary  to  watch  very  closely  as  long  as  the  utilization 
of  industrial  alcohol  as  a  carburant  in  motors,  about  which  there  is  a 
great  deal  of  discussion,  shall  not  be  practically  organized.  And  the 
high  price  of  alcohol,  in  comparison  with  imported  gasoline,  is  a  serious 
obstacle,  more  especially  as  the  Government  has  built  its  fiscal  system 
upon  the  sale  of  spirits.  It  expects  the  taxes  on  drink  voted  for  1920 
to  amount  to  2,000,000.000  francs. 

4.  The  alcohol  trade  supports  the  heaviest  burden  in  the  new  fiscal 
organization.  Our  antialcoholic  campaign  has  prepared  opinion  cer- 
tainly to  accept  that  alcoholic  drink  be  very  strongly  taxed  and  considered 
as  a  non-indispensable  luxury. 

Wines,  which  before  the  war  one  had  not  dared  to  touch,  are  under- 
going increases  in  taxes.  For  the  first  time  in  the  French  Congress, 
a  minister  of  finances  dared,  in  order  to  justify  his  taxes,  to  speak  of  the 
abuse  of  wine  so  frequent  in  many  places  and  which  constitutes  a  real 
alcoholization.  He  cited  industrial  localities  in  which  the  average  per 
capita  consumption  for  each  workman  or  workwoman  was  7  pints  of 
wine  a  day,  containing  10  per  cent  of  alcohol.  All  French  antialcoholists 
fight  against  such  al)uses.  no  matter  to  what  society  they  may  belong. 

The  taxes  on  wine  have  passed  from  1  fr.  50  in  1914  to  19  frs.  in 
1920.  As  to  alcoiiol,  the  price  of  a  liter  of  brandy,  which  in  coming 
out  of  the  still  in  1914  was  1  fr.  20,  is  in  1920  no  less  than  16  frs.,  an 
increase  of  795  per  cent.  The  increase  on  the  retail  prices  would  be 
still  higher. 

5.  Our  most  redoubtable  enemies  are.  as  I  have  said,  the  small  dis- 
tillers, the  courageous  French  peasants  who  paid  such  a  heavy  tribute  to 
the  war,  who  have  done  their  duty  so  nobly,  who  have  saved  France  from 
the  P^olshevist  peril  by  their  attachment  to  traditions,  but  who  have  be- 
come the  favored  ones  of  the  hour  in  a  time  of  scarcity  and  exhaustion 
of  stocks.  The  last  elections  showed  their  power,  and  the  majority  of 
them  demand  jealously  the  maintenance  of  their  privileges.  Since  June 
30,  1916,  they  may  no  longer  distill  freely  without  control  and  are  liable 
to  the  payment  of  revenue  on  the  consimiption  of  the  alcohol.      We  have 

165 


succeeded  up  to  the  present  in  safeguarding  this  situation.  There  will 
still  be  rude  battles  to  fight. 

6.  The  following  measures,  taken  during  the  war,  remain  in  force : 
prohibition  of  access  to  cafes  by  children ;  prohibition  to  introduce  alcohol 
into  factories ;  prohibition  to  serve  alcohol  to  women  between  meals. 

In  short,  considering  the  appetite  of  enjoyment  and  gain  which  fol- 
lows all  upheavals,  considering  the  general  lowering  of  the  morality  in 
the  world,  we  esteem  ourselves  relatively  happy  not  to  have  lost  the 
little  legislative  progress  realized  during  the  war. 

In  order  to  judge  of  the  results  which  we  obtained  during  the  war 
we  may  trust  ourselves  I  think,  to  the  judgment  of  our  enemies  the 
alcohol  merchants,  who  are  not  suspected  of  partiality. 

Here  is  testimony  which  appeared  in  the  alcoholic  journal  TJic  JViiie- 
groiving  Revien'  (June  29,  1916)  : 

Let  us  willingly  admit  that  the  National  League  Against  AlcohoHsm  has, 
notwithstanding,  brought  back  a  victory  for  the  small  distilleries. ..  .its  pres- 
sure upon  the  country  has  been  efficacious. 

The  number  of  the  same  journal  of  July  16.  1916,  said: 

The  adversaries  of  alcohol  may  abandon  themselves  to  cries  of  joy  and 
triumph,  thanks  to  their  untiring  propaganda  and  to  its  formidable  pressure. 
Very  well  directed,  they  have  conquered  alcohol. ..  .They  have  a  perfect 
organism  and  directors  of  great  intelligence,  writers  and  speakers  of  talent. 

WHAT  SHALL  BE  THE  FUTURE  OF  THE  ANTIALCOHOLIC  FIGHT  IN  FRANCE? 

This  will  depend  above  all  upon  the  support  which  we  shall  secure; 
whether  men  spring  up  who  will  increase  and  renew  the  small  group  of 
antialcoholic  leaders  and  who  will  give  a  new  impulse  to  the  movement. 
And  above  all,  strong  financial  aid  will  perhaps  come  to  us,  as  we  are 
seeking  it.  Without  it  nothing  can  be  done ;  and  the  moment  to  act  has 
never  been  so  critical,  nor  has  it  been  so  opportune  as  now. 

There  are  at  this  moment  numerous  symptoms  favorable  to  anti- 
alcoholic  action.  Our  campaign  has  already  so  well  acted  upon  pub- 
lic opinion  that  the  greater  part  of  the  Congressional  candidates  at 
the  last  elections  thought  for  the  first  time  that  it  was  necessary  to 
enlist  upon  their  program  the  fight  against  alcohol.  At  the  last 
election  many  candidates  and  several  large  political  parties  answered 
our  demands  by  giving  us  the  assurance  that  they  would  vote  certain 
antialcoholic  measures  proposed  by  us.  Formerly  we  did  not  receive 
even  a  response.  The  president  of  one  of  the  political  parties,  the 
most  well-known  for  the  support  it  gave  to  the  drink  trade,  Air. 
Herriot.  accepted  the  presidency  of  the  National  League  upon  the  eve 
of  the  elections.  Our  conferences  were  formerly  little  followed  and 
were  often  welcomed  by  mockery  and  scepticism.  The  public  comes 
now  in  numbers  to  our  reunions,  and  listens  to  otir  orators  with 
sympathy  and  a  visible  interest. 

On  the  22nd  of  Alarch,  1920." to  the  stupefaction  of  all,  the  Munici- 
pal Council  of  Paris  issued  unanimously  the  desire : 

166 


That  a  law  be  voted  in  Parliament  forbidding  rigorously  the  consumption 
of  alcohol  upon  all  territory  of  the  Republic. 

I  have  said  that  Parliament  had  been  more  daring  than  ever  in 
taxing  drinks ;  it  is  because  it  feels  itself  more  upheld  by  public 
opinion.  Are  there  not  here  some  favorable  symptoms?  There  are 
many  others,  and  the  awakening  of  the  laboring  classes  to  the  anti- 
alcoholic  fight  is  not  the  least  of  them. 

In  order  to  create  in  France  an  agitation,  a  movement  of  opinion 
capable  of  carrying  the  vote  of  efficacious  antialcoholic  laws,  it 
would  suffice  to  instruct  the  French  public  who  obey  still  the  preju- 
dices inculcated.  Worthy  and  reasonable  people  are  in  the  majority 
in  France.  With  sufficient  means  of  action,  I  am  certain  that  one 
would  convince  them,  and,  public  opinion  once  upon  our  side,  the 
politicians  would  follow. 

For  this  what  is  necessary?  Money  above  all.  With  money  we 
should  find  means  with  which  to  compensate  talented  men  to  travel 
through  France,  as  Messieurs  Cauvin  and  Gallienne  are  doing. 

With  $300  a  month,  that  the  Board  of  Temperance  of  the  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  Church  generously  allows  us,  the  Blue  Cross  has 
engaged  a  new  field  secretary,  and  the  National  League  has  taken  on 
a  new  delegate,  Mr.  Demarquette,  a  total  abstainer  who  is  going  to 
establish  societies  of  boy  scout  abstainers  and  groups  of  adults  veri- 
tably convinced  and  practising  temperance  in  the  liberated  regions  so 
menaced  by  alcohol. 

But  four  field  secretaries  are  not  sufficient  to  obtain  an  adequate 
result ;  a  good  dozen  are  needed.     We  have  not  the  means  for  it. 

The  National  League  possesses  a  few  antialcoholic  films,  namely, 
five,  of  which  two  only  have  two  copies.  They  are  continually  in  cir- 
culation ;  but  it  would  be  necessary  to  have  twenty-five  of  them  in 
order  to  answer  to  the  demands  which  come  to  us.  Some  antialco- 
holic films  have  recently  been  edited  in  France  that  we,  a  temper- 
ance society,  have  not  even  the  means  to  buy. 

The  antialcoholic  press  is  ridiculously  insufficient.  We  should 
have  one  or  two  weekly  journals  in  order  to  hold  the  public,  and  wc 
should  be  able  to  issue  from  50,000  to  100,000  copies  instead  of 
15,000. 

Instead  of  this  the  lack  of  funds  and  the  rise  in  the  price  of  paper  . 
and  impression  has  obliged  us  to  reduce  the  journal  one  half  and  to 
close  entirely  the  publication  of  new  books. 

The  alcoholic  press  has  free  play  against  us  ;  it  speaks  thus  en- 
tirely unchallenged. 

There  is  a  question  I  would  like  to  insist  upon  before  ending  this 
report.  For  many  years  our  friend  Dr.  Hercod.  chief  of  the  Interna- 
tional Bureau  at  Lausanne,  has  been  doing  a  very  useful  and  inter- 
esting work  of  statistics  and  documentation.  His  paper  L' Abstinence 
brings  to  all  the  temperance  leaders  of  Europe  a  powerful  aid.  At 
the  international  conference  held  in  April.  1919,  in  Paris,  the  delegates 

167 


agreed  upon  the  necessity  of  aiding  financially  the  International 
Bureau. 

This  organization  is  soon  going  to  cease  its  activity  for  the  want 
of  about  thirty  thousand  francs  yearly.  I  will  express  here  the  hope 
that  the  Fifteenth  Congress  will  be  an  opportunity  to  decide  meas- 
ures in  order  to  prevent  the  disappearance  of  the  International 
Bureau  at  Lausanne. 

I  am  not  personally  partizan  to  make  a  campaign  in  France  at 
present  for  total  Prohibition,  but  the  experience  which  you  are  hav- 
ing in  America  inspires  us  strongly.  Do  you  know  what  the  French 
public  knows  of  Prohibition?  When  one  speaks  of  American  Prohi- 
bition to  some  Frenchman  not  especially  in  touch  with  the  anti- 
alcoholic  movement  abroad,  one  is  quite  surprised  to  hear  him  serve 
you  idle  talk  and  the  stupid  stories  invented  for  the  use  of  the  press 
by  the  powerful  international  information  agency  in  the  pay  of  the 
American  and  English  brewers.  This  agency  unscrupulously  con- 
ducts an  intense  campaign  against  Prohibition.  The  French  believe, 
though  astonished,  that  Prohibition  in  America  has  increased  crime, 
developed  fraud,  poisoning  by  wood  alcohol,  emigration  in  masses, 
corruption,  intoxication  by  ether,  cocaine,  etc.  We  publish  a  few 
statistics  in  our  little  antialcoliolic  journals  of  the  Blue  Cross,  the 
Gold  Cross,  the  National  League,  and  the  Good  Templars.  But  we 
have  very  little  space,  and  we  appear  once  a  month.  Our  small  cor- 
rections of  this  enormous  campaign  of  error  pass  unnoticed. 

It  is  a  question  of  the  salvation  of  France.  She  will  only  rise  to 
fall  again,  if  alcohol  remains  at  the  base  of  her  treasury,  if  alcohol 
poisons  in  the  germ  her  future  generations. 

Those  of  your  compatriots  who  came  to  pay  us  a  visit  in  Paris 
were  struck  to  see  all  the  work  which  the  National  League  accom- 
plished with  so  little  money.  A  few  hundred  thousand  francs  a  year 
would  suffice  to  increase  tenfold  our  means  of  action,  to  reinforce 
our  work  of  education  in  the  schools  and  among  the  public.  Because 
we  are  still  at  the  period  of  antialcoliolic  education  while  you  Ameri- 
cans harvest  the  fruit  of  a  hundred  years  of  effort,  and  you  are  at  the 
period  of  legislative  realizations. 

The  war  gave  me  the  occasion  to  see  close  by  many  Americans. 
The  artillery  group  in  which  I  was  doctor  was  for  several  months 
incorporated  with  the  American  army  at  Verdun,  at  St.  Mihiel,  and 
elsewhere.  I  was  often  able  to  appreciate  the  American  qualities, 
the  large  hospitality,  generosity,  the  broadness  of  view,  and  the  spirit 
of  realization.  Many  Americans  have  proved  for  our  country  a  sym- 
pathy and  solidarity  born  of  the  war ;  they  have  organized  in  France 
social  works  which  showed  a  great  clairvoyance  for  our  needs. 

We  traverse  at  present  a  particularly  critical  period  from  a  finan- 
cial viewpoint.  I  hope  that  our  American  antialcoliolic  friends  will 
wi.sh  to  bring  us  the  aid  which  should  permit  us  to  undertake  upon  a 
large  scale  propaganda  against  alcoholism. 

168 


In  ending  I  wish  to  thank  you  in  the  name  of  the  French  Gov- 
ernment, in  the  name  of  the  National  League,  and  of  all  the  French 
antialcoholists,  for  the  very  generous  hospitality  which  we  have 
found  in  your  country. 

I  knew  this  hospitality,  cordiality  and  simplicity,  having  appre- 
ciated them  at  the  side  of  your  officers  and  soldiers  in  some  bad  cor- 
ners on  the  front. 

Were  it  only  for  the  pleasure  to  have  come  into  contact  with  our 
antialcoholic  friends  of  all  countries  and  to  have  felt  their  warm 
sympathy,  I  should  carry  away  every  feeling  of  satisfaction  from  this 
trip. 

The  CHAIRMAN:  The  next  paper  may  run  a  few  moments 
over  the  hour  for  adjournment;  but,  if  there  is  no  objection,  we  will 
have  it  so  that  we  can  catch  up  with  our  program.  I  have  pleasure 
in  calling  upon  Advocate  Ole  Solnordal,  Chief  of  the  Norwegian 
Antialcohol  Bureau,  of  Christiania,  whose  subject  is  "The  Fight 
Against  Alcoholism  in  Norway." 

THE  FIGHT  AGAINST  ALCOHOLISM  IN  NORWAY 

By  advocate  OLE  S.  SOLXORDAL 
CHIEF    OF    THE    NORWEGIAN    ANTIALCOHOL    BUREAU,    CHRISTIANIA 

*The  legislative  fight  against  alcoholism  in  Norway  began  in  the 
years  1840  and  following.  In  1845  free  distillation  was  suppressed. 
In  1871  licenses  were  given  to  societies  or  Samlags.  Since  1894  the 
Samlags  have  enjoyed  a  monopoly,  but  they  may  be  suppressed  by 
a  popular  vote.  Many  votes  have  been  taken,  so  that  in  1913  there 
were  only  13  Samlags. 

Since  Christmas,  1916,  Norway  has  been  under  prohibition  of 
spirits,  and,  with  a  short  interruption,  of  wine  with  more  than  12 
per  cent  alcohol.  On  October  5th  and  6th  the  voters  (])oth  men  and 
women)  were  consulted  as  to  the  desirability  of  the  permanent  pro- 
hibition of  spirits  and  strong  wine,  and  they  pronounced  for  it  with 
a  majority  of  184,419. 

The  results  of  the  Prohil)ition  measure  taken  during  the  war  have 
been  very  good.  The  arrests  for  drunkenness  sank  from  52,000  in 
1915,  to  23^,000  in  1918.  In  1919  there  was  an  increase  to  35,000. 
which  is  to  be  attributed  to  the  greater  consumption  of  light  wines. 

Since  April,  1919,  there  has  been  no  new  increase.  We  have  thus 
a  decrease  of  40  per  cent  since  1916. 

The  results  of  partial  Prohibition  are  encouraging  the  members 
of  temperance  societies  (one  tenth  of  the  whole  population)  to  ask 
for  full  Prohibition  and  to  work  for  the  formation  of  a  strong  Pro- 
hibition opinion  among  the  population. 

*It  is  much  regretted  that  only  the  above  abstract  of  Advocate  Sohiordal's 
paper  can  be  given,  the  original  manuscript  having  been  lost  in  course  of 
transmission  from  the  official  reporter  to  the  offices  of  the  Committee. 

169 


AFTERNOON  SESSION 

THURSDAY,   SEPTEMBER   23,    1920 


Tjie  CHAIRAIAN  and  the  SECRETARY  made  some  announce- 
ments, and  the  Congress  then  adjourned  till  the  afternoon. 

At  the  session  held  on  Thursday  afternoon  the  Rev.  EDWIN  C. 
DINWIDDIE,  Chairman  of  the  Congress,  presided. 

The  chairman  :  We  will  have  the  paper  on  "The  Movement 
Against  Alcoholism  in  China,"  by  Mr.  Wei,  in  place  of  Minister  Wel- 
lington Koo,  who  is  ill.     I  am  very  glad  to  introduce  Mr.  Wei. 

THE  MOVEMENT  AGAINST  ALCOHOLISM  IN  CHINA 

By  MR.  W.  P.  WEI 
OF  THE   CHINESE  LEGATION,   WASHINGTON 

Mr.  Chairman,  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen :  When  a  man  of  the 
diplomatic  profession  is  asked  to  make  an  address,  he  is  apt  to  be 
very  dry,  if  he  wants  to  be  discreet.  It  happens  to-day  that  I  have 
to  speak  on  a  dry  subject.     So  I  am  bound  to  be  doubly  dry. 

I  have  been  instructed  by  my  Government  to  bring  to  the  atten- 
tion of  this  Congress  the  liquor  question  that  is  now  menacing  the 
people  of  all  classes  in  China.  I  am  conscious  of  the  fact  that  we  have 
met  here  not  so  much  to  draw  up  a  program  for  legislation  as  for  the 
purpose  of  exchanging  views  on  a  subject  that  is  of  common  interest 
to  all  of  us ;  and  I  am  hoping  and  feel  confident  that  the  movements 
we  represent  will  gather  more  momentum,  and  that  a  stronger  senti- 
ment, world-wide  in  scope,  will  be  built  up  as  a  result  of  this  con- 
ference. 

Until  the  last  few  years  there  was  no  liquor  question  in  China  in 
the  sense  we  understand  it.  Of  course  I  would  be  telling  an  untruth 
if  I  said  that  the  Chinese  do  not  manufacture  liquors.  The  Chinese 
make  some  twenty  varieties  of  wines,  mostly  weak.  Taxes  on  these 
wines  are  heavy,  especially  in  recent  years.  Taking  the  country  as  a 
whole,  we  may  say  that  the  use  of  wines  is  limited  to  festive  occa- 
sions, weddings,  and  feast-days.  The  Chinese  seldom  drink  to  excess, 
and  those  who  do  so  are  generally  despised.  Foreign  wines,  whisky, 
and  beer  have  been  introduced  into  China  in  increasing  quantities 
in  recent  years,  and  with  the  introduction  of  foreign  breweries  the 
problem  has  now  become  a  serious  one.  The  liquor  problem  in 
China  is  a  problem  of  foreign  liquors. 

170 


Low  tariff  has  greatly  helped  the  liquor  cause.  For  the  benefit  of 
those  who  are  unacquainted  with  Far-Eastern  affairs  I  may  add  that 
the  tariff  now  in  force  in  China  was  arranged  by  treaty.  The  duty 
rate  of  5  per  cent  ad  valorem  applied  to  all  articles,  fixed  in  1858,  has 
remained  unchanged  for  nearly  sixty  years.  Through  the  operation 
of  the  Most-Favored-Nation  clause  every  treaty-power  enjoys  the 
benefit  of  China's  5  per  cent  tariff,  but  Chinese  goods  entering  the 
ports  of  other  countries  are  not  entitled  to  a  corresponding  benefit. 
There  is  no  reciprocity.  Moreover,  this  treaty-made  tariff  is  econom- 
ically unsound.  All  goods  are  taxed  a  5  per  cent  duty,  raw  materials- 
and  articles  of  necessity  as  well  as  articles  of  luxury.  Owing  to  the 
low  rate  many  articles  which  ought  to  be  admitted  free  are  taxed, 
while  such  articles  as  tobacco  and  wine  are  taxed  at  the  uniform  rate 
of  5  per  cent.  The  absurdity  of  this  is  shown  when  we  compare  the 
taxes  on  wines  of  some  of  the  leading  countries  trading  with  China. 

England    15s.     2d.       per  gallon   (spirits) 

United  States    10s.  lOd. 

Japan    10s.     2d.         "         " 

China    4i4d.     " 

For  this  state  of  affairs  the  present  generation  in  China  is  not 
responsible.  It  is  a  legacy  from  the  Monarchy.  China  has  again 
and  again  demanded  not  only  the  revision  of  the  basis  of  valuation, 
but  also  that  of  the  duty  rate — a  right  enjoyed  by  all  independent 
nations.     She  will  keep  on  demanding  it  until  the  object  is  achieved. 

To  go  back  to  the  question  of  liquors.  Western  liquors  follow 
the  spread  of  Western  civilization  in  China,  unfortunately.  Side  by 
side  with  the  importation  of  foreign  liquors  and  wines  came  the 
establishment  of  foreign  breweries  in  China.  First  we  had  the  Ger- 
man breweries.  Since  the  enforceiuent  of  the  Prohibition  Amend- 
luent  in  America  it  seems  as  if  the  liquor  interests  have  decided  to 
make  China  a  dumping-ground  for  the  American  liquors.  I  am 
authoritatively  informed  that  in  the  last  two  years  no  fewer  than 
eight  breweries  have  gone  to  China.  In  the  Fall  of  1918  the  Ranter 
brewery  of  California  went  to  China,  and  started  a  plant  there  with 
a  capital  of  $2,000,000.  In  1919  two  St  Louis  breweries  and  one  from 
Milwaukee  went  to  China,  and  lately  four  more  from  the  State  of 
Illinois.  These  breweries  have  brought  with  them  the  latest  methods 
of  advertising.  Such  advertising  signs  as  "American  Alcohol  Cures 
Opium"  and  "Sanitary  Alcohol"  are  frequently  seen. 

I  don't  like  to  say  anything  offensive  to  my  American  friends,  but 
I  must  say  that  you  may  give  us  your  religion,  your  sciences,  your 
methods  of  government  and  systems  of  education — we  welcome  all 
of  these ;  but  don't  give  us  your  breweries.  I  feel  encouraged  to  say 
so  because  I  know  you  don't  like  to  see  these  liquor  interests  estab- 
lished in  China. 

There  is  another  reason.  It  is  personal.  I  received  my  college 
education  in  America,  and  have  lived  in  this  country  over  ten  years. 

171 


China  is  my  mother  country,  but  America  is  a  foster  mother  to  me. 
I  like  to  see  America  represented  in  China  by  her  schools,  by  her 
churches,  and  by  her  other  constructive  enterprises ;  but  I  don't  like 
to  see  America  represented  by  breweries. 

The  activity  of  American  liquor  interests  has  caused  many  pro- 
tests from  Americans  in  China.  It  has  led  to  the  establishment  of 
the  Chinese  Prohibition  League.  This  League  was  founded  by  Chi- 
nese students  in  American  universities  and  colleges  and  has  an  active 
membership  of  nearly  1,000  workers.  The  League  is  extending  its 
activities  in  China.  A  representative  of  the  League  is  here  among  us, 
a  delegate  to  this  Congress. 

The  Chinese  Prohibition  movement  is  a  new  one,  because  the 
menace  is  new.  We  seek  your  cooperation.  Both  the  Government 
and  thoughtful  people  in  China  are  seriously  concerned  over  this 
question.  Your  sympathy  and  your  cooperation  will  be  of  great 
encouragement  to  us. 


DISCUSSION 

:\Ir.  HERMAN  C.  E.  LIN  (Representative  of  the  Intercollegiate 
Prohibition  Association)  :  Mr.  President.  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen. 
Dr.  Wei,  of  China,  has  mentioned  in  his  speech  that  there  are  many 
American  brewers  going  to  China.  The  liquor  traffic  question  in 
China  has  been  more  serious  than  you  and  I  can  realize  now.  China 
considers  America  as  one  of  her  best  friends.  From  America  China 
has  received  many  gifts,  both  material  and  spiritual;  but,  my  friends, 
China  carnot  accept  the  ofter  of  the  American  brewers  as  a  friendly 
gift.  In  order  to  maintain  the  friendship  of  these  two  great  republics 
of  the  Pacific  it  is  absolutely  necessary  for  America  not  to  allow  her 
brewers  to  go  into  China. 

American  churches  have  sent  hundreds  of  missionaries,  and  have 
established  thousands  of  schools  in  China ;  but,,  my  friends,  on  the 
same  boats  you  send  to  China  many  American  breweries.  It  is  con- 
tradictory to  that  which  you  preach.  The  common  people  will  not 
believe  what  you  preach  because  it  is  contradictory.  So,  friends,  if 
vou  continue  to  allow  your  brewers  to  go  into  China,  it  is  just  as 
well  to  call  back  all  your  missionaries. 

Furthermore,  do  you  not  claim  that  America  is  a  Christian  nation? 
Do  you  not  believe  the  Golden  Rule?  Will  you  not  practise  what  you 
believe,  and  apply  it  to  your  neighbors?  My  friends,  liquor  is  not 
desirable  in  America,  nor  is  it  desirable  in  China.  It  should  be  rooted 
out  of  the  world. 

This  issue  is  a  challenge  to  you.  American  friends.  What  are 
you  going  to  do  with  it?  Somebody  has  suggested  that  the  American 
Congress  should  pass  a  law  prohibiting  any  American  citizen  going 
to  a  foreign  land  for  this  purpose.  Are  you  supporting  this  bill  ?  Do 
you  not  give  your  helping  hand?    The  delegates  from  other  nations. 

172 


I  hope,  will  not  misunderstand  me,  that  there  are  only  American 
brewers  in  China.  As  a  matter  of  fact  there  are  many  Japanese  and 
other  brewers  in  China,  and  they  should  all  be  rooted  out  of  the  world. 

The  chairman  :  Dr.  Wilbur  F.  Crafts  is  recognized  for  five 
minutes. 

Dr.  WILBUR  F.  CRAFTS  (President  of  the  International  Reform 
Bureau,  Washington,  D.  C.)  :  Mr.  President,  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen: 
The  International  Reform  Bureau,  which  I  represent,  has  had  an  office  in 
China  for  ten  years,  with  the  Rev.  T.  W.  Twing,  who  is  so  much  beloved 
in  China,  in  charge.  Under  the  ^Monarchy  and  under  the  Republic  he 
has  been  in  close  touch  with  the  Government,  with  the  missionaries,  and 
with  the  people,  so  that  we  are  in  very  deep  interest  with  this  movement 
in  China ;  and  we  at  the  headquarters  here  in  Washington  are  seeking 
legislation  that  will  cover  this  subject.  There  is  very  little  that  can  be 
done  in  China  except  from  the  educational  side. 

No  doubt  you  have  heard  about  a  bill, — I  am  afraid  you  have  not 
supported  it,  if  it's  news  to  you ;  there  are  so  many  bills  in  the  States  and 
Congress — but  the  Randall  Bill  in  Congress,  first  of  all,  makes*an  Amer- 
ican, wherever  he  is  in  this  world,  puts  him  under  Prohibition.  Why 
should  a  dry  nation  defend  an  American  brewer  in  Europe  or  China? 
All  over  Europe  you  will  see  American  brewers,  and  there  is  nothing 
in  our  laws  yet  that  would  prevent  that  misrepresentation  of  a  dry 
country. 

Mrs.  Crafts  went  into  a  restaurant  or  a  bar-room  in  Italy,  which  had 
a  sign  "American  Bar,"  where  she  saw  barmaids,  and  she  said,  "This 
is  not  an  American  bar;  we  don't  have  barmaids  in  America."  And  so 
all  over  the  world  there  are  likely  to  be  these  American  bars.  And  the 
proposition  is  that  the  Prohibition  that  applies  to  every  American  in  the 
United  States  shall  apjily  to  every  American  everywhere,  so  far  as  treaties 
do  not  prevent. 

And  in  China  they  have  consular  courts,  and  a  man  can  be  tried 
under  any  law  which  is  specifically  applied  to  that  country,  but  not, 
except  in  common  law.  to  other  cases ;  so  that  this  particular  law,  the 
State  Department  informs  me.  would  not  ajjply  unless  Congress  makes 
the  specific  application,  which  should  be  one  of  the  many  amendments  we 
need  to  the  Volstead  Law.  It  should  not  be  weakened,  but  in  many 
points  it  should  be  strengthened. 

Another  law  should  be  passed  and  put  in  the  \^olstead  Law — that 
there  should  be  no  shipment  of  liquor,  and  no  shipment  of  brewers'  ma- 
chinery, for  the  brewers  have  only  begun  to  ship  to  China.  They  are 
hoping  still  for  two  and  three-fourths  beer.  They  hold  on  to  their  ma- 
chinery. And  when  Congress  sooner  or  later  settles  all  their  hopes 
to  the  contrary,  then  they  will  be  shipping  their  machinery  to  a  much 
larger  extent.  So  I  bid  you  keep  in  touch  with  us  who  are  here  in 
Washington  with  regard  to  this  legislation. 

173 


The  other  thing  I  want  to  say  is  that,  after  all,  in  China,  where  they 
•could  prohibit  it,  if  the  Government  was  strong  enough,  and  put  out  all 
these  brewers,  they  can  not  protect  themselves  by  Prohibition;  they  are 
not  informed  sufficiently  yet  of  the  harm  of  beer,  which  is  a  new  drink  to 
them,  to  take  vigorous  action.  We  have  to  do  educational  work ;  so  we 
have  taken  Miss  Stoddard's  wonderful  booklet,  used  more  than  any  other 
one  booklet  in  the  world,  "Shall  we  spare  beer  and  wine?"  and  put  it  into 
the  new  general  Chinese  language,  which  a  laundryman  can  learn  in  two 
weeks,  and  that  great  nation  will  presently  be  able  to  read  in  the  new 
script  the  great  arguments  as  to  the  harmfulness  of  beer.  Then  they  can 
not  be  deceived  into  the  idea  that  beer  is  a  sure  cure  for  opium. 

The  attempt,  then,  is  an  educational  one;  and  it  seems  to  me  we 
■ought  to  go  very  deeply  and  heartily  into  this  matter  of  publishing  the 
harmfulness  of  beer  and  wine,  which  is  the  danger-point  there.  They 
will  not  be  caught  with  whisky  or  the  harder  liquors.  They  are  likely 
to  be  more  in  danger  because  of  beer  and  wine.  And  I  hope  we  shall 
also  circulate  so  that  when  they  make  a  law  they  may  make  it  more 
thorough  than  ours,  such  teachings  as  I  hold  in  my  hands,  published  in 
English  years  ago,  that  we  need  no  drug-store  exceptions,  that  there  is 
a  harmless  substitute  for  alcohol  in  medicine.  xA.s  I  have  written  in 
this  book  years  ago,  from  the  hand  of  Dr.  Xichols  of  New  England,  let 
us  seek,  when  these  foreign  nations  get  Prohibition,  to  learn  from  our 
inistakes   and  make  it  bone  dry  from  the  first.     I  thank  you. 

The  chairman  :  We  shall  have  the  paper  on  "Prohibition  in  Rus- 
sia," which  was  to  have  been  given  by  State  Attorney-General  ]M.  Glass, 
of  Warsaw,  by  Dr.  Robert  Hercod  of  the  International  Temperance 
Bureau.  Lausanne. 

PROHIBITION  IN  RUSSIA 

By  dr.  ROBERT  HERCOD 

Mr.  President.  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen:  Early  in  ]\Iay  of  this  year  I 
suggested,  on  behalf  of  the  European  Program  Committee,  that  the  State 
Attorney-General  of  Poland.  'Sir.  Glass,  should  read  at  this  Congress  a 
paper  on  Russian  Prohibition  during  the  war.  Mr.  Glass  accepted,  but 
owing  to  the  political  and  military  situation  of  his  country  in  July  and 
August,  he  could  not  think,  as  a  high  official,  of  coming  to  this  country ; 
and  he  did  not  even  send  me  his  paper,  as  he  did  not  receive  some  im- 
portant Russian  documents  which  I  had  sent  him.  However.  Russian 
Prohibition  is  of  such  importance  for  the  students  of  the  Prohibition 
question,  that  we  thought  it  would  be  well  to  have  a  very  short  paper  on 
the  subject,  and  as  I  was  during  the  war  in  touch  with  the  Russian 
Prohibition  workers,  who  sent  me  all  the  scientific  investigations  which 
had  been  published  in  Russia  on  the  subject,  I  believed  that  I  could 
give  you  a  short  statement  on  the  results  of  Russian  Prohibition. 

When  war  broke  out  the  Government  of  Russia  prohibited  the  sale  of 
spirits  in  the  Empire,  and  empowered  the  cities  and  parishes  to  prohibit 

174 


the  sale  of  wine  and  beer.  A  great  many  cities,  among  them  the  second 
capital  of  the  empire,  Moscow,  prohibited  wine  and  beer,  so  that  the 
greatest  part  of  Russia  was  for  three  years  under'  full  Prohibition. 

Since  the  revolution  we  have  no  precise  news  about  what  is  going 
on  in  Russia  concerning  Prohiljition.  Some  newspapers  affirm  that  Pro- 
hibition is  rigorously  enforced ;  others,  that  everybody  is  free  to  sell  or 
to  buy  alccholic  liquors. 

During  the  three  years  of  effective  Prohibition,  the  effects  of  this 
measure  on  the  Russian  population  have  been  studied  with  great  care 
by  statistical  societies,  government  authorities,  and  private  scientists,  and 
these  investigations  have  been  conducted  with  such  rigorous  scientific 
methods  that  they  have  a  great  permanent  value.  It  is  impossible,  of 
course,  to  give  in  a  ten-minute  paper  detailed  information  as  to  the  results 
of  Russian  Prohibition.      I  only  try  to  submit  to  you  a  general  statement. 

It  was  affirmed  in  adverse  newspapers  that  Prohibition  in  Russia  had 
been  followed  by  a  real  epidemic  of  intoxication  through  methylated  alco- 
hol and  similar  substances;  but  the  investigations  which  have  dealt  with 
this  matter  show  that  this  has  been  greatly  exaggerated.  There  were 
inveterate  drunkards  who,  not  finding  spirits,  and  feeling  in  their  organ- 
ism an  imperious  desire  for  narcotics,  resorted  to  every  kind  of  drugs,  but 
these  people  are  degenerate  and  are  to  be  considered  as  an  exception. 
The  normal  drinker  in  Russia,  as  elsewhere,  being  deprived  of  alcohol, 
renounces  altogether  every  drug. 

We  have  also  some  special  statistics  showing  a  great  decrease  in  the 
numbers  of  patients  received  into  the  lunatic  asylums. 

Russian  statisticians  have  studied  the  effects  of  Prohibition  on  the 
number  of  fires — a  great  evil  in  Russia — a  country  where  most  houses 
are  built  of  wood.  For  thirteen  governments  of  Russia,  we  have  from 
August  to  October  in  the  years  1909  to  1913  an  average  of  883  fires 
from  imprudence,  and  935  criminal  fires.  During  the  same  months, 
under  Prohibition.  1914.  we  have  546  fires  from  imprudence,  a  decrease 
of  38  per  cent,  and  395  criminal  fires,  a  decrease  of  57  per  cent. 

The  effects  of  Prohibition  on  the  industrial  production  of  the  country 
have  been  carefully  investigated  by  the  Industrial  Union  of  Moscow  and 
surroundings.  Their  inquiry  extended  to  about  200,000  working  men 
and  women.  They  endeavored  especially  to  ascertain  the  influence  of 
Prohibition  on  the  number  of  working  hours,  that  is.  to  compare  the 
number  of  absentees  from  work  prior  to  Prohibition  and  since  Pro- 
hibition was  enforced.  We  can  not  give  even  a  small  part  of  the  sta- 
tistics which  have  been  gathered.  What  we  bring  here  may  be  con- 
sidered as  illustrative.  From  August  to  October.  1913.  there  was  an 
average  of  23  hours  of  absence;  for  every  working  man  or  woman 
during  the  same  months  in  the  Prohibition  year  1914  we  have  only  an 
average  of  16.5  hours  of  absence.  For  the  men  the  difference  between 
Prohibition  and  license  is  greater — about  40  per  cent.  It  is  common, 
in  every  country  where  the  consumption  of  alcohol  is  general,  to  notice 
a  greater  number  of  absentees  the  days  after  Sundays  and  holidays  and 

175 


after  tha  pay-days.  The  investigation  at  Moscow  showed  that  there 
was  m  Prohibition  time  hardly  a  difference  as  to  the  hours  of  absence 
between  ordinary  days  and  days  after  Sundays  and  pay-days.  That  is, 
one  did  not  drink  any  more  on  the  hohdays,  and  the  men  were  fitter  for 
work  on  the  following  days. 

During  the  time  they  were  at  work,  the  men  produced  more  because 
they  were  not  under  the  depressing  influence  of  spirits.  The  investiga- 
tion which  we  are  analyzing  chose  a  small  number  of  industrial  estab- 
lishments with  about  3,400  working  men  and  women,  which  had  full  ex- 
ploitation as  well  in  1913  as  in  1914,  which  were  giving  their  people  the 
same  rate  of  wages  and  had  the  same  organization  of  work.  Now,  we 
find  that,  as  a  consequence  of  Prohibition,  the  production  during  the  time 
the  men  were  really  at  work,  was  4.5  per  cent  greater.  For  the  men 
alone,  the  statistics  give  more  favorable  results,  an  increase  of  produced 
work  of  8.9.     For  the  metal-workers  the  results  are  still  more  favorable. 

Several  of  the  Russian  investigations  dealt,  also,  with  the  amount 
of  deposits  in  savings  banks,  and  every  one  registered  a  great  increase 
since  Prohibition  was  enforced.  It  is  true  that  Prohibition  can  not  be 
the  only  cause  of  such  a  phenomenon,  because  the  perturbations  brought 
into  economic  life  by  war,  and  the  high  prices  which  were  paid  for  a 
number  of  necessities,  have  contributed  to  the  favorable  economic  situa- 
tion of  several  classes  of  the  population. 

The  Russian  investigations  give  not  only  statistics,  but  also  the  results 
of  personal  inquiries  of  officials  or  other  reliable  correspondents  in  sev- 
eral parts  of  the  Empire,  and  these  personal  inquiries  are  not  less  inter- 
esting than  the  statistics.  They  bring  a  great  many  striking  and  almost 
touching  testimonials  of  the  feeling  of  the  population,  quite  especially 
of  the  country  population,  concerning  Prohibition.  We  hear  the  voice 
of  peasants,  and  working  men,  of  humble  parish  priests  or  parish  teach- 
ers, of  country  physicians,  of  local  authorities ;  in  one  word,  of  men  and 
women  representing  the  great  majority  of  Russia,  and  these  testimonials 
are  almost  unanimous.  They  all  point  to  a  great  amelioration  of  family 
life.  There  is,  since  Prohibition  has  been  in  force,  much  more  happiness 
in  the  home.  There  is  also  a  great  desire  for  more  culture ;  instead 
of  spending  their  time  as  they  did  in  drinking-places,  the  peasants — 
those  who  are  able  to  read — are  longing  for  newspapers  and  books. 
They  feel,  much  better  than  before,  the  benefits  of  instruction  and  edu- 
cation; and  they  attend  with  thankfulness  all  the  educational  lectures 
which  are  given  them.  The  general  impression  which  every  impartial 
man  must  draw  from  the  Russian  investigations  on  Prohibition  is  that 
Prohibition  has  been  a  great  boon  for  Russia ;  and  one  may  hope  that  as 
soon  as  this  great  country  finds  again  its  equilibrium,  it  will  save,  from 
the  measures  taken  under  its  last  emperor,  alcohol  Prohibition,  which 
will  do  wonders  for  the  progress  of  the  population. 

The  CHAIRMAN:  We  will  now  have  Miss  Spence's  paper, 
which   we  were  to  have  had  to-morrow,   but  which   for   her   conven- 

176 


ience  has  been  set  for  this  afternoon.    The  subject  of  it  is  "The  Alove- 
ment  Against  Alcoholism  in  the  Dominion  of  Canada." 

THE  MOVEMENT  AGAINST  ALCOHOLISM  IN  THE 
DOMINION  OF  CANADA 

By  miss  ruth  E.  SPEXCE 

OF   TOROXTO,    ONTARIO,    CANADA 

Mr.  Chairman  and  Members  of  the  Congress :  May  I  say  how 
much  I  appreciate  the  honor  that  the  American  Committee  has  done 
me  in  asking  me  to  speak  here,  and  also  their  courtesy  in  arranging 
that  I  should  be  able  to  do  so  this  afternoon?  I  feel  very  hesitant,  as 
you  will  understand,  in  addressing  this  august  assembly,  and  feel  that 
I  should  be  sitting  at  your  feet,  as  indeed  I  have  been  doing  for  the 
last  few  days.  I  am  somewhat  of  an  amateur  at  this  subject;  but 
having  had  occasion  to  make  a  study  of  this  particular  aspect  of  the 
subject  I  am  glad  to  be  able  to  contribute  what  I  can  this  afternoon. 

The  movement  against  alcoholism  in  Canada,  although  of  phenom- 
enally rapid  progress,  has  gone  through  distinct  stages  of  growth. 
Our  present  Prohibition  situation  was  not  brought  about  suddenly  by 
fanatical  agitation  or  by  pressure  of  temporary  exigencies,  but  was 
reached  step  by  step.  The  strength  of  the  movement  lies  in  sound 
fundamental  principles,  and  their  steadily  enlarging  application  to 
social  conditions.  It  has  developed,  in  Canada,  as  elsewhere,  from  a 
personal  idea  to  a  social  one,  from  advocacy  of  abstinence  by  the  indi- 
vidual to  that  of  Prohibition  by  the  State — an  essentially  logical 
order  of  development  under  democratic  institutions. 

TEMPERANCE   SOCIETIES 

Organized  temperance  reform  in  Canada  began  early  in  the  nine- 
teenth century,  very  humbly,  with  a  few  individuals  who,  believing 
the  use  of  intoxicating  beverages  harmful,  pledged  themselves  to 
renounce  it,  and  formed  little  temperance  societies  for  mutual  encour- 
agement and  the  propagation  of  their  ideas.  They  were  opposed, 
scoffed  at,  or  ignored  as  a  handful  of  fanatics.  Yet  it  was  not  long 
before  there  was  a  Band  of  Hope,  Blue  Ribbon  Club,  or  Temperance 
Lodge  in  almost  every  village.  These  early  temperance  societies  took 
more  definite  form  as  fraternal  and  benefit  organizations — Sons  of 
Temperance,  Independent  Order  of  Good  Templars,  and  Royal  Tem- 
plars of  Temperance,  which,  following  up  the  interest  created  by  the 
pledge-signing  crusade,  went  further  and  advocated  total  Prohibition 
as  well  as  total  abstinence. 

THE  CHURCH 

At  first  this  movement  was  entirely  outside  the  organized  church. 
But  through  the  young  people's  societies  the  churches  were  swung 
into  line  and,  indeed,  came  in  time  to  supersede  the  temperance 
societies,  which  gradually  dropped  out  as  their  torch  was  carried  for- 

177 


ward  by  the  older  and  stronger  institution  of  the  Christian  Church. 

WOMAX'S    CHRTSTIAX    TEMPERANCE    UNION 

The  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union,  organized  in  Canada 
in  1874,  with  the  fraternal  societies,  stood  for  legislative  action  as  well 
as  moral  suasion.  All  these  agencies  took  an  increasingly  active  part 
in  political  campaigns.  Moreover,  the  Woman's  Christian  Temper- 
ance Union  pioneered  the  road  that  led  to  the  enfranchisement  of 
women  in  Canada,  realizing  that  without  the  ballot  women  could  not 
effectively  combat  the  legalized  liquor  traffic. 

EARLY    LAWS 

The  direct  logical  result  of  this  campaign  of  education,  in  which 
the  fundamentals  of  sound  temperance  doctrine  took  root  in  the  public 
conscience,  was  the  early  enactment  of  prohibitory  legislation.  ]Men 
saw  that  if  they  would  be  effectual,  it  was  not  enough  to  oppose 
wrong  ideas  and  customs  by  moral  suasion.  They  must  deal  with  the 
institution  of  the  liquor  traffic,  invested  as  it  was  with  the  strength 
and  respectability  of  legal  sanction. 

In  1855  the  Province  of  New  Brunswick  enacted  total  Prohibition 
of  the  importation,  manufacture,  and  sale  of  intoxicating  beverages. 
Because  of  political  complications,  however,  the  law  was  repealed 
within  a  year. 

DUN  KIN  ACT 

In  1864  the  Legislature  of  Canada  passed  the  Dunkin  Act,  giving 
to  counties,  cities,  towns,  townships  and  villages  of  Ontario  and 
Quebec  authority  to  prohibit  the  retail  sale  of  liquor  within  their 
respective  limits.  Many  municipalities  availed  themselves  of  the 
law.  Although  it  had  weaknesses  which  impaired  its  usefulness,  yet 
it  did  good  in  reducing  crime  and  drunkenness  where  it  was  honestly 
enforced. 

CONFEDERATION 

In  1867  Xova  Scotia  and  Xew  Brunswick  were  confederated  with 
the  old  Provinces  of  Upper  and  Lower  Canada.  The  Dunkin  Act 
had  no  application  to  these  Maritime  Provinces,  and  temperance 
workers  sought  the  enactment  of  legislation  which  should  supersede 
it.  Deputations,  petitions,  resolutions  voiced  the  growing  demand 
for  a  law  of  Dominion-wide  Prohibition. 

There  arose  now  a  serious  difftculty — uncertainty  as  to  the  relative 
extent  of  Dominion  and  Provincial  power  in  the  enactment  of  pro- 
hibitory legislation.  The  British  North  America  Act,  which  defined 
the  terms  of  confederation,  dealt  with  the  subject  of  jurisdiction  only 
in  general  terms.  This  has  necessitated  much  long,  tedious,  expen- 
sive litigation  in  the  submision  to  the  courts  of  test  cases  on  various 
matters.  The  Prohibition  movement  has  suffered  particularlv  from 
this  jurisdiction  difficulty,  which  is  even  to-day  the  cause  of  serious 
hindrance  in  the  enactment  and  enforcement  of  prohibitory  legisla- 
tion. 

178 


CANADA    TEMPERANCE    ACT 

Pleading  uncertainty  of  their  legislative  power,  the  Federal  Parlia- 
ment, in  the  face  of  strong  pressure,  delayed  action  until  1878.  when 
they  passed,  not  the  Prohibition  law  asked  for,  but  a  Dominion  local- 
option  law,  the  Canada  Temperance  Act,  which  improved  upon  the 
Dunkin  Act  in  many  particulars.  This  enabled  electors  in  a  city  or 
county  to  prohibit  by  vote  the  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors  within  their 
boundaries,  except  for  medicinal,  sacramental  or  industrial  purposes. 
Its  constitutionality  being  established  by  the  Imperial  Privy  Council 
in  1882,  the  measure  was  adopted  successfully  in  New  Brunswick, 
Nova  Scotia,  and  Prince  Edward  Island. 

■In  Prince  Edward  Island  within  seven  years  the  Act  was  in  opera- 
tion throughout  the  whole  province  of  three  counties  and  one  city. 
The  counties  maintained  the  law  against  attempts  at  repeal  till  the 
passing  of  provincial  Prohibition  in  1900.  Nova  Scotia  cleared  the 
liquor  traffic  out  of  every  county  and  city  in  the  province  except  the 
capital  city,  Halifax.  In  New  Brunswick  nine  of  the  fourteen  coun- 
ties and  two  of  the  three  cities  were  under  the  operation  of  the  Canada 
Temperance  Act  at  the  time  of  the  enactment  of  the  provincial  pro- 
hibitory law. 

In  Ontario  and  Quebec  the  Act  had  a  different  history,  however. 
In  Ontario  25  counties  and  2  cities  adopted  it,  and  it  was  repealed  in 
all  of  them  before  1889.  It  ran  a  similar  course  in  Quebec  The  reason 
for  its  unpopularity  in  these  places  was  not  that  the  Act  itself  was  a 
failure  where  properly  tried.  In  Ontario  in  one  year  of  its  operation, 
commitments  to  jail  for  drunkenness  were  reduced  by  more  than  50 
per  cent.  But  various  circumstances  conspired  to  interfere  with  its 
successful  administration.  Great  dissatisfaction  ensued,  and  the  Act 
was  repealed.  That  its  repeal  was  not  due  to  ebb  of  Prohibition  senti- 
ment, however,  is  clearly  evident  from  succeeding  events. 

PLEBISCITES 

Repeated  requests  of  the  electors  for  the  enactment  of  prohibitory 
legislation  led  four  of  the  Provincial  Governments  to  take  plebiscites 
on  the  question,  with  the  following  results : 

Prince  Edward  Nova 

Manitoba         Island  Ontario  Scotia 

(1892)  (1893)  (1894)  (1894) 

In  favor  of  frohibition 19,637  10.616  192,489  43.756 

Against  Probibition   7.115  3.390  110,720  12,355 

^[ajority  in  favor   12.522  7.226  ^1,769  31.401 

No  legislative  action  followed  these  votes,  the  Provincial  Assem- 
blies taking  refuge  behind  the  old  excuse  of  uncertainty  as  to  the 
extent  of  their  jurisdiction. 

As  early  as  1884  the  Federal  Parliament  had  adopted  an  historic 
resolution  to  the  effect  that  the  right  and  most  effectual  legislative 
remedy  for  alcoholism  was  the  enactment  and  enforcement  of  a  law 

179 


Majority 

Majority 

For 

Against 

For 

Against 

154,498 

115.284 

39,214 

28.436 

122,760 

94.324 

34.678 

5,370 

29.308 

26.919 

9,575 

17.344 

9,461 

1.146 

8.315 

12.419 

2.978 

9,441 

5.731 

4.756 

975 

6,238 

2,824 

3.414 

of  total  Prohibition,  and  that  the  House  was  prepared,  as  soon  as 
public  opinion  would  sustain  it,  to  promote  such  legislation  so  far  as 
lay  within  its  powers. 

In  1898  the  Federal  Government  in  its  turn  decided  to  test  public 
opinion  on  the  question  of  Prohibition  by  a  plebiscite.  The  results 
were : 

Province 

Ontario    154,498 

Quebec    28.436 

Nova  Scotia    

New  Brunswick 

Prince  Edward  Island 

Manitoba    

British   Columbia 

N.-\V.    Territory    

Total   278.380        264.693         108.011  94,324 

Net  majority  "for."  13,687. 

In  spite  of  this  overwhelming  majority  in  favor  of  Prohibition  in 

eight  out  of  nine  provinces,  the  Government  declared  that  the  results 

did  not  justify  the  introduction  of  a  prohibitory  measure.    This*  threw 

the  burden  of  responsibility  back  upon  the  provinces  to  go  as  far  as 

they  could  constitutionally. 

REFERENDA 

In  1900  there  was  passed  by  the  Manitoba  Legislature  a  drastic 
measure  of  Prohibition  of  all  liquor  transactions  originating  and  end- 
ing within  the  province.  The  law  was  declared  ultra  z'ircs  of  pro- 
vincial jurisdiction  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  Manitoba,  but  was  sus- 
tained upon  appeal  to  the  Imperial  Privy  Council.  Instead  of  putting 
the  law  into  operation,  however,  a  new  government,  disclaiming 
responsibility  for  its  enactment,  in  1902  held  a  referendum  on  the 
question  of  its  enforcement.  Temperance  people  were  divided  in 
opinion  as  to  the  wisdom  of  the  vote,  many  holding  that  the  conditions 
were  unjust.  A  very  small  poll  was  cast,  Avhich  resulted  in  a  majority 
of  6,857  against  the  law.  and  the  Act  was  repealed. 

Upon  the  decision  of  the  Privy  Council  in  regard  to  provincial 
jurisdiction,  the  Ontario  Government  in  1902  introduced  a  bill  to 
bring  into  operation  in  that  province  an  act  similar  to  the  Manitoba 
Prohibition  Law.  if  approved  by  a  referendum.  The  conditions  im- 
posed required  an  aggregate  vote  of  213.723  in  favor  of  the  Act.  The 
vote  polled  was  as  follows : 

For  the   Act  199,749 

Against  the  Act  103.548 


Majority  for  the  Act  96.201 

Thus  the  vote  was  not  large  enough  to  bring  the  Act  into  force. 

LOCAL   OPTION 

The  Provincial  and  Dominion  plebiscite.'^  and  Provincial  referendn 

180 


were  unequivocal  expressions  of  strong  public  sentiment  in  favor  of 
Prohibition.  Denied  expression  in  the  law  of  the  land,  that  sentiment 
inevitably  sought  outlet  through  another  channel,  by  the  use  of  local 
option  clauses  early  incorporated  in  the  provincial  license  laws  and 
heretofore  practicaly  neglected  in  favor  of  the  Dunkin  Act  and  Canada 
Temperance  Act,  or  in  elTorts  to  obtain  from  Federal  and  Provincial 
Parliaments  more  comprehensive  thoroughgoing  legislation.  The 
local-option  laws  provided  that  any  municipality  might  enact  a  by- 
law prohibiting  the  retail  sale  of  liquor  within  its  limits.  The  case 
of  Ontario  may  be  cited  as  the  province  in  which  the  local-option 
method  was  most  widely  adopted.  Here  the  by-law  was  first  to  be 
passed  by  the  municipal  council  and  then  ratified  by  a  majority  vote 
of  the  electors. 

The  subjoined  diagram  illustrates  the  progress  in  that  province : 


794       794       794       SOA        807     812         822       828 


8SS 


S*2       847     651 


White  shoii'S  the  proportionate  number  of  municipaUties  dry  in  each 
year.  Black  and  shaded  sJioii's  the  proportionate  number  in  tu/iic/i  licenses 
are  granted.  The  shading  represents  the  number  in  which  majorities  n'ere 
secttred  for  Local  Option,  hut  in  which  ive  were  defeated  by  the  tiiree-fifths. 


In  1906  an  amendment  was  enacted  providing  that  in  future  no 
local-option  by-law  would  be  considered  ratified  unless  there  was 
polled  in  its  favor  60  per  cent  of  all  votes  cast  upon  the  question.  Not- 
withstanding this  serious  obstacle,  the  increase  in  the  number  of  local 
Prohibition  areas  during  the  next  ten  years  was  remarkable.  In  1906 
there  were  242  municipalities  under  local  option.  By  1916  the 
number  had  increased  to  572.  During  those  years,  opportunity 
was  given  for  the  repeal  of  Prohibition  at  any  time  after  it  had  been 
in  force  for  three  years.  But  such  was  its  success  that  in  the  last 
six  years  of  the  local-option  period,  out  of  1.330  opportunities  for 
repeal,  in  1.260  cases  the  law  was  so  firmly  cstablislicfl  tliat  thcc  was 

181 


not  even  sufficient  opposition  to  bring  the  matter  to  a  vote.  Seventy  repeal 
contests  were  brought  on,  and  the  law  was  sustained  in  69  of  these  cases. 

In  Quebec,  even  in  1898,  out  of  a  total  of  933  municipalities.  603 
had  forbidden  the  sale  of  liquor  within  their  boundaries.  The  use  of 
the  local-option  method  was  continued  until  in  1917  there  were  1,097 
of  the  1,187  municipalities  of  the  province  under  no  license.  One  of 
the  last  and  most  striking  victories  was  that  of  the  capital  city  of 
Quebec,  which  in  1917  adopted  the  Canada  Temperance  Act  by  a 
majority  of  3,251. 

In  the  Province  of  Manitoba  out  of  158  municipalities.  87  went  dry. 

Similar  methods  were  used  by  the  provinces  of  the  west,  except 
British  Columbia,  which  never  had  a  local-option  law. 

The  gaining  of  local  Prohibition  meant  practical  demonstrations 
of  the  business,  social,  and  moral  benefits  of  its  operation.  People  saw 
the  good  results  in  other  places  and  adopted  the  measure  for  them- 
selves. Thus  the  movement  grew  from  the  earliest  beginnings  of  the 
first  pledge-signers.  Public  opinion  was  built  up  by  sound  educational 
methods  and  brought  forth  a  certain  measure  of  prohibitory  legisla- 
tion. That  legislation,  imperfect  as  it  was,  nevertheless  proved  a 
means  of  further  education.  It  taught  the  worth  of  the  Prohibition 
principle  by  the  sure  method  of  experiment  and  example,  and  laid  the 
foundation  for  a  larger  and  better  law. 

MODERATION    VERSUS    TEETOTALISM 

Looking  back  once  again  to  those  early  temperance  societies,  we 
find  that  at  first  they  allowed,  indeed  sometimes  encouraged,  the  use 
by  their  members  of  beer,  ales,  and  light  wines  in  the  supposed  inter- 
ests of  true  temperance.  They  set  out  to  remedy  drunkenness  by  what 
they  considered  wise  methods  of  drinking.  Through  experience  they 
learned,  however,  not  only  that  moderate  indulgence  in  intoxicant? 
had  as  certainly  its  own  harmful  effects  as  excess  of  their  use,  but  also 
that  partial  regulations  were  more  difficult  of  enforcement  than  thor- 
oughgoing ones — that  laxity  of  law  made  for  lawlessness.  Thus  the 
movement  against  alcoholism  in  Canada,  which  began  by  advocating 
moderation,  to-day  stands  for  teetotalism. 

LICENSE  LAWS 

This  development  is  to  be  found  in  the  evolution  of  temperance 
legislation.  The  first  step  in  dealing  with  the  liquor  traffic  in  Canada 
was  to  license  it  with  the  purpose  of  bringing  it  under  control  and 
making  it  revenue-productive. 

The  license  laws  which  filled  the  statute  books  for  the  next  hun- 
dred and  fifty  years  were  in  essence  prohibitory.  That  is  to  say,  they 
were  made  up  of  partial  Prohibition — temperance  in  moderation.  By 
their  enactment,  the  liquor  traffic  was  recognized  as  an  evil  which 
must  be  repressed.  The  sale  of  intoxicants  was  forbidden  except  by 
certain  persons,   in   certain   places,   on   certain   days,   within   certain 

182 


hours,  under  certain  conditions,  in  certain  quantities,  to  certain  people. 
But  they  perpetuated  the  institution  of  the  liquor  traffic  by  making  it 
legal  and  an  apparent  source  of  profit  to  the  nation.  As  was  said  by 
the  late  F.  S.  Spence,  a  leading  Canadian  temperance  authority : 

The  history  of  civil  government  and  governmental  methods  records  no 
more  complete  failure  than  that  which  has  invariably  attended  all  efforts  to 
regulate  admitted  evils.  Slavery,  gambling,  social  vice,  the  liquor  traffic 
have  all  developed  their  worst  features  and  produced  their  worst  results 
under  legislation  enacted  with  the  avowed  object  of  controlling  them  and 
making  them   revenue-productive. 

The  license  laws,  dift'erent  in  detail  in  the  different  provinces,  were 
continually  made  more  and  more  stringent.  Fees  were  increased, 
hours  of  sale  were  shortened,  the  age  limit  of  those  to  whom  liquor 
might  be  sold  was  raised,  penalties  for  law  violation  were  made  more 
and  more  severe,  better  provision  was  supplied  for  law  enforcement, 
and  facilities  were  increased  for  limiting  or  reducing  the  number  of 
licenses  in  any  vicinity.  In  Ontario  the  number  of  licenses  issued  in 
1875  was  6,185.  Notwithstanding  a  steady  increase  in  population, 
there  was  a  steady  reduction  in  the  licenses  until  the  number  in  1916 
(when  Provincial  Prohibition  came  into  operation)  was  1,529. 

LIMITATIONS    OF    LOCAL    OPTION 

The  local-option  laws,  federal  and  provincial,  which  supple- 
mented the  license  laws  were,  also,  only  partial  measures,  and  con- 
tained serious  elements  of  weakness. 

As  local  option  spread,  a  difficulty  arose  because  of  the  con- 
tiguity of  wet  and  dry  areas.  Local  option  in  any  locality  did  not 
interfere  with  the  working  of  license  in  an  adjoining  or  adjacent 
locality,  but  adjacent  licenses  did  interfere  with  the  successful  opera- 
tion of  local  Prohibition.  The  more  the  province  became  checker- 
boarded  with  "local  option"  and  "license,"  and  particularly  when  the 
local-option  areas  gained  preponderance,  the  licenses  in  the  remain- 
ing territory  became  not  simply  a  matter  of  local  concern  to  be  dealt 
with  by  action  of  the  people  of  that  municipality,  but  a  matter  of 
general  concern,  to  be  dealt  with  only  by  a  general  law.  Thus,  local 
option  paved  the  way  and  created  the  demand  for  the  logical  next 
step — Provincial  Prohibition,  which  exists  to-day  in  eight  out  of  nine 
provinces  of  Canada. 

rROVINCIAL   PROHIBITION 

There  is  no  doubt  that  the  outbreak  of  the  war  helped  to  hasten 
the  end  of  the  legalized  liquor  traffic  in  Canada.  The  imperative 
demand  for  efficiency  and  economy  gave  force  to  the  appeal  for  imme- 
diate action.  But  Prohibition  as  it  exists  in  Canada  to-day  is  not  a 
moral  whim,  nor  was  it  brought  about  by  war  conditions.  It  is  rather 
the  expression  in  legislation  of  a  growing  determination  to  suppress 
the  evils  of  the  li(|uor  traffic.  The  progressive  development  through- 
out Canada  may  be  seen  by  a  general  survey  of  the  provinces. 

Prince  Edward  Island  was  the  first  to  go  dry.  In  1900  a  Pro- 
vincial Prohibition  Act  was  passed.    At  first  it  applied  only  to  Char- 

183 


lottetown,  since  the  Canada  Temperance  Act  in  operation  in  the 
counties  took  precedence  over  the  provincial  law.  But  the  validity  of 
this  first  provincial  prohibitory  law  being  finally  established  by  the 
Supreme  Court  in  1902,  the  Dominion  measure  was  repealed  in  the 
counties,  and  the  entire  island  was  thus  brought  vmder  provincial 
Prohibition. 

In  1910  the  Xova  Scotia  Legislature  enacted  a  provincial  prohibi- 
tory law,  the  city  of  Halifax,  however,  being  exempt.  In  1916  Hali- 
fax was  also  brought  under  its  operation. 

In  New  Brunswick  the  provincial  law  went  into  operation  in 
1917.  In  1920  the  electors  by  a  majority  of  20.667  voted  in  favor  of 
the  law  and  gave  a  majority  of  14,662  against  the  sale  of  light  wines 
and  beer. 

In  1916  the  leaders  of  both  political  parties  in  Ontario  joined 
hands  iii  passing  the  Ontario  Temperance  Act,  which  was  carried  by 
a  unanimous  vote  of  the  members  of  the  Legislature  and  went  into 
operation  the  same  year.  In  1919  the  electors  voted  on  the  question 
of  its  continuance,  as  it  stood,  or  with  three  proposed  modifications. 
The  Act  was  sustained  by  a  majority  of  407,789,  and  every  proposition 
to  weaken  it  was  overwhelmingly  defeated. 

The  Manitoba  Legislature  in  1915  passed  a  Prohibition  act  which 
was  to  be  subject  to  ratification  by  the  people.  The  voting  the  fol- 
lowing year  gave  a  majority  of  24.595  in  favor  of  the  law,  every  con- 
stituency but  one  returning  a  favorable  vote.  The  law  went  into 
operation  in  1916. 

Saskatchewan  made  an  attempt  at  a  partial  measure  which  proved 
unsatisfactory  and  was  abandoned.  In  1915  the  Legislature  passed  an 
act  closing  all  the  bars  and  the  38  liquor-stores  of  the  province,  but 
established  Government  dispensaries  for  the  retail  sale  of  liquor,  in 
original  packages,  in  22  of  the  principal  cities  and  towns.  These  dis- 
pensaries were  made  subject  to  local  option  and  were  promptly  wiped 
out  in  six  districts.  A  provincial  referendum  the  following  year  on 
the  question  of  abolishing  the  remainder  resulted  in  a  vote  of  95,249 
to  23,666  in  favor  of  their  abolition.  The  law  giving  eft"ect  to  this 
demand,  and  thus  bringing  the  province  under  provincial  Prohibition, 
became  operative  in  1917. 

The  Province  of  Alberta  in  1915  voted  on  provincial  Prohibition, 
which  was  approved  by  a  majority  of  21,086,  the  total  vote  being  nearly 
2  to  1,  and  the  law  went  into  force  in  1916. 

The  Legislature  of  British  Columbia  passed  a  Prohibition  bill  in 
1916  which  was  approved  by  a  large  majority  of  the  electors  and  went 
into  operation  in  1917.  The  Province  is  voting  at  an  early  date  upon  the 
question  of  the  continuance  of  this  measure. 

All  these  provincial  Prohibition  acts  are  practically  the  same.  They 
prohibit  the  sale  or  keeping  for  sale  of  liquors  containing  more  than 
2J^  per  cent  proof  spirits,  except  for  medicinal,  industrial,  or  sacramental 
purposes,  by  druggists,  authorized  vendors,  or  government  agencies. 

184 


The  Province  of  Quebec  alone  in  Canada  permits  the  sale  of  intoxi- 
cating beverages.  In  1918  the  Legislature  passed  a  thorough-going  Pro- 
hibition measure;  but  the  following  year,  before  the  benefits  of  the  new 
law  had  been  tried  out,  a  referendum  was  held  on  the  qvtestion  of  per- 
mitting the  sale  of  light  beer,  cider  and  wine.  The  result  was  a  majority 
of  129,699  for  the  breaking  down  of  the  law. 

FEDERAL    LAW 

From  the  start  Prohibitionists  in  Canada  have  never  receded  from 
their  position  that  the  only  successful  method  of  dealing  with  the  lic[uor 
traffic  is  by  a  thorough-going  measure  of  Dominion-wide  Prohibition. 
Failing  to  secure  that,  they  sought  provincial  legislation.  Failing  again 
there,  they  demonstrated  the  strength  of  their  cause  through  the  local- 
option  method.  The  smaller  the  area,  the  more  limited,  of  course,  the 
extent  of  jurisdiction. 

Although  the  decisions  of  the  courts  are  not  conclusive,  it  has  been 
generally  considered  that  the  Federal  Parliament  has  the  right  to  pro- 
hibit or  control  the  manufacture,  importation,  and  interprovincial  ship- 
ment of  intoxicating  liquor ;  and  the  Provincial  Legislature  to  control 
local  selling,  that  is,  transactions  that  are  completed  within  the  bound- 
aries of  a  Province. 

During  the  war,  when  every  province  but  one  had  enacted  a  Pro- 
hibitory law,  the  Federal  Parliament,  supplemented  the  provincial  laws 
by  war-time  orders-in-council,  prohibiting  all  manufacture  and  importa- 
tion of  liquor,  and  the  shipment  of  liquor  into  prohibited  areas,  this  to 
be  in  force  during  the  war  and  for  twelve  months  after  the  declaration 
of  peace.  An  appeal  was  made  to  Parliament  that  this  measure  of 
national  Prohibition  should  be  made  permanent  by  l)eing  embodied  in 
legislation.  Instead,  however,  there  was  passed  an  amendment  to  the 
Canada  Temperance  Act.  This  amendment,  commonly  known  as  "Bill 
26,"  provides  that  a  vote  of  the  electors  may  be  taken  in  a  province 
for  or  against  the  prohibition  of  the  importation  and  bringing  of  in- 
toxicating liquors  for  beverage  purposes  into  that  province.  If  a  ma- 
jority of  electors  votin;y  are  favorable,  the  Governor  in  Council  sliall 
proclaim  that  Prohibition  to  be  in  force. 

On  Deceml)er  31,  1919,  before  any  provinces  could  avail  themselves 
of  this  new  law,  the  war-time  orders-in-council  were  repealed  by  the 
Government,  and  liquor  can  once  more  be  freely  manufactured  and 
imported  and  shipped  interprovincially.  A  vote  under  the  provisions 
of  Bill  26  is  to  be  taken  in  October  in  the  Provinces  of  Nova  Scotia. 
Manitoba,  Saskatchewan  and  Alberta  and  in  the  Yukon  Territory.  On- 
tario is  to  vote  in  April,  1921. 

This  Federal  legislation  is,  however,  incomplete.  It  does  not  presume 
to  deal  with  the  manufacture  of  intoxicating  liquors,  or  with  the  importa- 
tion for  other  than  lieverage  purposes,  or  with  the  shipment  within  the 
province  of  liquor  ordered  from  any  iilace  outside  the  province  but  manu- 
factured and  delivered   within  the  limits  of  that  province.      This  last 

185 


transaction,  known  as  "short-circuiting,"  is  being  carried  on  extensively 
in  Ontario,  where  there  are  seven  distilleries  and  thirty-four  breweries. 
Moreover,  the  free  importation  of  liquor  for  permitted  purposes  gives 
facility  for  law  violation. 

These  loopholes  in  the  Federal  legislation  necessitate  further  action 
on  the  part  of  Prohibition  provinces  in  order  to  make  effective  the 
enforcement  of  their  Prohibition  laws.  Ontario  has  dealt  with  the  sit- 
uation by  the  enactment  of  what  is  known  as  the  "Sandy  Bill."  This 
bill  makes  it  an  offense  to  transport,  carry,  deliver,  or  take  delivery  of 
liquor  for  sale  or  consumption  within  the  province  except  by  order  of  the 
Board  of  License  Commissioners.  The  act,  which  effectively  supple- 
ments the  provisions  of  the  Ontario  Temperance  Act,  only  goes  into 
operation,  however,  after  the  Governor-General's  proclamation  following 
the  vote  on  importation. 

The  legislation  upon  the  statute-books  is  not  accepted  by  the  Pro- 
hibitionists of  Canada  as  final.  The  last  word  is  yet  to  be  spoken.  Al- 
ready an  organized  campaign  is  in  progress  to  supplement  all  the  laws 
by  a  larger,  stronger,  more  comprehensive  measure  of  total,  nation-wide 
Prohibition  as  effective  as  that  in  force  in  the  United  States  of  America. 

GROWTH    OF    PUBLIC    OPINION 

To-day  scientific  facts  re-enforce  moral  persuasion  in  the  movement 
against  alcoholism  in  Canada. 

ACTUARIAL    SCIENCE    FIGURES 

Early  opposition  to  the  temperance  crusade  was  quite  unscientific 
in  its  attitude.  There  are  men  living  to-day  who  tell  of  having  been 
refused  in  the  early  days  by  life-insurance  companies  because  as  total 
abstainers  they  were  considered  subnormal.  Contrast  that  attitude  with 
the  fact  that  in  our  public  schools  to-day  children  are  being  taught  from 
authorized  scientific  text-books  that  abstainers  are  better  insurance  risks 
than  even  moderate  drinkers. 

The  following  table  of  actuarial  statistics  is  taken  from  the  text- 
book authorized  for  use  in  the  schools  of  Ontario : 

YEARS  OF  EXPECTED  LIFE 

Healthy  Temperance  Greater  Average 

Males  Life  of  Abstainers 
46.95  12.97  per  cent 

42.97  13.38 

34.59  13.23 

26.10  12.06 

18.13  10.14 

14.55  9.15 

The  above  is  not  a  comparison  of  abstainers'  lives  with  those  of  non- 
abstainers',  but  of  abstainers'  lives  with  the  standards  for  well-selected 
lives  generally,  which  are  not  classified. 

MEDICAL    SCIENCE 

During  the  serious  influenza  epidemics  in  Ontario  in  the  last  two 
winters,  amongst  a  part  of  the    population,    dissatisfaction  was    loudly 

186 


Vge 

Males 

20 

41.56 

25 

37.90 

35 

30.52 

45 

23.29 

55 

16.46 

60 

13.33 

voiced  that  intoxicating  liquor  was  difficult  to  obtain  as  a  medicine  and 
a  preventive.  The  Chief  Officer  of  Health  for  the  Province,  Lt.-CoL 
McCullough,  when  asked  his  opinion  as  to  the  advisability  of  increasing 
the  facilities  for  securing  liquor  under  the  circumstances,  made  the  fol- 
lowing statement : 

Owing  to  the  fact  that,  by  the  judicious  use  of  several  remedies  on  our 
therapeutic  list,  we  can  safely  dispense  with  alcohol  in  the  practice  of  medi- 
cine— indicates  the  folly  of  advising  it  as  a  "camouflage"  for  the  very  serious 
evils  that  arise  from  its  use  as  a  beverage. 

That  his  opinion  of  the  therapeutic  value  of  intoxicants  is  shared 
by  the  great  majority  of  the  medical  profession  of  the  province  is  demon- 
strated by  the  answers  of  over  500  physicians  in  reply  to  a  question- 
naire sent  out  by  the  Pioneer  at  the  time  of  the  Ontario  Referendum 
Campaign  in  1919.      They  have  been  tabulated  as  follows: 

No       Yes 

Do    you    consider    that,    generally    speaking,    another    therapeutic 

agent  could  be  used  which  would  be  as  effective  as'  alcohol?..     376         149- 

Do  you  consider  that  a  total  abstainer  has  any  advantages  over  a 
moderate  drinker — 

(a)  In  immunity  to  disease  ? 453  77 

(b)  In  better  chances  of  recovery  in  sickness  or  accident?     463  51 
Is   it   your   opinion   that    the    regular   use    of   beer   for    beverage 

purposes  is 

(a)  Conducive  to  health  ? 29         472 

(b)  Harmless?  55         422 

(c)  Injurious  443  41 

Is  it  your  opinion  that  Prohibition,  as  existing  under  the  Ontario 

Temperance   Act,   has   been   beneficial  to   the   health   of   your 
community  ?    438  65- 

As  evidence  of  the  trend  of  scientific  thought,  it  is  interesting  to 
place  beside  these  figures  another  set  obtained  in  1892  by  a  Royal  Com- 
mission appointed  by  the  Dominion  Government.  Questions  were  sent 
to  the  medical  men  of  Canada,  one  of  which  was.  "In  your  opinion 
could  any  substitute  for  alcohol  be  used  which  would  be  equally  ef- 
fective?"     The  answers  were: 

Yes 292  No 1,095 

The  practicability  of  a  substitute  for  alcohol  was  agreed  to  in  1892  by~ 
21  per  cent  of  the  answers  given;  in  1919,  by  71  per  cent. 

SOCIOLOGY 

A  favorite  argument  of  antiprohil)itionists  of  the  last  generation, 
"You  can  not  make  a  man  good  by  law."  is  being  answered  to-day  by 
thousands  of  social  service  agencies  at  work  on  the  principle  that  the 
sane  way  of  dealing  with  social  evils  of  all  kinds  is  to  legislate  to  remove 
their  cause,  rather  than  simi)ly  to  warn  or  win  men  away  from  them. 

The  Neighborhood  Workers'  Association  of  Toronto  is  a  clearing- 
house for  the  many  social  service  and  relief  agencies  of  the  city.  The 
report  of  their  executive  for  1919  quotes  the  experience  of  a  great  num- 
ber of  the  various  affiliated  organizations,  testifying  to  the  notable  dimi- 
nution of  the  need  for  their  (,harital)le  services  as  a  result  o{  Prohibition 

187 


conditions,  and  adding  that,  during  the  eleven  months  ending  April  30, 
1919.  only  9  cases  out  of  773  were  reported  as  having  the  handicap  of 
intemperance.  Ordinarily  the  bulk  of  such  cases  would  be  due  to  alco- 
holism in  some  form. 

EDUCATION 

Education  in  Canada  pronounces  strongly  to-day  against  alcoholism. 
Through  the  efforts  of  the  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union,  tem- 
perance teaching  was  early  made  compulsory  in  Ontario.  But  the  in- 
struction suffered  neglect  because  of  its  not  being  an  examination  sub- 
ject. A  couple  of  years  ago  the  Ontario  IMinister  of  Education  renewed 
the  ruling  that  the  teaching  of  temperance  should  be  compulsory.  He 
showed  the  measure  of  his  conviction  by  acceptance  of  the  most  pro- 
nounced views  on  the  subject,  and  the  temperance  matter  in  the  new 
authorized  text-book  has  been  prepared  by  the  Scientific  Temperance 
Department  of  one  of  the  leading  temperance  organizations  of  Canada. 
The  present  ^Minister  of  Education,  the  Hon.  R.  H.  Grant,  has  promised 
that  not  only  shall  teachers  teach  the  subject,  but  that  it  shall  be  put 
on  the  curriculum  of  the  provincial  normal  schools. 

In  the  ]\Iaritime  Provinces  temperance  has  for  many  years  been  an 
examination  subject  in  the  public  schools,  beginning  with  oral  instruction 
for  the  small  children  and  continuing  through  the  high  schools  into 
the  model  and  normal  schools.  These  provinces  have  always  been  strong- 
holds of  prohibition  sentiment,  and  Prince  Edward  Island  preceded  the 
rest  of  Canada  by  fifteen  years  in  the  enactment  of  a  provincial  Prohibi- 
tory law. 

Illustrating  the  development  of  favorable  opinion  on  the  part  of  busi- 
ness men  regarding  Prohibition,  a  case  might  be  cited  of  the  question- 
naire sent  to  members  of  the  Board  of  Trade  of  Toronto  after  Prohi- 
bition had  been  in  force  in  that  city  for  just  one  year.  One  member 
wrote  to  his  fellow  members  for  a  brief  line  giving  their  frank  opinion 
as  to  the  working  of  Prohibition  and  the  effect,  beneficial  or  otherwise, 
particularly  in  regard  to  business  conditions.  397  replies  were  received 
covering  the  major  industries  and  commercial  institutions  of  the  city. 
These  were  divided  into  five  classes  and  the  replies  were  as  follows : 

(1)  Strongly   unfavorable    3 

(2)  Mildly   unfavorable    6 

(3)  No  opinion    22 

(4)  Mildly  favorable    25 

(5)  Strongly    favorable    341 

From  the  testimonies  received  in  answer  to  these  questions,  there  was 
compiled  the  following  summary  of  opinions : 

1.  Retail  and  wholesale  business  increased  and  improved,  a  larger 
proportion  of  cash  trade,  a  greater  demand  for  the  better  class  of  goods. 

2.  Increased  regularity,  punctuality,  and  efficiency  of  workers,  resulting 
in  greater  earnings  for  labor  and  larger  returns  for  capital. 

3.  More  emploj^ment  at  better  wages,  better  conditions  and  greater 
safety  of  work,  higher  standard  of  living. 

188 


4.  Home  life  bettered,  wages  formerly  wasted  now  used  for  family  com- 
forts and  luxuries,  poverty  and  pauperism  lessened. 

5.  Rent  and  taxes  more  promptly  paid,  artisans  building  and  buying 
homes  for  themselves. 

This  summary  of  the  opinion  of  Toronto  business  men  was  sent 
broadcast  to  merchants  throughout  the  province  with  the  question,  "Fron-k 
your  experience,  would  _\ou  consider  the  above  a  fair  statement  as  to 
the  effect  upon  business  of  the  operation  of  the  Ontario  Temperance 
Act?"      Summed  up,  the  answers  were: 

Yes 1,318  No 96 

The  striking  feature  of  all  this  evidence  is  the  numl)er  of  men  who, 
in  giving  their  opinions,  stated  that  they  had  been  formerly  opposed 
to  Prohibition,  but  had  become  convinced  of  its  worth  through  the  opera- 
tion of  the  law. 

Prohibition  in  Canada  is  the  result  of  a  coml)ination  of  forces,  eth- 
ical, scientific,  social,  educational,  industrial,  and  economic,  working  to- 
gether to  produce  l^etter  conditions  in  all  departments  of  human  activity. 
Btit  Prohibition  is  not  an  end  in  itself.  All  social  reformers  to-day,  no 
matter  what  their  field  of  labor,  no  matter  what  their  views  as  to  the  wis- 
dom of  moderation,  or  teetotalism,  are  unanimous  in  the  conviction  that 
legislation  alone  is  not  effective.  Without  pul)lic  opinion  law  can  not  be 
secured,  and  without  public  opinion  it  would  not  l)e  of  any  value  when 
secured.  Sound  sentiment,  wise  laws,  honest  administration,  all  these 
are  essential.  Together  they  are  an  irresistible  power  for  the  uplifting 
and  blessing  of  humanity. 

The  secretary,  Mr.  ERNEST  H.  CHERRINGTON:  Mr. 
Chairman :  It  is  not  necessary  for  me  to  say  to  you  that  the  last  speaker 
is  undoubtedly  one  of  the  greatest  authorities  on  the  Prohibition  ques- 
tion in  the  Dominion  of  Canada.  But  I  do  want  to  call  your  attention 
to  the  fact  that  Miss  Spence  is  the  daughter  of  the  late  Honorable 
Francis  F.  Spence,  whose  name  has  been  connected  with  the  Interna- 
tional Congresses  against  Alcoholism  much  longer  than  that  of  any  other 
name  on  the  American  Continent. 

I  hold  in  my  hand  a  l)Ook  entitled.  'T^rohibition  in  Canada."  Miss 
Spence,  who  has  just  spoken  to  you,  is  the  author  of  that  l)ook.  It  is 
dedicated  as  a  memorial  to  her  father;  and  the  Dominion  Temperance 
Alliance  has  informed  me  that  it  will  be  very  glad  to  send  a  copy  of  that 
book  to  every  overseas  delegate  to  this  Congress  who  will  leave  his  name 
and  address  with  the  Secretary. 

The  CHAIRMAN:  The  next  subject  is  "Prohil)ition  in  Finland." 
It  gives  me  great  pleasure  to  introduce  one  of  the  old  Nestors  of  the 
reform  in  Europe.  Dr.  Matti  Helenius-Seppala,  of  Finland,  who  is  the 
Prohibition  Enforcement  Officer  of  the  Government  of   b^inland. 

189 


PROHIBITION  IN  FINLAND 

By  Dr.   MATTI   HELEXIUS-SEPPALA 
CHIEF    OF    THE    TE^IPERANCE     SECTION     OF    THE     MINISTRY     FOR     SOCIAL 
AFFAIRS,    HELSINGFORS,    FINLAND. 

Mr.  President,  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen:  ]\Iore  than  fifty  years  ago 
Finland  was  one  of  the  most  strongly  alcoholized  countries  in  the  world, 
and  consumed  annually  an  average  of  15  liters  of  whisky  per  inhabitant. 
There  were  thousands  of  legal  household  distilleries  and  a  large  number 
of  illegal  distilleries  at  work.  Even  the  women  were  given  to  intoxi- 
cating drinks.  Often  children  were  christened  not  in  water  alone,  but 
w^ater  in  which  some  whisky  had  been  mixed  was  used  for  this  rite. 
In  one  country  parish  a  blue  suit  was  solemnly  presented  to  a  young  man 
as  a  great  reward,  because  he  was  the  only  sober  youth  in  the  parish. 
The  farmers  carried  on  a  solemn  discussion  in  the  press  on  the  important 
question  whether  the  older  cows  ought  not  to  be  given  spirits  as  an 
appetizer,  as  such  had  proved  to  be  wholesome  for  human  beings.  Under 
these  conditions  the  Finnish  people  would  have  been  ruined  if  legislation 
on  Prohibition  had  not  come  to  the  rescue. 

Now  what  was  it  that  made  the  people  rise  against  the  domination 
of  spirits  ?  Allow  me,  ladies  and  gentlemen,  to  tell  you  a  short  anecdote 
in  answer  to  this  question. 

We  in  Finland  make  a  kind  of  very  weak,  almost  non-alcoholic  malt 
liquor,  which  forms  a  kind  of  national  drink.  It  is  brewed  in  the  country 
on  every  farm,  and  kept  in  larger  or  smaller  wooden  casks,  which  have 
at  the  bottom  a  hole  with  a  wooden  plug,  so  that  the  liquor  can  l)e  drawn 
off.  The  liquor  is  called  in  Finnish  kaija  ("weak  drink").  Now  one 
day  it  happened  that  the  servant-maid  on  a  farm  was  to  take  out  a 
pot  of  kalja  to  the  farm-people,  and  so  she  removed  the  plug  to  fill  the 
pot.  At  the  same  moment  she  heard  the  cofifee-pot  boil  over  on  the 
kitchen  stove.  Xow  all  women  know  that  a  cofifee-pot  which  boils  over 
must  be  attended  to  before  an}i;hing  else  in  the  world,  so  the  girl 
rushed  into  the  kitchen.  Then  the  mistress  called  to  her  to  hurry  up 
with  the  pot  of  ka^ja.  So  she  went  into  the  dining-room  with  the  pot 
she  had  filled.  When  she  went  back  into  the  room  where  the  cask  stood, 
she  saw  that  the  most  frightful  havoc  had  been  wrought,  the  whole  floor 
was  swimming  with  kalja.  The  girl  gave  a  scream  of  dismay,  and  began 
to  collect  all  the  mats,  towels,  and  rags  she  could  find  to  mop  up  the 
kalja.  Her  mistress  heard  her  cry  and  rushed  in  and  began  to  mop  the 
floor  too,  but  soon  noticed  that  the  plug  was  not  in  the  cask,  and  that 
more  kalja  was,  therefore,  pouring  out  of  it.  "Where  in  the  world 
have  you  put  the  plug?"  she  asked  the  girl,  who  only  then  noticed  that 
all  the  time  she  had  been  running  about  with  the  plug  in  her  left  hand. 
Well,  when  the  plug  had  been  replaced  in  the  cask,  it  was  possible  to 
get  the  floor  dry. 

In  a  case  like  that,  everyone  understands  what  must  be  done  before 
it  is  possible  to  begin  repairing  the  damage  done  by  a  flood  of  drink. 

190 


Likewise  we  cannot  remedy  the  evil  done  by  intoxicants  initil  we  have 
^'plugged  the  hole,"  i.  c,  until  we  have  Prohibition. 

Now  that  was  what  the  Finnish  people  saw.  Their  action  contains 
the  simple  philosophy  of  Prohibition. 

The  Prohibition  tight  in  Finland  began  more  than  half  a  century 
ago, — in  the  }'ear  1866,  when  the  law  was  put  in  force  which  prohibited 
the  distilling  of  whisky  at  home.  The  Finnish  farmers  thought,  that  in 
giving  up  their  old  privilege  of  home  distilling,  in  this  way  all  drinking 
would  end.  But  slowly  whisky  distilleries  and  breweries  began  spread- 
ing the  drinking  habit  all  over  the  land.  On  the  other  side  the  best  forces 
of  the  nation  fought,  w-ith  the  help  of  temperance  education  and  legis- 
lation, for  Prohibition. 

Already  in  1883,  at  the  first  general  Finnish  Temperance  Conference 
at  Abo,  it  was  expressly  said  that  the  legislative  goal  of  the  Finnish  tem- 
perance movement  was  Prohibition.  Step  by  step  restrictions  were  car- 
ried through  with  regard  to  the  sale  of  alcoholic  drinks.  Then,  when 
the  general  franchise  had  come  into  force  in  1906,  the  Prohibition  fight 
began  decidedly  in  earnest,  conditions  being  about  as  follows :  There  was 
not  one  labor  association  in  Finland  which  would  permit  the  serving 
of  alcohol  on  its  premises.  The  restaurant  of  the  National  Theater  of 
Finland  and  the  restaurant  of  the  House  of  Students  were  entirely  free 
from  alcohol.  Not  one  newspaper  printed  in  the  Finnish  language  would 
accept  advertisements  for  whisky  or  other  alcoholic  drinks.  The  newly 
created  One-House  Parliament  of  1907  never  allowed  the  serving  of  al- 
coholic drinks  in  its  restaurant. 

When  the  Finnish  Social-Democratic  party  was  founded  it  had  at 
once  as  part  of  its  program  the  advocacy  of  National  Prohibition,  and 
when  the  general  franchise  had  come  into  force,  all  other  political  parties 
followed  the  example  of  the  Social-Democrats,  with  the  exception  of  the 
Swedish  party.  But  when  the  Swedish  Radicals  broke  away  from 
this  party,  this  new  ])arty  adopted  in  its  program  the  claim  for  strict 
enforcement  of  Prohibition. 

Inasmuch  as  in  1907  Finland's  first  prohibitory  act  was  passed  al- 
most unanimously,  it  was  in  no  sense  a  rebellious  action,  but  the  fruit 
of  ten  years  of  temperance  work,  and  the  result  of  the  slowly  ripening 
general  sentiment. 

The  Grand  Duke  of  Finland,  the  Russian  Czar,  did  not.  however, 
sanction  the  first  Prohibition  law.  On  the  15th  day  of  November.  1917. 
the  Finnish  Parliament  again  passed  a  Prohibition  act  by  a  vote  of  158 
to  34.  This  act,  after  many  ups  and  downs,  finally  went  into  effect 
as  a  law  on  the  first  day  of  June,  1919.  Twice  the  Parliament  petitioned 
the  Grand  Duke  to  confirm  the  Prohibition  act.  first  in  1914  by  a  vote  of 
123  to  38.  and  again  in  1916  by  a  vote  of  126  to  62.  In  the  last-named 
year  we  find  that  to  the  minority  belonged  a  group  of  the  supporters 
of  the  Prohibition  law.  who  did  not  wish  to  petition  for  anything  more 
from  the  Russian  Czar. 

Especially  hard   was  the  fight  of   the  proalcohol   capitalists  against 

191 


the  Prohibition  act  in  the  last  part  of  the  year  1914  and  at  the  beginning 
of  1915.  There  was  great  danger  that  they,  assisted  by  the  pro-Russian 
Senate  would  prevent  the  sanctioning  of  the  bill  by  the  Grand  Duke. 
The  leaders  of  the  temperance  movement  thought  it  necessary  that  public 
opinion  again  be  heard.  First  the  municipal  assemblies  in  the  country 
were  asked  to  express  their  opinion;  and  the  great  majorit}'  of  these 
demanded  that  the  bill,  as  soon  as  possible,  should  be  forwarded  to  the 
Czar  to  be  sanctioned.  In  the  towns  there  were  circulated  the  so-called 
"Prohibition  lists,"  to  which  the  friends  of  Prohibition  were  asked  to 
sign  their  names. 

In  the  towns  where  the  lists  were  circulated,  the  names  of  from  50 
to  97  per  cent  of  all  the  citizens  aged  21  years  and  over  were  secured. 
At  Helsingfors  the  circulation  of  lists  was  stopped  by  the  Russian  Gov- 
ernor-General, Mr.  Seyn;  but  before  this  happened  more  than  one  half 
of  the  citizens  of  the  metropolis,  aged  21  years  and  over,  had  signed 
their  names — more  than  43.000  persons.  About  80  per  cent  of  those 
asked  to  sign  their  names  did  so.  This  mighty  expression  of  public 
opinion  had  great  influence  upon  the  Senate,  and  besides  it  highly  en- 
couraged the  temperance  people  to  carr\'  the  fight  for  Prohibition 
through  to  completion. 

When  Finland,  in  the  year  1917.  after  the  great  Russian  revolution, 
received  her  freedom,  the  Parliament  was  unanimously  in  favor  of  hav- 
ing the  Prohibition  act  confirmed,  and  the  confirmation  took  place  on  the 
29th  of  May,  1917.  In  this  law-  it  was  decreed  that  it  was  to  go  into 
effect  two  years  after  it  was  confirmed,  counting  from  the  first  day  of 
June  following.  During  the  period  of  the  war.  however.  Finland  was. 
practically  speaking,  under  alm.ost  complete  Prohibition  as  regards  alco- 
holic drinks.  This  war-time  Prohibition  began  in  August,  1914.  The 
Prohibition  law.  as  stated  above,  went  into  effect  on  the  1st  of  June, 
1919.  On  the  26th  day  of  July.  1919.  Parliament  by  a  vote  of  142  to  39, 
passed  a  new  law  strengthening  the  provisions  of  the  Prohibition  law. 
The  Prohibition  law  thus  reinforced  went  into  effect  immediately  after 
being  sanctioned  by  the  President. 

Xo  less  than  six  times  during  twelve  years  the  Parliament  of  Finland 
has  passed  Prohibition  bills ;  and  this  has  been  done  either  by  common 
consent,  so  that  a  vote  was  not  taken,  or  at  least  by  a  great  majority. 
The  political  situation  changed  as  did  the  grouping  of  the  parties,  but 
there  was  always  a  large  majorit}*  of  the  members  of  Parliament  who 
supported  Prohibition. 

Finland's  Prohibition  law  totally  prohibits  the  manufacture,  importa- 
tion, sale,  transportation,  and  storing  of  all  substances  containing  more 
than  two  per  cent  of  ethyl  alcohol  by  volume,  unless  used  for  medical, 
technical  or  scientific  purposes.  The  manufacturing  of  alcohol  for  the 
last-mentioned  purposes  is  monopolized  by  the  Government;  and  the 
Temperance  Section  of  the  ^Ministn.-  for  Social  Affairs,  which  was  organ- 
ized May  7.  1919.  has  charge  of  this  monopoly.  It,  also,  in  cooperation 
with  the  temperance  organizations,  has  charge  of  the  temperance  edu- 

192 


cational  work.  The  country  has  been  divided  into  several  districts,  each 
district  having  its  own  temperance  instructor.  These  instructors  go 
from  one  parish  to  another,  lecturing  and  holding  conferences  with  the 
municipal  authorities,  including  the  policemen,  instructing  these  officials 
concerning,  the  operation  and  upholding  of  the  Prohibition  law.  The 
municipal  councils  may  elect  their  own  delegates  to  assist  the  police 
authorities  in  enforcing  the  Prohibition  law.  The  chemists  and  the 
manufacturers  may  buy  alcohol  only  from  the  State's  stores,  with  the 
permission  and  under  the  control  of  the  Temperance  Section  of  the 
Ministry  for  Social  Affairs.  In  Finland  we  believe  the  enforcement 
of  the  Prohibitory  law  lo  be  possible  and  satisfactory  only  on  the  con- 
dition that  the  State  has  in  its  own  hand  entire  control  of  the  manufac- 
ture, importation  and  sale  of  alcohol  for  legal  purposes.  There  is  thus 
left  no  room  for  any  legal  private  distillers  or  wholesalers. 

The  opponents  of  Prohibition  in  Finland  maintain  that  the  nimiber 
of  illegal  distilleries  will  grow  when  the  legal  liquor  traffic  is  prohibited. 
With  regard  to  Finland,  the  so-called  "moonshining"  has  always  existed 
in  our  land,  a  condition  of  affairs  which  was  complained  of  in  the  early 
days  when  home  distilling  was  legal.  In  1863-1864  it  was  officially  re- 
ported in  the  Parliament  that  illegal  distilling  occurred  chiefly  in  those 
places  where  legal  distilling  had  its  centers.  A  person  may  have  a  dis- 
ease of  the  chest  a  long  time  before  he  goes  to  seek  medical  aid.  If 
the  doctor  diagnoses  the  disease  as  phthisis,  this  does  not  of  course 
alter  the  condition  of  the  patient  one  bit ;  he  was  sick  before  he  knew 
the  diagnosis.  That  the  Finnish  people's  attention  has  been  turned 
to  the  illegal  distilling  is  the  first  step  toward  a  change  for  the  better. 
As  we  have  no  longer  any  public  and  legal  liquor  traffic  to  conceal  and 
protect  the  illegal  traffic,  it  is  easier  to  find  both  the  illegal  distilleries  and 
the  illicit  saloons.  On  the  other  hand,  the  fight  against  these  evils  is 
quite  hopeless,  as  long  as  there  is  a  legal  liquor  traffic.  If  a  ship  has 
sprung  a  leak  it  is.  of  course,  of  no  use  to  allow  the  secret  holes  to  make 
a  large  hole,  to  be  seen  1)y  every  one. 

Another  objection  against  the  Finnish  Prohibition  law  has  been  that 
Finland  would  get  no  treaty  of  commerce  with  France  if  the  Prohibition 
law  was  not  repealed.  It  is  true  that  France  protested  against  the  en- 
actment of  the  Prohibition  law  of  Finland ;  but  very  likely  France  is 
now  ready  to  make  an  agreement  with  Finland  without  anv  demand  for 
the  repeal  of  the  Prohibition  law.  on  condition,  of  course,  that  Finland 
shall  buy  other  products  from  France.  This  affair  has  by  no  means  been 
of  the  importance  which  the  opponents  of  Prohibition  hoped  it  would 
be.  France  understands  how  to  value  the  acts  of  our  Parliament  and 
the  will  of  the  Finnish  people  better  than  certain  citizens  of  our  own 
country  do. 

In  orrler  to  judge  of  the  results  of  the  Finnish  Prohibition  law  u]) 
to  the  present  time,  you  will  have  to  take  into  consideration  the  state  of 
affairs  in  our  country  when  this  law  was  enacted.  The  war  had  caused 
a  weakening  of  the  moral  tone  of  our  people,  and  no  law   was   fully 

193 


respected.  Xor  had  there  been  time  for  working  out  all  the  measures 
which  were  necessary  for  the  effective  enforcement  of  the  Prohibition 
law.  The  Parliament  of  Finland  had  calculated  that  about  two  years 
would  be  needed  for  the  preparatory  measures  leading  up  to  the  introduc- 
tion of  the  Prohibition  act,  but  the  conditions  after  the  "Red  Revolution" 
in  1918  were  such  that  we  had  in  the  end  not  more  than  about  two  weeks 
for  these  preparations.  Consequently  much  of  the  work  concerning  the 
enforcement  of  the  law  has  not  yet  been  done. 

The  social  statistics  of  Finland  are  in  general  very  deficient,  so  that 
they  do  not  constitute  a  good  basis  for  a  universal  judgment  of  the 
results  of  the  Prohibition  law.  W'e  must  be  content  with  some  out- 
standing facts. 

With  regard  to  illegal  distilling  we  have  reliable  statistics  only  from 
the  county  of  \'asa.  These  statistics  show  that  the  number  of  illegal 
distilleries  and  illegal  selling-places  for  intoxicants  ("blind  tigers")  was 
as  follows : 

Illegal 
Dis-       "Blind 
1919  tilleries  Tigers" 

January,  February  and  March,  together 379         159 

April    155  62 

Mav   108  42 

June     104  23 

July    51  5 

August    Zl  31 

September   70  30 

October    123  48 

November    106  17 

December    138  30 

1920 

January    47  26 

February    87  41 

March     84  30 

April    78  39 

May   59  30 

June     66  21 

From  these  figures  we  learn  that  "moonshining"  in  this  county, 
which  has  been  one  of  the  worst  counties  with  regard  to  illegal  distilling, 
has  not  increased  since  Prohibition  went  into  effect,  but,  on  the  contrary, 
has  decreased.  This  is  owing  to  a  better  control  on  the  part  of  the 
authorities,  but  more  than  all  to  the  fact  that  the  people  themselves  have 
opened  a  systematic  fight  against  this  evil.  In  fact,  in  no  county  from 
which  we  have  official  records  has  "moonshining"  increased  during  the 
last  months.  In  the  county  of  Nyland,  including  the  City  of  Helsing- 
fors,  there  was  only  one  case  of  illegal  distilling  during  last  June,  and 
one  case  during  last  July. 

The  quantity  of  illegally  distilled  whisky  is  quite  insignificant  com- 
pared with  the  amount  of  whisky  manufactured  during  the  period  when 
the  liquor  traffic  was  legal.  I  once  made  a  test  of  this,  supposing  that  at 
any  rate  one  tenth  of  the  moonshining  would  be  discovered,  which  is 

194 


perhaps  not  very  complimentary  to  the  poHce  authorities.  The  result 
of  my  investigation  was  that  in  the  county  of  Vasa  in  the  course  of  one 
year  some  ten  thousand  liters  of  whisky  were  distilled  illegally  (multi- 
plying by  ten  the  quantity  of  illegally  distilled  liquors  which  were  dis- 
covered). But,  according  to  Finland's  official  statistical  year-book,  there 
was  in  the  year  1913,  the  last  year  of  legal  distilling,  in  the  county  of 
Vasa  legally  distilled  573,740  liters  of  alcohol  (50  per  cent).  The 
dilterence  was,  as  you  will  see,  not  less  than  half  a  million  liters.  Re- 
membering the  quantities  of  legally  and  illegally  distilled  liquors,  I  think 
that  the  Finnish  Minister,  Kairame,  was  right  when  he  said  at  a  meeting 
of  the  Finnish  Parliament's  Financial  Committee  that,  if  the  total  quan- 
tity of  illegally  distilled  liquor  had  to  be  divided  into  equal  parts 
according  to  the  population  of  Finland,  there  would  now  be  as  many 
thimbles  per  head  as  there  were  liters  when  liquor  was  legally  distilled, 
that  is,  before  the  present  Prohibition  law. 

As  to  the  arrests  for  drunkenness,  I  shall  only  present  figures  from 
the  metropolis  of  Finland,  where  the  number  of  these  arrests  is  greater 
than  in  other  places  in  Finland.  At  Helsingfors  the  arrests  for  drunk- 
enness were  as  follows : 

1912 22,727  1916 4,290 

1913 23.266  1917 5.133 

1914 13,121  1918 2,928 

1915 4,446  1919 5,488 

In  the  year  1914  you  will  find  that  the  number  of  arrests  fell  about 
one  half,  when  war-time  Prohibition  went  into  effect  at  the  beginning 
of  August,  and  during  the  following  years  it  has  been  only  a  fractional 
part  of  what  it  was  when  the  alcoholic  traffic  was  legal.  The  statistics 
for  1918,  the  year  of  the  revolt,  are  not  to  be  relied  on. 

This  year  the  number  of  arrests  for  drunkenness  increased  a  little, 
on  account  of  the  drinking  of  denatured  alcohol  until  the  process  of 
denaturizing  was  made  thorough,  and  later  on  account  of  the  smuggling 
of  liquors  from  Esthonia.  Furthermore,  the  police  now  arrest  many 
persons  who  formerly  were  not  considered  as  drunk. 

There  are  other  facts  which  supplement  these  statistics.  The  Tem- 
perance Section  of  the  Ministry  for  Social  Affairs  sent  out  a  circular 
letter  to  the  chiefs  of  police  in  Finland.  When  I  left  Finland,  the  most 
of  these  had  answered.  32  out  of  36  stating  that  drunkenness  had  de- 
creased, and  33  out  of  36  stating  that  it  is  now  easier  to  keep  order  than 
during  the  legal  alcohol  traffic.  The  cases  of  drunkenness  in  the  cit)' 
of  FTelsingfors  were  one  fourth  of  the  number  before  war-time  Prohi- 
bition ;  in  Wiborg  they  were  one  fifth;  Sbo,  one  fourth;  Tammerfors 
one  third ;  Kuopio  one  fifth ;  Tavastehus,  as  well  as  in  the  smaller 
towns  in  general,  one  ninth  or  less.  In  a  northern  town,  Kemi,  drunk- 
enness has  decreased  by  90  per  cent.  It  is  especially  interesting  to 
notice  thpt  the  number  of  Finnish  "knife  fights"  greatly  decreased. 
During  the  great  chnroh  fc'^tival'^.  it  was  fnrmcrlv  neccs'^nrv  for  the 
surgical   hospital   in   TTelsingfors   to  have   additional    surgical   help  and 

105 


extra  supplies  of  dressing  material  for  those  who  had  been  wounded 
while  under  the  influence  of  alcohol.  These  people  were  in  great  num- 
bers brought  to  the  hospitals  during  the  night  in  order  to  have  their 
wounds  dressed.     Such  instances  are  now  very  rare. 

Of  392  ministers  of  the  State  Church,  who  replied  to  a  circular 
letter  sent  out  by  the  Government  Temperance  Office,  290  stated  that 
drunkenness  had  been  very  materially  reduced  in  their  parishes  through 
the  enactment  of  Prohibition;  31  reported  no  change;  29  could  not  give 
definite  answers;  and  only  42  insisted  that  drunkenness  had  increased. 
Most  of  the  county  township  officials  reported  a  like  result.  The  circular 
letter  referred  to  above  was  discussed  at  most  of  the  country-town 
assemblies  in  Finland.  Out  of  309  townships  which  replied,  259  re- 
ported a  decrease  in  drimkenness ;  24  reported  an  increase ;  16  reported 
no  change;  and  10  were  uncertain  as  to  the  facts. 

How  is  it,  then,  that  so  many  hold  to  the  belief  that  drunkenness  is 
just  as  common  as  before  Prohibition  was  put  into  effect? 

It  is  true  that  there  are  many  who,  although  they  know  better, 
willingly  exaggerate  the  facts  connected  with  this  evil.  From  the 
United  States  the  antiprohibitionists  have  shouted  for  many  years,  '"Pro- 
hibition does  not  prohibit/'  thereby  trying  to  get  the  people  accustomed 
to  the  notion  that  Prohibition  was  of  no  use.  Their  hope  has  been,  in 
this  way,  to  get  rid  of  the  Prohibition  law^s.  And  everybody  knows 
what  the  result  has  been  in  the  United  States,  and  one  may  say  that 
those  people  have  scant  logic  to  support  this  position,  who  are  now  trying 
the  same  method  in  Finland.  The  Executive  Committee  of  the  Union 
of  restaurant  keepers  at  Helsingfors,  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Union, 
held  on  the  30th  of  April,  this  year,  gave  out  a  report  of  the  results  of 
the  Prohibition  law,  saying  that  it  had  been  of  no  use,  as  shown  by  the 
fact  that  drunkenness  had  increased  after  the  law  went  into  effect.  At 
the  same  time  the  report  contained  a  bitter  lamentation  over  the  fact 
that  the  Prohibition  law  had  spoiled  the  business  of  those  gentlemen ! 
If  Prohibition  did  not  reduce  the  use  of  liquors,  why  should  the 
restaurant  keepers  fight  the  law ! 

As  to  the  temperance  people,  some  of  them  are  mistaken  because 
they  look  at  present  conditions  from  quite  a  different  point  of  view 
from  before.  Formerly  drunken  persons  were  so  often  seen  that  nobody 
took  notice  of  them.  Now.  however,  when  we  meet  a  drunken  person  in 
Finland,  we  instinctively  turn  round  to  look  at  him,  because  the  ordinary 
expectation  is  that  no  one  will  be  drunk. 

A  few  months  ago  the  chief  deaconess  of  the  City  Mission  of  Hel- 
singfors. Miss  Elin  Schlman,  who  has  for  more  than  ten  years  worked 
amongst  the  poor  population  of  the  metropolis,  was  interviewed  by  the 
Swedish  editor,  Mr.  Fnander.  Asked  if  the  Prohibition  act  had  bettered 
the  conditions  of  the  homes  of  the  poor,  the  deaconess  answered :  "It  is 
absolutely  better  now  than  before.  It  was  already  better  from  the  year 
1914,  when  war-time  Prohibition  came  into  effect,  and  from  that  time 
on  conditions  have  continued  to  grow  better.     ]\Iany  homes  which  were 

196 


quite  ruined  have  been  rehabilitated,  and  the  wives  ni  those  homes  are 
all  saying  that  the  conditions  of  former  times  should  never  return.  Some 
sorts  of  liquor  are  to  be  had,  but  they  do  not  come  into  the  homes,  at 
any  rate.  The  fathers  of  the  families  generally  do  not  drink  any  more, 
even  if  some  young  men  do.  Formerly  we  often  were  in  danger  of  our 
lives  amongst  the  drunken  men.  Now  the  situation  is  quite  changed. 
In  the  course  of  time  the  Prohibition  law  will  most  assuredly  be  re- 
spected by  all  the  people.  Those  who  talk  about  the  liquor  traffic  being 
made  legal  again  do  not  know  the  meaning  of  their  words.  He  who 
knows  what  it  means  for  a  weak  man,  who  has  not  the  power  to  pass  by 
a  saloon  without  going  in,  cannot  consistently  advocate  the  return  of  the 
saloon.  I  feel  sure  that  if  liquors  came  back  to  Finland,  it  would  be  all 
over  with  the  people." 

Is  it  likely,  then,  that  Finland's  Prohibition  law  will  be  repealed? 
A  few  facts  will  have  to  answer  this  question.  The  two  largest  political 
bodies  in  the  Finnish  Parliament,  namely  the  Socialists  and  the  Farmers' 
party,  are  in  their  entirety  absokitely  for  Prohibition.  These  two  parties 
control  more  than  three  fifths  of  all  the  votes  in  Parliament.  Beside 
these  we  find  Prohibitionists  in  all  of  the  other  political  parties.  Many 
labor  unions  have  decided  to  expel  every  member  who  transgresses  the 
Prohibition  law.  The  farmers  have  for  the  last  few  decades  been  out 
and  out  Prohibitionists.  The  opponents  of  Prohibition  found  in  the  so- 
called  "better  class"  of  people  constitute  but  a  small  minority  of  the 
entire  population.  The  great  majority  of  the  people  are  in  favor  of 
the  continuation  of  Prohibition. 

A  large  number  of  all  kinds  of  organizations  of  citizens,  as  well  as 
municipal  councils  of  larger  cities  and  country  towns,  have  entered  the 
Prohibition  Union,  founded  in  1919,  with  Mr.  Akio,  then  Minister  of 
Social  Affairs,  as  president  and  your  speaker  as  vice-president.  The 
aim  of  the  Union  is  to  work  for  the  furtherance  of  the  enforcement  and 
efficacy  of  the  Prohibition  law.  "The  Union  seeks  to  extend  its  work 
into  all  classes  of  people  so  that  persons  of  the  same  mind  may  together 
work  for  Prohibition.  Political,  religious,  and  social  questions,  the  dis- 
cussion of  which  might  cause  disagreement,  arc  looked  upon  as  outside 
the  sphere  of  action  of  this  Union." 

We  expect,  however,  that  it  will  require  many  years  of  hard  work 
to  get  Finland's  Prohibition  law  carried  out  fully.  We  know  better  than 
anyone  else  how  deeply  the  evil  extends  its  roots.  But  our  strength  lies 
in  this  very  knowledge  of  the  difficulty  of  our  task.  Since  the  future  of 
our  people  is  at  stake  and  the  happiness  and  prosperity  of  the  growing 
generation,  we  shall  not  give  in,  however  great  the  difficulties  may  be. 

We  would  all  do  well  to  keep  in  mind  what  was  said  to  me  some 
years  ago  by  the  Governor  of  Kansas :  "The  gun  is  a  good  weapon,  but 
it  is  of  no  use  unless  a  man  stands  behind  it.  Prohibition  is  the  best 
weapon  of  legislation  in  the  fight  for  temi)crance,  but  even  Prohibition 
is  of  no  service  if  there  arc  not  found  watchful,  energetic  persons  to 
carry  through  the  Prohibition  law."  Education  and  legislation  must 
work  together.     Then  we  shall  rcacli  the  goal — the  sober  nation. 

197 


The  CHAIRMAX  :  ''Prohibition  in  the  United  States ;  Analysis 
of  Results,"  by  the  Honorable  Bird  S.  Coler,  Commissioner  of  Public 
Welfare,  Xew  York  City. 

PROHIBITION   IN   THE  UNITED  STATES— ANALYSIS   OF 

RESULTS 

By  The  Hoxorable  BIRD   S.   COLER 

COMMISSIOXER    OF    PUBLIC    WELFARE,     NEW    YORK    CITY 

Mr.  Chairman,  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen :  I  had  hoped  to  be  en- 
tirely free  to  speak  here  this  afternoon.  I  did  not  seek  the  oppor- 
tunity to  make  an  address.  I  was  invited  to  be  present  here,  and  I  am 
here  for  business,  and  to  get  a  result,  if  the  results  can  be  obtained. 
But  in  getting  that  result,  or  in  anything  that  I  may  say  now  or  in 
the  future  upon  the  Eighteenth  Amendment,  I  want  to  be  thor- 
oughly understood  as  in  no  way  and  in  no  manner  and  in  no  shape 
countenancing  the  Anti-Saloon  League  of  the  State  of  New  York. 

I  was  not  for  the  Eighteenth  Amendment.  That  has  been  said 
before.  But  I  occupied  the  one  position  perhaps  in  the  entire  world 
where  the  results  can  be  more  seen,  where  the  evils  of  alcohol  can 
be  more  determined,  and  the  benefits  to  be  derived,  than  in  any  other 
position ;  and  I  want  to  say  to  friends  in  my  own  party  or  in  the 
Republican  party,  or  in  any  other  party,  who  are  now  opposed  to  the 
Amendment,  that  if  they  would  occupy  the  same  position  that  I  have 
occupied,  and  see  what  the  doing  away  with  alcohol  does  for  the  peo- 
ple, they  would  be  bound  to  take  the  same  position  that  I  take. 

And  I  want  to  say  frankly,  so  as  not  to  be  misunderstood  in  any 
shape,  manner,  or  form,  that  any  opportunity  that  I  can  take  to  sus- 
tain the  Eighteenth  Amendment,  I  am  going  to  do  so. 

The  Eighteenth  Amendment  is  now  the  law  of  the  land.  The 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  has  found  it  consonant  with  the 
preceding  provisions  of  the  fundamental  law  and  has  denied  the  lib- 
erty of  the  individual  to  indulge  in  the  practise  socially  harmful.  The 
law  of  the  land  had  declared  alcohol  to  be  a  drug,  the  same  as  any 
other  drug,  which  destroys  freedom  of  action  of  the  addict.  That 
this  definition  is  correct  has  been  proved  by  the  experience  of  the 
great  hospitals.  Many  of  us  were  not  favorable  to  the  passage  of  this 
Amendment  nor  the  methods  employed  to  bring  about  its  adoption. 
These  opinions  are  now  matters  of  history.  Some  oppose  the  Amend- 
ment and  desire  its  repeal ;  others  do  not,  of  which  I  am  one.  The 
immediate  effect  of  nation-wide  Prohibition  in  the  city  of  Xew  York 
was  almost  miraculous.  Patients  in  alcoholic  wards  vanished  to  the 
point  that  rooms  were  used  for  other  purposes.  The  saloon-keeper 
was  afraid,  and  the  bootlegger  had  not  yet  gotten  thoroughly  to  work. 
To  this  was  added  the  wide  publicity  given  to  deaths  caused  by  wood 
alcohol.  Certain  types  were  frightened  for  a  time  from  taking  any- 
thing.     Strange   as   it   may   seem,   during  this  period,   I   have  been 

198 


unable  to  find  any  appreciable  increase  in  drug  addicts.  However,  as 
time  goes  by,  the  careless  and  wanton  non-enforcement  of  the  law 
has  caused  such  an  increase  of  alcoholic  patients  that  it  has  been 
necessary  to  reopen  the  wards  in  the  two  great  hospitals  in  the  city  of 
New  York  that  care  for  such  cases — Bellevue,  in  the  Borough  of 
Manhattan,  and  Kings  County,  in  the  Borough  of  Brooklyn.  The  fol- 
lowing letters  from  each  institution  give  the  actual  facts : 

BELLEVUE  HOSPITAL 
First  Avenue  and  26th  Street 

New  York,  August  26,   1920. 
Hon.   Bird   S.   Coler,   Commissioner, 
Department  of  Public  Welfare, 

Municipal  Building,  New  York  City. 
Sir:  In  reply  to  your  letter  of  recent  date,  regarding  the  admission  of 
patients,  suffering  from  alcoholism,  I  enclose,  herewith,  tabulation,  month  by 
month,  up  to  August  26th,  for  this  year.  I  regret  that  I  cannot  give  you  the 
same  figures  for  corresponding  months  of  previous  years,  as  the  clerk  who 
has  these  files  is  on  vacation,  and  we  are  unable  to  find  them.  We  would  say, 
however,  that  previous  to  1916  we  averaged  1,000  admissions  a  month  to  the 
Alcoholic  Service.  With  the  advent  of  war  this  number  dropped  to  between 
four  and   five   hundred. 

The  symptoms  manifested  by  admissions  at  tiie  present  time  are  not 
materially  different  from  those  in  the  past,  except  the  patients  seem  more 
susceptible  to  the  action  of  whatever  they  may  drink,  as  many  of  them  say 
they  will  be  perfectly  sober  and  working  steadily,  may  not  have  had  any- 
thing to  drink  for  days  or  weeks,  and  after  taking  two  or  three  drinks  find 
themselves  entirely  irresponsible  and  in  the  hospital.  Without  exception  they 
say  it  is  possible  to  buy  liquor  anywhere  in  Manhatten  or  on  Staten  Island 
without  difTficulty  if  you  have  the  price. 

Very  truly  yours, 

(Signed)  GEORGE  O'HANLON, 

General  Medical  Supt. 

ALCOHOLIC  ADMISSIONS   BELLEVUE   HOSPITAL 

1920 

Men  Women 

January    101  29 

February     45  16 

March     68  25 

April    97  24 

May   218  42 

June 197  64 

July    147  44 

August  25th 245  36 

Total   1118  280 

Now  I  will  read  a  letter  from  a  man  whom  I  consider  one  of  the 
finest  hospital  executives  and  one  of  the  finest  men  that  I  ever  had 
the  pleasure  of  coming  in  contact  with.  Dr.  Mortimer  D.  Jones,  of 
Kings  County  Hospital,  with  one  hundred  beds,  a  few  beds  less  than 
Bellevue  itself;  and  almost  as  acute,  because  Brooklyn  is  now  bigger 
than  the  Borough  of  Manhattan.  It  is  a  curious  fact  that  we  have 
had  more  cases  come  in  there  the  last  month  than  wc  did  in   1916. 

199 


So  1  will  read  you  what  Dr.  Jones  says,  so  you  will  have  an  idea; 
and  I  wanted  to  have  authentic  letters  from  the  heads  of  great  insti- 
tutions, so  I  would  not  be  questioned  as  to  statements  of  facts. 

CITY  OF  NEW  YORK 

DEPARTMENT  OF  PUBLIC  WELFARE 

KINGS  COUNTY  HOSPITAL 

August  24,  1920. 
RE:  Admission  to  Alcoholic  Wards 
Hon.   Bird  S.   Coler,   Commissioner, 
Department  of  Public  Welfare, 

Municipal  Building,  New  York  City. 
Dear  Sir:  In  acknowledgment  of  your  inquiry  dated  August  18th,  1920, 
relative  to  the  number  of  alcoholic  cases  admitted  to  this  institution  since 
January  1st,  the  writer  would  respectfully  advise  that  the  admissions  to  the 
alcoholic  wards  from  January  1st  to  September  21st  during  1918,  1919  and 
1920,  respectively,  have  been  as  follows: 

ADMISSIONS  TO  ALCOHOLIC  WARDS 

"M" — male  "F" — female  "T" — Total 

Month                       M.        F.  T.  M.  F.  T.  M.  F.  T. 

1918  1919                             192  0 

January  81  1  82  102  12  114  26  1  27 

February  92  6  98  82  6  88  11  0  11 

March  114  9   123  70  6  76  25  0  25 

April  74  14  88  78  4  82  45  2  47 

May 58  8  66  75  4  77  51  2  53 

June 47  6  53  58  5  63  38  6  44 

July    79  7  86  45  5  50  51  8  59 

Aug.  1st  to  Aug.l9..42  8  50  30  3  2>Z  29  3  2>2 

Aug.  19  to  Sept.  21..  73  9  82  Z7  2>  40  84  8  93 

Total   660      68       728  575       48      623  360      30      391 

Generally  speaking,  the  principal  results  of  Prohibition  have  been  fewer 
admissions  and  a  inilder  type  of  alcoholism.  We  find  from  the  patients  that 
this  is  mostly  due  to  the  greater  difficulty  in  getting  alcoholic  beverages  and 
to  the  smaller  amount  consumed  on  account  of  the  high  prices.  Another 
noticeable  feature  has  been  the  absence  of  the  beer  and  wine  drinking  type. 

That  is  due  to  the  utter  freedom  with  which  liquor  is  dispensed  in  the 
Borough  of  Brooklyn.  I  will  come  to  that  later.  This  section  is  entitled 
"Fewer  Cases." 

Fewer  Cases:  Prior  to  the  war  the  admissions  of  our  alcoholic  cases  aver- 
aged from  one  hundred  to  one  hundred  twenty-five  per  month,  the  peak  on 
the  whole  being  registered  during  the  times  of  greater  stress  and  poverty. 
During  the  war  and  until  Prohibition  became  effective  the  number  of  cases 
held  rather  steadily  to  the  experience  of  1918  and  1919. 

From  the  above  table  it  may  be  noted  that  the  number  of  admissions 
during  the  1920  period  is  about  one-half  of  that  for  the  same  period  of  the 
previous  j^ear.  This  may  be  due  to  the  fact  that  alcoholic  beverages  may  not 
be  openly  bought  or  it  may  be  due  to  the  higher  prices.  It  is  our  opinion, 
from  the  stories  told  by  the  patients,  that  tlie  reduction  is  essentially  due  to 
the   higher   prices. 

Milder  T)T)es:  It  has  been  noted  that  the  tj^pe  of  cases  admitted  to  the 
alcoholic  wards  since  Prohibition  became  effective  has  been  generally  less 
toxic  than  in  the  former  days,  with  the  exception  of  very  recently — during 
the  past  month.  Most  of  the  patients  seem  to  be  suffering  more  from  exces- 
sive  drinking   than    from   acute   alcoholism   in   the   full   sense  of   the   medical 

200 


term.  It  would  seem  as  though  the  patient  had  drunk  too  much  to  respon- 
sibly care  for  himself  and  for  one  or  more  reasons  was  brought  to  the 
hospital;  and  yet  the  patient  was  more  than  just  intoxicated.  This  of  course 
is  because  the  patient  drank  less  either  on  account  of  the  price  or  the  oppor- 
tunity and  in  consequence,  there  have  been  fewer  cases  of  alcoholic  '"wet 
brains"  and  delirium  tremens.  Of  late,  however,  the  average  of  this  severer 
type  has  come  back  and  we  are  now  admitting  about  one  in  six  of  the 
severer  type  which  rather  closely  approximates  tlie  percentage  of  former 
times — fifteen  to  twenty  per  cent  severe  cases. 

In  the  former  days  the  majority  of  alcoholic  patients  remained  in  the 
institution  on  the  average  of  two  or  three  days  before  they  were  sufficiently 
cleared  up  to  take  their  discharge.  Since  Prohibition,  the  majority  of  patients 
have  been  "one  nighters"  and  seem  to  be  in  rather  good  condition  the  follow- 
ing day.  We  believe  this  to  be  simply  due  to  the  fact  that  the  men  drink 
to  excess,  but  not  to  the  same  excess  which  they  formerly  did.  The  far 
fewer  number  of  severe  cases  such  as  above  mentioned  would  be  consistent 
with  this  idea  that  the  principal  efTect  of  Prohibition  has  been  the  slowing 
down  of  the  individual  alcoholic  consumption.  But  lately,  for  some  unknown 
reason,  they  are  either  drinking  to  greater  excess  or  are  getting  a  more 
poisonous  drink  or  they  are  experiencing  the  effect  of  the  constant  satura- 
tion, because  we  receive  more  of  the  severe  types  of  alcoholism  besides  notic- 
ing that  the  average  alcoholic  patient  requires  a  longer  time  to  sober  up. 

Beverage  Used:  Practically  all  of  our  patients  confess  to  the  hard  liquors 
as  the  responsible  source  of  their  alcoholism.  It  is  the  general  consensus  of 
opinion  that  "near  beer"  is  utterly  useless  as  a  beverage,  that  it  affords  no 
pleasure  whatsoever  and  that  it  is  a  waste  of  time  to  bother  with  it.  The 
consumption  of  six  or  eight  bottles  gives  them  a  sense  of  nauseated  fullness 
with  none  of  the  stimulated  sense  of  well-being  that  the  old-time  beer  gave 
after  only  two  or  three  bottles.  We  have  received  no  beer  drinkers  into 
the  wards,  and  either  the  beer  drinkers  who  become  drunken  on  the  "home 
brew"  are  sobered  up  by  their  hosts  or  else  they  do  not  drink  to  the  same 
excess  because  the  good  fellowship  which  prevails  in  the  saloon  is  absent  or 
not  permitted  in  the  home.  "Home  brew"  is  unquestionably  as  intoxicating 
as  the  formerly  legalized  brew,  although  perhaps  not  as  palatable.  Drunk 
under  different  environments  and  by  individuals,  who  for  some  reason  are 
more  considerate  of  their  respectability,  there  would  undoubtedly  be  less 
excess  than  when  the  conviviality  was  over  the  bar.  This  phase  probably 
explains  the  absence  of  beer  drinkers  in  our  alcoholic  wards  during  the  pres- 
ent time. 

Wine  drinkers  have  also  been  noticeably  absent  since  Prohibition  went 
into  effect.  In  previous  years  a  "Rhine  wine  drunk"  was  not  uncommon 
and  always  extremely  pugnacious.  Our  wine  drinkers  were  mostly  Italians 
and  Germans,  and  we  believe  they  were  more  frequently  brought  in  to  us 
because  of  their  troublesomeness,  because  the  hospital  afforded  the  family  a 
better  solution  than  the  jail. 

[Mr.  COLER:  That  is  from  one  of  the  best  physicians  in  this 
country,  written  just  as  a  straii^ht  statement  of  facts  to  his  superior 
officer,  and  he  described  a  lii^ht  wine  drinker  as  "extremely  pug- 
nacious." We  used  to  think  the  fi.2:hts  came  from  whisky,  but  it 
seems  the  ligbt  wines  did  some  work  too.] 

Our  patients,  therefore,  are  practically  without  exception  all  hard  liquor 
drinkers.  Old  timers,  who  always  drank  beer,  now  drink  gin.  whisky,  or  the 
like  because  they  can  get  nothing  else.  Both  the  hard  liquor  veteran  and 
the   new   recruit   complain   bitterly   about   the   price   of  the   "stuff"   they   get. 

201 


Seemingly  they  can  get  all  the}-  want  wherever  they  happen  to  be,  but  the 
price  is  costly  and  the  service  is  never  generous.  The  taste  of  the  usual 
drink  is  described  as  "fierce,"  and  bj-  the  old  hospital  rounder  is  mostly 
compared  to  ether.  Man}'  are  unable  to  describe  the  odor;  some  say  that  if 
they  stopped  to  smell  it  they  would  not  drink  it,  and  if  they  do  not  drink 
it  there  is  nothing  else.  It  is  a  common  complaint  that  they  early  become 
"headachy"  and  nauseated,  which  also  lessens  the  desire  to  drink.  Even  in 
the  best  places  that  they  frequent  it  is  almost  impossible,  thej-  bewail,  to  get 
anything  that  drinks  like  the  old-fashioned  liquors,  and  the  outstanding  com- 
plaint of  the  chronic  alcoholic  to-day  is  not  with  the  difficulty  in  getting 
his  drink,  but  with  the  price  and,  more  particular!}-,  that  Prohibition  has  done 
away  with  "decent  booze"  and  gives  a  "man  poison"  instead. 

Wood  Alcohol  Poisoning:  We  have  not  found  in  our  experience  that 
Prohibition  has  relatively  increased  the  number  of  wood  alcohol  cases.  It 
has  always  been  that  the  chronic  alcoholic  would  drink  anything  that  had  a 
"kick"  to  it.  Cologne,  various  flavoring  extracts,  shellac,  wood  alcohol  and 
what  not  would  be  indifferently  consumed  if  he  had  no  money  to  get  his 
regular  toddy.  This  vicarious  drinking  was  basically  the  result  of  the  denial 
of  the  regular  habit,  most  frequently  because  of  insufficient  funds.  A  great 
many  cases  have  been  brought  to  us  with  the  diagnosis  of  wood  alcohol 
poisoning,  but  very  few  were  found  to  be  such.  This  was  probably  due  to 
a  general  hysteria  on  the  part  of  physicians,  owing  to  the  wide  publicity 
given  to  certain  instances  of  w-ood  alcohol  poisoning.  We  do  not  find 
that  our  number  of  cases  has  been  markedly  increased. 

Conclusion:  From  our  viewpoint  Prohibition,  while  it  has  unquestionably 
been  helpful  in  its  cause,  has  been  practically  a  failure  during  the  past  six 
months.  Seemingly,  those  who  desire  to  drink,  drink  as  much  as  they 
want  to  [Mr.  COLER:  And  this  hospital  is  situated  in  Flatbush,  right  in 
the  center  of  the  home  section  of  the  home  borough  of  Greater  Xew  York.] 
— perhaps  not  to  the  same  beastly  extent,  but  sufficiently  so  to  become 
thoroughly  drunk.  The  indulgence  is  much  more  expensive — several  times 
more.  The  opportunity  to  buy  has  been  restricted,  but  apparently  without 
any  material  inconvenience.  The  quality  of  the  goods  has.  according  to 
the  common  opinion  of  the  users,  markedly  deteriorated,  but  only  exasper- 
atingly  so.  All  the  conviviality  of  the  saloon  still  exists,  to  which  has  been 
added  the  keenness  of  a  puffed  pride  in  having  an  inside  drag  with  one  of 
more  establishments.  Our  employees  still  frequent  the  saloons  in  the 
neighborhood  with  about  as  much  regularity  as  of  old  and  with  about  as 
much  drunkenness — at  least  in  the  number  of  cases  if  not  to  the  same 
beastliness.  Yet  all  of  this  is  apparent  to  anyone  with  the  normal  senses 
of  sight  and  hearing. 

Respectfullv  yours, 
(Signed) 'MORTIMER.  D.   TONES, 

!\Iedical    Superintendent. 

The  letter  of  Dr.  ]\Iortimer  D.  Tones  is  probably  the  most  com- 
plete analysis  of  anything-  yet  written  on  this  subject  by  any  au- 
thority in  a  large  city.  There  is  no  higher  type  or  better  qualified 
man  in  charge  of  any  hospital  than  Dr.  Jones,  and  what  he  states 
mav  be  relied  upon  absolutely  and  without  qualifications. 

Practically  every  one  in  this  audience  is  over  twenty-one  years 
of  age,  and  without  going  into  any  long  arguments,  pro  and  con, 
you  all  know  that  the  law  is  being  violated  by  the  highest  to  the  low- 
est in  the  land.  You  know  as  well  as  I  know  that  the  extreme  viola- 
tion of  the  law  in  the  city  of  Xew  York  could  never  be  accomplished 

202 


without  the  authorities  at  Washington  knowing  about  it.  You  know- 
that  the  proprietors  of  saloons  and  gardens  which  are  merely  places- 
of  pleasure  would  not  be  licensed  to  handle  liquor  for  medicinal  pur- 
poses without  the  authorities  in  Washington  being  aware  of  it,  and 
you  know  that  these  places  did  not  obtain  their  licenses  to  dispense 
liquor  for  medical  purposes. 

Coney  Island  has  legitimate  drug-stores  run  by  honorable  people, 
and  there  are  enough  wholesale  drug  houses  to  supply  their  demands 
and  handle  the  liquor  needed  by  the  doctors  in  the  neighborhood, 
and  Coney  Island  Hospital,  in  our  own  Department,  was  also  available 
for  emergency  cases.  Why,  then,  should  the  proprietor  of  a  beer- 
garden  have  a  medical  license  to  handle  hard  liquor,  unless  it  was. 
done  with  the  consent  of  some  authority  in  Washington?  It  is  ex- 
tremely tiresome  to  me  to  have  people  all  the  time  denounce  local 
appointees  of  the  Federal  Government.  When  the  frauds  of  the 
present-day  enforcement  are  fully  known,  they  will  reach  individuals 
almost  as  high  up  as  did  the  expose  of  the  whisky  ring  of  old.  I  for 
one  would  not  allow  high  authorities  to  dodge  behind  the  conni- 
vances of  their  local  appointees.  Everybody  seems  to  be  dodging  I 
The  Republican  National  Convention  "ducked"  entirely,  and  the  next 
day  the  Anti-Saloon  League  "ducked"  also,  and  said  the  Eighteenth 
Amendment  was  not  then  a  national  question.  If  the  Democratic 
party  had  "ducked"  first,  perhaps  the  Anti-Saloon  League  of  New 
York  State  would  not  have  dodged  so  completely.  The  Democratic: 
platform,  as  pointed  out  by  Mr.  William  G.  McAdoo,  is  consistent  in 
support  of  the  law.  Senator  Harding,  either  on  or  ofif  the  porch, 
has  vociferously  said  nothing.  Governor  Cox  has  announced,  after 
being  heckled,  that  he  knows  when  an  issue  has  become  a  thing  of 
the  past,  and  that  he  would  enforce  the  Amendment.  I  would  have 
preferred  if  he  had  said  he  believed  in  the  Amendment.  Perhaps 
he  does.  In  any  event,  you  may  rest  assured  his  belief  is  as  strong 
as  that  of  his  opponent.  It  is  a  psychological  fact  that  these  hecklers 
moved  in  one  groove.  They  are  willing  to  bother  a  Democratic  can- 
didate and  let  the  Republican  candidate  alone  in  the  same  manner  as 
the  Anti-Saloon  League  of  New  York  let  the  action  alone  at  the 
Republican  National  Convention.  I  am  not  saying  this  in  any  parti- 
zan  way  except  to  show  that  all  are  endeavoring  to  "pass  the  buck," 
including  the  partizans  of  each  party  that  may  be  enrolled  in  the 
Anti-Saloon  League.  When  it  comes  to  a  national  election  all  pro- 
fessional reformers  go  back  in  one  way  or  another  to  their  old  love, 
and  try  to  excuse  its  frailty.  The  present  type  of  enforcement  of  the 
law  in  this  country  is  bound  to  increase  the  spiritual  unrest.  Rich 
men  in  clubs,  high  officials  of  the  State  and  nation,  aid  each  other  in 
violating  the  law  without  any  attempt  whatever  by  the  Federal  Gov- 
ernment to  reach  people  in  high  authority.  They  have  caught  hun- 
dreds of  small  fry,  but  men  in  great  positions  have  been  let  alone. 
The  very  people  who  are  violating  the  law  to  the  greatest  extent  are- 

203 


the  loudest  to  cry  against  Bolshevism  and  Socialism.  They  are  also 
the  first  to  give  the  young  man  a  drink  at  their  home  or  club.  To  my 
mind  they  are  the  greatest  violators  of  the  law.  Until  public  senti- 
ment is  so  thoroughly  aroused  that  the  Government  reaches  out 
among  the  big  fish,  even  of  its  own  kind,  there  will  not  be  any  real 
improvement  in  the  situation. 

I  will  break  away  from  my  manuscript  for  a  moment.  These 
are  serious  times  that  we  are  facing  now,  and  this  country  has  to 
face  this  proposition  right  now,  and  face  it  squarely.  \\'e  either  have 
law  in  the  United  States,  or  we  have  not  got  it.  One  thing  or  the 
other.  We  have  men  decrying  Bolshevism  and  Socialism  in  high 
circles,  and  in  Wall  Street,  and  in  banks,  and  in  churches,  and  in  poli- 
tics, and  in  the  Internal  Revenue  Department  itself  who  are  violating 
openly  the  law  of  the  land.  My  complaint  on  the  enforcement  of 
Prohibition  by  our  own  Government  is  that  they  are  making  no 
attempt  to  catch  people  in  high  places.  The  Prohibition  Commis- 
sioner (and  I  have  no  personal  disrespect  for  him  ;  I  hear  him  ver}' 
w^ell  spoken  of)  if  he  wanted  to,  with  one  or  two  men  could  catch 
Governors,  Senators,  Assemblymen,  Mayors,  all  over  the  States  of 
the  Union. 

It  could  be  done.  The  city  of  New  York  could  be  cleaned  up  in 
sixty  days — the  violation  of  it — if  the  Department  of  Justice  and  the 
Internal  Revenue  Department  worked  on  the  level  together.  Every- 
body seems  to  be  ducking.  Even  the  Anti-Saloon  League  ducked. 
After  the  Republican  National  Convention  they  said  it  was  not  a 
national  matter,  or  something  of  that  kind.  I  am  not  referring  to  that 
particularly,  except  both  candidates  for  President  seem  to  be  duck- 
ing more  or  less.     I  referred  to  this  a  few  minutes  ago. 

We  haven't  heard  anything  from  Senator  Harding  either  on  or  off 
the  porch.  Governor  Cox  says  if  elected  he  will  enforce  the  law. 
I  would  have  preferred  if  he  said  he  believed  in  the  law.  I  believe, 
however,  if  he  had  been  in  my  position,  and  had  known  as  much  as 
I  do  about  it  from  actual  experience,  he  would  sa}-  he  believed  in  the 
law,  because  Dr.  Jones's  letter  only  states  one  phase  of  it — those 
actually  going  into  the  hospital.     Our  lodging-house  is  still  empty. 

Our  other  wards  are  very  much  depleted,  and  the  commitments 
of  children  are  very  much  less.  And  I  wanted  to  bring  that  out, 
because  I  wanted  to  give  you  frankly,  as  far  as  I  could,  the  whole 
phase  of  the  subject.  But  it's  up  to  this  Federal  Government  right 
now  to  be  on  the  level  in  this. 

Now  let  us  discuss  it  just  a  minute.  I  do  not  want  to  say  any- 
thing against  the  Prohibition  Commissioner  of  the  United  States, 
but  I  only  used  seven  hundred  gallons  of  whisky  last  year.  Now  I 
just  want  to  say  what  that  means. 

\\'e  used  in  the  allied  hospitals,  five  thousand  beds,  my  Department 
seventeen  thousand  beds.  Health  Department  probably  five  thousand 
beds,  and  several  thousand  beds  in  the  tuberculosis  hospitals,  with  an 

204 


epidemic  of  flu  last  Spring,  seven  hundred  gallons.  I  would  be  willing  to 
wager  my  life,  though  1  have  not  the  figures,  that  in  one  concert-hall 
saloon  where  they  used  to  sell  beer,  that  got  a  license  from  the  Federal 
Commissioner  to  sell  alcohol  for  medicinal  purposes,  they  sold  more  in 
one  week  than  all  the  hospitals  in  the  city  of  New  York  used  legitimately 
in  a  year.  Now  they  cannot  say  that  they  have  not  got  it.  Somebody  ought 
to  know  that  somebody  got  whisky.  The  hospitals  and  the  doctors 
and  medical  societies  in  New  York  should  know  what  quantity  would 
be  used,  if  it  is  necessary.  The  Navy  Department  has  cut  it  oiT  as 
medicine.  They  could  readily  get  from  the  Health  Department  and 
the  great  hospitals  of  New  York  and  the  district  what  proportion 
ought  to  be  allowed  to  get  loose ;  and  then  they  are  such  innocent 
fellows,  these  fellows  who  sell  for  medicinal  purposes,  who  used  to 
run  beer-halls  and  dance-halls,  etc. — they  get  robbed  so  often.  The 
truck  backs  up  to  their  place  and  robs  them ;  but  they  don't  go  out  of 
business.  Possibly  the  fellow  who  steals  liquor  will  make  some 
honest  restitution  in  some  far-off  day  !  Nevertheless,  it  gets  lost. 
And  so  I  have  taken  this  up  with  the  present  administration,  with 
some  one  who  is  entitled  to  very  great  consideration,  and  whose 
reputation  the  administration  depends  on,  and  I  want  to  say  if  they 
don't  take  a  hand  right  aw^ay  quick,  there  will  be  a  worse  scandal 
on  the  going  out  of  this  administration  than  in  the  old  whisky  ring, 
twenty-five  years  ago.  I  say  that  as  a  Democrat  who  does  not  want 
his  party  put  into  that  type  of  disgrace ;  and  I  am  prepared,  through 
the  proper  channels,  to  go  the  limit  on  getting  some  people  in  high 
places.  I  am  not  going  to  bother  with  the  poor  devils  that  anybody 
can  get- — five  thousand  of  them.  You  want  to  get  some  game  that's 
w^orth  while,  if  you  have  to  reach  into  the  heart  of  the  Government 
itself. 

I  have  already  talked  too  long;  but  I  could  give  you  some  names 
right  now  that  you  could  get,  but  if  I  gave  them  to  you,  before  I  got 
off  the  platform  they  would  know  who  it  was — the  leaks  are  that 
close  up  in  the  Departments ;  and  we  will  handle  it  in  a  way,  I  hope, 
that  we  will  get  to  it — at  least  some  sections  of  the  Government  will 
have  that  opportunity  of  getting  some  of  their  own  people.  I  think 
that's  the  best  way  to  start  out,  by  getting  our  own  people,  both  in  the 
Government  and  in  the  League,  and  in  all  those  places,  where  they 
do  not  properly  belong. 

And  I  just  want  to  touch  on  one  other  phase  of  this  wdiole  busi- 
ness in  conclusion.  We  talk  of  the  political  situation.  Now  we  are 
talking  law  and  restraint,  and  all  that  sort  of  thing.  But  you  never 
can  permanently  make  people  better  or  governments  better  merely 
by  law  or  restrictive  legislation.  You  have  got  to  have  the  perma- 
nent education  ;  and  you  have  got  to  go  back,  if  the  pastors  will 
excuse  me  for  a  moment,  we  have  got  to  go  back  by  putting  religion 
into  the  minds  of  the  people  and  into  the  children. 

What  is  the  situation  among  children  to-day?     And  I  am  going 

205 


to  talk  awfully  frank  now,  and  I  may  hurt  some  of  my  own  church 
people's  feelings.  We  are  letting  our  children  take  care  of  them- 
-selves.  The  Catholic  people  are  holding  their  schools ;  the  oMora- 
vians  theirs;  the  Lutherans  theirs;  the  Episcopalians,  in  Brooklyn 
and  Xew  York,  theirs ;  but  in  the  other  churches  in  the  city  of  New 
York  we  are  spending  more  money  for  music,  and  double  the  money 
for  janitor  service,  than  we  are  for  religious  education  and  moral  edu- 
cation of  children.  Xow  you  have  got  to  get  away  from  that.  We 
have  got  to  have  week-day  religious  education  or  some  other  way 
•of  bringing  up  children  in  the  faith,  and  showing  them  what  these 
things  are.  The  church  has  got  to  do  its  duty  with  the  children. 
Just  teaching  dancing  and  music  and  that  sort  of  thing  will  not  do. 
We  have  got  to  get  the  children  back  to  us.  We  have  seventeen 
thousand  children  that  I  am  guardian  of  in  Xew  York.  We  had 
twenty-one  thousand  two  years  ago ;  and  we  have  been  able  to  place 
in  homes  and  to  get  discharged  through  the  better  times,  and  Pro- 
hibition, etc.,  nearly  five  thousand  children.  So  we  are  down  to  about 
sixteen  thousand  five  hundred ;  but  we  have  got  one  or  two  great 
institutions  that  the  people  of  these  war  drives  and  all  this  outside 
business  have  made  the  people  forget,  and  one  or  two  of  our  great 
institutions  will  have  to  be  turned  over  to  the  city.  All  our  Prot- 
estant institutions  will  have  to  be  turned  over  to  the  city,  if  we  do 
not  get  behind  them.  And  the  law  provides  we  must  provide  a  child 
Avith  a  home  or  an  institution  of  its  own.  And  if  I  have  to  take  it 
over,  as  a  city,  then  they  have  to  be  run  in  an  open  way,  to  be  run 
with  all  kinds  of  chaplains,  all  kinds  of  scraps  inside  the  place. 

Charles  D.  Hillis  said  to  me,  "Mr.  Coler,  what  are  you  going  to 
do,  if  we  have  to  turn  this  great  institution  over?"  He  is  a  very 
able  and  ver\-  fine  man.  For  years,  as  a  young  man,  he  was  super- 
intendent of  our  children's  village,  the  home  for  semidelinquent 
Protestant  children.  ]\Ir.  Taft  became  acquainted  with  him.  He 
was  then  and  now  is  a  very  well-to-do  man.  He  said :  ''What  will 
you  have  to  do  if  you  can  not  maintain  this  institution,  and  turn  it 
over  to  the  city?  We  practically  paid  off  all  the  entire  cost;  but  the 
moral  end  of  it,  the  city  can  not  pay  for,  and  it  must  be  raised  by  out- 
side money."  I  said.  "Yes" ;  and  I  want  to  say  this  to  everybody, 
that  here  we  have  not  much  luck  in  raising  money  for  our  party,  and 
the  Republicans  raising  money,  etc. — yet  the  Bolshevists,  if  they 
could  onh'  say  that  one  institution  of  one  particular  faith  had  to  be 
turned  over  to  the  city  of  X'ew  York  because  that  faith  fell  down, 
that  would  give  them  and  the  Socialists  the  greatest  argument  they 
ever  had.  They  would  say  the  child  belongs  to  the  State.  Take  it 
away  from  the  family,  and  rear  it  by  the  State.  And  so  you  must 
get  behind  your  churches ;  get  behind  your  children  in  them,  and 
teach  the  moral  uplift  and  the  evils  of  alcoholism.  This  is  only  one 
phase  of  it,  and  those  of  us  who  are  able  to  go  on  the  firing  line  are 
going  on  the  firing  line,  but  this  is  a  desperate  firing  line,  and  if  this 

206 


Government  does  not  want  to  go  out  in  disgrace,  it  has  got  to  get  on  the 
job  right  now. 

Just  think  of  licenses  to  dance-halls  practically  to  distribute  liquor 
for  medicinal  purposes  !  There's  no  excvise  on  the  face  of  the  earth 
for  that !  You  can  say  anything  you  please  about  cooperation  with 
the  Federal  Government  and  all  that,  but  when  yovi  grant  the  license 
to  get  out,  then  you  say  it's  too  bad  somebody  won't  let  you  catch  it 
after  you  get  out.     I  thank  you  very  much. 

The  chairman  :  I  have  pleasure  in  introducing  an  old  friend, 
a  man  whom  everybody  that  knows  him  knows  to  be  honest,  and  I 
hope  he'll  catch  the  dishonest  men,  if  they  are  here,  and  he  w'ill  if  he 
has  a  chance.     Mr.  Commissioner  Kramer. 

ENFORCEMENT  OF  PROHIBITION  IN  THE  UNITED 

STATES 

By  The  Hon.  JOHN  F.  KRAMER 
]\Ir.  President,  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen :  You  have  listened  to 
some  pretty  plain  statements  from  what  I  presume  to  be  a  plain 
citizen  of  this  democracy.  I.  for  my  part,  enjoyed  them  very  much. 
They  are  along  the  line  that  I  have  been  hearing,  and  to  which  I  have 
been  listening,  for  some  months  past.  I  am  thinking  that  I  will  have 
a  personal  interview^  with  Brother  Coler  after  I  get  through.  Of 
course  I  am  not  cjuite  sure  whether  Brother  Coler  would  trust  me 
wMth  these  secrets  or  not.  But  if  he  does  not.  why  of  course  he  can 
readily  tell  me.  But.  friends,  those  are  some  of  the  sentiments  to 
which  we  listen  often ;  and  I  can  say  that  they  are  true  to  a  consid- 
erable extent.  There's  just  one  peculiar  thing  about  it,  before  I  enter 
upon  my  few  statements  that  I  have  to  make,  however,  and  that  is, 
we  are  never  able  to  get  the  bill  of  particulars.  I  have  had  lawyers 
come  down  from  Xew  York  City  and  tell  me  that  every  man  in  our 
organization,  practically,  in  Xew  York  City  is  crooked.  Well,  now, 
I  always  tell  them  that  that's  interesting;  and  then  I  proceed  to  make 
inquiries.  I  tell  them  that  there's  no  man  in  the  Government  that 
would  rather  have  a  bill  of  particulars  with  reference  to  that  state- 
ment than  I  myself,  and  being  a  lawyer  I  proceed  to  cross-examine, 
and  when  I  cross-examine  them  I  don't  get  much.  It's  my  view  that 
what  Mr.  Coler  says  is  a  great  deal  of  it  true,  but  the  trouble  wnth  me 
is  I  haven't  been  able  to  get  it,  and  that's  the  reason  why  I  think  I 
am  going  to  see  Brother  Coler,  and  have  a  personal  interview  with 
him;  and  unless  he  is  turning  it  up  himself,  if  he's  turning  that  thing 
up  himself,  he  will  be  congratulated  more  by  me  than  he  will  by  any 
other  man  in  the  Government,  after  he  gets  it  turned  up  and  gets  it 
turned  inside  out.  So,  Mr.  Coler  and  I  pretty  nearly  agree  on  this 
thing.  We  have  had  a  secret  service  man  in  New  York  City  for 
nearly  four  months  trying  to  get  evidence.     They  had  a  special  grand 

207 


jury  in  Xew  York  that  was  going  to  indict  all  our  officers,  or  at  least 
that's  what  they  started  out  to  investigate.  Well,  that  grand  jury 
adjourned,  and  I  didn't  hear  of  a  true  bill.  We  have  crooked  men  in 
New  York — and  let  me  tell  you  right  here  if  any  of  you  people  know 
the  names  of  those  crooked  men,  and  the  facts  upon  which  you  base 
your  judgment,  just  tell  me,  and  they  won't  be  in  our  service  long. 
That's  just  by  way  of  a  few  preliminary  statements.  We  have  our 
troubles  in  New  York  as  we  have  our  troubles  elsewhere,  only  maybe 
not  to  quite  such  extent. 

There  are  a  few  things,  friends,  when  we  talk  about  Prohibition, 
that  we  must  keep  in  mind.  If  I  did  not  keep  three  or  four  funda- 
mental principles  in  my  mind  I'd  go  crazy.  One  of  the  principles 
which  I  have  always  kept  in  mind  is  this,  that  great  reforms  go 
slowly,  especially  if  the  things  being  attacked  are  of  a  political, 
economic,  or  personal  character,  and  have  been  fastening  themselves 
upon  the  very  vitals  of  the  people  for  centuries.  Such  reforms  as 
those  move  slowly.  They  illustrate  the  Scriptural  statement  that 
"A  day  is  as  a  thousand  years  with  the  Lord,  and  a  thousand  years 
as  a  day."  The  people  of  England  fought  for  centuries  for  political 
freedom  before  they  could  wring  from  King  John  the  Great  Charter 
upon  the  plains  of  Runnymede,  in  1215.  And  remember  this,  that  the 
Great  Charter  did  not  give  the  English  people  any  liberty  at  all.  It 
took  ages  of  effort  on  the  part  of  the  English  people  after  that  to 
keep  the  ground  they  had  set  out  in  the  Charter,  and  to  fix  it  in  the 
hearts  and  minds  of  the  English  kings  that  they  had  to  respect  the 
rights  of  the  English  people.  The  American  colonies  bore  for  years 
the  burdens  that  came  from  the  rule  of  the  mother  country,  and 
finally  there  was  enough  sentiment  created  so  that  the  Declaration  of 
Independence  was  adopted  in  1776.  That  did  not  mean  we  had  our 
independence.  No ;  it  took  eight  years  of  severe  strife,  bloodshed, 
suft'ering,  before  we  got  our  liberty  from  the  English  people.  It's  the 
same  way  with  Prohibition.  The  people  of  this  country  had  been 
contending  for  Prohibition  for  three-quarters  of  a  century,  and  finally 
the  sentiment  became  strong  enough  that  they  were  able  to  have 
written  into  the  Constitution  the  Eighteenth  Amendment,  and  placed 
upon  the  statute-books  the  National  Prohibition  Act.  But  don't  you 
ever  forget  that  that  did  not  mean  that  the  sale  and  manufacture  and 
purchase  and  importation  and  exportation  of  liquor  had  ceased.  It 
means  that  we  have  some  years  ahead  of  us  in  order  to  make  that 
thing  effective  We  must  remember  that  great  reforms  move  slowly. 
Two  thousand  years  ago  Jesus  Christ  himself  said.  "Go  into  all  the 
world  and  preach  the  gospel  unto  every  creature,"  and  if  we  had 
heeded  that  injunction  we  would  not  have  these  great  questions 
facing  us  to-day.  But  after  two  thousand  years  there  are  yet  a  billion 
people  in  the  earth  who  have  never  heard  of  the  religion  of  Jesus 
Christ,  and  sixty  million  people  in  our  own  country  who  never  darken 

20S 


the  doors  of  a  church  Great  reforms  move  slowly.  If  I  did  not  keep 
that  thought  in  mind,  I'd  be  back  in  Mansfield,  Ohio,  in  a  minute. 

There's  another  thing  to  which  I  want  to  call  your  attention. 
There  never  was  a  new  law  enacted,  or  a  Constitutional  provision 
adopted,  that  so  radically  changed  political  aflairs,  economic  afifairs. 
and  social  conditions,  and  personal  habits  —  never.  We  have  had 
some  laws,  some  Constitutional  provisions,  that  brought  about  great 
changes.  The  one  on  the  slavery  proposition  was  a  great  change, 
but  it  didn't  compare  to  the  change  that  took  place  in  the  life  of  this 
nation  when  we  wrote  Prohibition  into  the  Constitution.  When  I  say 
that  I  am  not  offering  any  excuse  for  Prohibition.  I  have  been  work- 
ing for  this  thing  as  long  as  some  of  the  rest  of  you  have  been  work- 
ing for  it.  namely,  thirty  years,  I  am  not  one  of  those  who  think  that 
when  it  was  written  into  the  Constitution  that  ended  it.  No ;  I  have 
had  some  experience  back  in  Ohio  on  this  thing.  So  has  our  friend 
Wheeler  over  here. 

Another  thing  I  want  to  tell  you  before  I  get  to  my  speech — and 
that  is,  that  Prohibition  is  not  a  state  or  a  condition.  You  can  not 
say  about  Prohibition  that  yesterday  the  thing  was  not,  and  to-day 
the  thing  is ;  or  last  week  the  thing  did  not  exist,  and  this  week  it  does 
exist.  You  will  never  be  able  to  say  that.  Keep  that  in  mind  too. 
Prohibition  is  a  growth.  It's  the  elimination  of  those  things  which 
tend  to  make  it  easy  to  create  appetites,  and  the  substitution  of  those 
things  which  tend  to  make  it  difficult  to  create  appetites  upon  the 
part  of  the  youth  of  the  nation.  That's  the  thing;  that's  what  Prohi- 
bition is.  It's  the  passing  off  the  stage  of  action  of  one  generation,  and 
the  entering  upon  the  stage  of  action  of  another  generation. 

Some  of  these  fellows  that  have  been  patronizing  the  saloon  that 
you  and  I  have  maintained  in  our  midst  for.  lo,  these  many  years,  have 
an  appetite  that  must  be  satisfied ;  and  I  have  no  fault  to  find  with 
them  either.  You  and  I  are  responsible  for  it.  They  are  a  part  of  our 
doctrine.  They  were  a  part  of  the  government  of  a  democracy ;  and 
in  a  democracy  the  people  rule,  and  the  people  have  never  gotten 
above  or  beyond  the  idea  of  saloons  up  to  a  few  weeks  or  a  few 
months  ago.  As  long  as  we  had  them  you  and  I  knew  that  there 
would  be  appetites  created  and  appetites  acquired  that  would  have  to 
be  satisfied.  If  they  had  to  drink  wood  alcohol,  if  they  had  to  drink 
denatured  alcohol,  if  they  had  to  drink  all  kinds  of  concoctions,  thev 
would  have  to  satisfy  the  cravings  of  the  appetite.  Now,  then,  these 
are  three  things  that  I  keep  in  my  mind  daily.  If  it  weren't  for  those 
three  things,  you  can  rest  assured  that  I  wouldn't  be  working  at  this 
thing  to-day. 

Now.  for  the  benefit  of  you  people  who  came  over  here  from 
foreign  countries,  we  have  had  Prohibition,  so  far  as  the  law  is  con- 
cerned, for  over  a  year,  but  don't  you  go  back  and  tell  your  countries 
that  wc  have  the  problem  solved.     Wc  have  had  war-time  Prohibition 

209 


half  of  the  time,  and  national  Prohibition  the  other  half.  It's  been 
somewhat  experimental,  somewhat  new,  somewhat  uncertain,  during 
this  last  year.  Courts  were  saying  this,  and  courts  were  saying  that. 
The  lawyers  are  advocating  one  doctrine ;  some  lawyers  were  advo- 
cating another.  Nobody  knew  exactly  where  he  was  at.  We  are  get- 
ting things  on  a  pretty  substantial  basis  now.  But  along  comes  poli- 
tics !  A  great  political  campaign  on !  You  people  who  live  in  foreign 
countries — you  don't  know  what  politics  is.  You  want  to  come  over 
here  in  America  and  spend  a  year  or  two  if  you  want  to  find  out  how 
politics  stirs  up  things.  You  can't  move  unless  you  are  running  up 
against  this  or  that. 

I  don't  mean  present  politics.  I  don't  mean  that  politics  is  bother- 
ing the  enforcement  of  the  law ;  but  it  is  bothering  everything.  It 
interferes  with  everything.  I  have  always  advocated,  for  that  reason, 
that  we  elect  our  President  once  every  seven  years.  That  would 
reduce  these  times  that  we  have  to  pass  through. 

But  what  have  we  done  in  the  space  of  a  year  anyhow?  Oh,  we 
have  done  a  great  many  things,  friends.  Let  me  tell  you,  that  in  the 
first  place  we  have  established  the  proposition  that  the  revenue  from 
the  saloons  is  not  necessary  to  run  our  Government  or  the  Govern- 
ment of  any  State  in  the  Union.  We  have  done  another  thing;  we 
have  established  the  proposition  that  the  elimination  of  the  saloon 
does  not  interfere  with  business  in  the  least.  There  are  no  empty 
rooms. 

Yes,  there  are  no  vacant  rooms.  Rents  have  reached  a  height  we 
have  never  heard  of  in  this  country.  Nobody  comes  around  any  more 
and  says  the  hotel  business  will  be  destroyed  if  you  eliminate  the 
saloon.  They  don't  know  how  to  take  care  of  it  all.  But  above  all. 
friends,  we  have  done  this ;  we  people  in  this  country  are  great  admir- 
ers of  good  King  Solomon.  He  issued  the  injunction  to  his  son,  and 
his  son  stood  for  the  young  people  of  his  age,  and  the  young  people 
of  the  coming  ages.  He  says,  "My  son,  look  not  thou  upon  the  wine 
when  it  is  red,  when  it  giveth  itself  color  in  the  cup,  when  it  goeth 
down  smoothly."  It  took  the  American  people  several  hundred  years 
to  realize  that  that  injunction  of  Solomon's  was  really  along  the  same 
line  of  wisdom  manifested  in  all  his  sayings.  Well,  we  did  not  permit 
the  young  people  not  to  look  upon  the  wine  when  it  was  red ;  we 
compelled  them  to  look  upon  it,  and  upon  every  street  corner  we  had 
flaming  advertisements  of  wine.  Everywhere  the  boys  went  they 
looked  upon  the  wine  when  it  was  red,  when  it  gave  its  color  in  the 
cup.  To-day  the  boys  can  go  from  coast  to  coast ;  they  can  go  from 
the  Gulf  of  Mexito  to  Canada,  and  they  can  not  look  upon  the  wane 
when  it  is  red.  If  that  doesn't  mean  something,  then  I  don't  know 
anything.  .How  do  they  sell  liquor  to-day?  Why,  the  most  of  them 
keep  it  in  a  pitcher  down  under  the  counter,  selling  it  as  a  criminal ; 
and  if  the  right  man  comes  along  he  can  get  it.  No  boy  can  go  into 
the  American  saloon  to-day  that  still  is  in  existence  and  get  whisky 

210 


to  drink.  I  can't  do  it  myself,  and  while  I  look  somewhat  green  they 
wouldn't  all  take  me  to  be  a  man  from  the  backwoods.  Oh,  no,  it's 
different.     It's  entirely  different. 

Another  thing  we  have  done  is  to  remove  the  social  aspect  of 
drinking  from  the  people.  I  will  tell  you,  friends,  I  have  always 
maintained  that  the  drinking  evil  is  due  to  social  conditions.  It's  a 
social  evil.  No  boy  will  invite  another  boy  to  go  into  the  saloon  and 
take  a  drink  with  him.  How  did  I  start  to  drink?  How  did  you 
start  to  drink?  Why,  you  started  to  drink  because  some  of  your 
companions  said,  "Let's  go  in  and  have  a  good  time!"  And  when  we 
got  in,  why,  somebody  said,  "Let's  have  a  drink  of  beer!"  That  isn't 
being  done  any  more.  There  is  no  social  aspect  of  a  saloon  any 
more.  Why,  a  man  will  go  in,  an  old  drinker  will  go  in — mostly 
they  are  old  drinkers  —  and  he  can  get  his  drink ;  but  the  boys  do 
not.  not  altogether.  I  don't  mean  that  none  of  them  do,  but  as  a 
rule  the  boys  do  not  go  in.  I  have  a  boy  who  is  twenty  years  of 
age.  I  send  him  anywhere,  to  New  York  City,  to  Mansfield,  to  Phila- 
delphia, to  Springfield,  to  college,  and  I  have  no  more  uneasiness 
about  that  boy  starting  to  drink  intoxicating  liquors  than  I  have  that 
he  will  drink  poison — not  a  bit.  Where  he  has  had  up  to  this  time 
one  chance  in  five  of  going  the  downward  road.  I  figure  to-day  he  has 
not  one  chance  in  a  hundred.    Oh.  yes,  we  have  made  great  progress. 

Another  thing,  we  have  removed  the  recruiting  stations  to  the 
great  army  that  always  marches  from  the  cradle  to  the  grave.  You 
know  you  always  have  to  recruit  an  army  if  you  want  to  keep  it  up  m 
strength.  Heretofore  there  were  recruiting  stations  everywhere,  and 
as  some  poor  drinker  passed  out  into  a  drunkard's  grave,  another  boy 
took  his  post  in  the  ranks ;  and  the  great  army  marched  on.  But  that 
is  not  done  any  more.  There  are  no  recruiting  stations ;  and  when 
this  generation  passes  out  and  the  other  generation  comes  on,  the 
thing  will  be  done  with  for  good,  and  the  old  army  of  drinkers  will 
have  been  disbanded. 

Don't  you  think  for  a  minute  that  it's  going  to  take  a  generation 
to  make  moral  progress.  Oh,  no  !  You  won't  know  this  country  in 
ten  years.  Let  me  tell  you  men  from  foreign  coimtries.  lest  I  forget 
it.  the  American  people  are  a  great  people.  They  never  undertook  a 
thing  under  the  sun  that  they  didn't  accomplish.  And  we  are  going 
to  accomplish  this.     But  we  need  patience. 

Now,  I  want  to  suggest  this :  The  very  fact  that  Mr.  Coler 
stood  before  you  and  said  that  he  was  going  to  do  something,  by  the 
Eternal,  in  New  York  City,  before  very  long,  that  would  jar  the 
nation,  is  a  healthy  sign.  That's  what  we  have  been  needing,  lo,  these 
many  weeks.  The  one  thing  we  have  needed  most,  the  one  thing  we 
are  beginning  to  get,  is  a  healthy  public  outspoken  sentiment  in  every 
community  that  will  compel  obedience  to  the  law.  We  have  lacked 
that,  but  we  are  getting  it.  I  could  give  you  many  instances  where 
the  people  arc  arousing  themselves,  and  saying  that  these  things  must 

211 


not  continue.  I  am  offering  no  excuse  lor  our  affairs  either ;  I  will 
tell  you,  when  I  say  that  we  need  that — let  me  suggest  to  you,  how 
much  do  you  suppose  a  thousand  men  (that's  our  organization) — to 
what  extent  can  a  thousand  men  police  a  hundred  and  ten  million 
people?  Why,  God  bless  you,  we  couldn't  do  it  if  w-e  had  angels  on 
our  force.  Now,  don't  you  think  that  I  am  offering  excuses  for  our 
affairs,  or  any  apology,  I  mean.  We  need  a  better  force  right  from 
the  top  to  the  bottom,  I  expect.  I  think  that's  true.  But  I  will  tell 
you  we  need  the  healthy  public  sentiment  of  every  communit}-,  out- 
spoken, but  potent,  and  we  are  getting  it. 

Another  thing  we  need,  and  I  would  like  to  suggest  that  to  you 
very  briefly,  is  that  the  law  be  left  just  as  it  is. '  We  have  one  of  the 
biggest  jobs  to  do  now  that  was  ever  undertaken  by  a  nation ;  but  if 
you  ever  adopt  the  proposition  of  light  wines  and  beer  the  whole 
thing  will  go  by  the  boards. 

Our  great  trouble  now  is  with  the  soft-drink  establishments ;  and 
you  open  up  all  the  saloons  again  to  sell  light  wine  and  beer,  and 
all  the  force  that  we  have  in  the  Federal  Government  couldn't 
enforce  the  law  in  one  citv,-  in  the  countr\'.  It  is  soft  drinks  to-day, 
and  it  will  be  hard  drinks  to-morrow. 

I  guess  I  am  through.  I  just  want  to  tell  you  people,  so  you  mav 
know^  my  experience,  some  of  the  troubles,  some  of  the  things  that 
are  causing  us  our  trouble — and  you  call  me  down,  Doctor,  any  time. 
The  one  thing  that  has  bothered  us  is  that  when  we  entered  upon  this 
work,  when  we  decided  to  have  no  longer  the  traffic  in  intoxicating 
liquors,  we  still  had  on  hand  about  sixty  billion  gallons  of  whisky. 
It  was  scattered  around  in  four  hundred  warehouses,  some  of  them  in 
deep  ravines,  up  gulleys,  up  on  the  mountain-sides,  everj-where ;  and 
that  liquor  is  the  slipperiest  stuff  I  ever  saw.  We  used  to  talk,  back 
in  Ohio,  about  eels.  Why,  eels  aren't  in  it  with  whisky  for  slipperi- 
ness !  That  stuff'  slips  out  and  slips  out,  and  it  seems  as  if  we  can't 
get  track  of  it  as  we  would  like  to.  Oh.  we  are  getting  there.  We'll 
have  it  solved  one  of  these  times. 

Another  thing  that's  causing  us  bother  is  our  permits ;  and  Mr.  Coler 
referred  to  that.  That  is  causing  us  trouble,  it  is  causing  us  grief ;  it  is 
causing  us  anxiet}' ;  it's  going  to  be  solved ;  and  I  will  say  to  Brother  Coler 
that  if  he  will  furnish  me  the  information  about  those  houses  up  in 
Xew  York  City  which  are  selling  this  stuff,  and  are  of  the  t}-pe  he  says 
they  are.  they  won't  be  selling  it  any  longer  after  this  permit  expires, 
which  is  the  last  of  this  year.      But  they  are  causing  us  bother. 

Then  we  have  bothers  with  medicinal  preparations,  and  with  hair 
tonics,  and  with  extracts  and  the  like  of  that.  The  law  provides — we 
can't  help  that  particularly — the  law  provides  that  all  these  things  may 
exist,  so  long  as  they  are  unfit  for  beverage  purposes.  There  are  enough 
medicines  being  manufactured  these  da3's  to  heal  the  ills  of  the  world! 
There  are  enough  hair  tonics  being  manufactured  that  there  won't  be 
a  bald  head  in  the  world.     But  that's  going  to  be  eliminated.     We  thought 

212 


that  there  was  some  Hmit  to  which  the  drinker  could  not  go.  We  put 
our  medicine  preparations  upon  a  pretty  high  standard.  Why,  I  could 
not  drink  them.  A  wineglass ful  of  it  would  make  me  crazy.  A  man 
came  down  from  New  \ork  City — I  will  never  forget  him — he  says, 
"Why,  this  thing  will  pass,  it  cannot  be  drunk  as  a  beverage,"  and  he 
says,  "Taste  it!"  I  tasted  that,  but  it  was  the  last  taste  I  took  of  any- 
thing that's  brought  here  to  W  ashington,  because  i  soon  found  out  that 
I  wasn't  a  very  good  guide,  a  good  standard  to  follow,  that  there, are 
fellows  who  can  drink  anything  and  everything.  Hence,  we  have  to 
raise  our  medicine  standards.  We  are  going  to  raise  them,  going  to 
curtail  these  permits  as  soon  as  we  can.  And  we  are  asking  the  help 
of  the  people  of  this  country,  that  we  may  be  able  to  do  it  well. 

We  have  a  great  work,  but  as  I  said  a  little  bit  ago,  we  American 
people  aren't  afraid  of  work ;  and  I  want  to  close  with  a  little  poem,  if  I 
can  quote  it.  It  has  been  a  great  help  to  me  not  onh-  since  1  got  this 
job,  but  in  months  past,  it  has  been  a  great  help  to  me. 

Be  strong!  We  are  not  here  to  pla\',  to  dream,  to  drift; 
Ve  have  hard  work  to  do  and  loads  to  lift. 
Shun  not  the  task,  but  face  it;  'tis  God's  gift! 

Be  strong!  Say  not  the  times  are  evil;  who's  to  blame? 
Then  fold  your  hands  and  acquiesce?     Oh  shame  I 
Stand  up!    Speak  out!    And  bravely  in  God's  name! 

Be  strong!     It  matters  not  how  deep  entrenched  the  wrong, 
How  hard  the  battle  goes,  the  day  how  long; 
Faint  not,  fight  on;  tomorrow  comes  the  dawn! 

1  thank  you. 

[As  only  a  few  minutes  remained  before  the  ordinary  closing  houi 
of  the  Congress,  some  discussion  followed  on  the  subject  of  adjournment. 
Mr.  Coler  having  stated  that  he  would  be  unable  to  attend  the  Congress 
on  the  morrow  it  was  decided  to  give  the  remaining  time  of  the  meet- 
ing to  him.] 

The  CHAIRMAN:  Mr.  Coler  will  be  recognized  for  a  short  state- 
ment in  conclusion. 

Mr.  coler  :  Mr.  Chairman,  and  Friends :  1  am  not  going  to  take 
up  your  time  except  but  for  a  moment,  or  get  into  a  debate ;  1:)ut  I  never 
heard  a  lietter  sermon  in  my  life.  and.  if  we  could  take  time,  I  would 
like  to  take  up  a  collection  right  at  this  moment.  I  did  not  promise  to 
set  the  world  on  fire.  I  thank  Mr.  Kramer  very  much  for  his  offer 
to  convict  anybody  concerning  whom  I  will  bring  complete  evidence  to 
him.  It's  a  good  thing  we  are  perfectly  willing  to  do  all  his  work,  and 
do  all  that  we  can.  and  I  believe  in  his  personal  honesty,  arid  in  his  per- 
sonal integrity;  but  I  want  to  tell  you  that  all  strangers  can  not  be  good 

213 


executives.  He  is  too  much  of  a  refined  business  man.  There  is  re- 
quired more  of  a  thug  to  do  this  business.  But  I  want  to  help  him  every 
way  I  can.  I  didn't  want  to  indict  his  end  of  it  alone.  I  put  the  whole 
Government  up  to  it.  I  don't  believe  the  Attorney-General  of  the  United 
States  is  backing  him  up  properly.  I  don't  believe  we  need  hundreds 
of  thousands  of  dollars  to  create  new  bureaus  and  new  office-holders. 
I'he  public  won't  stand  for  it.  We  have  a  complete  secret  service  in 
the  navy  and  in  the  army,  and  all  the  way  through.  Now,  if  the  Gov- 
ernment's on  the  level,  every  one  of  those  associations  will  be  coordinated 
back  of  him ;  and  so,  when  we  give  him  a  name  that  we  know  is  doing 
certain  things,  they  can  cover  them  and  get  them.  You  know  just  as  well 
as  I  do  when  crimes  are  committed.  You  can  not  always  follow  a  man 
into  the  back  rooms  where  they  exchange  money.  We  know  them  and 
can  get  them,  Init  when  evidence  is  gotten,  we  have  to  give  it  to  him  in 
a  way  he  can  get  it.  But  there  can  ])e  no  excuse,  if  you  look  over  the 
books, — you  don't  have  to  ask  me  to  give  you  reasons  why  these  men 
gave  permits.      Is  the  man  who  gave  those  permits  still  in  office? 

:\Ir.  KRAMER:  Certainly. 

]\Ir.  COLER  [continuing]  :  Why  did  they  give  them?  W^hat  is  the 
character  of  them?  Just  go  over  their  own  books  and  point  out  the 
list  of  the  firms,  and  that's  an  indictment  of  the  whole  thing.  You  don't 
have  to  get  that  from  me;  get  it  from  their  own  books. 

[After  further  discussion  a  motion  to  adjourn,  duly  seconded,  was 
put  and  lost.  It  was  then  decided  to  hear  briefly  Dr.  Watson,  of  New 
York,  and  Mr.  Wayne  B.  Wheeler,  of  Washington,  D.  C.] 

Dr.  WATSON :  Mr.  Chairman,  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen :  Three  min- 
utes is  a  very  brief  time  after  you  have  had  these  two  finest  addresses 
that  have  been  delivered  on  the  subject  of  Prohibition  during  this  Con- 
gress. I  would  not  have  asked  for  these  three  minutes  at  this  time 
but  for  the  fact  that  I  have  fo  leave  the  city  tomorrow  morning  early. 
I  merely  wanted  to  take  up  the  statements  of  the  two  speakers  who  have 
preceded  in  the  light  of  my  experiences  this  summer. 

The  International  Reform  Bureau  of  this  city  reco'gnized  that  this 
was  the  most  critical  time  in  America's  history,  that  the  passing  of  the 
law  did  not  mean  the  enforcement  of  the  law.  and  that  the  law  could 
only  be  enforced  when  the  people  understood  how  it  came  to  pass,  what 
it  is  intended  to  do,  and  that  we  may  be  able  intelligently  to  cooperate 
in  its  enforcement.  Therefore,  this  organization  has  sent  twice  this  sum- 
mer throughout  the  East  automobile  parties  that  have  been  speaking  in 
many  cities.  I  spent  my  vacation  at  the  request  of  that  organization, 
and  have  spoken  on  the  streets  and  in  the  factories  this  summer  one  hun- 
dred and  seventy-three  times,  to  43,000  people ;  and  the  people  on  the 
street  corner  are  asking  very  intelligent  questions,  and  when  these  ques- 
tions are  answered  they  are  cooperating  splendidly  pledging  themselves. 

214 


to  cooperate  actively  in  the  carrying  out  of  the  Prohibition  law  and  the 
Volstead  Act.  Some  of  the  things  that  we  have  learned  this  morning 
I  wanted  you  to  get,  just  in  a  sentence  or  two. 

Nothing  has  been  said  in  either  of  these  addresses  to-day  as  to  the 
attitude  of  the  police  in  any  of  our  cities  on  this  matter.  1  want  you  to 
get  the  policemen's  attitude  on  this  subject.  No  man  anywhere  knows 
more  of  a  city  than  the  policemen.  The  policemen  of  New  York  City, 
where  my  home  is,  made  the  statement  that  ninety-nine  per  cent  of  the 
policemen  of  that  city,  including  the  men  who  had  been  drinkers  them- 
selves, believed  that  the  Eighteenth  Amendment  and  its  enforcement  as 
interpreted  by  the  Volstead  Act,  are  the  greatest  things  that  had  ever 
come  to  New  York  City.  The  chief  of  police  in  the  city  of  Waterbury 
stated  to  us,  when  we  went  there  at  the  close  of  a  three-months'  strike 
of  every  industry  of  that  city,  that,  in  spite  of  the  strike  and  the  failure 
of  the  workers  to  get  what  they  struck  for,  that  city  up  here  of  110,000 
people,  was  in  such  a  splendid  condition  that  the  whole  covmty  had  closed 
its  jail,  and  they  were  sending  the  few  prisoners  they  had  down  to  New 
Haven  to  be  taken  care  of. 

Mr.  WAYNE  B.  WHEELER  (General  Counsel  of  the  Anti-Saloon 
League  of  America)  :  Mr.  Chairman  and  Delegates:  I  am  sure,  after  you 
heard  Commissioner  Coler,  you  were  convinced  of  this  fact, — were  you 
not  ? — after  he  told  about  the  difficulties  of  enforcement,  and  only  partial 
enforcement  in  some  respects,  in  New  York,  that  if  they  could  get  all 
of  those  good  results  that  he  indicated  under  that  kind  of  enforcement, 
Prohibition  is  a  great  success  in  the  United  States. 

Second,  one  word  as  to  the  method  of  adoption  to  which  slight  at- 
tention was  paid.  The  people  of  the  United  States  amended  their  Con- 
stitution in  the  only  way  they  could  amend  it,  and  the  only  way  that  we 
have  emended  the  Constitution  from  the  beginning  of  the  Government; 
and  the  people  were  back  of  that  thing,  or  we  never  would  have  gotten  it. 

Now,  as  to  this  60,000,000  gallons  of  liquor ;  we  are  going  to 
face  it.  They  have  gotten  out  more  than  they  should  on  these  fake 
permits,  etc.,  but  I  think  one  of  the  ways  we  could  stop  it  would  be  for 
Congress  to  take  over  that  remaining  liquor,  and  then  dispose  of  it  legally, 
and  turn  back  that  money  to  the  owners,  and  not  let  it  stay  in  the  bonded 
warehouses  under  the  certificates. 

Then  as  to  these  permits.  One  of  the  reasons  they  have  forged  some 
permits  is  there  has  been  laxity  in  issuing  those  permits.  Every  whole- 
sale permit  in  the  United  States  to-day  ought  to  be  revoked.  There  is 
no  real  good  authority  for  a  single  one  of  them.  I  wrote  the  registra- 
tion part  of  the  law  and  know  what  it  means.  The  only  ones  who  should 
get  the  permits  are  the  manufacturers  and  the  wholesale  druggists,  who 
were  to  have  the  wholesale  permits  to  issue  liquor  to  those  who  had  per- 
mits to  purchase.  The  wholesale  dealer  was  never  contemplated,  and  T 
believe  that  before  very  long  those  wholesale  permits  will  not  be  troub- 
ling the  United  States  and  the  people  about  law  enforcement. 

215 


And  then  the  other  point  I  want  to  emphasize  is  that  if  we  are  going 
to  enforce  this  law,  we  have  got  to  kill  any  wine  and  beer  amendment 
or  weakening  .modification  of  it. 

I  was  not  here  when  some  statements  were  made  as  to  the  so-called 
standard  of  intoxication  with  relation  to  alcoholic  content  under  the 
Volstead  Act,  but  it's  not  a  question  of  whether  one  half  of  one  per 
cent  actually  and  visibly  intoxicates ;  it's  a  question  whether  that  stand- 
ard in  the  Volstead  Act  is  essential  for  law  enforcement.  When  we 
approved  that  law  we  took  into  account  the  experience  of  over  thirty 
Prohibition  States,  the  Supreme  Court  decisions  of  those  States  and  of 
the  United  States  Supreme  Court,  and  they  all  concluded  that  it  was 
essential  to  capable  and  efl"ective  enforcement  to  have  a  standard  like 
that;  and  we  will  fight  it  out  on  that  line,  like  General  Grant,  if  it  takes 
all  summer,  or  a  dozen  summers  to  come,  to  maintain  the  standard  of 
law  and  order. 

After  some  discussion  a  motion  to  the  effect  that  the  proceedings  of 
the  morning  session  on  the  morrow  begin  a  half  hour  earlier  than  usual, 
to  admit  of  discussion  of  the  addresses  of  Mr.  Coler  and  Commissioner 
Kramer,  was  put  and  lost. 

The  afternoon  session  was  thereupon  concluded. 


216 


EVENING  SESSION 

THURSDAY,    SEPTEMBER   23,    1920 


The  evening  session  was  held  at  the  Central  High  School,  Dr.  E.  C. 
Dinwiddle,  presiding. 

Community  singing  was  conducted  by  Mr.  Percy  S.  Foster,  of  W'ash- 
ington,  D.  C,  and  ^liss  Edith  B.  Athey  gave  an  organ  recital. 

At  the  request  of  the  Chairman  the  audience  sang  the  Doxology. 

The  Rev.  HENRY  ALLEN  TUPPER,  D.D..  of  Washington.  D.  C, 
offered  the  invocation. 

The  chairman  :  The  first  number  of  our  program  to-night  is 
on  the  subject  of  "The  Campaign  Against  Alcoholism  in  South  Africa," 
by  Dr.  A.  J.  Cook,  of  the  South  African  Republic,  and  he  has  been  asked 
to  come  here  and  tell  us  what  they  are  doing.  I  am  very  glad  to  in- 
troduce him  after  his  long  journey  to  reach  the  Congress. 

THE  CAMPAIGN  AGAINST  ALCOHOLISM  IN 
SOUTH  AFRICA 

By  dr.  a.  J.  COOK 

OF   the    UN  ion    of    SOUTH    AFRICA 

]\Ir.  Chairman :  You  are  a  little  bit  previous.  You  are,  perhaps 
I  may  say,  something  of  a  prophet,  for  there  are  indeed  some  very 
disloyal  people  in  Africa,  who  want  to  make  it  a  South  African  Repub- 
lic ;  and  I  represent  the  Union  of  South  Africa,  who  wish  to  make  of 
the  country  a  perfectly  free  country,  perhaps,  such  as  Australia,  or 
Canada  but  still  to  be  linked  up  with  the  Great  British  Empire.  The 
part  that  I  particularly  represent  is  of  course  the  Union  of  South  Africa. 
Now  the  Union  consisted  of  the  four  original  colonies.  You  will  re- 
member that  after  the  South-African  War,  lasting  from  1899  to  1902, 
there  was  that  most  extraordinary  settlement  of  it  all,  which  showed 
very  specially  the  magnanimity  with  which  England  treated  her  former 
enemies,  by  the  granting  to  them  of  an  absolutely  free  constitution,  so 
free,  in  fact,  as  you  know,  that  the  great  General  Smuts,  who  had  been 
one  of  the  most  strenuous  leaders  in  the  fight  against  the  English,  became 
the  united  leader  of  the  Dutch  and  English  Nationals  in  Africa.  We  have 
represented  there  in  Africa  both  nations,  though  the  Dutch  are  now  in 
actual  majority.  They  are  in  actual  majority  in  our  country  with  re- 
gard to  government  and  parliamentary  matters :  but.  nevertheless,  there 
is  complete  equality  in  regard  to  language,  education,  and  every  other 
particular. 

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The  total  area  of  the  country  is  possibly  ten  or  twelve  hundred  square 
miles,  or  it  might  be  twelve  hundred  miles  each  way ;  and,  as  regards 
white  population,  we  are  very  sparsely  populated,  as  you  people  count 
things  in  this  country.  We  have  an  average  white  population  of  one 
white  man  to  every  square  mile.  I  shouldn't  think  that  it  would  average 
more  than  that.  We  have  a  population  of  about  five  million  blacks. 
We  imagine,  though,  that  we  are  on  the  way  to  become  as  important  as 
some  of  the  great  nations  of  the  earth  and  that  we  may  take  our  place 
among  the  nations,  as  we  should.  It  may  take  us  some  little  time  to 
catch  up;  but  we  have  rather  a  high  opinion  of  our  destiny,  especially 
in  this  program  of  a  united  South  Africa. 

We  were  together  and  fighting  with  all  the  rest  of  you  in  this  last 
great  World  War.  In  view  of  our  difticulties,  and  our  national  troubles, 
and  the  divided  counsels  of  our  people,  I  think  that  probably  we  did  as 
well  as  most  of  the  other  nations  of  the  world.  In  Belleau  Wood,  which 
has  now  become  historic,  we  gave  of  the  very  flower  of  our  human  life, 
and  we  lost  a  very  large  proportion  of  the  boyhood  and  manhood  of  the 
country  in  that  great  war,  and  we  were  proud  to  have  our  chance  to 
stand  side  by  side  with  you  and  the  other  nations  of  the  earth  in  helping 
to  free  the  world. 

Now  in  connection  with  the  temperance  problem,  which  is  the  sub- 
ject w^hich  I  am  assigned  to  speak  upon, — the  temperance  problem  and 
liquor  reform.  Out  of  the  whole  population  there  of  white  people, 
about  one  and  one  half  millions  in  all,  we  have  possibly  three  or  four 
hundred  thousand  Dutch,  about  six  hundred  thousand  English,  and  of 
all  the  other  white  races,  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  or  two  hundred 
and  fifty  thousand.  Then,  too,  we  have  a  large  number  of  the  old  slave 
people.  These  people  form  a  large  percentage  of  our  population.  Then 
we  used  to  have  a  large  number  of  the  Hottentots  and  Bushmen,  but 
these  peoples  have  been  largely  wiped  out  and  stamped  out  by  drink  and 
vice,  and  to-day  you  can  find  no  pure  Hottentots.  In  their  place  we 
have  these  half-breed  people,  a  cross  between  a  European  and  a  Hotten- 
tot and  a  Bushman,  and  they  are  demoralized  and  debauched  and  be- 
sotted with  drink.  Then  there  are  the  real  natives,  one  of  the  most  pro- 
gressive races  on  earth,  and  an  offshoot  of  the  great  Bantu  tribe,  which 
attained  prominence  in  the  days  when  Chaka,  the  "Napoleon  of  South 
Africa"  came  through  that  region  and  conquered  or  subdued  the  other 
tribes  and  so  swept  onward  with  the  advance  of  the  black  races  that 
populated  the  Eastern  ])ortion  of  Africa.  They  are  a  most  interesting 
people.  And  these  people  constitute  a  majority  of  the  population.  It  is 
one  of  the  great  problems  of  the  country  what  we  are  going  to  do  about 
those  Bantus.  The  white  population  is  outnumbered  three  to  one  by  these 
natives.  Think  of  it — three  of  these  Bantus  to  one  white  person.  They  are 
not  a  decaying  people  ;  they  are  not  a  dying  race.  They  are  a  race  which 
is  increasing  in  much  larger  proportion  than  the  w'hite  races. 

You  can  imagine,  then,  the  difficulty  which  we  have  in  dealing  with 
any  social  problem  or  other  problem,  either,  for  the  reason  that  there  are 

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two  languages  both  on  an  equal  footing,  English  and  Dutch,  and  then, 
there  are  all  these  colored  people  who  speak  all  sorts  of  different  dialects. 
For  instance,  let  me  name  them  for  you.  First  there  are  these 
Bantus,  of  whom  I  told  you.  And  they  have  a  language  all  their  own. 
And  then  there  are  the  Kafirs,  and  the  Zulus,  and  the  Sulus,  and  half  a. 
dozen  other  diilerent  main  tribes,  speaking  half  a  dozen  different  dialects 
of  the  African.  And  so  you  see  that,  whatever  language  your  propa- 
ganda which  you  start  lo  carry  out  is  printed  in  originally,  it  has  to  be. 
translated  into  all  of  these  native  dialects.  You  have  to  carry  it  out  in 
all  of  these  various  languages,  and  you  have  to  do  it  in  widely  separated, 
areas.    Then,  of  course,  the  liquor  laws,  also,  give  us  some  difficulty. 

We  have  in  South  Africa  a  form  of  license  which  is  used  somewhat 
in  a  measure,  as  I  understand  it,  like  your  local  option,  and  in  fact,  that 
is  just  what  it  is.  But  this  is  just  more  or  less  of  a  dead  letter.  It  is 
one  of  those  laws  which  is  given  to  satisfy  a  temperance  reformer,  but 
which  is  so  murdered  and  mutilated  by  its  passage  in  the  committee  that 
it  is  practically  unworkable  and  not  very  valuable,  although  we  are  able 
to  do  a  little  with  it,  because  of  this  fact,  that  any  man  who  wants  a  new 
license  has  to  apply  to  the  burghers  for  it,  and  if  there  are  any  protests 
against  the  burgher's  granting  this  license,  he  is  not  given  another 
license,  and  that  is  just  what  we  often  do.  But,  of  course,  it  does  not 
avail  us  as  much  as  it  ordinarily  should,  with  a  real  good  law  operating 
in  this  connection,  because  a  fortnight's  notice — they  have  to  post  a 
notice — is  all  that  is  needed,  just  a  fortnight,  and  often  we  do  not  get 
this  information  on  time.  Then,  too,  there  is  another  drawback,  and 
that  is  their  persistence.  By  this  I  mean  that  while  you  may  defeat 
them  to-day,  within  six  months  or  a  year  they  will  just  as  likely  as  not 
come  on  again  and  try  for  a  license  again,  and  we  have  to  fight  it  all 
over  again.  However,  in  spite  of  that,  there  are  two  or  three  dry  places 
in  the  South-African  Union  where  the  fight  has  been  fought  by  the  tem- 
perance associations,  and  I  can  assure  you  we  are  making  the  most  of 
those. 

We  have  great  aims  along  the  line  of  temperance  reform  in  South 
Africa.  For  instance,  we  are  working  for  local  veto  and  for  a  direct 
vote  on  the  liquor  question.  And  right  here,  let  me  say  the  further 
difficulty  is  the  fact  that  the  particular  section  of  the  country  in  which 
we  live  is  a  wine-producing  country.  In  the  old  days  when  the  Huguenot 
refugees  came  to  Africa,  to  this  beautiful  little  country  beside  the  sea, 
they  brought  with  them  many  beautiful  and  helpful  articles  and  ideas, 
but  they  also  brought  with  them  wine,  which  has  been  making  Africa,  in 
this  particular  section,  more  than  ever  a  beautiful  country,  but  which  has 
also  besotted  the  natives  with  strong  drink.  These  are  all  of  them  very 
good  people  here,  and  honest  people,  lovable  peo])le,  but  they  do  make 
wines — and  the  wines  which  they  produce,  some  of  them,  are  most  excel- 
lent, and  are  world-famous. 

But.  according  to  the  statement  of  some  of  their  own  experts.  75  per 
cent  of  that  wine,  which  is  produced  in  that  country,  is  destined  for  the 

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canteens  of  the  country  to  be  sold  cheaply,  and  for  a  very  low  class  trade 
One  of  their  wines,  a  brand  which  is  distilled  from  South-African  wine, 
is  so  outrageous  in  the  proportion  of  alcohol  that  it  has  been  worked 
down  to  half  and  half ;  and  the  expert  says  that  they  have  been  using 
certain  essences  to  give  it  a  flavor,  and  certain  coloring  matter  which 
is  utterly  foreign  to  the  juice  of  the  grape  to  give  it  the  appearance  of 
wine.  And  this  expert  further  states  that  by  the  time  the  wine  reaches  the 
consumer,  it  is  a  very  much  adulterated  specimen  of  the  legitimate  product 
which  was  sold  to  the  natives  for  their  demoralization,  and  it  is  so  out- 
rageously adulterated  that  it  goes  by  the  name  of  patsiiioiikha,  which  is 
about  as  deadly  a  poison  as  you  can  possibly  imagine. 

The  natives  are  theoretically  under  Prohibition,  to  a  certain  limited 
extent.  In  1896  the  Ennes  Liquor  Act  was  brought  into  the  Parliament, 
which  would  have  brought  Prohibition  to  us  in  Africa;  but  once  again, 
as  I  said  before,  the  Act  was  so  destroyed  and  mutilated  in  committee 
that  it  was  not  of  any  real  effect  or  force.  A  native,  under  the  meaning 
of  the  Act  is  able  to  obtain  a  license,  and  what  is  to  prevent  that  native 
doling  out  this  liquor  among  perhaps  half  a  dozen,  or  maybe  half  a 
hundred,  native  friends  of  his,  and  these,  in  turn,  doing  the  same  for  their 
friends.  So  the  illicit  traffic,  you  see,  becomes  a  problem  of  great  magni- 
tude, and,  further  than  that,  it  is  not  actual  Prohibition. 

The  licensing  court  has  a  right  to  limit,  and  the  right  to  pass  restric- 
tions is  discretionary  with  the  court,  with  the  result  that  this  doesn't  do 
very  much  for  the  promotion  of  Prohibition.  I'here  is  practical  Prohibi- 
tion in  the  native  preserves,  but  even  then,  right  there,  in  those  native 
preserves  we  have  this  problem  of  kafir  beer.  The  natives  produce  their 
own  beer,  supposed  by  them  to  be  quite  a  food,  but  it  is  about  as  strong 
as  you  can  get,  and  the  Government  permits  them  to  make  it.  The 
magistrates  have  sent  in  statistics  from  che  different  regions  stating  that 
this  beer  is  responsible  for  the  demora.izing  and  degradation  of  these 
people-  In  the  Transvaal,  where  the  gold-mines  are,  they  have  "abso- 
lute" Prohibition,  on  a  theory  that  they  allow  a  certain  amount  of  this 
kafir  beer  to  every  workman  every  day,  as  part  of  his  rations,  the  same 
as  your  tea  or  coffee.  The  same  government  which  prohibits  the  sale 
of  liquor  transports  this  same  awful  brandy,  of  which  I  have  just  spoken 
to  you,  at  a  very  low  rate.  It  is  carried  in  there  probably  for  the  con- 
sumption of  the  white  races,  and;  as  I  just  mentioned,  there  is  a  special 
reduced  rate  of  tariff  to  encourage  the  wine  farmers.  Liquor  is  in  the 
free  class ;  and  the  whites  and  natives  both  are  consuming  this  in  such 
great  quantities  that  the  whole  population  of  the  country,  at  last,  has 
been  aroused  to  do  something  to  meet  this  evil  of  liquor  traffic. 

Possiblv  some  of  you  experts  on  this  question  have  heard  of  the 
famous  Roth  proposals.  They  were  proposals  to  cure  the  natives  of  this 
drinking  habit  by  providing  them  absolutely  free  with  supplies  of  light 
beer  and  wine,  of  possibly  10  or  12  per  cent  and  the  natives  were  to  be 
exploited  under  the  auspices  of  the  Government,  and  these  supplies  were 
to   be   controlled   by   these   nationalized    canteens    for    beer   and    wine. 

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Europeans  as  well  as  natives  liked  the  proposal ;  and  I  will  say  that  those 
proposals  have  done  much  for  the  temperance  cause,  from  one  end  of 
the  country  to  the  other,  becau.se  temperance  sentiment  has  been  aroused,, 
and  Prohibition  has  practically  got  a  foothold  in  a  great  many  towns. 
Prohibition  as  a  practical  issue  has  come  definitely  for  the  people  to 
decide  upon,  and  there  are  many  encouraging  things  brought  to  our 
attention  to-day. 

Our  liquor  men  are  i ejecting  the  statements  of  the  temperance  people 
on  these  questions,  but  recently  some  figures  have  been  issued  from  prac- 
tically every  circuit  court  in  the  Union  to  the  effect  that  most  of  the 
crime  that  they  had  had  to  deal  with  in  those  courts  had  been  directly 
applicable  to  drink.  W'e  have  had  reports,  showing  the  conditions, 
printed  during  the  past  few  years ;  and  now  the  licensing  courts,  instead 
of  treating  us  as  a  gang  of  lunatics  and  fanatics,  or  worse,  are  listening 
to  the  arguments  of  those  who  are  familiar  with  the  conditions,  and  are 
interested  in  obtaining  Prohibition  throughout  the  nation.  In  Cape 
Town,  whenever  the  Australian  troops  were  there  (and  I  suppose  they 
picked  out  Cape  Town  because  that  was  where  the  Australian  troops 
landed),  all  the  bars  and  saloons  were  closed  during  their  stay,  with 
the  natural  result,  of  course,  that  there  was  a  very  bitter  howl  from  the 
liquor  people.  The  latter  tried  to  get  us  to  allow  them  to  stay  open,  but,, 
needless  to  say,  the  burghers  did  not  grant  this  request  of  the  saloon- 
keepers; and  the  result  of  the  experiment  was  simply  marvelous  in  its 
eft'ect  upon  the  condition  of  aft'airs  in  town  and  with  the  soldiers.  Week 
after  week  there  wouldn't  be  any  trouble  on  the  streets  at  all. 

Then  the  effect  of  the  experiment  of  Prohibition  in  the  native  reserva- 
tion in  and  about  Cape  Town,  where  there  is  a  native  preserve  district, 
is  beginning  to  be  realized  by  simple  statistics.  For  instance,  in  many 
districts  where  this  liquor  is  freely  sold  by  the  natives,  the  death-rate  is 
one  for  everv  nineteen,  and  in  some  districts  even  worse,  possibly  one 
for  every  fifteen,  or  one  for  every  fourteen.  Then  in  a  total  Prohibition 
area,  where  no  liquor  is  allowed  to  be  sold  to  the  natives,  the  death-rate 
is  only  one  in  every  3.500.  Of  course,  conditions  are  different  in  diff'er- 
ent  places,  but  the  experiment  is  being  attended  with  wonderful  success. 

The  Dutch  Reform  Church,  which  has  been  backing  up  the  liquor 
traffic,  as  it  is  largely  sup])ortcd  by  the  wine  district,  has  at  list  decided 
to  come  on  over  and  fight  for  reform,  because  recently,  in  their  great 
synod,  they  not  only  absolutely  turned  down  the  proposition  of  the  can- 
teens, but  also  had  a  strong  debate  on  the  Prohibition  question,  and  after 
considerable  discussion  a  vote  was  taken.  Prohibition  lost  because  there 
were  100  votes  in  the  synod  for  Prohibition,  and  154  against.  W'e  hope 
that  the  next  time  there  will  be  154  in  favor  of  it.  or,  if  possible,  better 
still,  254,  which  is  the  number  of  their  delegates. 

The  Anglican  and  all  other  Evangelical  churches  are  declaring  for 
this  great  reform,  but  it  is  impracticable  at  present,  because  of  the  oppo- 

221 


-sition  which  we  are  receiving  from  the  fact  that  a  great  many  influential 
^rape-growers  are  interested  in  the  grape  industry. 

We  have  in  draft,  to  bring  before  the  legislature,  a  bill  which  will 
bring  us  direct  vote  on  the  question  to  put  before  the  people,  and  we 
ourselves,  smiled  at  our  efforts  in  committee  as  being  very  impracticable ; 
nevertheless,  while  we  were  smiling  at  our  own  w-eaknesses,  the  liquor 
people  became  frightened,  and  are  preparing  to  launch  a  great  campaign 
to  tight  against  that  measure,  which  we  don't  even  intend  to  bring  for- 
ward. They  are  afraid  of  us,  they  are  afraid  of  America,  they  are 
afraid  of  every  one.  When  Harry  Lauder  came  over  to  our  African 
territory  he  was  accused  of  being  a  secret  agent  of  the  Anti-Saloon 
League  of  America,  because  he  made  some  kind  of  a  little  remark,  in 
•one  of  his  songs  or  jokes,  against  alcoholism.  So  we  put  the  reporter  on 
an  assignment  to  go  over  to  his  hotel  and  interview  him,  and  as  a  matter 
of  fact  he  did  find  Harry  Lauder  in  favor  of  Prohibition;  but  the  next 
■day,  about,  these  liquor-dealers  took  him  for  a  little  dinner,  to  find  out 
his  views  on  the  question,  and  he  was  practically  compelled  to  eat  his 
words,  althought  he  did  not  entirely  retract  them,  and  positively  refused 
to  do  so.  He  had.  however,  to  make  it  a  little  smooth,  for  fear  they 
would  boycott  all  his  shows.  He  allowed  that  what  he  said  was  true, 
but  that  they  did  not  understand  it  the  way  he  meant  it.  All  the  same 
they  are  really  afraid.  They  are  talking  about  your  sending  over  secret 
agents  for  your  people,  and  they  say  there  are  a  lot  of  secret  advance 
agents  coming  over  from  America,  from  the  Anti-Saloon  League,  to 
South  Africa  to  get  things  started  up ;  and  they  are  warning  the  people 
to  organize  and  stand  together,  as  otherwise  they  may  be  caught  in  the 
same  kind  of  a  trap  as  they  were  in  America,  by  the  mistake  of  under- 
estimating the  strength  of  their  foe.  They  say :  "We  must  fight  and 
fight  together  or  we  will  go  under,  as  our  brother  bartenders  have  in 
America." 

\\'e  have  not  won  the  fight  yet.  They  are  already  organizing,  and 
they  are  powerful  rivals,  and  there  is  grave  danger  of  their  becoming  so 
consolidated  that  we  will  be  unable  to  meet  them  on  equal  terms ;  and 
that  is  why  we  should  look  out  and  choose  our  course  carefully.  All 
temperance  people  in  Africa  are  looking  upon  your  great  nation  as  an 
inspiration  to  success  in  this  fight  which  we  have  before  us.  The  South- 
African  fight  is  aiming  to  coordinate  all  temperance  societies,  including 
the  Good  Templars  and  other  organizations,  and  we  are  going  to  have  a 
powerful  organization,  if  we  earn,-  out  our  program  with  the  executive 
talent  which  we  have  now  in  our  organization. 

\\"e  are  going  to  make  our  work  felt,  but  we  are  also  going  to  need  a 
lot  of  help.  For  instance,  my  friends,  funds  are  very  greatly  lacking,  and 
we  haven't  people  out  there  in  the  field  who  are  ready  and  suitable  for 
this  work,  and  we  have  got  to  train  them.  We  intend  to  do  something 
this  next  year  which  will  be  a  beginning  in  this  work.  We  want  you  to 
send  over  experts  to  look  into  the  matters  there,  and  to  give  us  true  in- 
formation so  that  we  can  spread  it  through  Africa.     We  are  tired  of 

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hearing  these  tales,  whining  about  the  evils  of  Prohibition.  Why,  we 
can  even  give  you  points  about  Kansas  right  here  in  your  own  country. 
According  to  them,  right  over  here  in  your  own  country  the  death-rate 
and  sickness  and  poverty  are  worse  than  they  were  under  the  liquor 
monarchy.  Finally  the}-  commenced  to  spread  this  stull  around  so  ener- 
getically that  we  looked  into  this  matter,  and  we  found  out  very  shortly 
that  someone  had  got  some  figures  about  35  or  40  years  old  and  brought 
them  over  to  Africa  and  offered  them  as  evidence  against  Prohibition. 
The  idea  of  taking  a  State  that  had  Prohibition  for  all  these  years  and 
years  and  then  saying  that  Prohibition  was  responsible  for  this !  1  hey 
think  that  by  this  means  they  can  show  just  how^  it  works.  Then  they 
tell  us  that  there  is  a  great  exodus  of  tramps  and  out-of-works,  down- 
and-outs,  out  of  the  country.  I  don't  know  where  they  got  the  money 
for  their  fares,  considering  the  rates  the  shipping  companies  are  charging 
at  the  present  time.  W'e  will  be  more  and  more  able  to  fight  these  lies 
when  we  are  able  to  show  that  we  are  giving  them  true  facts  and  w'hen 
you  let  us  know  the  true  facts,  to  guide  us  in  giving  the  eflfect  that  we 
are  so  anxious  to  obtain,  and  which  we  anticipate  to  obtain. 

But,  above  all,  we  w^ant  you  to  make  good  yourselves,  because  we  are 
supporting  what  you  have  done  with  great  hopes  and  can  see  a  great 
outlook  ahead;  and,  therefore,  we  want  you  to  justify  our  boasts,  and 
help  us  put  to  flight  all  these  evil  enemies  who  are  parading  up  and  down 
the  line.  And  we  shall  take  great  pride  in  the  messages  that  you  send 
over  to  the  world  on  the  other  side,  that  no  one  may  dispute  or  discredit 
them.  Anything  that  you  have  done  in  this  Prohibition  movement  is 
interesting  to  us.  because  your  getting  actual  Prohibition,  in  our  opinion. 
is  most  wonderful — the  most  wonderful  thing  that  has  ever  happened  to 
any  nation — and  therefore,  as  I  say,  we  look  to  you  to  make  good  and 
carry  out  your  message  into  all  the  world.  We  look  to  you  to  come  and 
help  us  with  the  same  result.  I  read  the  other  day  about  a  chaplain, 
encouraging  his  men,  w^ho  were  digging  the  trenches,  or  fighting,  or 
something  of  that  kind,  and  as  they  came  out  of  the  trenches,  he  said  to 
them :  "That  is  all  right,  my  men ;  cheer  up.  you  are  helping  us  build  the 
new  world."  One  of  the  men  said  to  him,  in  reply:  "No.  padre,  you  are 
wrong  this  time.  That  isn't  our  job.  We  are  scrapping  the  old  world. 
We  have  torn  it  up,  blasted  it  out.  and  now  it  is  yours  to  build  it  up 
again."  And  that  is  what  we  are  doing.  It  is  going  to  take  some 
Herculean  efforts. 

I  have  heard  a  little  story  recently  of  an  old-fashioned  revival  and 
Methodist  prayer-meeting  in  Cornwall,  and  you  know  how  a  Methodist  is 
in  a  prayer-meeting.  When  they  get  nicely  aroused,  a  Methodist  prayer- 
meeting  isn't  a  Quaker  affair  by  any  means.  This  affair  was  progressing 
very  nicely  at  Cornwall,  and  just  as  the  roof  was  about  to  come  off,  and 
everybody  was  right  at  the  height  of  joy.  a  very  thoughtful,  solemn, 
conscientious,  Presbyterian  deacon  came  along,  and  he  heard  the  racket 
and  decided  he  would  go  in  and  see  what  was  the  matter.     He  said  to 

223 


them,  "brethren,  this  is  unseemly;  you  ought  to  have  more  reverence." 
Everybody  looked  round  at  him,  to  see  what  was  the  matter.  "You 
know  that  even  in  the  building  of  the  sacred  temple  at  Jerusalem,  there 
was  not  so  much  as  the  sound  of  a  hammer  heard  in  all  the  building  of 
that  mighty  temple."  Then  one  of  those  old  Cornishmen  said  to  him, 
"Air.,  we  bean't  a-building  no  temple,  w^e'm  a-blasting  o'  th'  rocks  for 
religion  to  be  built  on."  And  that  is  the  way  with  us.  We  haven't  got 
to  the  stage,  yet,  of  building  the  temple,  but  we  will  be  there  soon  enough. 
But  we  have  got  some  rocks  to  fire  loose,  and  we  need  some  of  the  dyna- 
mite that  you  use,  or,  better  than  that,  you  might  bring  or  send  us  over 
some  of  your  staple  brand  of  TNT  that  has  won  your  fight  over  here, 
and  especially  some  like  the  Kramer  brand  we  heard  about  this  afternoon. 
We  haven't  done  much,  and  our  fight  is  still  unfought,  but  we  are  going 
into  the  battle  very  soon  and  we  think  we  will  win.  But  we  do  believe 
that  you  people  are  going  to  help  us,  and  tonight  I  carry  the  message  to 
you  from  South  Africa  that  we  are  going  to  have  Prohibition,  that  we 
are  depending  upon  you,  and  that  you  are  eventually  going  to  carry  Pro- 
hibition to  all  the  great  countries  of  the  world. 

There  is  nothing  that  has  impressed  me  more  than  that  pageant  the 
other  night.  And  the  most  impressive  part  of  that  was  the  good-will 
that  you  showed  towards  all  the  nations  of  the  world,  and  that  was  right 
after  we  had  seen,  that  afternoon,  all  those  posters  about  the  hatred  of 
England.  That  night  is  a  memorable  one  in  my  life.  The  nations  came 
and  came  and  came,  and  you  welcomed  them  all,  and  you  received  them 
all,  and  then  you  became  involved  in  war  and  you  were  seen  fighting  with 
the  nations,  side  by  side,  hand  in  hand,  in  a  just  cause,  with  all  those 
nations.  It  is  your  destiny,  sometime,  to  stand  shoulder  to  shoulder  with 
the  great  leaders  of  the  world  and  solve  the  problems  for  the  whole 
world,  and  you  are  to  march  shoulder  to  shoulder  in  the  van  of  the  fight 
with  the  leaders  in  that  fight.  You  may  be  the  greatest  nation  on  earth, 
but  nevertheless,  all  will  be  useless  unless  you  are  the  leader  of  all 
nations.    You  should  join  in  the  fight. 

Clouds   are    still    hovering   around, 
The  night  has  been  dreary  and  chill, 
But  we  soon  will  see  the  sunlight 
Above  the  distant  hill. 

And  we  want  you  to  help  us  bring  in  the  sunlight. 

The  chairman  :  We  have  a  great  treat  in  store  for  you,  for 
everybody  is  interested  in  what  Dr.  Stephen  S.  Wise  has  to  say  about 
Prohibition.  I  am  sure  he  has  a  great  many  things  to  say  to  you,  and  I 
know  that  he  has  a  message  of  encouragement  and  hope  in  the  great 
fight  against  alcoholism.  I  now  take  great  pleasure  in  introducing  to 
you  Rabbi  Stephen  S.  Wise. 

224 


JUDAISM  IN  AMERICA  IN  THE  MOVEMENT  AGAINST 

ALCOHOL 

By  rabbi  STEPHEX  S.  WISE 

OF   NEW   YORK   CITY 

Mr.  Chairman,  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen:  I  am  another  of  the  secret 
agents  of  the  Anti-Saloon  League,  although  I  am  afraid  I  don't  measure 
up  to  some  of  the  requirements,  because  I  think  I  will  find  it  rather 
difficult  to  remain  secret  very  long,  as  it  is  very  hard  to  be  unobserved 
and  unnoticed — partly  due  to  what  Americans  might  call  the  "amplitud- 
ity"  of  my  physical  bulk.  Now  the  rocks  have  been  blasted,  as  Dr.  Cook 
says,  I  suppose  it  is  not  fitting  that  a  Jew  should  be  called  upon  to  build 
the  temple.  But  I  will  tell  you  one  thing,  friends,  I  wouldn't  undertake 
to  go  to  any  country  unless  I  had  a  free  hand  at  hammering  and  pounding, 
at  hammering  and  smashing  the  things  that  ought  to  be  hammered  and 
need  to  be  smashed. 

Mr.  Chairman.  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen:  After  a  few  moments,  just 
as  soon  as  I  have  the  grace  to  sit  down,  you  will  listen  to  a  man  who 
nearly  ten  years  ago  helped  me  to  see  that  there  were  few  causes  before 
the  world  to  which  it  was  more  worth  while  that  a  man  should  give  his 
time  and  strength  and  devotion  than  was  this  cause  of  Prohibition,  which 
he  has  so  finely  served  for  decades  past.  As  I  say,  after  a  moment  you 
are  to  hear  a  man  who  has  come  to  America  with  a  great  message,  a  man 
who  has  prepared  the  way  in  his  country  and  in  other  countries  for  ex- 
tending over  the  whole  world  a  knowledge  of  the  significance  of  the 
problem  of  alcoholism. 

You  and  I  and  Brother  Dinwiddie  are  merely  investigators  from  a 
scientific  point  of  view ;  but  Dr.  Saleeby  is  a  great  scholar,  one  of  the 
leaders  in  the  great  eugenic  crusade  of  the  world  today.  Saleeby  is  a 
man  who,  years  ago,  helped  me  to  see  that  if  there  was  no  other  reason 
on  earth  for  fighting  on  behalf  of  the  abolition  of  the  liquor  evil,  it  was 
to  be  found  in  that  we  had  helped  to  discover,  or  in  any  event,  confirm, 
certain  facts,  namely ;  that  alcohol  was  one  of  the  few  race  poisons,  ex- 
terminating completely  whole  races  from  the  globe,  and  was  not  only 
poisoning  the  race,  but  through  the  young  women  of  the  world  learning 
to  drink  it,  it  was  engaged  in  a  devilish,  diabolical  work,  that  of  blasting 
the  lives  of  a  sreneration  vet  to  be  born.  And  then  I  had  to  stand  out 
for  it.  and  I  did  stand  out  for  it  right  up  until  the  day  the  law  became 
a  part  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  of  America.  T  had  to 
stand  out.  I  had  to  stand  out  because  I  am  a  Jew.  and  because  T  am  a 
Jew  T  hold  all  life  to  be  precious.  Because  I  am  a  Tew  T  hr<d  the  life  of 
a  child  to  be  sacred,  and  the  life  of  a  child  is  too  good  and  too  sweet  and 
holy  to  be  blasted  before  the  child  is  born,  and  for  all  its  life,  for  the  sake 
of  alcohol. 

Now  I  want  to  make  clear  to  you  one  or  two  points  of  the  attitude  of 
my  people — of  the  Jews  of  America  and  of  other  lands — toward  the 
liquor  problem,  and  T  say  liquor  frnhlcm,  which  I  should  not  have  done, 

22.^ 


because,  thank  God !  there  is  no  hquor  problem,  and  there  will  be  no 
liquor  problem  in  America  ever  again.  I  had  occasion  to  say  a  few 
months  ago  that  the  facts  that  interested  me  and  struck  me  as  surprising 
were  the  statements  of  a  few  gentlemen,  reputedly  respectable,  but  just 
the  same  utterly  lawless,  w^henever  it  suits  their  physical  appetites  to  be 
lawless,  who  have  decided  that  there  are  going  to  be  half  a  dozen  or  so 
places,  now  that  liquor  is  gone,  where  they  can  still  gratify  their  appe- 
tites. Liquor  is  gone  though,  and  it  is  gone  forever;  and  I  will  venture 
to  prophesy  tonight  that  liquor  is  gone  forever  from  America.  Now  we 
have  the  law  and  we  have  the  prophets.  And  I  will  again  venture  to  say 
and  to  prophesy  tonight  that  the  liquor  question  wdll  never  be  opened  in 
America  again.  O,  yes,  there  will  be  a  voice  raised  on  behalf  of  repro- 
ducing this  curse  of  America,  alcohol;  but  I  don't  believe  that  any  group 
in  America  is  going  to  get  anywhere  in  this  sort  of  endeavor,  although 
they  may  try  hard  enough  to  get  a  modification  of  the  regulation  in  the 
American  Republic.  I  used  the  term  "liquor  problem"  and  I  apologize, 
I  am  sorry  for  them.  I  am  willing  to  send  you  a  few'  specimens  of  these 
people  from  the  clubs  of  Washington  and  New  York  and  some  of  their 
other  questionable  societies,  and  they  can  bear  mute  witness,  these  wrecks 
from  New  York,  as  to  the  poisonous  effect  of  liquor  upon  men.  I  am 
going  to  let  you  take  some  specimens  and  take  them  right  along  with  you 
to  Africa  out  of  some  of  the  questionable  clubs  that  they  frequent,  and 
you  are  perfectly  welcome  to  them  from  this  city  and  from  my  city.  Take 
them  and  be  sure  that  they  are  with  you,  but  dont  let  them  come  back. 
These  gentlemen,  as  I  said,  raise  their  own  unholy  hands  in  unholy  horror 
of  anything  that  punishes  the  violation  of  the  law  by  these  society  men. 
As  I  view  it,  there  is  but  little  difference  between  a  poor  devil  gone  mad 
over  what  he  believes  to  be  the  injustice  of  the  social  order,  or  an 
educated  fool,  or  a  well-bred  fool,  or  a  rich  fool,  who  is  prepared  to 
annul  and  violate  the  laws  of  the  United  States  in  order  that  he  may 
have  liquor.  I  say  to  you  one  of  the  ways  to  free  America  of  anarchy 
of  every  kind  is  to  serve  notice  upon  the  gentlemen  who  are  unwilling 
to  free  themselves  of  the  unhappy  habits  of  a  lifetime,  that  liquor  has 
got  to  go,  and  they  can't  have  it  back. 

Personally  I  would  like  to  see  every  gallon  of  liquor  in  America 
destroyed  tonight,  if  it  could  be  done. 

Now.  to  come  back  to  the  question  of  what  is  the  attitude  of  the  Jew 
toward  the  problems  (what  were  the  problems  up  to  some  years  ago)  and 
what  is  now  the  problem  down  in  South  Africa,  and  in  the  other  benighted 
parts  of  the  -English-speaking  world.  This  is  true  of  alcoholism,  which, 
as  I  say,  can  never  again  assume  the  dimensions  of  a  national  problem 
among  the  civilized  people  of  the  world,  although  it  may  assume  the 
proportions  in  other  parts  of  the  world.  It  never  did  affect  us  as  Jews 
as  much  as  it  did  the  other  people  in  the  world  anyway,  for  the  reason 
that  the  Jews  have  always  been,  and  when  I  say  always,  of  course  there 
are  exceptions,  but  nothing  like  numerous  exceptions — Jews  have  been 

226 


temperate,  or  rather  moderate,  hardly  temperate,  in  the  use  of  strong 
drink. 

I  think  that  Dr.  Saleeby,  if  he  could  dwell  upon  it  for  a  moment,  would 
be  able  to  bear  out  the  fact  that  there  are  few  Jewish  drunkards.  A 
Jewish  drunkard  is  a  rare  spectacle,  let  me  say  to  you.  You  know  I 
have  been  in  the  ministry  for  tvventy-five  years,  and  I  have  served  three 
congregations  during  that  time,  and  two  of  them  very  large  and  im- 
portant ones.  In  the  twenty-five  years  of  my  ministry,  in  Oregon  and 
in  New  York,  I  have  never  known  of  a  drunkard  in  any  family  in  those 
three  congregations.  I  don't  say  that  there  were  none.  There  may 
have  been  some  people  who  overindulged  in  drink,  but  I  can  not  say 
that  I  have  ever  known,  or  remember,  a  drunkard  among  the  Jewish 
congregations  to  which  I  ministered ;  and  so  you  can  see  why  the  Jews 
weren't  very  much  affected  by  this  problem  of  Prohibition.  I  didn't 
mention  that  in  order  to  solicit  your  approval,  but  just  to  let  you  know 
why  it  was  a  little  bit  hard  to  set  the  Jews  thinking  in  the  matter  of  the 
fight  against  liquor.  And  then  there  is  another  thing :  as  a  people,  it  has 
not  been  one  of  our  national  vices;  for  intemperance,  in  the  use  of  the 
term  in  which  we  naturally  accept  it,  as  far  as  I  know  it,  has  not  been 
a  failing  of  the  Jewish  nation. 

We  have  our  share  of  human  failings  and  weaknesses,  wherein  we  are 
just  like  Christians,  and  Presbyterians,  and  Episcopalians.  Drunken- 
ness has  never  been,  so  far  as  I  know,  a  vice  among  Jews,  therefore 
it  wasn't  an  easy  thing  to  stir  Jews  up  about  the  whole  problem;  and 
I  suppose  Jews  were  just  as  free  to  choose  sides  as  all  other  people 
were  to  choose  sides  up  to  a  few  years  ago.  It  seems  to  me  that  about 
ten  years  ago  there  came  over  America  and  the  American  people  whose 
minds  were  unbesotted  an  understanding  of  what  the  problem  in  its 
range  and  its  breadth  means.  The  investigators — such  men  as  the 
chief  speaker  of  the  night  here — have  helped  many  of  us  in  coming  to 
our  decision.    Just  such  scientists  as  Dr.  Saleeby,  for  instance. 

Within  a  few  years  ago  I  began  to  speak  to  my  people,  as  other 
men  in  the  Jewish  faith  did,  about  the  evil  effect  of  alcohol  or  alcoholism. 
We  got  an  immediate  reply.  You  know  this  much  about  Jews.  You 
know  how  we  care  about  life.  We  hold  life  to  be  sacred ;  we  consider 
life  precious  and  sacred,  because  it  is  the  gift  of  God  to  man;  and  when 
we  came  to  understand  that  alcoholism  was  undermining  the  life  of  the 
future  and  maiming  the  life  of  the  present,  we  had  no  choice.  No 
choice  was  left  us.  We  went  into  the  cause  of  ProhilMtion.  and  I  want 
to  say  to  you  that  I  believe  I  represent  the  conscience  of  the  Jewish 
people.  I  am  satisfied  to-day  in  saying  to  you,  positively,  that  I  don't 
believe  that  any  decent  Jew  in  America  wants  liquor  brought  back  to 
our  land.  And  if  you  happen  to  know  any  Jews  who  do  want  it  liack — 
refer  them  to  me  and  let  me  tell  them  what  I  think  of  them,  and  I  promise 
to  do  it  in  the  frankest  and  most  unblushing  terms. 

We  have  to  stand  in  America  against  alcoholism ;  we  have  to  stand 
against  alcoholism  for  another  reason ;  and  T  do  not  go  as  far  as  some 

227 


of  you  have  gone  in  other  days,  namely,  that  alcoholism  is  the  chief 
begetter  of  poverty.  I  don't  believe  that.  I  think  that  it  is  just  as  true 
that  povert}-  breeds  alcoholism,  as  that  alcoholism  breeds  poverty.  I 
think  poverty  and  alcoholism  are  inexplicably  bound  up  in  each  other. 
They  move  in  a  vicious  circle.  They  go  together,  and  they  will  stay 
together,  and  I  don't  believe  I  know  of  any  instance  in  which  liquor  has 
helped  perpetuate  povert)'  in  the  world.  I  can  not  say  whether  it  causes 
povert}'  or  not.  I  can  not  say  even,  whether  poverty  begets  alcoholism. 
I  know  that  the  human  race  will  never  make  a  wise  determination  toward 
getting  rid  of  the  crime  of  poverty  until  the  human  race  has  given  up  the 
opiate  of  liquor,  so  as  to  make  poverty  impossible.  I  want  men's  minds 
to  be  free.  I  want  men  to  be  able  to  think  clearly,  and  to  think  strongly ; 
and  then  they  can  address  themselves  to  the  problem  with  wisdom,  sanity, 
and  good  judgment.  There  will  be  no  wise  or  sane  or  just  solution  of 
am-  of  our  social  problems  which  confront  the  human  race  to-day  until 
liquor  goes  out  of  all  lands. 

Xow  before  I  close  I  must  say  this  to  you.  While  the  religion  of 
Israel  permitted  the  use  of  alcohol,  please  remember  that  injunction  after 
injunction  was  spoken  against  the  overmuch  use  of  strong  drink.  A 
rabbi  said  nearh-  tsvo  thousand  years  ago  that  the  word  "wine"  and  the 
word  "grief"  were  rooted  in  the  same  Hebrew  word,  and  are  based  on 
.this  same  Hebrew  root.  The  Jews  will  also  know,  many  of  them,  and 
in  fact  anybody  who  has  studied  the  German  language,  a  fact  which  I 
had  stated  to  me,  not  so  very  long  ago,  by  a  learned  scholar,  a  German, 
that  the  German  words  "Wein''  and  "Weinende."  that  is.  wine  and  wail- 
ing, were  based  on  the  same  word  in  German  and  go  back  to  the  same 
root.  And  again,  again,  and  again,  the  Rabbis  inveigh  against  the  use 
of  strong  drink.  They  said,  for  example,  that  the  use  of  strong  drink 
leads  to  every  sin  and  every  act  of  uncleanness. 

Of  course,  associating  wine  with  religion,  I  will  admit  that  we  do 
use  wine  in  the  church  at  our  Passover  festivals ;  but  I  think  that  it 
is  the  most  important  thing  that  I  can  say  to  you  to-night  that  it  won't 
be  many  years,  I  think  it  will  be  less  than  ten,  before  the  Jews  of 
America  will  ask  for  no  privileges  in  regard  to  wine,  even  for  sacramental 
purposes,  because  some  of  the  Jewish  people  are  beginning  to  realize 
that  we  are  going  to  show  all  the  Jews  that  the  unfermented  juice  of  the 
grape  answers  just  as  well  for  the  Passover  as  the  fermented  juice  of 
the  grape ;  when  the  Jews  of  America  will  say,  "We  want  no  more 
special  privileges  in  regard  to  this  than  in  regard  to  any  other  law  of 
the  land ;  we  are  citizens  of  America ;  we  are  Americans ;  and  we  are 
sers'ants  of  America  as  well  as  citizens ;  and  we  are  lovers  of  America." 
If  this  thing  is  good  for  the  people,  we  want  it  for  every  one  in  the 
population.      So  much  for  the  Jews'  attitude. 

As  a  teacher  of  religion,  ladies  and  gentlemen,  don't  be  disturbed 
about  all  this  outcry  about  the  difficulty  in  enforcing  Prohibition.  Re- 
member first,  that  this  is  a  period  of  transition.  After  those  people  who 
all  their  lives  have  used  liquor  manage  to  get  themselves  accommodated 

228 


to  the  new  order  of  living,  things  will  run  smoothly  again.  And  let 
us  not  be  disturbed  by  this  exaggeration  of  reports  to  the  effect  that 
it  is  impossible  now  to  bring  about  the  enforcement  of  Prohibition.  There 
may  be  some  men  who  somehow  are  going  to  get  liquor.  Of  course  the 
Eighteenth  Amendment  can't  be  enforced  to  this  extent  that  there  won't 
be  any  liquor  in  the  country.  I  believe  that  even  the  Ten  Command- 
ments are  not  enforced,  even  in  the  Christian  world  to-day ;  but  we  have 
not  decided  that  therefore  we  are  going  to  weaken  or  modify  those  laws. 
We  do  not  say,  for  instance,  "Thovi  shalt  not  steal,  unless  what  thou 
stealest  is  no  more  than  5  per  cent  of  the  value  of  what  tliy  neighbor 
has,"  or,  "Thou  shalt  not  kill ;  but  if  it  is  enormously  important  that 
thou  shouldst  kill,  and  if  there  are  enormous  profits  to  be  gotten  out  of 
the  killing,  that  is  another  matter."  We  do  not  say  that.  And  that  is 
the  way  with  the  Prohibition  law.  If  you  respect  this  law  it  will  not  be 
repealed.  It  will  be  repealed,  however,  if  you  will  suffer  yourself  to 
be  frightened  and  bullied  into  yielding.  Because  they  are  going  to  make 
a  loud  noise  and  a  lot  of  it.  They  always  do  make  a  loud  noise.  And 
they  are  going  to  say  this  thing  can  not  be  enforced.  I  think  that  I  have 
had  the  privilege  of  addressing  as  many  audiences,  as  many  men  as  any 
man  in  America ;  but,  of  course,  they  haven't  been  so  big  as  this  one, 
very  often  limited  to  two  or  three.  I  rarely  address  a  meeting  as  large 
as  this  one,  but,  nevertheless,  I  have  been  through  America  from  east 
to  west,  and  from  north  to  south,  in  the  last  year ;  and  I  must  state  to 
you,  now.  that  I  haven't  met  with  a  single  sober  person  in  America  who 
would  repeal  the  Enghteenth  Amendment.  I  have  had  talks  with  hun- 
dreds and  hundreds  of  men  and  they  say,  "Oh,  yes,  we  used  to  take 
liquor ;  we  used  it  in  the  past ;  but  we  never  want  liquor  to  come  back  to 
America." 

Don't  be  afraid  of  the  hue  and  cry  raised  by  the  gentlemen  with  whose 
precious  habits  we  have  interfered.  Personally  I  want  to  say  that  I 
consider  it  the  worst  kind  of  Americanism  for  any  man  to  talk  about 
modifications  or  reservations  in  the  enforcement  of  the  Eighteenth 
Amendment. 

The  Eighteenth  Amendment  must  be  obeyed  and  it  must  be  enforced, 
and  it  will  be  enforced.  And  it  must  be  enforced,  and  it  will  be  en- 
forced, and  it  ought  to  be  enforced.  It  ought  to  be  enforced  in  Xew 
York.  It  was  enforced,  I  supposed.  1  don't  know  so  much  about  it 
as  some  of  your  experts.  I  haven't  investigated  the  difference  l)etween 
Scotch  and  Irish  as  some  of  them  seem  to  know ;  but  if  the  Eighteenth 
Amendment  is  being  violated  in  New  York,  the  thing  to  do  is  to  have 
the  law  enforced.  There  is  only  one  thing  to  do :  let  it  be  said  in  New 
York,  and  let  it  be  said  plainly,  so  that  they  will  understand  it.  that  this 
law  must  be  o1)eyed,  and  will  I)e  olieyed ;  this  law  must  be  enforced,  and 
will  be  enforced;  and  we  are  going  to  enforce  this  law  the  same  as  any 
other.  We  are  not  going  to  neglect  any  laws,  no ;  l)ut  we  are  going  to 
enforce  all  the  laws  alike. 

Ladies  and  gentlemen,  as  American  citizens.  I  stated  to  you  that  youi 

229 


enactment  of  the  Eighteenth  Amendment  has  cleared  the  moral  and 
spiritual  conditions  of  the  world,  and  we  are  never,  never,  never,  going 
back  to  the  old  regime  in  the  American  Republic.  And  it  is  going  to 
continue;  for  I  feel  sure  that  there  isn't  a  man  or  woman  in  this  audi- 
ence who  isn't  prepared  to  stand  and  fight,  and  fight,  and  fight,  in  order 
that  this  great  moral  victory  to  America  may  be  retained  for  the  honor 
and  security  and  glory  of  our  Republic. 

The  chairman  :  Rabbi  Wise  has  already  introduced  the  next 
speaker  of  the  evening,  and  I  can  not  add  anything  to  what  he  said. 
We  all  know  and  love  and  revere  Dr.  Saleeby  for  his  great  services  in 
behalf  of  this  question,  and  I  take  pleasure  in  introducing  to  you  as  an 
American  audience,  once  again.  Dr.  Saleeby. 

THE    VERDICT    OF    CONTEMPORARY    SCIENCE    ON 

ALCOHOL  IN  ITS  PERSONAL.  NATIONAL,  AND 

INTERNATIONAL   RELATIONS 

By  CALEB  W.  SALEEBY,  M.  D.,  F.  R.  S.  E. 

CHAIRMAN    OF    THE    XATIOXAL    BIRTH-RATE    COMMISSIOX,    LOXDOX 

Mr.  Chairman,  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen :  I  think  that  it  would  be 
very  presumptuous  for  any  of  us,  from  any  part  of  the  world,  to  come 
here  and  try  to  teach  you.  I  did  not  come  here  for  that.  I  did  not 
come  as  a  teacher.  I  came  here  to  learn,  and  I  am  learning  fast.  Xow, 
in  reference  to  learning  these  things,  I  want  to  make  one  or  two  points 
plain,  if  you  please,  with  reference  to  making  it  easier  for  us  to  learn 
how  to  stir  men,  and,  incidentally,  to  thank  you  for  kindnesses  already 
shown. 

In  the  first  place,  your  characteristic  American  hospitality  has  shown, 
beyond  any  reasonable  doubt  or  assumption,  to  us  foreigners,  that  you 
Americans  have — deliberately  oblivious  to  the  fact  that  your  country 
is  really  the  great  laboratory  in  which  this  stupendous  achievement  was 
prepared  and  reached  its  fruition — given  to  us,  as  foreigners,  as  much, 
if  not  more,  credit  than  yourselves.  You  are  the  ones  who  are  showing 
us  how  it  works,  and  I  hope  if  possible  that  before  this  Congress  closes 
you  will  have  the  opportunity,  and  that  we  will  also  have  the  opportunity, 
of  having  a  little  more  detailed  and  full  account  of  the  results  of  the 
experiment  in  America.  You  know  you  don't  want  to  carry  your  polite- 
ness too  far,  to  such  an  extent  that  you  vrill  overshadow  your  own  good 
work.  I  make  the  suggestion,  if  you  will  permit  me  a  suggestion,  that 
certain  papers  which  have  been  presented  to  the  Congress  would  be  valu- 
able as  appendages  to  the  official  record  of  the  Congress.  Of  course  we 
are  all  of  us  very  loyal  to  the  countries  from  which  we  come,  and  I 
wouldn't  give  much  for  a  delegate  who  doesn't  think  a  great  deal  of 
his  own  country.  He  wouldn't  be  much  of  a  delegate  if  he  didn't.  \\'e 
are  all  telling  about  the  glorious  things  in  our  respective  countries,  all 
about  how  big  they  are.  and  how  ancient  they  are,  and  what  beautiful 

230 


scenery  they  have,  and  so  on,  and,  as  I  say,  we  are,  as  we  should  be,  very 
loyal  and  patriotic  to  the  countries  we  come  from ;  but  there  has  been 
one  point  which  you  haven't  brought  out  in  this  Congress,  as  yet:  it 
hasn't  been  sufficiently  brought  forward  and  adequately  covered.  Lord 
D'Abernon,  of  the  Liquor  Control  Board,  a  former  member  of  it,  had 
a  great  jibe  at  me  about  being  unable  to  produce  anything  showing 
definite  results.  He  said  to  me  something  in  this  fashion  one  time: 
"We  are  producing  in  England  at  this  time  by  means  of  control,  results. 
And  these  results  can  be  gotten  ready  at  any  time  in  absolute  statistical 
form,  showing  certain  facts."  He  said,  "We  are  going  to  produce 
statistics  and  statements  of  facts  that  will  give  you  delirium  tremens. 
We  ask  these  folks  over  in  America  how  they  are  coming,  and  what 
do  they  say?  They  say,  'Look  at  the  increased  value  of  real  estate;  look 
at  the  increased  enrollment  in  the  churches;  look  at  the  decrease  in  jails.' 
and  all  such  things  as  that,  but  never  do  they  have  a  tangible  answer 
with  statistics,  to  show  definitely  how  things  are  progressing  over  there," 
They  have  been  slinging  it  in  our  teeth  that  you  didn't  have  any  tangible 
results,  no  direct  record  of  the  actual  results  of  Prohibition.  Shortly 
before  I  left  England  there  was  an  article  published  in  The  Times  in 
which  the  hope  was  expressed  that  these  statistics  would  be  on  the  line 
of  an  analysis  in  the  actual  conditions  of  drinking  alcohol  as  concerns 
the  general  public.  They  add  that  "It  will  be  of  great  interest  as  es- 
tablishing a  comparison  between  the  results  of  Prohibition  and  the  results 
of  control."  I  think  that  is  a  good  suggestion,  myself,  and  I  leave  these 
papers  in  your  hands  for  what  they  may  be  worth,  and  I  hope  that  Amer- 
ica will  give  us  the  demonstration,  l)ut  especially  I  want  it  for  my  own 
country. 

May  I  just  briefly  endeavor  to  give  you  the  main  heads  of  the  in- 
dictment against  liquor?      I  will  try  to  do  so  very  briefly. 

In  the  first  place,  the  manufacture  of  alcohol  is  the  destruction  of 
food  ;  and  this  is  reason  enough,  even  if  there  were  no  other  reason, 
why  it  should  be  stopped  at  this  time,  when  the  great  problem  of  the 
world  is  food.  The  world  problem  is  going  to  be  more  and  more  a  food 
problem  until,  my  friends,  something  is  done  to  make  up  for  the  tre- 
mendous shortage.  And  where  we  are  now,  on  account  of  this  food 
problem,  is  scarcely  a  beginning.  It  is  looming  bigger  and  bigger  on 
the  horizon  of  the  nations  every  day.  It  is  becoming  more  and  more 
acute,  on  account  of  the  lack  of  rural  j^opulation  and  the  increase  of 
citv  dwellers.  Therefore  bear  this  in  mind,  that  wherever  alcohol  is 
being  made,  food  is  being  wasted.  In  war  time  the  wasting  of  food 
supplies  was  bad  enough,  Imt  in  peace  time  it  is  ine.xcusable. 

Food  is  being  destroyed  Iw  being  given  to  yeast,  a  parasite,  to  mul- 
tiplv  and  increase,  and  cause  fermentation,  which  is  rottenness,  when 
that  food  was  meant  by  God  to  feed  man.  The  food  value  is  destroyed, 
and  there  remains  only  a  poison.  They  say  that  certain  elements  which 
are  not  capable  of  being  used  by  man  are  destroyed  or  utilized  by  the 
lif|uor,  but  also  the  value  which  keeps  men  from  starving  is  gone.      For 

231 


instance  they  put  in  glucose.  I  know  what  they  say  about  glucose,  that 
it  is  unht  for  human  consumption;  and  so  they  put  it  into  beer  (for 
human  consumption  through  another  medium!).  But  the  scientific 
answer  to  that  is  that  we  now  know  that  glucose  is  the  actual  material 
and  food  substance  by  which  every  single  heart  in  this  hall,  and  every 
heart  on  the  great  round  globe  is  beating  tonight.  Every  heart  beats 
and  every  muscle  in  our  bodies  contracts  by  the  energy  of  glucose  in 
the  body,  and  so  it  is  really  the  essential  fuel  food  of  the  body,  and 
therefore  it  is  too  useful  to  be  turned,  by  means  of  beer,  into  the  two 
positive  poisons,  carbon  dioxid  and  alcohol. 

Secondly,  it  is  important  that  you  should  know,  that  it  contains  cer- 
tain invaluable  elements  which  are  food  values,  in  that  they  are  capable 
of  destroying  disease,  and  these  are  called  vitamines;  and  they  have  just 
been  established,  that  is,  their  presence  has  just  been  established,  and 
they  are  found  to  be  in  greatest  abundance  in  the  very  foods  which  are 
destroyed  by  the  process  of  manufacturing  alcohol.  Scientists  have  re- 
cently decided  that  these  bodies  called  vitamines  are  essential  to  life 
itself.  The  great  scientists  of  both  nations,  England  and  America,  have 
been  working  on  this  problem,  and  also  the  scientific  men  of  other  na- 
tions, and  we  have  found  out  quite  a  lot  about  them,  although  there  still 
is  a  lot  to  learn  about  them ;  and  your  American  work  is  second  only  to 
that  of  the  English  scientists  on  this  problem  of  vitamines.  On  demon- 
stration we  find  that  they  come  under  the  class  of  what  are  known  as 
protective  foods,  because,  as  I  said,  they  protect  us  against  disease.  It 
has  been  fouiid  that  these  vitamines  are  most  common  in  the  grain  which 
is  destroyed  by  these  brewers,  and,  therefore,  the  brewers  say  that  beer 
must  be  very  good  for  us  because  it  contains  so  many  of  these  vitamines. 
Our  scientific  answer  to  that  lie  is  that  tests  by  scientific  men  show  that 
these  vitamines  are  completely  destroyed  in  the  process  of  fermentation. 

Besides  that  we  have  the  tests  conducted  upon  animals  by  the  great 
scientific  men  of  both  countries.  We  tried  the  use  of  beer  in  feeding 
animals,  in  the  Royal  Zoological  Gardens,  London.  The  Zoological  So- 
ciety, of  which  I  had  the  honor  of  being  a  fellow,  conducted  these  ex- 
periments with  beer,  not  only  ordinary  bottled  beer,  such  as  may  have 
been  kept  in  storage  some  time  and  aged,  but,  in  this  case,  the  very  best, 
the  fresh  beer,  beer  which  had  had  no  chance  to  detoriate ;  and,  contrary 
to  the  lies  which  the  brewers  had  spread  everywhere,  not  only  in  England, 
but  throughout  the  world,  we  found  that  there  isn't  a  trace  of  vitamines 
and  that  the  brewers  totally  destroy  all  the  vitamines  that  may  have  been 
in  the  beer  in  fermenting  it.  Beer  is  a  typical  devitalized,  doctored, 
spoiled,  drugged,  devitaminized,  decayed,  decomposed,  impoverished 
"food."  I  believe  that  it  is  in  southern  France  that  they  say  that  beer 
is  a  liquid  bread,  but  I  will  tell  you  just  what  it  is.  It  is  nothing  under 
the  sun  but  poisoned  water. 

The  next  point  is  that  we  are  always  wrong  when  we  say  that  alcohol 
is  a  stimulant,  for  it  is  not.  Let  us  thoroughly  understand  what  a  stimu- 
lant is,  first.     A  stimulant  is  a  good  thing,  one  of  the  greatest  things 

232 


in  the  world,  and  }0U  Americans  have  true  stimulant  qualities  in  your- 
selves. Professor  William  James  of  Harvard  used  to  say  that,  com- 
pared vi^ith  what  we  ought  to  be,  none  of  us  is  more  than  half-awake, 
and  that  is  really  true;  but  there  is  a  difference  in  the  different  kinds  of 
stimulants.  For  instance,  there  is  the  excited  maniac  who  can  not  sleep 
a  wink,  and  what  he  needs  is  a  soporific  to  put  him  to  sleep.  But  when 
you  are  asleep  and  sane,  if  you  sleep  more  than  you  ought  to.  you  need 
a  stimulant  to  keep  you  awake.  Light  is  a  stimulant,  air  is  a  stimulant, 
many  kinds  of  food  are  stimulants.  A  good  speaker  wdio  makes  you 
sit  up  and  take  notice  is  a  stimulant.  That  glorious  news  that  we  will 
take  back  to  the  people  on  our  side  of  the  sea  is  going  to  be  a  great 
stimulant.  That  grand  pageant  out  on  the  front  steps  of  the  Capitol 
yonder,  was  a  great  stimulant.      Stimulants,  I  tell  you,  are  a  good  thing. 

But  now,  let  us  see,  does  alcohol  come  in  that  class  ?  No,  it  does  not. 
Alcohol  is  none  of  these  things.  It  is  a  narcotic.  It  is  the  direct  opposite 
of  any  of  these  things.  The  brewers  think  that  it  stimulates,  and  that 
is  the  reason  it  gets  men  so  excited.  We  are  built  from  level  to  level  in 
a  sort  of  hierarchy,  and  the  upper  level  controls  those  beneath  it.  and, 
as  you  progress  higher,  finally,  we  come  to  the  cerebrum,  second  door 
to  the  Supreme  Power.  William  Jackson  tells  us  that  the  top  level, 
that  is  the  cerebrum,  controls  the  next  lowest  level ;  the  lowest  is  the 
animal  motions,  the  unintelligent  motions.  That  as  we  go  up  the  steps, 
we  come  to  that  masterpiece,  the  cerebrum,  the  most  valuable,  the  most 
important  part  of  the  brain ;  and  it  is  this  part  of  the  brain  that  alcohol 
damages.  It  is  the  base  of  knowledge.  Alcohol  goes  right  straight  to 
the  uppermost  level  and  it  manages  to  injure  the  brain,  and  it  over- 
masters, overpowers,  and  drags  down  judgment,  and  dethrones  our 
higher  ideals ;  and  when  that  happens,  there  is  for  a  moment,  of  course, 
an  apparent  stimulation.  I  remember,  for  instance,  that  while  I  was  a. 
medical  student,  we  used  to  have  once  in  a  while  a  big  burly  Scotchman 
who  would  come  in  to  the  hospital  to  be  operated  upon,  and  he  would 
be  very  frantic,  and  in  order  to  quiet  him  down  so  that  we  could  oper- 
ate, we  would  give  him  a  mixture  of  alcohol  and  chloroform  or  ether 
as  an  anesthetic,  and  in  the  first  stage  of  its  action  upon  that  man.  it 
might  take  five  or  six  of  us  to  hold  him.  but  in  a  few  minutes  he  would 
be  as  quiet  as  could  be.  and  absolutely  limp,  and  would  be  so  quiet,  and 
would  suffer  no  pain  at  all.  Now.  was  that  a  stimulant?  No.  it  was 
not  a  stimulant.  But  his  control  of  his  muscles  was  being  lost  gradu- 
ally, and  in  a  few  minutes,  as  I  say.  he  would  be  practically  i)aralyzcd. 
Then  he  would  naturally  lie  perfectly  quiet.  And  those  of  you  who 
know  anything  about  these  horrible  effects  will  wonder  how  it  is  that 
man  will  take  this  substance  into  his  system.  It  is  because  he  needs  a 
stimulant.  Of  course,  as  I  say.  some  stimulants  are  splendid,  such  as 
this  Congress  and  some  of  the  excellent  functions  connected  with  it, 
such  as  the  pageant  the  other  night. 

I  don't  know  whether  it  has  been  clearly  defined,  so  that  the  members 
of  this  Congress  will  understand  it.  or  whether  some  of  you  members 

2.33 


know  already  why  men  drink  whisky.  It  isn't  to  quench  thirst;  you 
all  know  that,  because  the  only  thing  which  can  quench  thirst  is  water. 
But  there  is  a  perfectly  definite  reason  why  we  seek  this  stimulant. 
The  reason  is  one  of  the  basic  conditions  of  happiness,  and  is  one  of  the 
things  that  makes  life  well  worth  Hving.  We  depend  upon  a  regular 
stimulant;  and  it  has  been  known  to  science  for  a  long  time  just  what 
that  is,  because  it  is  one  of  the  organic  functions  of  the  brain,  and  there 
is  a  scientific  name  for  it.  It  is  called  '"euphoria,"  and  it  literally  means 
bearing  up  well.  That  is  the  difference  between  success  and  failure. 
Xo  one  without  euphoria  is  happy,  under  any  circumstances,  and  any  one 
with  euphoria  can  be  always  happy.  It  is  the  beginning  of  happiness. 
It  is  the  condition  that  makes  life  worth  living,  and  I  have  found  in  my 
medical  practice  that  there  are  certain  poisons  which  have  the  strange 
power  of  superinducing  a  sham  euphoria.  For  instance,  alcohol  is  taken 
to  superinduce  euphoria;  and  it  is  very  remarkable  that  this  sham  eu- 
phoria is  so  closely  similar  to  that  found  in  the  last  stages  of  syphillis 
of  the  brain,  or  paresis,  as  we  sometimes  call  it,  that  is,  the  general 
paralysis  of  the  insane.  And  happiness  of  the  kind  based  upon  intoxi- 
cants or  upon  this  hideous,  filthy  disease  leads  to  death,  and.  whether 
we  seek  it  by  means  of  poison  or  b}^  means  of  legitimate  stimulants,  the 
quest  is  still  the  same. 

The  search  for  happiness  is  legitimate,  and  I  have  no  quarrel  with 
it.  Certainly  it  ought  to  be  legitimate  in  this  country,  as  it  is  set 
forth,  I  believe,  in  your  Declaration  of  Independence,  which  asserts 
that  man's  rights  are  life,  liberty,  and  the  pursuit  of  happiness.  And 
now  these  brewers  say  that  we  mustn't  even  attempt  to  interfere 
with  man's  euphoria,  even  if  he  gets  it  b}'  poison.  I  agree  with  them 
on  that  point.  We  shouldn't  tn,'  to  deprive  a  man  of  anything  which 
gives  him  euphoria  without  having  something  better  which  we  can 
give  him ;  and  you  don't  realize  how  far  in  the  United  States  your 
success  has  been  due  to  the  fact  that  you  have  so  many  substitutes 
which  can  take  the  place  of  alcohol  and  furnish  true  euphoria.  That 
is  one  way  you  were  able  to  do  away  with  the  saloons.  It  is  due  to 
the  fact  that  you  can  provide  true  euphoria.  You  have  good  food, 
for  instance,  good  water,  pure  air.  You  don't  have  so  many  smoky 
cties  as  1  have  in  my  countrv*.  which  is  itself  the  very  root  of  euphoria 
for  mind  and  body.  \Ve  must  learn  that  these  things  must  be  and 
can  be  provided  without  the  same  agent  that  produces  a  transient 
euphoria. 

The  next  thing  I  want  to  say  is  something  that  may  surprise 
you,  and  that  is  that  when  I  was  studying  the  problems  of  eugenics, 
when  I  was  reading  and  studying  about  the  subject  of  racial  poisons 
and  the  damage  they  did,  I  found  many  astonishing  things.  For 
instance,  we  will  take  the  example  of  the  soldier  who  goes  to  war 
and  possibly  has  an  arm  shot  away.  Just  the  same  his  shoulder  will 
be  healthy,  because  he  is  a  good  germinal  stock,  producing  healthy 
germs,  spermatozoa,  and  when  he  comes  back  his  children  will  be 

234 


just  as  fine  as  he  ever  was.  But,  if  he  is  diseased,  it  will  be  impossible 
for  him  to  produce  normal  children,  because  of  the  fact  that  there  is  a 
poison  which  acts  upon  this  germ.  Therefore  another  man,  we  will 
say,  who  may  have  come  from  the  same  place,  and  fought  in  the  same 
battles  as  this  man,  and  still  comes  back  with  all  his  limbs,  will  pro- 
duce only  monstrosities,  on  acocunt,  as  I  say,  of  the  defect  in  the 
germ. 

Up  until  lately,  a  few  years  ago,  in  England,  it  was  possible  for 
any  woman  to  go  to  a  chemist,  and,  without  any  prescription  at  all, 
and  for  two  pence,  to  purchase  an  ounce  of  diachylon,  commonly 
known  as  lead  plaster,  or  emplastnun  plumbi,  originally  meant  ta 
spread  on  sores,  or  as  a  disinfectant;  but  it  was  cut  up  into  pills  and 
used  for  this  devilish  purpose,  that  a  woman,  by  taking  this  com- 
pound, could  destroy  all  the  unborn  generations  within  her,  including 
the  unborn  child  within  her.  This  was  done  so  very  widely,  and 
over  such  a  wide  area,  that  the  danger  became  so  shocking  of  this 
method  becoming  so  popular,  that  it  was  stopped.  Now  I  am  of  the 
opinion  that,  notwithstanding  the  deadly  destruction  which  this  dia- 
chylon did,  this  fatal  lead  plaster,  I  am  confident  in  saying  that  alco- 
hol has  destroyed  more  than  this  lead  ever  could  have  destroyed. 

On  Saturday  you  will  hear  a  speech  by  a  man  whose  investiga- 
tions have  been  along  the  line  of  alcohol  as  a  race  poison,  and  Dr. 
Stockard  of  Cornell  University  is  that  man.  He  will  tell  you  about 
some  of  his  investigations  on  the  parental  germs.  Speaking  of  that 
reminds  me  of  the  experiments  conducted  by  Sir  Victor  Horsley,  wha 
died  in  Mesopotamia  the  other  day;  and  the  reason  he  was  there  in 
Mesopotamia  was  because  of  the  stand  that  he  had  taken  against 
alcoholism,  which  displeased  certain  types  of  the  officials  in  England. 
And  the  greatest  surgeon  of  his  age,  simply  because  of  the  fact  that 
his  remarks  about  alcoholism  had  made  him  persona  non  grata,  was 
sent  to  Mesopotamia  to  look  after  the  soldiers  there  who  had"  eaten 
perhaps  a  little  too  much,  or  drank  a  little  too  much  of  the  native 
beer  that  Brother  Cook  has  told  us  about,  and  thus  he  was  unable 
to  be  of  the  fullest  service  to  the  Government,  of  which  he  was 
capable.  They  sent  him  out  there,  the  greatest  surgeon  of  his  day, 
having  made  some  of  the  grandest  discoveries  known  to  man,  to  a 
job  that  you  or  I,  or  anybody  with  no  surgical  experience  could  have 
done.  And  one  day  he  went  out  in  the  desert  to  look  after  a  man 
who  had  got  a  tummy-ache,  or  something  like  that,  and  the  sun  was 
very  hot  and  he  received  a  sunstroke,  which,  in  Mesopotamia,  was  a 
very  serious  matter,  and  thus  died,  one  of  the  greatest  surgeons  of 
his  age ;  and  that  all  happened  because  he  was  an  enemy  of  alcohol. 
It  was  a  labor  of  love  on  his  part,  for  he  had  found  out,  as  all  the  rest 
of  us  have,  that  alcohol  is  one  of  the  greatest  race  poisons  that  exist; 
and  we  ought  to  join  to  have  this  menace  to  society  branded  as  a 
racial  poison. 

In   regard   to    Professor   Stockard's   experiments.    I    mention   th.-^ 

235 


fact  that  none  of  the  animals  upon  which  he  experimented  was  sub- 
jected to  the  alcoholic  poisoning  for  all  day.  But  they  were  exposed 
to  it  for  one  hour  out  of  the  twenty-four,  six  days  in  the  week,  and 
their  posterity — their  progeny — were  degenerated,  and  considering 
the  amount  of  time  that  some  men  spend  drunk,  I  think  this  is  a  very 
important  factor  in  considering  what  happens  to  some  nations,  caus- 
ing their  decadence  and  overthrovv.  When  I  am  told  by  some  people 
that  the  Italians  and  the  Spaniards,  and  some  of  the  other  races  of 
Europe  have  had  their  wine  and  their  beer  for  a  very  long  time,  I 
can  not  help  wondering  whether,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  they  really  do 
become  immune  from,  it,  or  whether  the  present  existence  of  those 
nations  is  simply  due  to  some  extraordinary  racial  endurance. 

I  forecast  for  you,  America,  a  boundless  future  of  illimitable  glory, 
if  you  will  face  to  the  fight  in  leading  the  world  in  the  fight  against 
alcohol,  because  you  have  made  a  very  good  stand  in  eliminating 
some  of  the  very  worst  things  that  can  menace  the  nation,  because 
in  getting  rid  of  alcohol,  you  not  only  got  rid  of  your  general  foes 
that  much  quicker,  but  you  also  got  rid  of  venereal  disease  —  the 
immoral  disease  as  it  is  sometimes  called.  Now,  in  striking  at  the 
one  you  struck  at  the  other,  because  one  depends  upon  the  other;  they 
are  interlocked.  There  are  five  distinct  ways  which  I  can  cite  to  you 
as  ways  in  which  alcohol  plays  its  unfortunate  victims  into  the  hands 
of  the  venereal  diseases.  First,  of  course,  there  is  the  temptation,  as 
all  the  world  knows ;  and  alcohol  lessens  the  power  to  resist  that 
temptation,  as  it  lowers  physical  resistance  to  the  infection,  it  renders 
the  body  less  able  to  withstand  the  ravages  of  disease,  and  it  hinders 
treatment.  There  are  five  good  solid  reasons  why  we  can't  afford  to 
let  alcohol  get  a  hold  on  our  nation  again,  for  if  you  keep  alcohol  out 
you  are  going  to  clear  up  the  national  problems  confronting  the  nation 
for  time  that  will  endure  as  long  as  there  is  enough  power  in  the 
blazing  sun  to  keep  our  planet  warm. 

In  January  of  this  year,  in  England.  I  ventured  to  say  even  more 
than  that,  not  only  that  you  are  going  to  achieve  this  result,  but  I 
even  ventured  to  publish  an  article  in  which  I  said  .that  Prohibition 
would  eventually  prove  to  be  one  of  the  greatest  health  measures  in 
the  history  of  the  world.  Surgeon-General  Gorgas,  for  whom  we  held 
a  great  funeral  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  was  the  greatest  public  health 
officer  I  have  ever  heard  of,  because  he  not  only  made  possible  the 
Panama  Canal,  but  he  also  made  the  zone  a  fit  place  to  live  in.  You 
Americans  had  to  deal  with  disease  when  you  were  making  the 
Panama  Canal.  You  remember  that  the  French  had  the  job  before 
that,  and  had  splendid  engineering  instruments,  and  wide  experience ; 
but  these  did  not  avail,  all  because  of  the  fact  that  the  workmen  whom 
they  brought  there  died  of  diseases.  They  died  of  malaria  and  yellow 
fever.  Then  you  got  the  job,  and  you  gave  Gorgas  the  job  of 
cleaning  up  the  Panama  Canal  Zone,  and  power  enough  to  do  what- 
ever WuS  necessary.     He  did  it;  for  throughout  a  wide  zone  on  ^ithf^r 

236 


side  of  the  canal  he  purchased  the  land  and  established  Prohibition, 
and  under  those  conditions  it  was  possible  for  him  to  deal  with  these 
problems.  It  was  an  intelligent  population  he  had  to  deal  with,  and 
they  were  not  indifferent  to  the  obliteration  of  yellow  fever.  And  the 
result  was  that  he  was  able  to  obliterate  all  these  diseases,  even 
malaria.  And  more  than  that,  in  just  a  few  years  he  converted  a  pest 
place  into  a  health  resort,  and  joined  two  oceans,  and  that  all  stands 
for  the  credit  of  Prohibition ;  but  more  than  that,  it  is  the  best  evi- 
dence in  the  world  that  Prohibition  is  a  success. 

And  furthermore,  the  use  of  Prohibition  not  only  enables  you  to 
fight  venereal  diseases  successfully,  but  also  aids  very  successfully  in 
fighting  tuberculosis.  Now,  Sir  Arthur  Holmes,  who  was  lucky 
enough  to  have  been  born  in  England,  and  who  was  one  of  the  great- 
est hygienists  in  the  world,  has  told  us,  among  other  things,  that 
Prohibition,  as  it  is  practiced  in  the  United  States,  is  going  to  greatly 
expedite  the  departure  of  tuberculosis  from  your  country.  The  Min- 
istry of  Health  in  England  has  given  instructions  which  may  aid  in 
this  work,  because  they  prohibit  the  selling  of  alcohol  to  certain 
classes,  and  in  view  of  wdiat  we  have  seen  in  about  two  months  last 
year  and  one  month  this  year,  we  have  decided  that  half  our  fight 
was  against  venereal  diseases  or  tuberculosis,  both  of  which  are  on  the 
increase  since  the  Armistice  was  signed,  and  we  must  follow  your 
example  in  this  respect. 

Do  you  Americans  know  that  the  finest  vital  statistics  in  your 
history  are  those  of  six  months  of  this  last  year,  after  Prohibition 
came  into  effect?  That  record  was  written  in  the  first  six  months  of 
the  past  year,  and  we  find  in  that  public  health  report  a  true  record 
of  the  results  of  Prohibition  in  America.  That  is  the  official  record  of 
Prohibition,  and  it  is  the  record  that  will  stand  before  the  English 
people.  Those  records  show  that  there  was  an  astonishing  reduction 
in  the  restriction  of  venereal  disease  and  of  tuberculosis. 

One  of  the  lies  that  we  have  in  England  to  contend  with  is  that 
your  doctors  are  saying  they  aren't  able  to  get  the  whisky  which  they 
need  to  give  to  their  patients  for  influenza,  and  that  they  are  dying  of 
influenza  by  the  thousands  every  month  since  Prohibition  has  been 
started  in  America.  An  infamous  and  ungodly  howl  of  delight  went 
up  from  the  swinish  liquor  interests  when  they  heard  that  you  in 
America  were  suffering  from  a  great  attack  of  influenza ;  but  I  want 
to  remind  you  in  this  connection  of  the  certain  parallel  which  I  think 
is  useful  to  consider,  and  which  I  shall  communicate  to  you.  When 
I  was  a  medical  student  in  Scotland  my  teacher  introduced  to  me 
what  I  consider  was  the  first  case  of  appendicitis  ever  noticed  by 
scientific  men,  and  when  he  saw  the  patient  he  asked  whether  thi.s 
man  had  been  taking  opium  or  not.  Then  he  said  to  niQ.  "I  want  to  put 
on  my  tombstone  when  I  die,  words  to  this  effect,  'He  never  gave 
opium  in  appendicitis'."  Appendicitis,  as  you  know,  is  always  accom- 
panied with  great  pain,  great  anxiety,  great  alarm,  and  agony;  and 

237 


opium  is  to  suppress  agony,  of  course.  Well,  then,  what  is  a  doctor 
for.  Why,  a  doctor  is  to  bring  relief,  of  course.  Well,  we  will  say 
that  he  does  come  and  give  opium.  He  comes  in  and  he  can  give 
relief,  by  means  of  his  little  pellets,  by  means  of  dulling  the  symp- 
toms, which  are  really  only  a  warning,  so  he  gives  opium  and  it  gives 
relief,  and  the  patient  does  not  suffer  so  much  pain,  and  there  is  peace. 
There  is  no  apprehension ;  the  friends  are  gratified ;  and  the  doctor 
goes  away  wuth  a  consciousness  that  he  has  performed  a  service  in 
that  sick-room.  But  the  surgeon  knows  differently,  because  he  knows 
from  his  own  experience  that  a  soporific  drug  having  been  given  has 
made  his  task  almost  impossible.  .  The  death-rate  is  rising  on  the 
operating  table  all  because  of  this  apparently  innocent  drug,  and  this 
doctor  of  my  acquaintance  wanted  it  put  on  his  tombstone  (for  which 
he  has  no  use  yet,  I  am  glad  to  say),  that  he  never  gave  any  opium 
for  appendicitis.  And  many  a  physician  may  be  glad  to  have  it  in- 
scribed on  his  tombstone  that  he  never  gave  whisky  in  pneumonia, 
because  it  is  exactly  the  same  thing  in  harmful  effects. 

I  want  to  make  another  suggestion.  I  said  that  I  came  here  to 
learn.  But  one  thing  I  thoroughly  learned  before  I  ever  came  over 
here,  which  a  few  years  ago  would  have  surprised  me,  is  the  attitude 
of  our  labor  party  over  in  England.  They  are  a  little  difficult  now  on 
this  Prohibition  question.  But  while  they  will  not  take  any  opinions 
from  me  or  anybody  else,  still  they  will  take  the  opinions,  formed  by 
themselves  on  this  subject ;  and  they  have  been  lied  to  and  deceived 
and  bulldozed  about  the  medical  effect  of  Prohibition  until  the  stand- 
ard thing  that  they  believe  about  America  is  that  in  America  Prohi- 
bition is  something  that  was  put  over  by  a  bunch  of  blood-sucking 
millionaires  and  factory-owners  in  order  to  get  more  out  of  their  men, 
and  as  a  result  of  that  condemnable  invention  called  "scientific  man- 
agement." Now  that  is  the  last  thing  that  they  want,  that  they  shall 
be  made  to  do  better  in  any  particular  line  in  order  to  make  anybody 
rich.  They  do  not  want  to  get  caught  in  what  they  believe  is  a  trap 
in  which  they  believe  their  American  brothers  have  found  themselves. 

Now  seeing  is  believing.  I  haven't  any  idea  or  any  prospects  that 
the  labor  people  of  my  country  will  learn  the  truth  on  the  subject 
until  they  come  here  for  that  purpose,  and  then  they  will  receive  the 
good  news  that  has  been  kept  from  them  by  the  saloon-keepers  in 
England.  They  will  find  that  here  they  have  a  free  and  open  forum 
which  is  the  only  way  that  we  learn  anything  anyway.  They  had 
heard  a  great  deal,  however,  about  Socialism  in  Russia,  and  they  have 
commenced  to  believe  it,  but  before  it  was  decided  to  adopt  it,  they 
made  up  their  minds  to  send  a  deputation  over  there  to  find  out  just 
what  the  truth  was  and  how  it  worked  out  in  that  country.  That 
deputation,  formerly  immensely  prejudiced  in  favor  of  Socialism, 
came  back  to  England  terribly  disappointed,  and  now  they  don't 
believe  in  Bolshevism  any  more.  Prohibition  is  just  the  same  to 
them.    Prohibition  to  them  means  that  some  people  who  want  some- 

238 


thing — namely,  practically  everybody — are  being  forcibly  deprived  of 
it  against  their  will  by  the  Anti-Saloon  League,  who,  by  some  means 
unexplained,  have  won  the  power  of  preventing  the  American  people 
from  getting  what  they  want — restraining  the  will  of  the  people  by 
imposing  harsh  measures  upon  them.  Well,  that  is  reasonable;  it 
sounds  like  Prohibition.  For  instance,  I  want  to  do  a  thing,  and 
somebody  prohibits  me  from  doing  it.  Naturally  I  will  get  excited 
about  it. 

I  went  to  a  labor  conference  in  Scarborough  a  few  weeks  ago,  and 
I  was  asked  at  that  conference  whether  I  had  found  Prohibition  in 
America  was  a  benefit  to  the  working  class.  I  told  them  yes,  I  had 
found  that  it  was,  but  that  I  didn't  want  them  to  take  my  word  for  it. 
I  wanted  them  to  see  for  themselves ;  and  I  suggested  that  they  send 
over  a  delegation,  because  that  is  what  I  want  them  to  do.  I  want 
them  to  send  a  deputation  of  labor  men  to  America,  perhaps  delib- 
erately composed  of  so-called  moderate  drinkers,  and  see  what  is  to 
be  seen.  It  would  be  worth  more  to  Prohibition  in  Great  Britain 
than  all  the  rest  of  the  statistics  you  could  send  over.  And  I  now 
make  this  suggestion  that  an  invitation  to  this  effect  be  extended  to 
these  deceived  working  men  in  Great  Britain  to  come  over  and  see 
what  Prohibition  has  done,  the  great  increase  in  all  the  good  things 
of  life  which  it  has  brought  for  labor;  and  let  them  see  just  how  it 
works ;  and  then  they  can  go  back  and  tell  the  working  men  of  my 
country  just  what  they  think  of  it.  And  if  they  should  suggest  a 
change  in  favor  of  Prohibition,  it  would  influence  the  feelings  of  the 
country  in  our  favor  so  greath'  that  we  would  then  get  Prohibition 
in  a  very  few  months.  And  that  would  make  this  glorious  Congress 
worth  while. 

I  hope  this  suggestion  will  be  acted  upon ;  and  I  believe  that  when 
they  do  come  over  here  and  see  what  is  going  on,  not  through  the 
saloon-keepers'  spectacles,  and  go  back  home,  they  will  find  them- 
selves quite  well  able  to  adopt  for  the  liquor  trade  the  words  which 
Abraham  Lincoln  used  in  regard  to  American  slavery.  It  was  to  the 
effect  that  for  a  few^  generations  we  had  the  rise  of  this  traffic  spread- 
ing over  the  continent,  then  it  grew  dim,  and  was  finally  extinct, 
landed  in  the  mud,  stank  in  the  dark  for  a  brief  time,  then  was  remem- 
bered only  by  its  smell,  and  after  a  time  was  remembered  not  even 
by  its  smell.  And  that  is  what  is  going  to  happen  to  them  when  they 
realize  what  the  liquor  interests  have  been  doing  to  them. 

"Where  the  City  of  the  Faithful  is  firmly  standing,  where  the  city 
of  the  cleanliest,  where  the  city  of  healthiest  fathers  and  mothers 
stands,  there  the  great  city  stands." 

The  CHAIRMAN:  I^notice  in  the  audience  a  gentleman  who  is 
well  known  to  us  all.  and  loved  by  us  all,  and  I  am  now  very  glad  to 
have  the  distinguished  honor  of  introducing  to  you  the  man  who  has 
done  so  much  during  the  recent  years  in  the  cause  of  the  National 

239 


Prohibition  Act,  and  toward  the  passing  of  the  resolutions  necessary 
in  the  House  of  Representatives,  the  Hon.  Richmond  Pearson 
Hobson. 

ADDRESS  BY  THE  HON.  RICHMOND  PEARSON  HOBSON 

Mr.  Chairman  and  Delegates  to  the  Convention  of  the  Congress : 
I  respond  to  the  invitation  of  the  Chairman  in  order  to  make  an 
announcement  which  I  had  planned  to  make  this  afternoon  or  on 
Sunday.  I  may  possibly  be  out  of  the  city  orf  that  date,  so  I  will  make 
it  for  you  now.  It  is  an  announcement  of  a  donation  to  the  anti- 
alcohol  movement  of  a  little  book  that  I  have  just  completed  and  of  a 
pamphlet  which  I  have  also  just  completed.  They  are  an  abridgment 
of  my  book  on  "Alcohol  and  the  Human  Race,"  published  by  Fleming 
H.  Revell  Company,  of  New  York,  Chicago,  Toronto,  London  and 
Edinburgh.  They  are  publishing  my  book,  and  with  their  consent  I 
have  abridged  the  standard  volume  till  it  is  now  in  the  form  of  a 
booklet  of  about  96  pages,  or  three  parts  of  32  pages  each,  which 
amounts  to  about  22.000  words.  They  have  felt  it  necessary  to 
res^ve  for  the  time  being  the  American  copyright  and  translation 
rights  in  my  book  in  the  standard  edition ;  but  I  have  obtained  their 
consent  to  present  this  book  to  the  American  Congress  Against 
Alcoholism,  free  of  copyright  and  of  any  other  restrictions.  They 
have  waived  entirely  all  rights  in  the  pamphlet  edition,  making 
about  7,000  words  in  a  volume  of  about  thirty-two  pages,  and  we 
estimate  that  these  can  be  published  for  perhaps  one  cent  and  the 
book  for  about  three  cents,  or  not  more  than  four.  I  never  have 
given  any  rights  in  the  book  at  all  in  any  of  the  editions  in  the  for- 
eign languages,  even  for  the  standard  edition.  Those  rights  I  wish 
now  to  donate  along  with  all  rights  in  the  abbreviated  edition  and 
the  pamphlet  edition  in  all  other  languages  free  for  publication  and 
free  for  translation  in  all  lands  wheresoever  it  can  do  good. 

I  am  doing  this  not  to  tr\'  to  make  any  contribution  to  the  litera- 
ture of  this  great  subject,  because  I  could  not  hope  to  stand  as  high 
in  the  list  of  investigators  of  this  subject  as  some  of  these  great 
investigators  on  the  subject  of  racial  poison,  such  as  Dr.  Saleeby  or 
Dr.  Stockard,  who  will  be  here  Sunday  and  talk  to  you,  and  will 
undertake  to  outline  to  you  the  results  of  his  investigation.  I  do  this 
more  in  a  spirit  of  gratitude  for  the  movement. 

I  served  eighteen  years  as  an  officer  of  the  United  States  Xavy. 
I  went  into  Congress  and  I  served  eight  years  there.  And  all 
through  those  years  my  name,  motto,  and  watchword  was  prepared- 
ness. With  some  degree  of  success  I  pursued  that  motto,  and  with 
more  or  less  success  I  think  I  can  say  I  investigated  the  question 
of  fact  in  regard  to  the  results  of  scientific  work  against  alcoholism 
throughout  the  world  and  the  result  of  governmental  control.  I  was 
able  to  call  it  to  the  attention  of  my  colleagues  in  Congress  and  was 

240 


able  to  get  the  work  of  Dr.  Saleeby,  and  when  I  found  out  such  ter- 
rible things  were  taking  place  on  account  of  alcoholism  I  felt  con- 
strained to  introduce  in  Congress  an  amendment  to  our  Constitu 
tion.  and.  as  many  of  my  friends  said,  I  very  gladly  committed  politi- 
cal suicide.  ]\Iany  persons  from  my  college  where  I  had  attended 
called  me  a  political  kmatic,  and  also  many  of  my  colleagues.  I 
have  pursued  this  reform  ever  since.  I  think  that  we  started  a  real 
experiment  in  government  when  we  started  this  movement  in  point- 
ing out  such  truths  as  the  Doctor  has  found,  which  finally  led  to  the 
modification  of  our  Constitution.  The  deepest  motives  I  have  ever 
known  were  stirred  in  my  heart  and  changed  my  life  and  I  started 
in  to  ascertain  the  real  truth  and  to  promulgate  it.  I  thought  this 
way  :  That  if  it  were  possible  to  have  it  reach  the  large  number  of 
men  that  I  had  succeeded  in  reaching  with  my  speech  and  had  made 
such  a  great  impression  upon  them,  anywhere  and  everywhere,  that 
it  might  have  the  same  eflfect  upon  my  friends  in  Congress. 

When  I  introduced  that  resolution  in  Congress  suggesting  an 
amendment  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  I  was  laughed 
at  and  mocked,  and  no  attention  was  paid  to  the  proposition,  so  I 
tried  out  some  of  these  truths  in  a  little  speech  to  my  colleagues  in 
Congress,  which  I  called  "The  Great  Destroyer."'  I  was  honestly 
surprised  at  the  effect  that  it  had.  so  I  commenced  to  see  that  this 
"Great  Destroyer"  was  a  winner.  I  made  up  my  mind  I  would  try 
it  further,  and  so  I  sent  out  copies  of  this  "Great  Destroyer"  at  my 
own  expense,  had  it  published  widely  throughout  the  United  States, 
and  thus  deliberately  inoculated  the  thought  of  America.  Xow  up 
to  that  time,  as  most  of  you  will  probably  agree  with  me.  there  was 
not  only  no  organization  then  existing  in  America,  but  also  there 
was  no  individual  in  America,  who  had  ever  conceived  of  a  propo- 
sition of  having  Prohibition  in  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 
I  never  even  dreamed  of  such  a  thing  myself.  It  was  tried.  I 
believe,  away  back  in  the  seventies ;  but  the  candidate  who  sug- 
gested it  was  advised  at  that  time,  by  his  own  party,  that  it  would 
be  futile  even  to  try  to  get  a  two-thirds  majority  of  both  Houses  as 
well  as  three  fourths  of  all  the  States  in  order  to  get  a  law  through 
that  you  might  get  by  simply  passing  an  act  of  Congress.  They 
simply  didn't  want  to  change  the  Constitution,  if  they  could  help  it; 
but  let's  see  what  happened.  Inside  of  eighteen  months  after  this 
inoculation  into  the  thought  of  America  there  was  not  an  organiza- 
tion in  America  that  was  not  demanding  organic  treatment  of  this 
organic  question  by  an  alteration  of  the  Constitution.  They  didn't 
want  a  statute  then  ;  they  wanted  nothing  less  than  an  amendment  to 
the  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 

Xow,  mark  you,  I  am  citing  this  not  as  any  part  of  my  own  record 
of  service  or  anything  of  that  kind.  It  was  purely  an  accident  that 
I  ever  suggested  it.  But  I  cite  is  as  a  demonstration  of  the  value 
of  this  terrible  truth  as  a  scrum  with  which  to  inoculate  public  senti- 

241 


ment  against  alcoholism.  It  is  an  antidote  serum,  an  antidote  for 
this  great  problem  of  poison,  and  if  you  can  use  it  to  such  an  extent 
as  to  inoculate  the  whole  thought  of  the  world,  then  it  will  have  the 
same  effect  as  the  use  of  any  powerful  serum — exactly  equivalent; 
for  I  tell  you  it  is  a  powerful  truth,  a  toxin  or  serum  to  be  used  in 
this  parasite  disease  which  is  sapping  the  life  of  our  nation. 

These  years  that  I  have  spent  in  preparing  these  books  have  not 
been  spent  merely  with  the  idea  of  adding  to  the  literature  of  Pro- 
hibition, but  it  has  been  an  effort,  an  earnest,  conscientious  effort  on 
my  part  to  produce  a  vehicle  for  the  inoculation  of  the  whole  world, 
a  serum  available  to  cure  the  diseases  of  the  organism  of  the  human 
race.  I  have  seized  upon  this  Congress  as  the  occasion  to  lay  my 
little  tribute  of  service  on  the  altar  and  present  this  wonderful  serum 
to  this  movement  of  the  world.  I  think,  if  I  may  be  permitted  to 
venture  a  suggestion,  it  would  be  this :  The  International  Congress 
Against  Alcoholism  seems  to  me,  biologically  speaking,  to  be  the 
developnient  of  a  gland  in  the  human  race.  I  will  explain  my  atti- 
tude. It  is  this,  simply  stated,  that  the  human  race  is  a  functioning 
organism,  and  I  believe  that  this  Congress  is  a  sort  of  gland  as  yet 
not  fully  developed.  I  believe  that  the  Congress  will  eventually 
develop  into  a  gland  that  will  cause  the  generation  of  the  antitoxins 
and  the  phagocytes  and  bring  about  the  marshaling  of  the  vitality 
of  the  whole  human  race  in  fighting  this  awful  parasite  disease,  mor- 
tal in  its  nature ;  and  in  its  last  stages  the  organization  has  gone  so 
far  that  you  and  I  have  alike  been  spectators  of  this  swinish  species 
killing  itself.  There  is  no  analogue  in  nature  to  answer  this  descrip- 
tion. 

I  will  venture  two  practical  suggestions :  First,  that  this  Con- 
gress in  its  American  session  start  the  basis  of  this  inoculation 
throughout  the  entire  world ;  and  we  must  go  about  it  systemat- 
ically, the  same  as  though  we  were  organizing  a  hospital  for  the 
world  to  come  to.  I  would  recommend  that  this  Congress  have  a 
committee  on  serums,  taking  something  like  Osier's  great  books, 
and  all  the  books  on  this  subject,  in  fact.  Take  also  Dr.  Saleeby's 
researches,  and  have  men  put  to  work,  vitally  concerned  in  gathering 
facts  and  to  keep  everything  up  to  date.  Then  we  also  would  have  a 
committee  of  organizers  who  should  make  a  study  of  the  human 
mind  from  a  psychological  standpoint,  so  as  to  have  available  the 
data  which  would  enable  us  to  determine  a  proper  means  of  ap- 
proach, and  then,  as  another  committee,  we  should  have  a  committee 
on  inoculation — a  committee  that  will  organize  the  distribution  of 
this  serum  over  all  the  world  which  I  have. 

Now  I  make  you  these  as  a  donation.  The  cost  will  be  very 
small  for  such  inoculation  again  and  again  and  again.  You  will  be 
amply  repaid  even  with  the  rough,  imperfect  serum  with  which  I 
am  presenting  you  on  this  occasion.  It  can  be  improved,  and  I  am 
sure  that  this  great  committee  will  prepare  a  greater  and  more  per- 

242 


fected  serum.  The  cost  will  be  negligible  for  the  inoculation  of  the 
world.  You  can  possibly  put  some  of  it  on  America,  which  is  just 
now  bearing  the  brunt  of  the  financing  of  the  whole  world;  but,  if 
I  may  be  permitted,  I  would  suggest  each  land  for  itself.  Let  the 
churches  undertake  to  inoculate  themselves  and  in  so  doing  they  will 
inoculate  also  those  whom  they  are  reaching,  and  in  turn  these  peo- 
ple they  are  trying  to  reach  will  cooperate  also  in  reaching  others; 
and  I  am  convinced  that  if  we  go  about  this  right,  according  to  all 
law  and  principles  of  psychology,  we  will  win  out. 

As  a  doctor  has  told  us  to-night,  the  base  of  the  brain  is  the  low 
level  of  thought;  and  the  higher  psychology  goes,  then  the  higher 
we  get  into  consciousness  of  time  and  brotherhood.  I  think  it  would 
be  the  foundation  for  the  best  kind  of  cooperation  and  the  basis  for 
the  integration  of  the  nation  and  the  elimination  of  evil  social  con- 
ditions and  the  war.  This  Amendment  being,  as  it  is  now,  an  inte- 
gral part  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  shows  that  we  are 
now  at  liberty  to  carry  it  to  other  nations,  and  if  it  is  the  society's 
wish  we  can  have  the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  through  the 
State  Department  and  other  departments  of  the  Government, 
through  the  Appropriations  Committee,  make  further  provisions  for 
the  participation  of  the  United  States  in  this  non-political,  non- 
partizan  fight,  and  with  adequate  resources  at  our  command,  and 
thus  we  can  secure  the  remarkable  cooperation  of  all  the  world. 
In  conclusion  I  am  going  to  ask  the  privilege  of  extending  my 
remarks  in  the  record  and  revising  them,  and  I  also  want  to  make 
at  this  point  a  brief  statement  for  the  record.  I  believe  I  can  take 
all  of  what  Dr.  Saleeby  has  said  and  agree  with  it  exactly,  because 
the  moment  whisky  gets  inside  you  it  is  a  toxic  poison.  It  is  a  fer- 
mented fungus  in  beer.  There  is  no  chlorophyl  in  it.  It  is  simply 
a  toxic  poison,  and  if  you  start  spreading  that  kind  of  a  propaganda, 
why  just  think  how  powerful  it  would  be.  Can't  you  see,  first  the 
look  of  surprise  that  would  come  over  a  normal  man  upon  finding 
out  what  he  had  been  pouring  into  his  stomach  under  the  mistaken 
idea  that  it  was  a  "stimulant?" 

Then  imagine,  again,  the  anger  that  would  come  over  this  man's 
mind  when  it  was  pointed  out  to  him  how  these  breweries  and  their 
interests  had  been  lying  to  him  about  beer  being  a  healthful  food. 
Then  his  pride  would  begin  to  be  aroused,  when  he  found  that  by 
drinking  this  whisky  or  beer,  instead  of  increasing  his  weight  he 
was  really  benumbing  that  vital  top  part  of  the  brain,  thus  making 
him  incapable  of  using  any  judgment ;  can't  you  see  the  wrath  be- 
ginning to  rise?  Again  he  reads,  further  along  in  this  propaganda 
of  ours,  things  which  arouse  the  self-preservation  which  it  has  been 
said  is  the  first  law  of  Nature,  for  soon  he  finds  that  Dr.  Saleeby  has 
pointed  out  facts  which  doubtless  he  has  never  known  about  alco- 
hol, to  wit:  its  affinity  for  the  top  of  the  brain  and  the  reproductive 
organs ;  thus,   at  one  blow,   as   it  were,   destroying  the  temple  of   the 

243 


spirit  of  God,  turning  the  man  into  a  brute  and  blighting  his  off- 
spring in  mind  and  in  body.  That  brings  to  his  mind  his  duty  of 
safeguarding  the  young  and'  not  letting  the  protoplasm  of  the  species 
be  obliterated.  Those  are  the  deepest  motives,  the  most  underlying 
motives  in  our  whole  life.  It  is  up  to  us  with  all  the  forces  of  our 
nature  to  come  up  against  this  so-called  appeal  of  alcoholism  that  has 
been  the  fear  of  many  generations,  blighting  our  physical  and  men- 
tal well-being.  Otherwise  we  would  be  into  oblivion.  But  if  we  use, 
as  I  say,  this  serum,  we  will  not  be  forgotten  and  we  will  win  what 
we  are  after,  because,  by  means  of  this,  you  appeal  to  the  mightiest 
of  the  elemental  instincts  and  powers  latent  in  man  and  in  all  of  us, 
from  the  highest  to  the  lowest. 

Now,  just  a  few  words  further.  What  is  the  object  behind  this 
drugging  of  the  whole  human  race?  Is  it  money?  Is  it  dissipation? 
Is  it  the  desire  for  this  cheap  drug?  As  the  Doctor  told  us,  the 
object  is  euphoria.  That  is  why  they  used  to  go  for  this  drug  that 
sold  for  a  few  cents  a  gallon.  But  is  there  any  euphoria  in  a  man's 
going  out  and  taking  a  deadly  drug  and  getting  drunk  on  it,  and  first 
letting  it  strike  him  and  strike  him  hard,  and  then  going  along  the 
street  striking  individuals  of  his  family  and  perhaps  affecting  gen- 
erations yet  unborn?  Why,  when  a  man  reads  a  thing  like  that,  can't 
you  see  the  venom  of  wrath  arise?  A  man  would  fairly  see  red.  It 
will  take  hold  of  the  unregenerate  of  the  world,  so  called,  and,  as 
these  motives  are  aroused,  a  most  wonderful  and  surprising  result 
will  follow,  because  that  result  will  rebuild  itself  high  upon  those 
terrible  motives  which  are  latent  in  us  all,  of  life,  of  self-preservation, 
of  consecration,  of  service,  of  hope,  of  prayer,  of  faith,  of  God,  and 
the  highest  things  in  the  universe.  I  do  not  have  to  mention  the 
fact  that  the  integration  of  these  motives  in  the  minds  of  a  mass  of 
men  will  swing  them  around  until  the  force  of  the  movement  will 
move  the  very  earth  itself  out  of  its  orbit  and  head  it  straight  for 
the  Kingdom  of  God. 

It  was  just  as  easy  as  the  flow  of  the  tide  of  water  down  the  hill 
for  America  to  get  Prohibition.  I  have  made  my  little  contribution 
to  it,  I  believe,  but  it  was  but  little  indeed.  But  I  give  you  in  this 
little  pamphlet  the  gist  and  essence  of  all  contributions  made  in  fifty 
years  by  those  consecrated  men  and  women  who  worked  for  Pro- 
hibition. We  had  a  hard  time  to  be  sure,  but  when  the  truth  began 
to  envelop  America  it  was  easy  for  us  to  get  it,  and  at  last,  after 
all  those  years,  Prohibition  did  go  into  the  Constitution  and  just 
as  surely  as  the  sun  has  set  to-night  and  just  as  surely  as  it  will  rise 
again  to-morrow,  I  can  say  to  you  that  world  Prohibition  is  just  as 
sure.  I  was  the  first  individual  who  started  this  movement,  but  I 
hope  that  its  influence  will  spread  into  all  the  world,  and  that  all  the 
forces  of  the  world  can  be  marshaled  together  to  meet  these  other 
deadly,  lying  forces  of  the  world ;  and  the  outcome  cannot  be  ques- 
tioned.     The   attainment   of   Prohibition   is   just   a   matter   of   time, 

244 


and  if  we  do  not  wait  until  it  is  too  late  the  world  can  be  saved  from 
another  cataclysm  of  disintegration ;  and  a  whole  lot  of  useless  fric- 
tion, combustion,  and  killing  may  be  avoided  if  this  is  done  promptly 
and  swiftly.     Otherwise  there  will  be  another  cataclysm. 

The  facts  are  all  before  the  world  in  this  great  liquor  problem, 
and  the  word  is  ringing  throughout  the  great  continents,  and  the 
word  is  on  thousands  of  tongues,  and  Prohibition  is  galloping 
quickly  down  to  victory.  We  can  win  this  fight,  and  we  can  win 
any  other  fight,  and  if  we  do  not  take  advantage  of  this  opportunity 
God  only  knows  what  may  be  the  consequence.  My  prayer  is  that 
each  one  of  us  who  has  been  hearing  the  inspiration  of  this  great 
Congress  may  go  forth  reconsecrated  to  the  great  task,  and  that  we 
all  may  cooperate  in  this  movement  for  making  Prohibition  universal 
throughoui;  the  world.  And,  my  friends,  the  only  possible  way, 
absolutely  the  only  way  to  do  this,  is  by  this  inoculation.  It  isn't  by 
compromise,.  We  can't  have  light  wines  and  light  beer.  Otherwise 
there  will  be  no  effect  in  our  Prohibition  law.  All  men  should  know 
the  truth  about  alcohol,  but  if  they  don't  know  the  truth  and  will 
persist  in  drinking  this  poisonous  whisky,  let  us  go  forth  and  take 
our  part  in  this  big  job  and  cooperate  in  marshaling  the  motives  and 
the  man  behind  the  motives  in  favor  of  Prohibition,  and  we  shall  in 
that  way  bring  in  the  happy  day  when  the  whole  world  will  be  dry. 

The  chairman  :  To-morrow  night  in  this  hall  the  Honorable 
AVilliam  Jennings  Bryan  of  Nebraska,  Miss  Agnes  Slack  of  England, 
and  the  Solicitor-General  of  the  United  States,  the  Honorable  W.  L. 
Frierson,  will  speak  to  the  Congress.  The  time  assigned  for  this 
meeting  has  now  expired  and  also  the  time  of  the  speakers  has 
expired,  and  I  now  announce  that  the  audience  is  dismissed. 

[Thereupon  the  meeting  adjourned.] 


245 


MORNING  SESSION 

FRIDAY,    SEPTEMBER    24,     1920. 


At  the  Friday  morning  session,  the  Rev.  E.  C.  Dinwiddie  presided. 

The  Rev.  ANDREW  BIRD,  of  Washington,  D.  C,  delivered  the 
invocation. 

The  chairman  :  I  feel  called  upon  to  make  a  statement  to  the 
Congress  this  morning,  and  I  trust  the  propriety  of  it  will  appeal  to  you. 
We  are  under  obligation,  in  my  judgment,  to  go  through  with  the  pro- 
gram, because  people  have  been  called  here  together  from  various  sec- 
tions of  the  world  to  read  papers  and  open  subjects  for  discussion,  as 
far  as  discussion  is  possible,  and  it  would  be  rank  discourtesy  if  they 
should  not  be  permitted  to  read  their  papers  in  proper  form.  On  the 
other  hand,  it  was  absolutely  impossible  for  the  Program  Committee,  or 
the  American  Committee  and  the  International  Committee  to  anticipate 
just  how  far  afield  anybody  might  go  in  the  discussion  of  subjects 
properly  before  the  Congress,  and  in  connection  with  papers  to  be  pre- 
sented. The  Chair  might  have  called  many  participants  to  order  with 
great  propriety,  and  might  have  been  disposed  so  to  do.  had  he  not 
thought  that  by  doing  so  much  more  time  would  be  consumed  than  by 
letting  them  go  on ;  but  if  too  much  discussion  is  to  be  had,  the  Chair 
will  feel  that  he  must  go  forward  with  the  program,  if  you  indulge  in 
purely  partizan  discussion  and  the  bringing  in  of  personal  candidacies 
and  personalit}',  and  I  think  every  one  here  will  sustain  the  Chair  in 
saying  that  these  are  out  of  place  in  a  Congress  of  this  character. 

There  may  be  differences  of  opinion  expressed,  and  I  can  really 
say  that  there  ought  to  be.  Otherwise  a  Congress  of  this  kind  wouldn't 
be  necessary ;  and  free  and  fair  discussion  of  them  ought  to  be  tolerated 
on  both  sides  without  acrimony  and  without  bitterness  or  harshness. 
The  Chair,  so  far  as  in  him  lies,  under  the  suggestions  that  he  has  made, 
will  go  to  the  limit  in  sustaining  the  right  of  any  man  or  woman  to  be 
heard  along  that  line ;  but  hereafter  please  avoid  personality,  recrimina- 
tion, and  improper  reflection. 

And  then  may  I  suggest  just  one  thing  more?  Stick  to  the  subject 
under  discussion.  That  is  all  I  care  to  say  on  the  subject,  except  that 
as  Chairman  of  the  American  Committee — and  I  speak  in  that  capacity 
now,  and  not  as  Chairman  of  the  Congress — I  want  to  say  that  the  sug- 
gestion that  this  Congress  has  in  any  way  been  directed,  or  influenced, 
or  that  its  program  was  in  any  way  directed  by  the  representatives  of 
any  temperance  organization  in  America  or  Europe  whatsoever,  is  a 
purely  gratuitous  suggestion  on  the  part  of  anybody  who  has  made  ii. 
either  in  the  press  or  otherwise,  and  is  absolutely  without  foundation  in 

246 


fact.  The  Anti-Saloon  League  hasn't  any  more  to  do  with  this  Congress 
than  any  one  of  twenty-tive  or  forty  other  organizations  in  America; 
and  there  hasn't  been  any  suggestion  by  any  of  these  organizations  in  the 
framing  of  this  program,  or  in  the  arrangements  for  the  Congress,  that 
one  organization  was  to  have  preferment  over  another.  This  is  purely 
a  Governmental  Congress,  and  the  American  Committee  conducted  its 
work  purely  along  lines  of  organizing  a  free  and  open  forum  for  the 
discussion  of  the  question  of  alcoholism  from'  every  standpoint  that  we 
could  think  of,  and  could  get  within  compass  of  six  days;  and  whether 
we  have  failed  or  not  you  and  the  public  can  judge.  I  simply  want  to 
deny  the  suggestion  that  there  has  been  the  taking  of  any  advantage  of 
this  Congress  being  organized  by  any  organization ;  and  I  can  go  further 
than  that  and  say  that  neither  in  the  inner  councils  of  the  organization 
nor  by  anybody  connected  with  our  committee  at  all,  was  there  anything 
of  that  sort  even  mentioned  or  suggested. 

I  felt  as  Chairman  of  the  American  Committee,  and  as  Chairman  of 
the  Congress,  by  the  appointment  of  the  State  Department,  and  as  being 
responsible  for  the  arrangements  of  that  Congress,  that  this  explana- 
tion was  due  to  the  members  of  the  Congress.  Xow,  in  the  hope  of 
catching  up  with  our  program,  I  am  very  happy  to  introduce  as  the 
first  speaker  of  the  morning.  Miss  Henriette  Crommelin,  of  Holland. 

EUROPEAN  WORKING  MEN  AND  THE  FIGHT  AGAINST 
ALCOHOLISM— THE    CHRISTIAN    ORGANIZATIONS 

By  miss  henriette  W.  CROM^IELIN 

OF   THE    NETHERLANDS 

When  1  accepted  the  invitation  to  speak  to  the  Congress  on  the  subject 
of  the  Christian  organizations  of  working  men  in  Europe  against  alco- 
holism it  was  understood  that  Dr.  Holitscher  should  speak  on  the  so- 
called  neutral  organizations,  so  that  our  two  papers  together  might  cover 
the  field  of  the  subject :  European  Working  Men  and  the  Fight  against 
Alcoholism. 

Xow,  I  am  sorry  to  say  that  Dr.  Holitscher  is  luiable  to  come,  on 
account  of  the  death  of  his  daughter,  therefore,  you  will  only  have  one 
part  of  the  subject  treated;  if,  however,  I  sometimes  step  over  my 
limits  and  make  an  excursion  into  Dr.  Holitscher's  ground,  I  hope  you 
will  forgive  me. 

Perhaps  some  of  you  are  not  aware  of  the  rapid  growth  of  Christian 
trade-unions  and  working  men's  organizations  on  the  Continent  of 
Europe.  In  England  special  Christian  organizations  are  as  yet  unknown, 
although  some  are  beginning  to  advocate  them.  Rut  on  the  Continent 
the  members  of  these  organizations  have  risen  to  nearly  three  and  one 
half  millions.  At  the  International  Conc:ress  for  Christian  Trade  Unions, 
held  in  June  last  at  the  Hague.  3,367,400  men  were  represented  by 
delegates  from  Austria,  Belgium.  France.  Germany.  Holland.  Hungary. 
Italy.    Spain.    Switzerland,   and   Czccho-Slovakia.      The    movement    is 

247 


strongest  in  Germany  and  Italy,  where  they  number  more  than  a  milhon 
in  each  country.  Three  and  one-half  millions  of  European  working  men 
are  no  quantite  negligeahlc.  If  these  progressive  Christian  men  would 
enlist  themselves  on  the  cause  of  temperance  it  might  mean  a  very  de- 
cided step  forward. 

What  is  the  attitude  of  these  men  toward  the  temperance  cause?  I 
have  tried  to  get  information  on  this  subject  by  writing  to  the  bureaus 
of  the  Christian  Working  Men's  organizations  in  most  of  the  countries 
just  mentioned  by  me,  but  from  the  majority  of  them  I  obtained  no 
answers.  I  fear  that  it  was  sometimes  owing  to  the  reason  that  they 
had  nothing  to  say;  however,  this  makes  my  paper  less  complete  than 
I  would  like  it  to  be,  and  I  make  you  my  humble  apologies  for  it.  I  re- 
ceived a  brief  but  comprehensive  answer  from  Switzerland,  where  Dr. 
Schmeiwiler  writes  that  the  Christian  Working  ]\Ien's  organizations  were 
from  the  beginning  of  their  existence  on  the  side  of  temperance.  The 
leaders  of  the  movement  were  often  total  abstainers  and  active  workers 
in  temperance  propaganda.  At  the  meetings  of  the  Associations,  total 
abstinence  or  moderation  was  often  preached  and  in  many  cases  members 
were  won  for  total-abstinence  societies.  There  is  a  friendly  intercourse 
between  the  associations  of  working  men  and  the  temperance  societies. 
"We  look  upon  total  abstinence  as  a  necessary  feature  of  the  Christian 
social  program  for  Switzerland,  and  we  further  it  by  word  and  writing, 
especially  also  through  the  means  of  the  press."  I  think  the  attitude 
varies  greatly  according  to  the  different  countries.  From  my  impres- 
sions gained  at  the  International  Congress  for  Christian  Trade  Unions, 
I  gathered  that  in  most  of  the  European  continental  lands — Germany, 
Belgium,  Austria  and  Hungary — there  is  little  sympathy  in  these  circles 
with  direct  total-abstinence  work,  although  they  might  feel  sympathy 
for  the  fight  against  strong  liquors. 

Several  of  the  German  delegates  said  to  me :  "I  wish  we  could  obtain 
our  good  German  beer  again."  The  same  negative  impression  has  been 
gained  by  the  secretary  of  our  Dutch  Christian  trade  union  organiza- 
tions in  his  visits  abroad.  But  this  does  not  make  me  blind  to  the  fact 
that  indirectly  these  organizations  have  furthered  the  cause  of  temperance 
by  their  mental  and  moral  education  of  the  working  classes,  by  their 
work  for  housing-reform,  etc. 

The  matter  is  somewhat  different  in  my  country — in  Holland.  Not 
that  we  have  reached  in  this  matter  the  ideal  of  the  temperance  worker, 
but  steps  have  been  made  towards  the  reaching  of  this  ideal.  Our 
Christian  trade  unions  are  federated  into  two  groups :  a  Protestant 
and  a  Roman  Catholic  group.  Besides  these,  there  are  two  general 
associations  for  Protestant  working  men.  which  resemble  in  some  ways 
the  American  labor  unions.  One  of  these  associations,  called  ''Patri- 
monium,"  mentioned  in  its  program  issued  in  1894  the  desirabilit}-  of 
measures  against  the  "sin  of  drink."  Mr.  Talma,  whom  many  of  you 
mav  remember  as  the  eminent  Chairman  of  the  13th  Congress  against 
Alcoholism  at  The  Hague  in  1911.  was  for  many  years  editor  of  Patri- 

248 


mvniuuis  Weekly.  You  can  understand  that  the  drink  problem  was 
not  forgotten  there.  His  successor  is  again  a  well-known  temperance 
man,  a  member  of  the  Executive  Council  of  the  National  League  for 
Local  Option  and  an  ^L  P.  Articles  pleading  the  cause  of  total  absti- 
nence, as  well  as  advocating  Government  measures  against  alcoholism, 
are  more  than  once  found  in  this  paper.  Later  it  contained  a  series  of 
articles  on  "Alcohol  Monopolies. " 

The  other  association  of  Protestant  working  men  is  called  Christerle 
Natiouale  IVerk  Man's  Bond  (Christian  National  Working  Men's 
Union.)  Prof.  Slotemaker  de  Bruine,  the  Government  delegate  from  Hol- 
land, and  the  President  of  the  National  Temperance  Council  in  Holland, 
is  a  regular  contributor  to  the  pages  of  its  weekly  paper.  There  is  no 
need  to  say  that  the  temperance  problem  finds  its  place  there  from  time 
to  time. 

The  local  branches  of  both  associations  have  worked  directly  in  the 
temperance  line  by  petitions  to  the  ^ilunicipal  Government  for  the  re- 
striction of  public  houses,  for  prohil)iting  the  sale  of  strong  drink  from 
Saturday  till  Monday.  These  petitions  were  sent  in  together  with  those 
of  other  corporations  and  were  very  often  crowned  with  success.  In 
a  few  places  they  have  erected  halls  for  meetings,  partly  with  the  aim 
to  prevent  gatherings  of  working  men  in  public  houses.  Indirectly  they 
ha\'e  worked  for  the  temperance  cause  by  educational  work  and  by  the 
building  of  artizans"  dwellings  in  many  places,  a  work  of  considerable 
merit  in  the  present  time.  l)ecause  the  housing  problem  is  urgent  with  us, 
as  with  all  other  nations. 

The  group  of  Protestant  trade  unions  has  as  such  not  worked  di- 
rectly for  temperance  except  that  its  secretary,  Mr.  Amelink,  read  a 
paper  at  the  second  Congress  of  Enkrateia  (our  Protestant  group  of 
temperance  societies)  on  "Shorter  hours  for  work  and  the  use  of  drink," 
and  that  their  monthly  organ  deals  very  often  with  temperance  prob- 
lems. For  the  rest,  the  Christian  trade  unions  have  left  the  work  of 
temperance  to  the  tempei  ance  societies.  With  one  remarkable  exception : 
The  propaganda  for  local  option  has  awakened  the  interest  of  trade- 
unions  and  working  men's  organizations,  both  neutral  and  Christian. 
This  began  in  the  first  months  of  1914.  As  the  united  temperance 
forces  in  Holland  had  ascertained  through  trial  votes  in  fifteen  places 
that  there  was  considerable  sympathy  in  the  country  for  the  principle  of 
local  option,  they  agreed  in  1^13  to  organize  a  universal  petition  to  the 
Queen  throughout  the  whole  country.  As  local  option  was  something 
separate  from  the  ordinary  total-abstinence  propaganda,  they  decided 
to  mobilize  not  only  the  whole  of  the  temperance  army,  but  also  the 
trade-unions  and  Working  Men's  organizations ;  and  they  have  re- 
sponded to  the  call,  and  their  interest  in  the  cause  has  been  growing  ever 
since.  The  petition  in  itself  was  a  huge  success.  Notwithstanding 
the  fact  that  the  Poman  Cntholic  orfnnization  of  societies  abstained  from 
joining  in  this  action,   so  that  hardly  any  Roman   Catholics   signed,   no 

240 


less  than  670,000  signatures  were  obtained,  a  greater  number  than  any 
petition  has  ever  gained  in  our  country. 

It  had  no  immediate  effect,  partly  because  the  mobilization  and 
the  effects  of  our  neighbor's  war  filled  everybody's  mind,  and  also 
needed  the  whole  attention  of  our  Government  party.  Our  ministry  in 
those  days  was  not  in  favor  of  the  measure.  Xow  all  is  changed.  Jhr. 
Ruijs  de  Beerenbrouck,  the  chairman  of  the  International  Congress 
Committee,  is  Prime  Minister ;  while  in  Parliament  we  have  a  majority. 
But  in  1917  the  National  League  for  Local  Option  was  foimded.  which 
now  nimibers  200  brandies  all  over  the  country.  In  the  local  executives 
of  these  branches,  members  of  working  men's  associations  also  occupy 
a  place.  Various  associations  can  become  honorary  members.  Their 
number  has  now  grown  to  2100  and  of  these  931  are  working  men's 
organizations. 

In  December  of  last  year,  a  group  of  advocates  of  local  option, 
belonging  to  various  political  parties,  introduced  a  very  moderate  local- 
option  bill  in  Parliament.  Seventy-five  per  cent  of  the  votes  is  needed  to 
suppress  the  public  houses,  and  it  only  applies  to  the  drink,  ^^'e  have  all 
hoped  that  this  bill  will  be  passed,  although  we  have  been  disappointed 
time  after  time  as  to  the  moment  when  it  would  come  before  the  House. 

More  than  5300  associations  have  given  adhesion  to  this  bill,  among 
this  num1)er  being  1,027  trade-unions  (367  of  these  are  Christian),  365 
branches  of  the  Social  Democratic  Labor  Party,  324  elective  associations 
(312  belonging  to  Christian  political  parties),  315  Christian  Working 
Men's  Associations,  Patrimonium,  Christian  National  Working  Men's 
Union,  and  other  local  associations.  I  fancy  that  these  figures  are  elo- 
quent in  showing  that  Working  Men's  organizations  in  Holland  are  by 
no  means  indifferent  to  the  local-option  cause.  \'ery  often  the  adhesion 
is  preceded  by  a  discussion  of  the  subject  in  a  members'  meeting. 

The  federation  of  Roman  Catholic  trade-unions  has  not  joined  in 
this  action  in  favor  of  local  option,  but  it  has  served  the  temperance 
cause  in  other  ways.  The  greater  part  of  their  salaried  workers  are 
at  the  same  time  members  of  Sobrietas,  the  Roman  Catholic  temperance 
society.  The  result  of  this  is  that  in  the  meetings  of  the  trade-unions, 
the  subject  of  temperance  is  often  treated,  while  it  is  also  frequently 
discussed  in  their  papers.  These  same  trade-union  leaders  take  their 
places  in  Parliament,  county  coimcils,  and  in  many  town  councils,  and  use 
their  influence  for  temperance  reforms  of  which  they  have  seen  the  ne- 
cessity as  leaders  of  working  men's  associations. 

On  August  2,  1920,  Dr.  Ariens,  a  Roman  Catholic  priest  and  one 
of  the  pioneers  of  their  temperance  movement,  spoke  at  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic Trade-Unions  Congress  at  L'trecht  on  the  subject:  "Trade-Unions 
and  Temperance."      His  conclusions  were : 

A  strong  organization  of  trade-unions  is  impossible  without  temperance 
work. 

The  true  aim  of  trades-unions — a  real  uplift  of  the  working  classes — can 
not  be  reached  without  temperance  work. 

250 


In  his  speech  he  used  these  words,  which  have  since  become  mem- 
orable: 

The  drink  question  is  so  urgent  that  a  trade-unionist  who  has  no  eye  and 
no  heart  for  it  can  not  be  taken  seriously. 

This  paper  has  been  pubHshed  and  spread  by  Sobrietas  as  well  as  two 
other  pamphlets  on  the  same  subject,  the  one  written  by  a  schoolmaster, 
now  ^I.  P.,  the  other  by  a  professor. 

At  the  second  National  Roman  Catholic  Congress,  H.  Hermans, 
trade-union  leader,  now  M.  P.,  read  a  paper  on  "Temperance  and  Work- 
ing Men's  Associations."  If  it  may  seem  that  apart  from  their  action 
for  local  option.  Roman  Catholic  working  men  in  Holland  have  done 
more  for  the  temperance  cause  than  their  Protestant  colleagues,  I  must 
point  to  the  fact  that  it  is  easier  to  become  a  member  of  Sobrietas  than 
of  a  Protestant  temperance  organization.  The  former  have  two  sec- 
tions :  one  for  old-fashioned  temperance,  allowing  beer  and  wine,  and  a 
stricter  one  based  on  total  abstinence.  Members  of  the  latter  are  gain- 
ing ground  steadily,  but  are  still  far  in  the  minority.  The  Protestant 
associations  all  require  total  abstinence.  Finally,  let  me  point  out  to 
you  an  action  where  all  our  different  groups  of  trade-unions  will  work 
together  against  Alcoholism. 

In  Holland  we  have  seen  a  great  decrease  in  drinking  during  the- 
war.  The  scarcity  of  grain — you  Americans  helped  us  in  that  way  by 
taking  our  ships — brought  on  a  great  scarcity  > of  gin.  The  consumption 
of  this  drink,  which  was  5.22  liters  of  50  per  cent  in  1913,  went  down 
to  2.8  liters  in  1918.  But  as  soon  as  the  war  was  well  over  and  gin 
-  became  more  plentiful  again,  the  consumption  rose  to  3.8  liters,  accord- 
ing to  the  Central  Bureau  of  Statistics.  I  fear  the  latter  calculation  is 
the  correct  one.  Now  the  duties  on  strong  drinks  again  show  an  in- 
crease in  1919,  so  that  we  are  afraid  the  consumption  of  them  may  be  as 
much  as  in  pre-war  days. 

In  many  places  convictions  for  drunkenness  have  greatly  increased. 
This  is  not  always  a  bad  sign,  as  it  sometimes  simply  means  greater 
vigilance  from  the  police.  Yet  on  the  whole  we  fear  drunkenness  is 
increasing  and  that  the  higher  wages  and  the  shorter  hours  introduced 
of  late  have  some  influence  in  this  increase  of  drink  consumption. 

The  Secretary  of  Labor  has  also  this  suspicion,  and  he  has  asked 
our  National  Temperance  Council  to  invite  the  five  trade-union  organi- 
zations (Protestant,  Roman  Catholic,  Neutral,  Social  Democratic  and 
Anarchist)  to  work  together  to  find  out:  (1)  whether  there  is  an  actual 
increase  in  the  consumption  of  drinks;  and  (2)  What  causes  have  led 
to  it. 

The  National  Temperance  Council  and  the  representatives  from  the 
trade-unions  met  for  the  first  time  at  Utrecht.  August  30th,  under  the 
presidency  of  Prof.  Slotcmaker  de  Bruine,  Chairman  of  the  National 
Temperance  Council.  The  result  of  this  first  meeting  has  l)een  that  the 
entire   investigation  has  been  put  into  the   hands  of   the  trade-unions. 

251 


Allow  me  now  to  go  over  to  England,  and  in  doing  so,  to  make  a 
small  excursion  into  "neutral"  territory,  as  there  is  no  Christian  trade- 
unionism  there.  England  is  the  classical  country  for  trade-unionism, 
so  it  is  greatly  worth  while  to  see  what  its  attitude  is  toward  the  drink- 
problem.  When  trade-unionism  began,  abuse  of  strong  drink  was  ram- 
pant everywhere  among  the  working  classes,  and  the  unions  at  first,  to  a 
great  extent,  conformed  to  the  ruling  habits  and  in  some  instances  inten- 
sified them. 

In  1809  tlie  Union  of  Iron-\\'orkers  prescribed  that  beer  in  the  meet- 
ings was  to  be  divided  impartially.  As  late  as  1837  the  Union  of  En- 
gineers decided  that  one  third  of  the  weekly  income  was  to  be  used  for 
refreshment  of  the  members.  In  1846  this  rule  was  abolished.  In  the 
same  year  the  delegates  of  the  iron-workers  forbade  drinking  and  smok- 
ing during  the  meetings,  saying  that  the  work  would  go  on  better  with- 
out alcohol;  and  indeed,  up  to  that  time  violent  scenes  had  often 
interrupted  the  meetings. 

About  the  year  1860  most  of  the  large  unions  had  abolished  drink- 
ing during  the  meetings.  Toward  that  time  they  tried  to  get  their  own 
meeting-places,  which  was  a  necessary  thing  because  already  in  1850  the 
iron-workers  were  turned  out  of  several  licensed  localities,  as,  through 
the  increasing  numbers  of  teetotalers,  they  did  not  bring  enough  profit 
to  the  owner. 

In  1903.  35  per  cent  of  the  British  trade-unions  met  in  non-licensed 
premises.  Perhaps  the  percentage  is  even  better  now.  On  the  other 
hand,  some  of  the  unions  show  a  remarkaljle  amount  of  patience  and 
long-suffering  toward  drunkards,  sustaining  them  when  they  are  out  of 
work  through  drink.  Sidney  and  Beatrice  Webb,  to  whom  I  am  indebted 
for  several  particulars  about  earlier  trade-unionism,  made  the  remark 
that  hopeless  drunkards  are  often  selected  as  members  of  the  committee 
year  after  year.      I  hope  it  is  no  more  the  case  now. 

The  remarkable  change  which  has  come  over  trade-unionism  wnth 
regard  to  the  drink  problem  of  late  years  is  due  in  a  very  great  part 
to  the  action  of  the  total  abstainers.  "The  worst  habits  of  drinking 
and  cases  of  drunkenness  have  diminished  by  the  pure  action  of  trade- 
unions,  but  the  battle  against  the  drinking  habit  as  such  has  been  carried 
into  trade-unionism  by  the  total  abstainers"  (F.  W.  Schmidt).  The 
total-abstinence  society  "The  Order  of  Rechabites."  declares  that  the 
great  majority  of  its  350,000  members  consists  of  organized  working 
men.  Among  the  miners  of  Northumberland,  from  20  per  cent  in  some 
places  to  40  per  cent  in  others  are  total  abstainers. 

The  labor  members  in  different  Parliaments  are  nearly  always  tee- 
totalers. In  1904  was  formed  the  Trade-Union  and  Labor  Officials  Tem- 
perance Fellowship.  The  objects  of  the  society  are  the  personal  practise 
and  promotion  of  total  abstinence  and  the  removal  of  trade-society  meet- 
ings from  licensed  premises.  In  1908  the  society  counted  300  mem- 
bers. I  do  not  know  if  it  has  survived  the  war.  ^Ir.  John  Turner  Rae. 
secretary  of  The  National  Temperance  League  and  member  of  the  Com- 

252 


mittee  of  these  International  Congresses,  was  one  of  the  founders  of  this 
Fellowship.  The  strongest  supporters  of  Temperance  legislation  are 
to  be  found  in  the  Independent  Labor  Party.  This  is  clearly  shown 
in  the  resolution  adopted  by  the  National  British  Conference  of  the 
Independent  Labor  Party,  held  at  Glasgow  April  6  of  this  year.  A 
resolution  expressing  approval  of  total  Prohibition  and  calling  on  the 
workers  of  Scotland  to  vote  "No  license "<  was  adopted  by  a  large  ma- 
jority; 269  voting  for  Prohibition,  187  against.  Similarly  the  national 
gathering  of  the  Scottish  Trade-Union  Congress  resolved  to  support  the 
prohibition  of  the  liquor  traffic  instead  of  State  Control  bv  a  vote  of 
110  for  and  74  against  Prohibition. 

At  the  Conference  of  the  much  larger  Labor  Party  at  Scarborough 
on  June  28  of  this  year,  Mr.  Philip  Snowden  spoke  strongly  in  favor 
of  Prohibition  as  against  State  Purchase  and  Control.  Prohibition,  how- 
ever, was  defeated  by  2,603,000  to  472,000  votes.  Public  ownership 
was  defeated  by  a  narrow  majority,  1,352,000  being  in  favor  of  it  and 
1,672,000  against  it.  Finally  the  resolution  of  the  Independent  Labor 
Party  was  carried.  This  was  concerned  with  local  option  and  accepted 
as  a  possible  alternative  to  municipal  ownership.  This  shows  us  that 
though  the  opinions  in  labor  circles  in  England  are  divided,  the  brewers 
and  their  friends  have  little  to  hope  from  them  as  a  whole. 

If  Dr.  Saleeby's  suggestion  could  be  followed  and  representatives  of 
the  Labor  Party  could  be  invited  to  the  United  States  to  come  and  see 
Prohibition  for  themselves,  I  think  a  great  step  forward  might  be  made. 
Yesterday  we  heard  from  Dr.  Helenius-Seppala  how  the  trade-unions 
of  Finland  were  a  great  factor  in  obtaining  Prohibition  and  a  great  power 
in  enforcing  it.  They  put  out  of  their  organization  any  member  who 
disobeys  the  Prohibition  law. 

What  we  see  in  Finland  and,  to  some  extent,  in  Holland  and  Eng- 
land, must  be  possil)le  everywhere,  provided  there  be  a  labor  and  a 
temperance  movement.  They  must  join  hands  together  wherever  they 
find  an  opportunity  to  do  so.  Is  this  asking  too  much  when  we  know 
that,  according  to  a  very  modest  reckoning,  the  temperance  army  in 
luirope  and  America  numbers  at  least  25  millions  of  working  men, 
where  the  temperance  forces  in  all  countries  draw  their  greatest  numbers 
from  the  so-called  "working  classes?"  And,  since  I  am  dealing  espe- 
cially with  the  Christian  organizations,  I  say  with  especial  stress:  If 
Christian  trade-unions  and  working  men's  organizations  could  work  to- 
gether with  the  Christian  temperance  societies  for  personal  and  legisla- 
tive temperance  reform,  a  great  step  forward  might  be  made.  The  gulf 
is  not  impassable ;  it  is  chiefly  formed  by  ignorance  of  each  other's  work 
and  sometimes  by  prejiulice  against  it.  A  bridge  might  easily  be  found. 
In  my  country'  the -action  for  local  option  proved  to  be  the  bridge.  The 
initiative  to  come  together  ought  to  come  from  both  sides,  for  lioth  would 
profit  by  the  alliance. 

Mr.  Charles  Wakclv,  the  welbknown  veteran  leader  of  the  P.and  of 
Hope  movement   in   England,   wmtc  to  mc :    "Trade-unions  and   labor 

253 


leaders  in  and  out  of  the  House  of  Commons  regard  drink  as  a  serious 
obstacle  to  labor  and  a  menace  to  the  working  classes." 

When  trade-unions  have  unanimously  come  to  this  conclusion,  they 
will  be  pleased  to  cooperate  with  temperance  associations.  On  the  other 
liand,  the  tempefance  societies  need  the  help  of  the  organized  working 
man.  If  we  come  into  closer  touch  with  him,  we  shall  come  nearer 
to  the  best  of  the  artizans,  not  in  tlie  first  place  to  the  drunkards,  the 
old  "topers,"  who  are  sometimes  apt  to  flock  first  to  our  societies  for 
help  and  protection  and  whom  we  are  certainly  glad  to  welcome,  but  who 
prevent  others  from  jpining  when  they  form  the  bulk  of  our  societies. 
Let  labor  and  temperance,  therefore,  seek  each  other  for  their  mutual 
good.  We  all  know  that  we  are  living  in  an  entirely  new  period  in  the 
world's  history;  but  let  us  remember  as  Temperance  people  that  this 
new  period  brings  with  it  new  dangers,  new  possibilities,  and  calls  for 
new  methods  of  work. 

Xew  dangers.  Almost  everywhere  wages  have  risen  tremendously, 
being  twice  or  three  times  as  much  as  before  the  war,  and  hours  of  work- 
have  been,  in  many  countries,  suddenly  shortened.  The  higher  wages 
are  partly  meant  to  cover  the  higher  cost  of  living,  partly  to  enable  the 
artizan  to  live  on  a  somewhat  higher  plane ;  but  is  there  not  a  great 
danger  that  a  considerable  percentage  of  the  increased  wages,  especially 
in  the  case  of  young  unmarried  men,  will  go  to  fill  the  pockets  of  the 
publican?  The  memorable  w^ords  which  we  so  often  see  advertised  in 
America,  "Work  and  Save."  are  too  often  ignored.  Similarly,  the 
shorter  hours,  the  eight-hour  working  day  can  be  a  great  blessing  to  the 
working  man ;  can  be  used  for  family  life,  educational  purposes,  garden- 
ing, and  ever}-  other  healthy  recreation.  They  can  help  to  make  a  man 
of  him ;  but  there  is  also  the  great  danger  that  the  newly  found  liberty' 
may  lead  him  to  the  saloon,  -\vhere  everything  that  makes  a  man  of  him 
is  taken  out  of  him. 

Xow  I  think  that  when  the  labor  and  temperance  forces  work  to- 
gether, as  they  have  begun  to  do  in  Holland  under  the  auspices  of  our 
Secretary  of  Labor,  a  concerted  action  may  be  begun  which  will  grapple 
with  these  new  dangers.  Both  temperance  and  labor  societies  may  feel 
that  the)'  must  do  more  for  the  artizan  than  they  have  done  so  far.  that 
they  must  give  him  more  occasion  for  healthy  recreation  and  instruction, 
that  the  higher  wages  and  the  shorter  hours  bring  new  responsibilities 
to  all  those  agencies  that  seek  his  welfare. 

Christian  temperance  and  Christian  labor  will  find  that  in  this  strug- 
gle their  greatest  motive  power  and  strength  is  in  religion,  in  the  Gospel 
of  Christ;  and  finally  we  shall  need  the  support  of  labor  to  conquer  the 
drink  traffic  radically.  In  most  countries  the  temperance  forces  alone 
are  not  strong  enough  in  numbers  to  obtain  and  carr}-  out  local  option 
and,  later  on.  Prohibition.  The  fight  will  he  hard  ever\-where.  The 
drink  traffic  will  use  in  our  countries,  too.  all  its  weapons  to  defeat  us 
— its  huge  capital  of  money  and  its  still  larger  capital  of  lawlessness. 
falsehoods,  slander,  and  hypocritical  love  of   freedom.     Therefore,  we 

254 


must  work  for  allies.  And  to  whom  should  we  turn  more  naturally 
than  to  the  working  man  who  has  suffered  more  than  any  other  class 
from  the  tryranny  of  the  trade,  and  who,  in  some  countries  at  least,  is 
turning  to  us  already?  And  He  who  was  once  a  working  man  in  Naz- 
areth, but  is  now  clothed  with  power,  shall  bless  us. 

May  I  close  with  two  quotations  from  two  American  poets?  From 
Lowell,  who  says : 

Once  to  every  man  and  nation  conies  the  nioinent  to  decide, 
In  the  strife  of  Truth  and  Falsehood  for  the  good  or  evil  side. 

and  from  your  great  Quaker  poet  Whittier : 

Every    age    on    him    who    strays 
From   its   broad  and  beaten   waj^s, 
Pours    its    sevenfold   vial. 

Happy  he  whose  inward  ear 
Angel  comfortings  can  hear, 

O'er  the  rabble's  laughter; 
And  while  Hatred's  faggots  burn, 
Glimpses,    through    the    smoke,    discern, 

Of  the  good  hereafter. 

Knowing  this,  that  never  yet, 
Share  of  truth  was  vainly  set, 

In  the  world's  wide  fallow; 
After  hands  shall  sow  the  seed, 
After  hands  from  hill  and  mead 

Reap  the  harvests  yellow. 

Thus  with   something  of  the   Seer, 
Must  the  moral  pioneer, 

From  the  future  borrow. 
Clothe  the  waste  with  dreams  of  grain. 
And  on  midnight's  sky  of  rain. 

Paint  the  golden  morrow. 

You  Americans  have  chosen  rightly  on  slavery  and  on  drink.  I\.Iay 
we  other  nations,  when  our  moment  comes,  also  choose  rightly,  with  our 
working  men  behind  us.  Then  we  shall  not  only  hear  angel  comfort- 
ings, but  the  voice  of  (]od  Almighty  shall  urge  us  to  go  on  in  this  world. 
God  make  us  all  moral  pioneers! 

The  SECRETARY,  Mr.  ERNEST  H.  CHERRINGTON,  made 
some  announcements. 

The  CHAIRMAN:  With  the  exception  of  the  .speech  of  Mr.  Lar.sen- 
Ledet,  which  the  Chair  thinks  .provision  can  be  made  to  fit  in  very  nicely 
before  adjournment,  we  are  now  within  three  or  four  minutes  of  our 
schedule  again,  with  this  exception,  that  a  telegram  has  been  received 
from  the  Hon.  E.  P.  Keating,  who  is  on  the  program  to  speak  to  us  this 
morning,  but  who  is  imfortunately  attending  a  labor  conference  in 
Rochester.  N.  Y..  at  this  time.      T  will  read  the  telegram  and  then  incH- 

255 


cate  what  I  think  can  be  done.  I  want  to  say  right  here  that  Mr. 
Keating  is  one  of  the  greatest  labor  group  leaders  in  the  United  States. 
His  telegram  is  as  follows : 

Impossible  for  me  to  leave  here.  Sincere!}'  regret  necessity  for  dis- 
appointing j'ou.  I  wanted  to  tell  delegates  that  prohibition  has  done  more 
for  labor  than  any  legislation  enacted  in  a  quarter  of  a  century. 

}klr.  Keating,  formerly  of  Colorado,  is  now  on  the  Reclassification 
Commission.  I  am  hoping  that  he  will  get  here  before  Sunday,  so  that 
we  can  fill  him  in  at  one  of  the  meetings  on  Sunday  next. 

A  session  of  the  International  Congress  against  Alcoholism  would 
hardly  be  a  success,  and  I  know  this  one  would  not  be,  had  it  not  been 
for  the  splendid  self-sacrifice  and  efficient  services  of  the  General  Sec- 
retary of  the  International  Temperance  Bureau,  of  Lausanne,  Switzer- 
land. I  now  take  pleasure  in  introducing  to  you.  Dr.  R.  Hercod,  of 
Switzerland,  who  will  tell  us  about  ''The  Present  State  of  Temperance 
and  Prohibition  Legislation  in  Europe." 

THE   PRESENT    STATE   OF   TEMPERANCE 

AND 

PROHIBITION    LEGISLATION    IN    EUROPE 

By  dr.  R.  hercod 
LAUSANNE,   SWITZERLAND 

Mr.  President,  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen :  I  have  to  give  you  a 
survey  of  the  actual  state  of  temperance  legislation  in  Europe.  ^ly 
task  is  not  easy,  for,  as  you  know,  there  are  between  the  European 
nations  deep  diflferences.  Xot  only  the  language  changes  from  one 
State  to  another,  but  social  and  political  conditions  change  as  well. 
We  meet  with  the  same  fact  in  the  temperance  field.  In  some  coun- 
tries the  fight  against  alcoholism  is  already  one  century  old,  and 
public  opinion  has  been  so  well  prepared  that  earnest  legislative 
measures  are  possible,  or  have  already  been  taken ;  in  others  public 
opinion  hardly  begins  to  think  of  the  danger  of  alcoholism. 

I  shall  distribute  the  European  countries,  as  regards  temperance 
legislation,  into  three  great  groups.  First,  the  countries  in  which 
there  is  complete  liberty  of  the  liquor  traffic.  Second,  the  States 
which  are  endeavoring  to  restrict  the  liberty  of  saloons,  imposing 
upon  them  heavy  duties  in  order  to  diminish  their  number,  or  fixing 
a  certain  proportion  of  licensed  places  to  the  population.  In  this 
group  belong  also  the  States  where  the  system  knoAvn  as  the  "Goth- 
enburg System"  has  been  introduced,  that  is,  where  the  direct  inter- 
est of  the  seller  in  the  consumption  of  alcohol  has  been  eliminated 
in  the  hope  that  the  number  of  saloons  or  the  quantity  of  alcohol 
sold  would  be  less.  W'e  must  also  mention  in  this  group  the  States 
which  tried  directly  to  diminish  production,  which  is  only  possible 
through  a  State  monopoly.  Then  we  have  the  States  which  have 
taken  prohibitive  measures  against  alcoholic  liquors,  either  local  or 

256 


general  Prohibition,  either  against  every  kind  of  alcoholic  liquor  or 
against  some  of  them  only,  considered  as  more  dangerous  than  the 
others. 

To  the  group  of  States  where  the  public  house  is  enjoying  full 
liberty  belong  also  the  countries  in  which  some  police  restrictions 
are  imposed  on  them.  But  the  restrictions  are  so  harmless  that 
they  can  not  bring  about  a  diminution  of  the  number  of  licensed 
places ;  for  instance,  the  obligation  to  notify  the  authorities  of  the 
opening  of  a  new  house,  the  exclusion  from  the  liquor  trade  of  indi- 
viduals who  have  a  bad  reputation,  or  the  payment  of  a  small  tax. 
France  belongs  to  this  group,  at  least  for  fermented  liquors,  with  this 
one  exception.  The  municipalities  have  the  right  to  prohibit  the 
opening  of  public  houses  in  the  neighborhood  of  schools,  churches, 
hospitals,  and  other  public  buildings.  In  Belgium,  also,  the  lav.'  of 
August  9,  1919,  gives  almost  full  liberty  to  the  sale  of  fermented 
liquors.  In  Germany  it  is  not  possible  to  deny  the  opening  of  a 
saloon  unless  State  governments  have  issued  special  dispositions  in 
the  matter;  but  little  by  little  all  have  interfered  with  the  complete 
liberty  of  the  saloon,  so  that  it  is  hardly  possible  to  put  Germany  into 
this  group.  In  all  States  of  South  Europe,  where  there  is  no  organ- 
ized struggle  against  alcoholism,  as  Spain,  Portugal,  and  Greece,  we 
have,  as  a  general  rule,  the  full  liberty  of  the  public  house. 

The  second  group  is  much  more  complicated.  We  have  at  first 
the  States  in  which  the  law  may,  in  quite  a  general  fashion,  declare 
that  it  is  not  allowed  to  open  a  new  public  house,  when  the  number 
of  existing  places  answers  to  the  wants  of  the  locality.  This  term, 
"wants  of  the  locality,"  is  of  course  very  extensible ;  and  in  coun- 
tries where  the  authorities  are  very  indulgent  toward  the  drinking 
habits,  it  may  be  supposed  that  they  will  be  very  liberal  in  their 
interpretation  of  what  is  wanted  or  not.  Such  dispositions  are  in 
force  generally  in  the  -Swiss  States,  and  also  in  Germany ;  that  is,  in 
Germany  the  State  governments  may  refuse  to  grant  a  new  conces- 
sion in  cities  with  less  than  15,000  inhabitants  if  the  new  license  is 
considered  as  superfluous.  The  same  thing  happens  in  the  greater 
cities,  but  there  the  local  statute  must  contain  special  dispositions  in 
that  matter.  It  is  interesting  to  note  the  special  interpretation  which 
the  law  of  Bavaria  gives  of  the  wants  of  a  city.  The  authorities 
have  to  take  into  account  the  population  in  general,  the  number  of 
adult  males,  the  classes  of  the  population  which  may  be  interested 
in  the  new  concession,  the  habits  and  material  conditions  of  the 
inhabitants,  the  distance  to  the  nearest  public  houses,  the  numl)er  of 
foreigners,  etc. 

In  Great  Britain,  every  year,  the  licensing  justices  have  to  pro- 
nounce on  the  renewing  of  the  licenses  or  the  granting  of  new  ones. 
If  they  do  not  grant  the  renewal  of  a  concession,  with  the  exception 
of  the  cases  in  which  the  licensee  has  been  found  guilty  of  great 
infractions  of  the  law,  they  must  pay  the  man  an  indemnity.     The 

257 


licensing  justices  have  tried  with  some  success  to  lessen  the  number 
of  public  houses  in  Great  Britain.  There  were,  in  1895,  33.94  public 
houses  for  10,000  inhabitants;  29.71  in  1905,  and  22.41  in  1919.  The 
number  of  "off"  licenses  is  also  on  the  decrease,  but  that  of  clubs 
is  slightly  increasing.  You  know  that  the  liquor  traffic  has  been 
submitted  in  Great  Britain  during  the  war  to  the  severe  restrictions 
of  the  Board  of  Control,  presided  over  by  Lord  d'Abernon.  Other 
countries  wishing  to  restrict  the  number  of  licensed  houses  deter- 
mine the  proportion  of  public  houses  to  the  population.  In  Italy 
for  instance,  the  law  of  1913  establishes  a  proportion  of  one  saloon 
for  every  500  inhabitants,  at  least  for  the  sale  of  beer  and  wine,  but 
the  owners  of  vineyards  have  the  right  to  sell  their  own  products. 
As  to  the  sale  of  distilled  spirits,  it  depends  on  the  authorization  of  a 
provincial  committee.  In  Denmark  the  law  of  1908,  revised  in  1912, 
gives  a  proportion  of  one  saloon  for  350  inhabitants,  but  the  sale  of 
beer  of  less  than  2.25  per  cent  alcohol  is  free.  The  Dutch  law  of 
1881,  revised  in  1904,  gives  for  the  places  in  which  spirits  are  sold  the 
following  proportion :  In  cities  with  more  than  50,000  inhabitants, 
one  saloon  for  600;  in  cities  of  20.000  to  50,000  inhabitants,  one  for 
400;  in  cities  and  towns  of  20,000  to  50,000  inhabitants,  one  for 
150  inhabitants  in  the  smaller  places. 

It  is  necessary  also  to  ask  for  a  concession  for  the  sale  of  fer- 
mented liquors ;  but  the  law  does  not  determine  a  maximum  of 
licenses,  and  the  keeper  of  the  saloon  has  no  tax  to  pay.  In  Switz- 
erland several  States  have  a  fixed  but  very  modest  proportion,  one 
for  250  inhabitants,  or  one  for  200,  or  even  one  for  100. 

We  must  note  here  a  special  system  introduced  into  France  by 
the  law  of  1915.  It  applies  only  to  distilled  spirits,  stipulating  that 
no  new  concessions  may  be  granted.  It  is  true  that  the  law  does  not 
extend  its  effects  to  the  places  where  meals  are  served.  We  have  a 
similar  disposition  in  the  Swiss  State  of  St.  Gall,  where  the  parish 
may  introduce  for  a  time  of  five  years  what  is  called  the  "Sperre," 
that  is,  no  new  concession  can  be  granted  in  the  parish. 

And  now  we  come  to  local  option,  not  local  Prohibition.  We 
shall  study  that  a  little  later  on.  Local  option  means  local  restric- 
tions, according  to  which  the  inhabitants  of  a  parish  have  the  right 
to  decide  the  reduction  of  the  number  of  public  house.  We  have 
such  a  disposition  in  the  Swiss  State  of  Freiburg.  We  can  note 
also  here  a  kind  of  local  option  existing  in  Denmark,  where,  in  the 
country,  the  permission  to  open  a  new  saloon  depends  in  reality 
on  the  will  of  the  voters ;  for  if  there  is  any  difference  of  opinion 
between  the  authorities  they  have  to  consult  the  voters.  From  1907 
until  1920  they  have  been  appealed  to  in  279  cases. 

And  now  w»e  have  the  Gothenburg  System,  which  in  former  times 
occupied  a  great  place  in  the  discussions  of  temperance  fighters,  but 
the  importance  of  which  is  much  less  in  the  last  several  years.  Under 
this  name  one  understands  in  general  the  kind  of  legislation  accord- 

258 


ing  to  which  the  sale  of  alcoholic  liquors  is  no  more  placed  in  the 
hands  of  private  individuals,  but  is  exerted  by  societies  which  have 
to  pay  the  profits  realized  into  the  State  Treasury  or  to  benevolent 
institutions.  The  Gothenburg  System  is  actually  in  force  in  Sweden, 
and  has  taken  a  form  which  widely  differs  from  the  institution  as  it 
was  first  known.  According  to  the  Swedish  law  of  June,  1907,  all 
intoxicating  liquors,  spirits,  wine,  and  beer,  with  more  than  3.6  per 
cent  alcohol,  can  only  be  sold  through  benevolent  societies ;  but  the 
communal  authorities  have  the  right  to  refuse  the  concession,  in 
other  words,  to  introduce  local  Prohibition.  Thus  in  14  of  the  109 
cities  of  Sweden  alcoholic  liquors  with  more  than  3.6  per  cent  alcohol 
can  not  be  sold.  In  the  country,  of  2,409  parishes  only  88  have 
saloons.  One  sees,  therefore,  that  almost  the  entire  territory  of 
Sweden  is  wholly  dry.  As  to  the  "off"  sale  of  spirits,  my  friend, 
Mr.  Bjorkman,  will  give  you  interesting  information  about  it. 

I  may  add  here  some  words  concerning  the  special  restrictions 
which  apply  not  to  the  sale  but  to  the  production  of  alcoholic 
liquors  through  the  monopoly.  Germany  introduced  in  1918,  for 
fiscal  reasons,  the  monopoly  of  spirits,  but  one  may  expect  that  it 
will  restrict  but  little  the  consumption  of  spirits.  Switzerland  has 
a  monopoly  of  spirits,  existing  since  1886;  but  it  is  only  a  half- 
monopoly,  so  it  does  not  extend  to  the  distillation  of  foods.  In 
France  our  friends  have  been  through  long  years  fighting  against 
free  distillation.  It  has  been  suppressed  during  the  war ;  that  is,  the 
peasants  have  to  pay  duties  for  their  distilled  products,  but  the  Par- 
liament left  them  the  right  to  distill,  free  of  duty,  10  liters  for  house- 
iiold  consumption. 

There  was,  before  the  war.  an  alcohol  monopoly  in  Roumania, 
but  it  has  been  impossible  for  mc  to  get  information  as  to  the  actual 
application  of  this  system. 

And  now  we  come  to  our  third  group :  prohibitive  legislation, 
which  we  must  divide  into  several  subdivisions.  First,  local  Pro- 
hibition. You  know  that  Scotland,  through  the  law  of  1913,  which  is 
enforced  this  year  for  the  first  time,  has  local  option,  and  our  com- 
rades in  this  beautiful  covmtry  are  actually  fighting  earnestly  for  the 
suppression  of  the  sale  of  alcoholic  liquors  in  as  great  a  number  of 
parishes  as  possible. 

In  Norway  the  law,  as  it  existed  before  the  war,  gave  to  the  rural 
parishes  the  right  of  indirect  option  ;  that  is.  the  communal  authority 
could  prohibit  the  sale  of  alcoholic  liquors.  In  the  cities  the  voters 
had  the  direct  right  of  local  option  for  spirits,  and  could  prohibit 
their  sale.  A  law  of  April  23.  1920,  has  given  Poland  local  option 
for  all  alcoholic  liquors  with  more  than  2.5  per  cent  alcohol.  It  is 
even  more  than  local  option,  and  rather  something  analogous  to 
county  option,  as  it  was  known  in  America  before  national  Prohi- 
bition ;  that  is.  if  in  a  county  two  thirds  of  the  parishes  with  a  popu- 
lation of  more  than  half  of  the  population  of  the  whole  county,  have 

259 


introduced  local  option,  the  authorities  can  prohibit  the  sale  of  strong 
liquors  in  the  whole  county.  As  a  consequence  of  the  war  with  Rus- 
sia, it  has  not  been  possible  to  enforce  the  law  as  yet.  We  have 
actually  in  Switzerland  and  in  Holland  campaigns  for  local  option. 
In  Switzerland  we  want  to  give  the  population  the  right  to  prohibit 
the  sale  of  all  intoxicating  liquors,  but  as  it  is  unlikely  that  we  can 
obtain  so  much,  we  are  trying  to  get  at  least  local  option  for  spirits. 
I  organized  in  about  one  hundred  Swiss  parishes,  among  them  im- 
portant cities,  a  straw  vote,  which  has  revealed  that  the  population, 
men  as  well  as  w^omen,  are  in  majority  for  the  prohibition  of  spirits. 
We  have  a  similar  movement  in  Holland,  where  a  petition  with  more 
than  600,000  names  has  requested  local  option  from  the  Government. 

And  now  we  come  to  general  Prohibition  extending  to  the  whole 
country.  Similar  measures  have  been  taken  in  several  countries 
against  a  liquor,  the  dangers  of  which  are  especially  striking — 
abstinth,  which  has  been  prohibited  in  1905  in  Belgium ;  in  1908  in 
Switzerland,  by  a  popular  vote ;  in  1910  in  Holland ;  in  1913  in  Italy, 
and  in  1915  in  France. 

European  public  opinion  demands,  with  an  increasing  strength, 
the  prohibition  of  all  spirits.  This  prohibition  has  been  partly  real- 
ized in  Belgium,  as  the  law  of  August,  1919,  prohibits  the  sale  of 
spirits  for  consumption  on  the  premises,  and  allows  only  the  sale  for 
consumption  at  home,  and  in  quantities  of  two  liters  at  least.  This 
law  is  actually  the  object  of  a  bitter  fight.  The  violations  are  numer- 
ous, but  the  Government  and  the  better  part  of  public  opinion  are 
decided  to  resist. 

Norway  also  has  Prohibition  of  spirits,  and  of  wines  with  more 
than  12  per  cent  alcohol.  This  Prohibition  has  been  ratified  by  a 
popular  vote  taken  in  October,  1919 ;  the  Norwegian  voters,  men 
and  women,  pronounced  themselves  in  a  great  majority  for  the  con- 
tinuation of  Prohibition.  A  law  is  now  prepared,  and  negotiations 
have  begun  with  the  countries  which  are  exporting  spirits  or  w'ines, 
and  feel  that  their  commercial  interests  are  affected  by  Prohibition. 
In  Slovakia,  one  of  the  great  divisions  of  the  new  Czecho-Slovakian 
State,  a  law  of  December,  1918,  prohibits  the  sale  of  spirits.  It  is 
hoped  that  this  Prohibition  will  be  maintained  and  extended  to  the 
whole  country.  People  are  trying  to  obtain  a  similar  Prohibition  in 
the  new  States  of  the  Baltic,  which  were  constituted  from  the  ruins 
of  the  old  Russian  Empire,  Esthonia.  Lattvia,  and  Lithuania. 

In  Germany  the  temperance  societies  are  preparing  for  a  popular 
vote  on  the  question.  In  Jugoslavia  preliminary  measures  have  been 
taken.  In  France  Parliament  had  to  deal  with  the  question,  but 
without  results  as  yet. 

Complete  Prohibition  has  been  introduced  into  only  two  Euro- 
pean States.  Iceland  w^as,  in  1915,  the  first  to  introduce  Prohi- 
bition. As  the  law  did  not  repress  smuggling  w^ith  sufficient  rigor 
the  adversaries  of  Prohibition  proclaimed  that  it  was  a  failure ;  but 

260 


the  law  has  been  revised,  and  it  seems  that  the  results  of  Prohibition 
in  Iceland  have  been  really  good,  and  that  this  country  will  never 
return  to  the  liceiising  system.  In  1917,  Finland,  as  soon  as  she  had 
recovered  her  independence,  adopted  Prohibition.  My  friend.  Dr. 
Helenius-Seppala  will  give  you  interesting  information  on  the  results 
of  Prohibition  in  his  country. 

I  do  not  know  if  I  can  mention  as  an  European  Prohibition  State, 
Russia.  From  1914  to  1917  this  great  country  introduced  Prohi- 
bition of  spirits  everywhere,  of  wine  and  beer  in  the  greater  part  of 
the  Empire.  Since  the  revolution  we  do  not  get  direct  news  from 
Russia,  and  what  the  papers  write  is  contradictory.  Sometimes  they 
tell  us  that  there  is  a  flood  of  alcohol  in  Russia ;  at  other  times  they 
affirm  that  Russia  is  under  strict  Prohibition.  As  soon  as  relations 
are  taken  up  with  the  Soviet  Government,  it  will  be  possible  to  have 
precise  information  and  to  study  the  role  of  alcohol  in  the  Russian 
revolution. 

My  report  is  incomplete,  as  it  does  not  say  anything  concerning 
results  of  the  measures  which  have  been  taken,  in  order  to  discuss 
them,  but  I  should  have  been  obliged  to  bring  complicated  statistics, 
which  is  impossible  in  the  twenty  minutes  which  are  alloted  me.  I 
can  only  draw  from  my  survey  three  general  conclusions,  which  may 
be  interesting. 

First.  Although  the  number  of  avowed  Prohibitionists  is  quite 
small  in  Europe,  with  the  exception  of  the  Scandinavian  countries, 
one  may  affirm  that  the  whole  temperance  movement  of  Europe  is 
slowly  tending  toward  Prohibition.  This  general  tendency  is  easily 
explained.  The  measures  which  have  been  taken  in  order  to  Icssoi 
intemperance,  to  restrict  the  use  of  alcohol,  never  could  satisfy 
entirely  the  people  who  had  advocated  them,  for  they  can  not  sup- 
press the  evil.  The  progress  which  has  been  realized  can  only  be 
considered  as  a  stage  toward  a  greater  progress. 

From  the  complete  liberty  of  the  liquor  traffic  one  passes  to  more 
and  more  vigorous  restrictions ;  then,  on  the  basis  of  the  scientific 
facts  concerning  the  dangers  of  alcoholism  and  the  benefits  of  total 
abstinence,  one  begins  to  consider  that  the  last  stage  of  temperance 
legislation  is  national  Prohibition,  at  first  perhaps,  of  some,  and  after 
a  while  of  all,  intoxicating  liquors.  In  the  countries  where  the  fight 
against  alcoholism  is  older,  and  has  taken  a  great  extension,  the 
masses  are  already  following  the  Prohibition  flag.  In  other  coun- 
tries, some  isolated  people  are  advocating  it.  but  a  real  movement 
has  hardly  begun. 

Second.  For  several  years  there  has  licen  a  tendency  to  ask  for 
special  prohiliitive  measures  against  distilled  liquors.  This  tendcncv 
is  not  the  expression  of  the  old  mistake  according  to  which  onlv 
spirits  are  dangerous,  and  wine  and  beer  are  to  be  considered  as 
hygienic  drinks.  It  is  only  a  matter  of  opportunity.  Public  opinion 
is  ripe  for  measures  against  spirits.     We  use  that  fact  in  tiic  interest 

261 


of  our  movement ;  but  we  remain  fully  persuaded  that  a  solution  of 
the  liquor  question  which  would  deal  only  with  spirits,  would  be  a 
bad,  or  at  least  only  a  very  partial,  solution. 

Third.  This  movement  towards  Prohibition  will  be  very  slow. 
In  our  conservative  Europe  it  is  difficult  to  get  rid  of  old  prejudices 
as  to  the  value  or  the  necessity  of  alcoholic  drinks.  Radical  meas- 
ures in  our  democratic  age  are  only  possible  if  they  are  requested 
by  public  opinion,  and  it  will  be  the  work  of  long  years  to  form  a 
Prohibition  opinion.  I  read  somewhere  that  American  friends,  inter- 
ested in  the  fight  against  alcoholism  in  Europe,  had  taken  as  their 
slogan,  ''The  world  dry  in  1930,"  as  the  United  States  went  dry  in 
1920.  I  believe  that  this  hope  will  be  disappointed.  Full  world  Pro- 
hibition will  come,  but  our  generation  will  not  see  it,  at  Ijpast  not  in 
most  of  the  European  countries.  We  must  be  patient,  and  must 
work,  not  only  for  ourselves,  but  for  the  generations  which  shall 
come  after  us,  for  the  children  of  our  children. 

Did  not  the  pioneers  of  the  temperance  movement  in  America 
who  already  in  the  first  part  of  the  last  centun."  advocated  Prohi- 
bition, do  the  same?  You  Americans  of  1920  are  enjoying  now  the 
fruits  of  their  and  your  labors.  It  does  not  matter  so  much  if  our 
hopes  are  realized  to-day  or  to-morrow ;  we  shall  be  patient,  for  we 
have  the  faith,  and  we  are  confident  of  a  sure  victory. 

The  CHAIR^MAX  :  It  is  now  a  very  great  pleasure  for  me  to 
introduce  to  you  Senator  Bjorkman.  of  Sweden,  who  will  tell  us 
about  conditions  in  Sweden. 

THE   BRATT   SYSTEM   IN   SWEDEN 
By  Senator  ALEXIS  BJORKMAX 

OF  STOCKHOLM,  SWEDEN 

The  ancients  said  that  light  comes  from  the  East.  But  I  say  that  in 
regard  to  temperance  the  light  has  come  to  Europe  from  the  West,  from 
the  -\nglo-Saxon  nations. 

In  Sweden  the  fight  against  drink  is  of  an  old  date.  But  for  a  long 
time  it  was  only  fought  by  some  of  the  prominent  men,  as,  for  instance, 
Carl  von  Linne,  who  in  the  eighteenth  century  urged  his  countrymen  to 
becom.e  temperate — at  the  time  when  the  people  in  America  fought  their 
great  battle  for  independence.  Others  followed  in  his  steps,  but  it  never 
came  to  organized  fighting.     We  learned  that  from  America. 

During  the  reign  of  Gustavus  the  Third.  Sweden  was  degraded  by 
drink.  The.  state  had  monopolized  the  making  and  selling  of  brandy, 
and  it  became  a  virtue  in  a  citizen  to  drink  it.  But  the  state  did  not  have 
any  profit  on  brandy.  It  was  made  and  it  was  consumed,  but  it  did  not 
give  the  state  any  real  income.  The  people,  especially  the  farmers,  were 
dissatisfied ;  and  distillation  was  made  free,  so  that  every  one  who  owned 

262 


or  rented  land  could  make  brandy.  Thus  was  inaugurated  the  unfortu- 
nate period  that  has  been  called  "The  distilling  for  Home  Needs." 

The  consumption  of  brandy — according  to  calculation — had  in- 
creased to  46  liters  per  head  and  year,  or,  more  than  11  gallons,  and 
the  misery  was  awful. 

It  was  at  this  time,  when  first  the  great  temperance  movement  swept 
over  the  United  States,  when  the  American  Temperance  Society  was 
organized,  that  a  wave  reached  the  coasts  of  Europe.  Temperance 
friends  of  America  then  sent  the  first  apostle  of  temperance,  Mr.  Robert 
Baird,  to  Europe.  He  also  came  to  Sweden  and  taught  us  in  regard  to 
working  methods  and  told  us  of  the  experience  won  throughout  America 
in  the  fight  against  drink. 

As  a  result  of  this  impulse  the  Swedish  Temperance  Society  was 
organized  in  the  year  1837.  Scattered  temperance  organizations  through- 
out the  country,  previously  established,  united  with  the  national  society. 
Speakers  were  sent  out,  and  foremost  among  them  was  the  man  who  has 
rightly  been  called  "The  father  of  the  Swedish  temperance  movement," 
Peter  Wieselgren,  Doctor  of  Divinity  and  Dean  of  the  Cathedral.  It 
was  because  of  the  educational  work  that  he  and  his  colleagues  did,  that 
not  only  were  new  members  gathered  into  the  temperance  organizations, 
but  as  a  good  fruitage  was  also  seen  the  decrease  of  the  consumption  of 
brandy  to  23  liters  per  head  and  year  at  the  beginning  of  the  fifties. 

The  Swedish  Parliament  had  several  times  considered  measures  for 
the  promotion  of  temperance,  but  no  thorough-going  legislation  had  been 
eft'ected.  It  was  during  1853-1854  that  the  Parliament,  influenced  by 
the  temperance  endeavors,  first  passed  new  legislation  relating  to  the 
making  and  selling  of  brandy.     The  new  law  went  into  effect  in  1855. 

THE  TIME  OF  THE  GOTHENBURG  SYSTEM 

By  the  new  legislation  home  distilling  was  totally  prohibited.  The 
right  was  given  to  parishes  generally  to  decide  whether  the  sale  of 
brandy  should  be  tolerated — in  other  words,  a  kind  of  local-option  right 
was  conferred  upon  them ;  and  rural  parishes  made  such  a  use  of  this 
new  right  that  practically  all  the  country  districts  were  made  dry,  so  far 
as  the  sale  of  brandy  was  concerned.  The  towns,  on  the  other  hand, 
established  the  sale  of  distilled  liquors,  and  secured  considerable  revenue 
from  it,  especially  since  the  so-called  Gothenburg  System  had  been 
invented. 

Through  the  Gothenburg  System  it  was  intended  to  do  away  with 
private  interests  in  the  liquor  business  (by  disinterested  management) 
and  make  the  selling-places  for  brandy  light,  pleasant  restaurants,  where 
the  worker  could  buy  food  and  a  drink  with  the  food.  In  other  words, 
the  tendency  was  to  make  the  business  decent.  The  Bolag  should  have 
no  other  benefit  than  a  low  interest  on  the  capital  invested ;  the  i:)rofits 
should  go  to  the  community  and,  to  some  extent,  to  the  state. 

It  is  true  that  the  consumption  of  brandy  decreased,  through  the 
abolition  of  home  distilling,  from  23  to  10  liters  per  capita,  and  I)y  (he 

263 


new  temperance  movement,  that  I  am  to  discus's,  it  was  further  lowered 
to  7  or  8  Hters  per  capita  per  year.  But  at  the  same  time  the  consump- 
tion of  beer  and  wine  increased.  If  the  alcohoHc  content  of  the  drinks 
is  taken  as  a  measure  for  our  research,  the  fact  is  borne  out  that  con- 
sumption of  intoxicants  was  practically  unchanged  during  the  whole 
period  of  the  Gothenburg  System,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  following 
statistics : 

CONSUMPTION  OF  INTOXICATING  LIQUORS  IN  SWEDEN, 

185^1900 
Population  Consumption:  hectoliters  Per  head:  liters 

Pure 

Spirits  alco- 

Years  Average      Spirits       Beer        Wine       50%  Beer  Wine   hoi 

1856-60    3.726,587     354,000       390,000     15.860      9.50     10.5     0.43     5.21 

1861-65    3,992.560     426,357       446,105     16.543     10.68     11.2     0.41     5.83 

1866-70    4,165,906    370,057       446,933     17,740      8.88     10.7     0.43     4.91 

1871-75    4,274,006     506,141        702.867     34,670     11.84     16.4    0.81     6.66 

1876-80    4,499,900    455,065        767,108    32.608     10.11     17.0    0.72     5.80 

1881-85    4,604,724    379,126       885.968     31,231       8.23     19.2     0.68    4.95 

1886-90    4,741,726     338.308     1,151,538     25.824      7.13     24.3     0.54    4.59 

1891-95    4.831,814    330,213     1,331,442     29.892      6.83     27.6    0.62    4.57 

1896-00    5,032,074    404,349     1,544.310     34.000      8.03     30.7     0.68     5.30 

I  hi.  equals  about  25  gallons;  1  liter  equals  about  one-fourth  gallon. 

Drunkenness  offenses,  on  the  other  hand,  were  constantly  increasing 
in  number.  In  1890  they  were  about  25,000.  but  in  1912  more  than 
double,  or  56,000.     The  figures  speak  a  very  clear  language. 

CONVICTIONS  FOR  DRUNKENNESS  IN  SWEDEN,  1890-1912 

Years                                            Men  Women  Total 

1890 24,444  712  25,156 

1895 27,190  1,116  28,.^06 

1900 41.343  1,300  42.643 

1905  45,923  1,568  47,491 

1910 52,996  1,849  54.845 

1911  49,216  1,756  50,972 

1912 54,744  1,878  56,622 

THE    MODERN    TEMPERANCE    MOVEMENT 

After  the  effort  of  the  dry  forces  that  caused  the  enactment  of  the 
legislation  of  1855  against  home  distilling,  the  movement  lost  its  power. 
The  Swedish  Temperance  Society,  once  so  great,  became  a  mere  board 
of  a  society  without  members.  (It  was  later  on  reorganized  under  the 
name  of  "The  Swedish  Society  for  Temperance  and  Popular  Educa- 
tion." and  is  now  mainly  occupied  with  distribution  of  literature.)  By 
and  by  the  brewing  of  Bavarian  beer  was  introduced.  Breweries  were 
established  in  the  towns  as  well  as  in  the  rural  districts.  People  learned 
to  drink  beer ;  and.  as  an  allied  power  to  brandy,  that  was  only  partly 
conquered,  came  beer  as  a  new  and  equally  dangerous  intoxicant  for 
the  nation. 

Light  was  needed  in  the  dark,  and  it  came — also  this  time  from 
America.     Some  Christian  people  had  got  the  vision  that  temperance 

264 


work  had  to  be  started  anew.  In  the  year  1873  a  total-abstinence  society 
was  formed  in  Gothenburg;  and  in  1879  the  Order  of  Good  Templars 
came  over  from  England  to  Sweden. 

A  new  era  in  the  Swedish  temperance  movement  was  ushered  in. 
The  order  of  Good  Templars  went  as  a  whirlwind  over  the  country,  and 
other  temperance  organizations  were  formed,  as,  for  instance,  The  Blue 
Ribbon,  Templar  Order,  White  Ribbon  (Woman's  Christian  Temper- 
ance Union),  Students'  lotal  Abstinence  Association,  and  several  others. 
Temperance  organizations  were  also  formed  among  special  classes,  as, 
for  instance,  among  teachers,  physicians,  railroad  men,  poHcemen  and 
so  forth.  If  church  denominations  w^ho  required  total  abstinence  of  their 
members  (Methodists,  Salvationists,  and  others)  are  counted,  then  the 
number  of  organized  Swedish  temperance  friends  at  the  beginning  of 
the  twentieth  century  amounted  to  one  half  million,  or  10  per  cent  of 
the  population. 

During  the  summer  of  1909  Sweden  was  involved  in  great  dis- 
turbances in  the  labor  miarket.  All  industrial  activity  ceased  for  a  time. 
In  order  to  make  it  easier  to  keep  order,  the  Government  during  the 
month  of  August  issued  a  temporary  Prohibition  act.  In  August  of 
previous  years  the  average  of  drunkenness  offenses  in  Stockholm  had 
numbered  about  1,500,  but  during  the  Prohibition  month  in  1909  only 
16  occurred ;  99  per  cent  of  drunkenness  was  done  away  with  by  one 
single  stroke. 

Encouraged  by  this,  the  temperance  friends  of  Sweden  started  to 
take  a  vote  among  the  mature  population,  which  at  that  time  numbered 
3.387,924.  Of  these.  2.034.234  took  part  in  the  vote,  which  resulted  as 
follows : 

For  Prohibition   1,884.298 

Against  Prohibition    16,175 

Neutrals  133,761 

2,034,234 

Proportionally  56.2  per  cent  of  the  qualified  voters  and  91.9  per  cent 
of  all  who  voted  declared  themselves  in  favor  of  Prohibition  of  the 
liquor  traffic. 

While  this  vote  was  under  preparation,  a  young  physician  in  Stock- 
holm, Ivan  Bratt,  very  strongly  criticized  the  method  used  in  selling 
intoxicants  according  to  the  Gothenlnirg  System.  Most  of  what  he  said 
had  been  said  before  by  the  temperance  friends.  The  Gothenburg 
System,  Dr.  Bratt  said,  had  to  some  extent  reformed  the  traffic  as  far 
as  the  consumption  on  the  premises  was  concerned,  but  neglected  to 
reform  the  sale  of  liquors  that  the  buyer  took  with  him.  And  this  last 
form,  he  said,  causes  most  of  the  drunkenness,  as  it  is  in  Sweden.  The 
Gothenburg  System  sells  alcoholic  liquors  to  anybody,  as  often  as  desired 
and  as  much  as  desired.  Furthermore,  the  Gothenburg  System  had, 
contrary  to  its  object  to  eliminate  private  interests,  given  to  some  persons 
not  only  license  to  sell  liquors  for  consumption  on  the  premises.  Init.  in 

265 


some  of  the  large  cities,  also  license  for  sale  of  liquors  to  be  carried 
away  from  the  premises.  And  these  individuals  had,  of  course,  only 
one  aim :  to  make  as  much  profit  as  possible,  by  selling  as  much  as 
possible.  "Xo,"  said  Dr.  Bratt,  "let  us  so  arrange  the  selling  of  brandy 
for  carrying  away  from  the  premises  in  such  a  way  that  knowledge  can 
be  obtained  and  preserved  as  to  whom  it  is  sold,  also  how  often  and 
how  much  is  sold  to  each  person."  Through  such  an  arrangement  it  is 
possible  to  keep  persons  from  buying  intoxicants  who  misuse  them,  and 
also  to  decide  how  much  the  "temperate"  users  should  obtain,  in  such  a 
way  that  the  buyer  should  be  inconvenienced  as  little  as  possible. 

Dr.  Bratt  got  concessions  for  his  system  from  the  first  day  of  Octo- 
ber, 1913,  but  it  was  not  put  into  operation  before  the  first  of  March, 
1914.  During  1914  the  Stockholm  System  or  principally  the  same  man- 
agement of  the  Gothenburg  System  was  applied  in  a  constantly  growing 
number  of  Swedish  towns.  From  the  beginning  of  1916  the  principles 
of  the  Stockholm  System  have  been  applied  and  have  been  compulsory 
throughout  the  country,  but  the  new  law  relating  to  sale  of  intoxicating 
liquors,  especially  adapted  to  the  Stockholm  System,  went  into  effect  the 
first  of  January,  1919.  I  will  now  give  a  short  resume  of  the  most  im- 
portant provisions  in  the  present  legislation  relating  to  the  sale  of  in- 
toxicating liquors. 

The  law  deals  only  with  "intoxicating  liquors."  This  expression 
means  only  spirits,  wines,  and  malt  liquors  containing  more  than  3.6  per 
cent  of  alcohol  by  volume.  Malt  liquors  containing  between  2.25  and 
3.6  per  cent  of  alcohol  by  volume  are  called  "pilsener  drinks,"  and  a 
special  law  is  set  regarding  them.  Malt  liquors  containing  less  than 
2.25  per  cent  of  alcohol  by  volume  are  called  "weak"  or  "light"  drinks, 
and  the  making  and  selling  of  them  are  free. 

All  sales  of  intoxicating  drinks  have  to  be  made  through  a  special 
bolag,  whose  shareholders  shall  get  not  more  than  5  per  cent  interest  per 
annum  on  invested  capital.  In  the  board  of  the  bolag  the  shareholders 
elect  two  members,  the  parish  or  community  one,  and  the  national  con- 
trol board  one  (its  chairman). 

As  a  rule  a  bolag  for  the  sale  of  intoxicants  can  not  be  operated 
against  the  veto  of  the  community.  Because  of  this  condition  no  sale  of 
intoxicants  is  allowed  in  14  out  of  the  109  cities  in  the  country.  It  is 
only  allowed  in  88  out  of  the  2,409  smaller  towns  and  parishes.  But 
the  inhabitants  of  a  community,  where  there  is  no  sale  of  intoxicating 
liquors,  have  the  right  to  buy  such  liquors  in  the  nearest  community 
where  sale  is  going  on.  A  community  can  only  prohibit  the  sale  of  in- 
toxicants within  its  own  borders,  but  has  no  right  to  prevent  the  sale  to 
people  living  there. 

Intoxicating  liquors  must  not  be  sold  to  others  than  those  who  have 
permission  to  buy,  and  such  permission  is  issued  by  the  bolag  in  the 
form  of  a  motbok  (Pass-book). 

A  motbok  shall  not  be  issued  to  any  one  who  is  not  fully  21  years 
of  age: 

266 


Xor  to  anyone  who  has  been  under  penalty  for  drunkenness  more 
than  once  during  the  last  two  years : 

Nor  to  any  one  who  has  in  the  last  three  years  been  convicted  of 
any  crime  committed  under  the  influence  of  liquor : 

Xor  to  any  one  who  has  been  placed  by  the  authorities  in  a  hospital 
on  account  of  drunkenness  during  the  last  three  years : 

Xor  to  any  one  who  has  been  under  cure  in  a  hospital  for  delirium 
tremens  or  for  any  other  sickness  caused  by  the  use  of  intoxicants : 

Nor  to  any  one  who  has  during  the  last  three  years  been  convicted 
of  unlawful  sale  of  alcoholic  liquors  or  of  having  furnished  others  with 
the  same : 

X^'either  to  any  one  whom  the  temperance  committee  of  the  com- 
munity has  declared  unworthy  to  possess  a  motbok. 

A  motbok  is  personal  property,  and  must  not  be  lent,  nor  sold,  nor 
used  in  order  to  furnish  intoxicating  liquors  to  others. 

On  a  motbok  4  liters  of  spirituous  liquors  (brandy)  can  be  bought 
per  month,  but  no  restriction  is  set  in  the  law  for  wine  and  beer. 

X''o  motbok  is  required  in  restaurants,  but  prior  to  3  p.  m.  no  intoxi- 
cants are  sold  to  others  than  those  who  eat  meals. 

WHAT    HAS   BEEN   THE   RESULT   OF  THE   BRATT   SYSTEM  ? 

There  are  three  things  by  which  the  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors  and 
the  effects  of  it  are  generally  measured.  They  are :  The  drunkenness 
offenses,  the  cases  of  alcoholism,  and  the  volume  of  the  trade. 

Regarding  the  consumption  of  intoxicating  liquors  I  will  quote  the- 
following  statistics : 

COXSUMPTION   OF  BRANDY  DURING    1913-1919 

Years  Liters 

1913  42,999,584 

1914  38,206.247 

1915  38,820.654 

1916  32,682,869 

1917  10,121,932 

1918  7.421.150 

1919  14.420,082 

The  increased  consumption  during-  the  latter  half  year  of  1919  is 
caused  by  larger  apportionments,  made  possible  by  importations  of 
cognac  from  France  and  whisky  from  America.  Of  this  I  will  speak 
later. 

Since  Jan.  1,  1920,  the  entire  ration  that  the  Bratt  system  allows  has 
been  available.  The  result  has  been  that  the  consumption  this  year  has 
increased  to  3,250,000  liters  per  month,  and  may  for  the  entire  year  be 
estimated  to  be  over  39.000,000  liters,  or  nearly  the  same  amount  as  in 
1913,  before  the  Bratt  System  was  introduced.     In  addition,  might  be 

267 


mentioned  the  illegal  alcohol.  No  statistics  can  be  obtained  as  to  that, 
of  course. 

The  statistician  in  our  Control  Board  has  declared  that  the  con- 
sumption of  brandy  in  Sweden  has  not  been  so  large  for  decades  as  now. 

Concerning  drunkenness  offenses  it  must  be  remembered  that  one 
can  not  always  take  them  as  reliable  criteria.  They  have  only  a  relative 
value,  as  different  methods  are  followed  in  prosecuting  the  offender.  In 
some  places  the  police  arrest  every  one  who  is  seen  to  be  intoxicated,  if 
he  is  found  in  the  street  or  any  public  highway.  In  other  places  the 
drunken  man  is  not  troubled  at  all  by  the  police,  provided  he  does  not 
act  violently.  Swedish  law  decides  that  "Any  one  who  is  found  intoxi- 
cated on  highway  or  street  may  be  arrested  and,  when  his  relatives  can 
not  take  care  of  him,  he  may  be  kept  under  police  guard  until  he  has 
regained  the  full  use  of  his  senses;"  and  "If  any  one  so  indulges  in 
drink,  that  it  can  be  seen  by  his  behavior,  or  by  the  condition  of  his 
mind,  that  he  is  intoxicated,"  then  he  may  be  fined  to  an  amount  of 
30  crowns  (about  $10),  provided  he  is  found  in  such  condition  on  high- 
w'ay,  street,  or  another  public  place. 

However,  it  is  likely  that  these  provisions  have  been  practised  uni- 
formly during  the  last  years,  so  that  drunkenness  offenses  in  Stock- 
holm for  these  years  can  be  fairly  compared. 

CONVICTIONS  FOR  DRUNKENNESS  IN  STOCKHOLM  AND  SWEDEN,   1913-1919 

Years  Stockholm  Sweden 

1913   17,696  56.000 

1914   11,878  46.000 

1915    11,323  45,000 

1916   9,877  42,000 

1917   3,749  18,377 

1918   6,341  18,677 

1919    11,108  34,858 

(The  figures  for  Sweden  for  1913-1916  are  approximate,  but  for  the  years 
1917-1919  they  are  exact  for  both  the  whole  country  and  for  Stockholm.) 

The  year  1913  was  the  "blackest  year."  both  for  Stockholm  and  for 
the  entire  country,  that  the  Swedish  statistics  have  had  to  report. 
Drunkenness  offenses  in  the  whole  country  were  more  than  56,000  and 
in  Stockholm  17,696. 

As  already  stated,  the  Bratt  system  was  introduced  into  Stockholm 
in  March,  1914.  The  number  of  drunkenness  offenses  this  year  was 
11.878,  and  the  next  year  (1915)  11,323. 

Because  of  war  conditions  the  Government  in  February,  1916, 
ordered  some  minor  restrictions  on  the  sale  of  liquors,  with  the  result 
that  the  number  of  drunkenness  offenses  this  year  in  Stockholm  went 
down  to  9,877. 

In  order  to  save  foodstuffs,  the  Government  during  the  fall  of  1916 
was  forced  to  decrease  the  making  of  brandy.  And  as  a  result  of  less 
production  the  maximum  quantity  of  brandy  that  could  be  bought  on  a 
moth  ok  was  cut  down  to  2  liters  (or  about  one  half-gallon)  per  month. 

268 


Later  on,  when  all  making  of  brandy  had  to  cease,  the  maximum  quan- 
tity per  motbok  was  decreased  to  2  liters  per  three  months.  This  maxi- 
mum quantity  was  in  force  from  May,  1917,  until  the  middle  of  1919. 

But  please  note:  There  was  no  total  Prohibition,  as  Dr.  Bratt  has 
said  in  an  article  in  American-Scandinavian  Rez'iezc  for  September  and 
October,  1919.  And  besides  these  2  liters  per  quarter,  wine  and  beer 
were  for  sale.  However,  this  great  decrease  in  the  amount  of  alcoholic 
liquors  that  could  be  had  on  the  motbok  caused  the  number  of  drunk- 
enness offenses  for  the  whole  country  to  decline  from  56,000  in  1913  to 
18,377  in  1917  and  to  18,677  in  1918,  and  in  Stockholm  to  3,749  in  1917. 
But  in  1918  the  number  of  such  offenses  rose  in  Stockholm  to  6,341. 
Why? 

When  the  motbok  was  introduced  (1914)  and  known  misusers  were 
cut  off  from  the  privilege  to  buy,  and  the  quantity  was  limited,  some 
started  to  make  brandy  in  their  homes,  especially  among  the  alcoholized 
of  the  upper  classes.  Among  the  lower  classes  temperance,  no  doubt, 
was  increased,  as  may  be  seen  from  the  just-quoted  statistics  concerning 
drunkenness  offenses. 

During  1918  industrial  alcohol — "motor  alcohol" — obtained  quite  a 
prominence  as  a  drink  in  Stockholm.  This  explains  the  increased  num- 
ber of  drunkenness  offenses  that  year.  Further  increase  was  noticed 
during  1919,  both  in  Stockholm  as  well  as  in  the  whole  country.  The 
consumption  of  motor  alcohol  decreased  again,  but  instead  of  it  came, 
through  Dr.  Bratt  as  an  agent,  imported  wines  from  Norway  (where 
strong  wine  was  prohibited)  as  well  as  from  France;  also  whisky  from 
America.  The  amount  of  alcohol  per  motbok  could  therefore  be  in- 
creased over  the  previous  2  liters  per  quarter.  For  an  extra  tax  (accis) 
one  could  even  get  as  much  as  6  liters  per  quarter.  Drunkenness 
offenses  in  Stockholm  increased  correspondingly  month  by  month  from 
635  in  January  to  1,021  in  December,  and  for  the  entire  year  to  11.108 
or  approximately  the  same  as  in  1914  and  1915,  the  first  years  of  the 
Bratt  .System. 

It  should  not  be  overlooked  that  the  higher  number  of  drunkenness 
offenses  in  Stockholm  during  1919  were  to  quite  a  large  extent  caused 
by  home  distilling.  The  larger  part  of  the  illegal  alcohol  was  consumed 
by  alcoholized  people  in  the  higher  class,  and  drunkenness  among  people 
of  the  upper  classes  is  not  so  clearly  shown  in  the  police  reports.  People 
of  the  lower  classes  also  indulged  in  illegal  brandy ;  but  the  results  of  this 
Dr.  Bratt  very  conscientiously  has  recorded,  in  order  to  demonstrate  that 
the  increase  in  the  regulated  portion  of  intoxicants  has  not  caused  a 
corresponding  increase  in  drunkenness. 

The  increased  number  of  drunkenness  offenses  in  .Stockholm,  that 
characterized  the  later  half  of  1919,  has  l)ccn  growing  during  the  present 
year,  as  will  be  seen  from  these  figures:  January,  1.066;  February,  966; 
March.  907;  April,  905;  May.  984;  Jmic,  834;  or  an  average  of  944 

269 


per  month.    For  Stockholm  a  total  of  11,000,  and  for  the  whole  country 
a  total  of  about  40.000. 

Even  though  it  be  admitted  that  some  of  these  drunkenness  offenses 
are  caused  by  consumption  of  illegal  alcohol,  it  remains  as  a  fact  that 
drimkenness  under  the  Stockholm  system  has  not  been  reduced  more 
than  25  per  cent.  Nobody  can  define  40,000  drunkenness  offenses  per 
year  as  temperance  for  a  nation  of  less  than  six  million  people. 

In  the  above-mentioned  article  in  the  American-Scandinavian  Re- 
view Dr.  Bratt  points  out  how  the  number  of  delirium-tremens  cases  at 
the  Central  Hospital  in  Stockholm  has  been  considerably  reduced.  Yes ; 
it  is  true  that  from  623  cases  in  1913,  it  went  down  to  459  in  1914,  and 
was  362  in  1915,  418  in  1916.  But  the  reduction  in  1917  to  127  and  in 
1918  to  130  is  not  to  the  credit  of  the  Bratt  System,  but  to  war-time 
restrictions.  The  following  year,  1919,  when  the  legal  alcohol  apportion- 
ment was  increased,  the  number  rose  again,  to  314,  and  has  increased 
still  further  in  1920. 

The  same  tendency  is  shown  in  the  reports  of  district  physicians  in 
Stockholm  on  the  patients  they  have  attended  for  chronic  alcoholism. 
From  492  in  1913  the  number  dropped  to  318  in  1914;  173  in  1915; 
156  in  1916;  56  in  1917;  and  29  in  1918;  but  it  increased  to  135  in  1919, 
and  since  the  legal  apportionment  of  4  liters  per  month  it  has  been  in- 
creasing during  1920. 

The  conclusion  is  that  the  Bratt  System  has,  to  some  extent,  doubt- 
less, reduced  drunkenness,  but  it  has  absolutely  not  produced  anything 
that  deserves  to  be  called  temperance. 

The  result  is  not  at  all  surprising  to  any  one  who  has  studied  the 
alcoholic  problem.  It  is  self-evident  that,  as  long  as  intoxicating  licjuors 
can  legally  be  sold  in  the  country,  and  are  used  by  some,  then  those  who 
are  cut  off  from  such  privileges  will  find  some  way  to  satisfy  their  thirst 
for  alcohol,  especially  when  they  have  legal  access  to  the  restaurants, 
even  though  the  quantity  that  they  can  get  there  is  comparatively  little. 

But  the  foundation  principle  of  the  System  was,  that  it  would  be 
possible  to  knozv  to  whom  alcohol  was  sold  and  ivhen  and  hozv  much 
was  sold.  Well,  one  could  know  how  much  was  sold,  but  to  zvhom  the 
alcohol  went,  could  not  be  known ;  and,  after  all,  that  was  the  most  im- 
portant thing  to  know,  when  the  aim  was  personal  control,  which  the 
System  claimed  to  provide  for. 

The  motbok.  as  has  already  been  mentioned,  was  to  be  personal 
property.  But  it  is  known  that  the  motbok  was  in  many  thousands  of 
cases  lent,  exchanged,  and  sold,  without  any  possibility  of  controlling  the 
lawful  use.  The  owner  of  the  motbok  has  the  right  to  use  an  agent  for 
the  buying,  and  nothing  hinders  this  agent  from  borrowing,  or  even  from 
buying,  the  motbok.  In  this  way  it  can  be  explained  that  youths  of  16 
or  17  years  often  are  found  in  possession  of  intoxicating  drinks  and  are 
themselves  intoxicated. 

270 


But  the  system  suffers  from  another  misfortune,  in  my  opinion  the 
worst  of  them  all. 

Every  young  man  of  21  years,  provided  that  he  is  not  excluded  by 
the  aforesaid,  has  a  right  to  receive  a  motbok.  If  the  young  man  is  not 
of  strong  character  and  a  member  of  a  temperance  society,  or  is  not 
restrained  by  religious  motives,  the  rule  is,  that  he  gets  his  motbok.  And 
when  he  has  got  one,  the  self-evident  thing  is.  that  he  goes  to  use  it. 
Of  course,  he  is  to  make  use  of  his  "right."  Even  though  he  does  not 
right  away  start  to  consume  the  4  liters  per  month  that  he  gets,  but 
hands  them  over  to  his  father,  or  to  his  elder  brother,  or  perhaps  to  a 
colaborer,  or  perhaps  sells  them,  the  likelihood  is  that  he  quite  soon 
starts  to  taste  the  stuff  himself.  The  country  has  one  drinker  more, 
one  who  oftentimes  ends  as  a  drunkard. 

It  is  doubtful  whether  Sweden  had  so  many  consumers  of  alcohol 
between  1825  and  1835,  when  home  distilling  was  at  its  highest,  as  there 
are  just  now.  According  to  reports  from  the  Control  Board,  about 
1.100.000  motboks  have  been  issued  for  less  than  6,000,000  inhabitants. 
Every  third  adult  man  in  Sweden  has  a  motbok. 

In  the  afore-mentioned  article  in  the  Amcrican-Scandinaz'ian  Re- 
view (also  printed  in  TJie  Public  Ledger,  Philadelphia,  Aug.  28,  1919), 
Dr.  Bratt  says : 

Without  wishing  to  draw  too  sweeping  conclusions  from  the  Swedish 
experience,  I  feel  justified  in  looking  with  suspicion  on  total  Prohibition 
as  a  cure-all  for  the  evils  of  alcoholism.  It  behooves  us  to  consider  soberly 
not  only  the  question  of  whether  it  is  necessary  and  desirable  to  use  alcohol 
at  all,  but  also  the  technical  and  psychological  side  of  the  problem;  for 
instance,  the  reaction  of  public  opinion,  the  difficulty  of  dealing  with  crime 
when  it  appears  en  masse,  and  the  ease  with  which  Prohibition  can  be  exploited 
for  private  gain. 

Leaving  out  of  consideration  those  who  are  prohibitionists  on  principle, 
we  in  Sweden  look  on  the  legitimate  trade  in  alcoholic  liquors  as  an  effective 
instrument,  when  correctly  used,  to  curb  the  illegitimate  traffic,  to  diminish 
the*  evil  effects  of  alcohol,  and  to  educate  individuals  as  well  as  the  whole 
people  to  a  greater  sense  of  responsibility.  The  experiment  we  have  made 
and  are  still  making  has  a  claim  to  the  interest  of  sociologists.  Undoubtedly 
it  will  in  the  future  yield  still  more  intotmation,  and  the  conclusions  from  it 
should  be   drawn  without  prejudice. 

To  this  I  venture  the  remark,  that  when  Dr.  Bratt  says  that  he  feels 
^'justified  in  looking  with  suspicion  on  total  Prohibition  as  a  cure-all  for 
the  evils  of  alcoholism."  I  am  fully  justified  in  saying,  that  I  am  not  only 
"looking  with  suspicion"  on  his  control  and  rationing  system,  but  I  am 
fully  convinced,  that  it  is  far  less  adapted  to  cure  this  social  evil.  It  is 
so  far  from  being  the  case  that  the  Bratt  System,  even  when  it  is  man- 
aged correctly  (as  it  presumably  is  in  Dr.  Bratt's  home  town  and  imder 
his  own  management),  is  able  to  reduce  the  illegal  traffic,  that  this  illegal 
traffic  was  caused  by  the  Systetn  in  1914  and  1915.  On  the  other  hand, 
it  should  be  admitted,  that  it  has  so  far.  to  some  extend,  reduced  drunk- 

271 


enness,  although  it  seems  quite  evident  that  a  continuation  of  the  System 
would  lead  to  as  much  drunkenness  as  Sweden  had  under  the  previous, 
the  Gothenburg,  system.  The  Bratt  System,  however,  has  totally  failed 
to  educate  individuals  as  well  as  the  whole  nation  to  a  realization  of  a 
responsibility.  During  the  war,  when  little  alcohol  could  be  procured, 
the  system  succeeded  in  keeping  up  the  use  of  intoxicants  and  in  creating 
hundreds  of  thousands  of  new  consumers  of  alcohol. 

Personally  I  have  not,  by  the  experience  gained  from  the  six  years 
that  the  System  has  been  operated  in  Sweden,  had  the  least  reason  to 
revise  my  opinion,  that  total  Prohibition,  foimded  on  educated  public 
opinion  and  decided  by  the  people,  is  the  only  known  way  to  go  to  reach 
general  temperance  for  any  nation.  The  facts  and  data  that  I  have 
related  here  concerning  the  Bratt  System  and  its  effects  will,  I  hope, 
sustain  me  in  taking  such  a  view. 

All  thinking  men,  it  seems  to  me,  must  admit  that  the  liquor  traffic 
is  an  evil. 

The  remedy  for  an  evil  is  not  to  regulate  it  or  ration  it.  The  only 
way  is  to  abolish  it.  Temperance  friends  in  Sweden  will  do  away  with 
the  liquor  traffic  just  as  you  are  doing  it  here  in  America. 

Nothing  less  than  a  world  freed  from  the  liquor  traffic  will  be  a 
sober  world. 

The  chairman  :  The  next  paper  will  be  on  the  Dispensary 
System  and  the  results  of  its  operations  in  the  State  of  South  Carolina. 
I  think  I  ought  to  say,  for  the  benefit  of  those  of  you  who  are  from 
abroad,  that  the  speaker  was  a  member  of  the  South  Carolina  Legislature 
many  years  ago,  and  introduced  at  that  time  a  measure  for  State-wide 
Prohibition  for  South  Carolina,  for  which  the  Dispensary  System  was 
substituted  by  Governor  (later  Senator)  Tillman  of  South  Carolina. 
This  man  has  become  one  of  the  most  distinguished  bureau  chiefs  in  the 
United  States,  and  it  was  under  his  regime  that  Prohibition  became 
efifective  in  the  United  States.  He  appointed  Mr.  Kramer,  the  man  who 
appeared  before  you  yesterday,  as  national  enforcement  commissioner 
of  the  United  States  because  he  wanted  a  man  that  he  knew  was  in 
sympathy  with  the  movement,  and  I  now  have  the  honor  to  introduce 
to  you  the  Honorable  Daniel  C.  Roper,  former  Commissioner  of  Internal 
Revenue. 

THE    DISPENSARY    SYSTEM— RESULTS    OF    ITS    OPERA- 
TION IN  THE  STATE  OF  SOUTH  CAROLINA 

By  The  Hon.  DANIEL  C.  ROPER 
OF   NEW   YORK   CITY. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  of  the  many  experiments  outstanding 
in  the  history  of  the  long  struggle  for  nation-wide  Prohibition  in  the 
United  States  was  that  made  through  the  South  Carolina  Dispensary 
Law.      In  the  numerous  and  varied  discussions  which  arose  over  the 

272 


liquor  question,  it  was  frequently  suggested  that  in  view  of  the  thought 
that  the  liquor  traffic  was  a  necessary  evil,  impracticable  of  abolition,  the 
best  method  of  control  lay  in  Government  monopoly.  One  of  the  most 
corrupting  phases  of  the  existing  traffic  lay  in  the  large  profits  afforded 
the  dealers;  and  if  these  profits  cotild  be  eliminated,  it  was  urged  that 
the  most  responsible  factor  in  increasing  the  vokime  of  whisky  dealt  in 
and  consumed  would  be  removed.  It  was  also  urged  that  State  monopoly 
would  afford  superior  policing  of  the  liquor  business.  It  was  thought 
that  if  the  State  were  the  sole  barkeeper,  the  problem  of  regulating  bar- 
keepers and  making  them  obey  the  law  would  be  largely  reduced  to  the 
problem  of  the  State  regulating  itself  and  preventing  itself  from  violat- 
ing the  law. 

While  this  method  of  solving  the  liquor  problem  was  frequently  sug- 
gested, it  was  actually  tried  otit  in  only  a  few  instances  in  this  country. 
Prior  to  the  South  Carolina  experiment,  the  neighboring  State  of  Georgia 
enacted  a  law  which  provided  for  local  dispensaries  in  those  communities 
where  the  people,  by  popular  vote,  chose  this  method  of  handling  the 
traffic.  The  South  Carolina  experiment  was,  however,  the  first  and 
only  instance  where  the  plan  was  tried  out  on  a  State-wide  basis. 

When  the  South  Carolina  Dispensary  Law  was  enacted,  all  territory 
outside  of  municipalities  in  the  State  was  already  under  statutory  Pro- 
hibition, while  local  option  prevailed  in  the  chartered  towns,  villages, 
and  cities.  Popular  sentiment  against  the  traffic  had  been  growing 
rapidly  for  several  years  under  an  aggressive  Prohibition  campaign,  and 
at  a  State-wide  primary  in  1892.  at  which  the  question  was  submitted 
to  the  people,  there  was  a  decided  vote  in  favor  of  State-wide  Prohi- 
bition. In  the  Legislature  following  the  election,  a  State-wide  Prohibi- 
tion bill  was  introduced  in  the  lower  house  of  the  Legislature  and  was 
passed  in  that  body  by  a  decisive  majority.  However,  this  bill  encoun- 
tered difficulties  in  the  upper  house,  and  at  that  juncture  the  idea  of  a 
Dispensary  law  along  the  lines  of  the  Georgia  local  dispensaries,  ex- 
tended so  as  to  embrace  the  entire  State  of  South  Carolina,  was  sug- 
gested as  a  substitute  for  the  then  existing  system  of  privately  owned 
saloons,  as  well  as  for  the  proposed  bill  for  State-wide  Prohibition. 

This  substitute  bill  was  urged  alike  upon  those  who  believed  it  im- 
practical)le  to  discontinue  the  sale  and  use  of  liquors  entirely  and  upon 
those  who  wished  to  destroy  the  open  saloon  and  minimize  the  inju- 
rious effects  of  liquor  upon  the  community.  Thus  the  proposed  Dispen- 
sary law  received  the  stipport  of  many  "wets"  who  desired  to  avoid 
absolute  State-wide  Prohibition,  as  well  as  the  sujiport  of  many  "drys" 
who  chose  it  as  the  lesser  evil  jiresented  in  the  circumstances.  It  be- 
came law.  therefore,  as  a  compromise  measure.  Many  sincere  Prohi- 
bitionists supported  it  u])on  the  theory  that  it  would  i)rove  a  stepping- 
stone  to  State-wide  Prohibition,  and  many  others  on  the  ground  that, 
in  any  event,  "half  a  loaf  was  better  than  no  bread." 

273 


DISTINGUISHING     FEATURES     OF     DISPENSARY     LAW. 

The  South  Carohna  Dispensary  Law  was  enacted  December  24,  1892. 
and  took  effect  July  1,  1893.  It  made  the  sale  of  all  beverages  con- 
taining alcohol,  at  either  wholesale  or  retail,  a  State  monopoly.  All 
liquors  were  to  be  put  up  in  packages  of  not  less  than  one  pint  and  not 
more  than  five  gallons.  The  law  provided  for  a  State  Board  of  Direct- 
ors, consisting  of  five  members,  one  retiring  annually.  The  members 
of  the  Board  were  elected  by  the  General  Assembly.  This  Board,  sub- 
ject to  the  approval  of  the  Senate,  appointed  a  State  Prohibition  Com- 
missioner who.  under  the  direction  of  the  State  Board,  had  immediate 
control  of  the  Dispensary  business.  The  Board  established  a  Central 
State  Dispensary  for  the  wholesale  distribution  of  liquor  and  created 
retail  dispensaries  located  in  those  counties  where  a  majority  of  the 
voters  desired  such  dispensaries.  The  men  in  charge  of  the  retail  dis- 
pensaries were  chosen  by  the  State  Board.  The  profits  of  the  State 
Central  Dispensary  went  to  the  school  fund  of  the  State,  and  the  profits 
of  the  local  dispensaries  were  divided  between  municipalities  where  lo- 
cated and  the  county.    ■ 

Noteworthy  restrictions  provided  by  the  law  and  by  regulations  of 
the  Board  were  that  purchasers  should  make  written  application  for 
what  they  desired  to  purchase;  that  the  liquor  should  be  sold  in  bottles 
and  could  not  be  drunk  on  the  premises ;  that  liquor  could  not  be  sold 
to  minors ;  that  no  liquor  could  be  sold  between  sunset  and  simrise ;  that 
liquor  should  undergo  chemical  tests  for  purity,  and  that  the  quantity 
should  be  guaranteed.  The  Law  was  enacted  in  1894.  and  in  1897  its 
operation  was  disturbed  by  adverse  court  decisions  as  to  certain  features ; 
but  by  a  Supreme  Court  decision  in  1898  its  legal  status  was  estab- 
lished. The  main  features  of  the  law  were  embodied  in  the  Constitu- 
tion of  the  State  in  1895.  This  action  made  the  establishment  of  a 
saloon  in  the  State  impossible  without  an  amendment  to  the  Constitu- 
tion. A  provision  of  the  Constitutional  amendment  was  to  the  effect 
that  no  license  should  be  granted  to  sell  alcoholic  liquors  in  less  quan- 
tities than  one  half-pint  or  to  sell  them  to  be  drunk  on  the  premises ; 
and  the  General  Assembly  could  not  delegate  to  any  municipal  corpora- 
tion the  power  to  issue,  such  a  license. 

ENFORCEMENT    OF     THE     LAW 

The  Dispensary  Law  was  placed  on  the  statute-books  of  South  Caro- 
lina and  put  into  operation  under  the  administration  and  by  the  able 
assistance  of  Governor  Benjamin  R.  Tillman,  the  stalwart  leader  of  the 
State  political  reform  movement.  Xo  cause  ever  had  a  more  forceful 
or  more  conscientious  proponent  and  defender  as  long  as  he  thought  the 
system  was  defensible.  It  was  hoped  that  the  new  law  would  receive 
the  support  of  public  opinion  from  the  people  generally  throughout  the 
State  and  thus  eliminate  the  liquor  question  from  politics  by  imited 
effort  on  the  part  of  the  people  in  the  enforcement  of  the  Dispensary 

274 


Law.      This  hope,  however,  was  soon  l)lasted,  for  factional  pohtical  hnes 
tightened  around  the  enforcement  of  this  law  as  an  issue. 

The  situation  which  confronted  the  Governor  and  his  officers  in  the 
first  year  of  the  enforcement  of  the  law  is  best  told  by  Governor  Tillman 
in  the  following  excerpts  from  his  Alessage  to  the  Legislature  in  1894 : 

The  liquor  dealers  have  resisted  its  enforcement  and  tried  to  evade  it  by 
every  device  that  cunning  and  greed  can  suggest;  and  they  have  had  as 
active  sympathizers  a  large  proportion  of  the  people  and  police  of  nearly 
all  the  cities  and  towns  in  the  State. 

If  it  had  not  been  for  the  animosities  engendered  by  politics,  and  the 
determination  of  political  partizans  to  sustain  the  liquor  dealers  in  every 
possible  way,  it  is  not  likely  that  the  tragedy  which  followed  would  have 
ever  occurred. 

The  tragedy  referred  to  was  a  conflict  between  the  State  constables 
and  the  citizens  of  the  town  of  Darlington,  in  which  two  citizens  were 
killed  and  two  wotmded,  and  one  constable  killed  and  two  wounded. 

"The  whisky  rebellion,'"  says  the  Governor  in  his  Message  of  1894. 
"had  broken  out  in  full  fury;  and  for  twenty-four  hours  men  held 
their  breaths,  not  only  in  this  State,  but  throughottt  the  whole  United 
States;  for  it  appeared  that  we  were  on  the  verge  of  civil  war." 

The  Governor  ordered  out  the  State  militia  to  assist  the  State  con- 
stabulary. ]Many  of  the  officers  and  men  refused  to  respond  to  the 
call.  General  T.  A.  Hugenin,  in  command  of  the  4th  Brigade,  tele- 
graphed the  Governor  as   follows : 

No  company  in  this  command  will  sustain  the  Constabulary  in  their 
methods  of  enforcing  the  Dispensary  Law.  This  brigade  will  uphold  and 
defend  the  honor  of  the  State,  but  will  not  lend  itself  to  foment  civil  war 
among  our  own  brethren. 

Many  of  the  officers  of  the  State  militia,  with  some  of  their  men, 
did  respond  to  the  call  of  the  Governor.  These  were  well  reinforced 
by  volunteers.  In  a  few  days,  however,  under  the  able  guidance  of  the 
Governor  and  leading  citizens  in  the  affected  territory,  conditions  be- 
came normal,  and,  upon  being  assured  by  these  citizens  that  the  com- 
munity would  be  law-abiding,  the  militia  was  withdrawn ;  and  thus 
ended  what  threatened  to  be  a  State-wide  revolt  against  the  adminis- 
tration of  the  Dispensary  Law. 

While  such  outward  demonstrations  were  not  repeated,  the  illicit 
sales  of  whisky  sprang  up  very  rapidly.  Illicit  sale-places  were  called 
"blind  tigers."  The  supplies  for  these  were  at  first  secured  from  "moon- 
shine stills"  located  in  the  mountainous  districts  or  from  territory  across 
the  State  borders.  The  Disi)ensary  opposed  its  rival  by  opening  beer 
dispensaries,  which  were  conducted  with  much  latitude,  and  by  putting 
on  the  market  a  whisky  known  as  "80  proof"  which  sold  at  a  lower 
price  than  the  "moonshine"  product.  This  "80  proof"  whisky  was 
merely  a  mixture  of  whisky  and  water  in  the  proportions  of  80  to  20. 

The  Dispensary  was  now  fighting  its  rival  by  conducting  establish- 
ments competing  with  "blind  tigers"  and  by  selling  adulterated  whisky. 
In  a  short  time,  under  these  conditions,  the  illicit  sellers  discovered  that 

275 


it  would  be  to  their  interest  to  buy  their  supplies  from  the  dispensaries, 
and  the  dispensary  keepers  found  that  they  could  enlarge  their  trade 
by  cultivating  closer  relations  with  the  illicit  sellers.  An  understanding 
was  alleged  to  have  been  reached  that  the  "blind  tigers"  would  supply 
themselves  exclusively  from  the  dispensaries  and  that  the  dispensaries 
should,  in  turn,  protect  the  '"blind  tigers,"  as  far  as  possible,  from  the 
clutches  of  the  law;  and  the  dispensaries  thus  degenerated  largely  into 
suppl}-  stations  for  "blind  tigers.'  ' 

In  February,  1902.  or  nine  years  after  the  Dispensary  Law  went 
into  effect,  the  records  of  the  United  States  Collector  of  Internal  Reve- 
nue of  South"  Carolina  show  that  there  were  in  the  State  444  retail  liquor- 
dealers,  whereas  there  were  but  104  local  dispensaries.  As  a  matter 
of  fact,  these  figures  did  not  indicate  the  real  situation,  for  there  must 
have  been  more  than  500  illicit  sale-places  in  the  city  of  Charleston 
alone. 

Local  dispensaries  closed  in  accordance  with  the  law  at  nightfall 
and  remained  closed  during  the  night  and  on  Sundays,  while  the  "blind 
tigers"  remained  open  all  night  and  Sundays.  The  hope  that  reputable 
men,  who  would  retain  public  confidence,  could  be  secured  to  conduct  the 
dispensaries  proved  disappointing,  and  it  was  soon  commonly  charged 
that  they  were  falling  into  the  hands  of  professional  politicians  of  low 
standards.  Scandals  developed  in  the  purchasing  departments,  and 
frequent  defalcations  were  reported  from  the  offices  of  the  dispensaries. 
Robberies  and  fires,  removing  or  consuming  all  records,  became  fre- 
quent. In  1897.  only  four  years  after  the  law  went  into  effect,  the 
State  Board  reported  three  fires,  with  a  total  loss  of  $6,478.98.  with 
worthless  accounts  amounting  to  $1,769.65.  and  placed  $16,006.33  in 
ex-dispensers'  shortages  in  their  profit  and  loss  account. 

The  belief  grew  that  the  management  of  the  Dispensary  had  de- 
generated into  a  political  and  graft  machine,  using  every  effort  to  in- 
crease sales  and  make  profits.  The  result  was  a  greater  consumption 
of  liquor,  especially  among  the  negroes  and  lower  class  of  whites,  than 
ever  before.  Prominent  citizens  of  the  State  alleged  that,  because 
drinking  on  the  premises  was  not  allowed  under  the  law.  and  as  the 
minimum  quantity  sold  was  a  half-pint,  drunkenness  and  rowdyism  on 
the  public  highways  had  increased  until  the  System  had  become  intol- 
erable. 

Furthermore,  constant  reports  of  graft  in  the  administration  of  the 
Dispensary  System  were  made  the  subject  of  investigation  by  a  legis- 
lative committee.  This  investigation  revealed  the  fact  that  a  member 
of  the  State  Board  made  a  purchase  of  $125,000  worth  of  whisky  with- 
out regard  to  the  provision  of  the  Law  which  required  that  bids  be 
called  for,  and  it  was  shown  the  State  was  defrauded  out  of  large 
amounts  by  purchases  in  which  commissions  in  the  form  of  rebates  to 
individuals  were  included  in  the  price  paid  by  the  State.  As  a  result  of 
this  legislative  investigation,  the  Governor  instructed  the  Attorney-Gen- 
eral of  the  State  to  prosecute  the  offenders. — but  sufficient  evidence  was 

276 


not  found  to  support  suits  for  convictions.  The  system  followed  by 
these  liquor  grafters  seemed  to  be  to  overcharge  for  liquor  and  take  the 
difference  in  the  form  of  "rebates." 

In  Dispensary  politics  the  tendency  soon  became  pronounced  to  meas- 
ure its  success  by  the  profits  turned  into  the  State  Treasury.  Each  ad- 
ministration laid  stress  on  the  growing  profits  from  its  conduct  of  the 
liquor  business.  The  effect,  therefore,  was  an  endeavor  to  sell  not  as 
little  as  possible,  but  as  much  as  possible,  from  year  to  year.  The 
total  sales  reported  for  the  nine  months  immediately  following  the  date 
when  the  Dispensary  Law  became  effective,  or  from  July  1,  1893  to 
April  1.  1894,  are  given  in- the  records  as  $573,539.91,  compared  with 
$4,376,439.05  for  the  fiscal  year  1901,  on  which  a  profit  of  more  than 
$1,000,000  was  realized. 

An  interesting  episode  in  the  South  Carolina  Dispensary  story  illus- 
trates the  unwillingness  of  the  people  to  modify  their  viewpoint  toward 
liquor  and  the  liquor  traffic,  even  though  the  State  itself  was  the  sole 
liquor-dealer.  When  the  Dispensary  first  began  to  operate,  the  man- 
agement, thinking  to  popularize  its  whisky  wares,  used  the  palmetto  tree 
— the  sacred  and  time-honored  emblem  of  the  State — on  the  labels  used 
on  whisky  packages,  and  had  this  eml)lem  blown  into  the  bottles.  This 
so  offended  the  pride  and  aroused  the  resentment  of  the  people  that 
even  while  they  still  authorized  the  continuance  of  the  Dispensary  System, 
their  representatives  at  the  first  opportunity  enacted  legislation  amend- 
ing the  law,  prohibiting  the  use  of  this  emblem  either  in  bottles  or  on 
labels.  Thus  they  evidenced  their  firm  belief  that  through  the  Dispen- 
sary Law  they  were  endeavoring  to  curb  an  evil  and  to  record  their 
conviction  that  the  liquor  traffic  was  inherently  degrading. 

THE    END    OF    THE    DISPENSARY 

While  the  Dispensary  System,  revised  and  amended  in  1895,  1896, 
and  1897,  lasted  twelve  years,  very  early  in  its  administration  the  pub- 
lic conscience  began  to  levolt  against  it.  In  the  warfare  for  its  repeal 
Governor  Tillman,  by  this  time  a  United  States  Senator,  was  heartily 
enlisted ;  and  he  was  largely  instrumental  in  securing  the  passage  of  an 
.A.ct,  in  1907,  which  abolished  the  State  Dispensary  and  left  at  the  mercy 
of  the  people  seventy-five  county  dispensaries  then  in  existence.  Under 
the  local-option  privileges  granted  in  this  law,  twenty-two  counties  imme- 
diately voted  to  close  their  dispensaries.  In  1909  the  legislature  took 
another  advanced  step  by  passing  a  State-wide  Prohiliition  Act  except 
as  to  counties  that  had  voted  for  the  Dispensary  under  the  law  of  1907. 
The  State-wide  dry  proposal  submitted  to  the  voters  by  the  legislature  was 
carried  by  a  large  majority  in  1915,  and  the  State-wide  Prohibition  law 
enacted  as  the  result  of  this  election  went  into  effect  January  1,   1916. 

The  evils  brought  by  the  liquor  traffic  to  the  community  were  numer- 
ous and  diverse.  It  is  substantially  accurate  to  say  that  the  dilatory 
influence  which  it  exercised  could  be  measured  principally  by  the  amount 
of  alcoholic  liquor  cnnsmncd.  the  extent  of  immorality  and  lawlessness 

277 


which  it  promoted,  and  by  the  baneful  and  demoraHzing  influence  upon 
politics  and  government  which  it  produced.  Measured  by  these  three 
tests,  it  seemed  certain  that  the  South  Carolina  Dispensar}-  Law  did  not 
improve  conditions,  but  made  them  worse,  for  undovibtedly,  under  the 
Dispensary  regime,  the  amount  of  liquor  introduced  and  consumed 
in  the  State  was  increased,  and  there  was  certainly  no  improvement  in 
the  way  of  moral  betterment  or  law  enforcement  or  in  the  effect  of  the 
liquor  traffic  upon  State  or  local  politics. 

Nevertheless,  there  is  sound  philosophy  in  the  statement  that  the 
South  Carolina  Dispensary  Law  rendered  a  service  to  the  people  of  that 
State  as  well  as  to  the  nation  by  demonstrating,  as  probably  could  not 
have  been  done  in  any  other  way.  the  fallacy  of  the  State  monopoly 
method  of  handling  the  liquor  question.  In  this  the  Dispensary  try-out 
cleared  the  way  for  the  onward  march  of  Prohibition.  If  South  Caro- 
lina had  not  tried  out  the  experiment,  and  furnished  its  practical  dem- 
onstration, the  advocates  of  State  monopoly  would  have  continued  to 
urge  that  their  plan  be  given  a  trial.  This  naturally  would  have  delayed 
the  final  settlement  of  the  issue. 

The  CHAIR]\IAX  made  some  announcements  with  regard  to  the 
publication  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Congress. 

Dr.   SALEEBY:  \Miat  about  the  discussion  on  these  papers? 

The  chairman  :  The  discussion  will  necessarily  begin  the  first 
thing  this  afternoon,  bitt  will  be  continued,  only  for  such  a  time  as  that 
mentioned  on  the  program,  and  then  the  next  paper  will  follow. 

Some  further  announcements  were  made,  and  the  Congress  ad- 
journed till  the  afternoon. 


278 


AFTERNOON  SESSION 

FRIDAY,  SEPTEMBER  24,    1920 


At  the  afternoon  session  of  Friday,  September  24,  Dr.  E.  C. 
Dinwiddie  presided. 

The  CHAIRMAN:  Discussion  of  the  various  papers  will  now 
be  in  order,  more  specifically  of  the  paper  of  the  Hon.  D.  C.  Roper. 

DISCUSSION 

Miss  AGNES  SLACK:  I  have  outlined  so  many  things  here 
which  I  want  to  say,  that  I  don't  know  just  where  to  begin  in  order 
to  say  them  all,  or  what  to  skip.  Manifestly  alcoholic  beverages  are 
definite]}'  injurious  to  children,  and  there  is  great  need  of  education 
in  the  schools  of  England  on  that  sul)ject.  Alcohol  is  dangerous  for 
children  and  most  persons  of  unstable  minds.  This  class,  it  has  been 
estimated,  constitutes  about  40  per  cent  of  the  community,  and  if  it  is 
injurious  for  40  per  cent  of  the  community  certainly  it  is  not  for  the 
Government  to  buy  it  up  and  run  it  as  a  State  concern,  for  that  adds 
prestige  to  it.  Recently  in  England,  in  a  little  Midland  town,  a  man 
was  arrested  and  fined  for  drunkenness.  Turning  around  to  look 
at  the  jury  which  sentenced  him,  he  observed  one  familiar  face,  that 
of  a  brewer,  and  addressing  it,  said:  "It  was  on  account  of  you  and 
your  brewery  that  I  was  fined."  Are  we  going  to  allow  them  to 
have  the  opportunity  to  leer  at  the  Government  like  this  every  time 
and  say,  "It  was  your  drink — your  Government  drink,  which  made 
me  drunk."  The  present  proposition  in  Great  Britain  is  that  we  tax 
the  liquor-dealers  and  tax  them  heavily.  A  man  can  not  sell  liquor 
in  England  unless  he  pays  a  tax.  It  is  one  thing  for  the  Government 
to  tax  this  traffic,  and  license  it.  and  thus  in  a  measure  subdue  it. 
and  another  thing  entirely  lor  us  to  say  that  the  Government  owns 
this  thing. 

By  all  means,  indeed,  let  us  tax  the  licpior  trafiic,  but  let  us  not 
make  the  Government  any  partner  or  part  in  this  liquor  traffic.  Do 
not  let  the  profits  be  considered  Government  jMofits. 

There  is  another  great  ju-oblem  which  we  face  in  (ireat  Britain, 
which  this  line  of  talk  brings  me  to,  and  that  is  that  in  the 
case  of  Carlisle.  Carlisle  is  the  only  town  in  Great  Britain  which  has 
been  bought  up  by  the  (Government,  as  it  were.  Everything  there 
is  under  (Icjvernment  su])ervision — the  schools  and  everything;  and 

279 


yet  the  great  majority  of  our  one  hundred  and  fifty  or  two  hundred 
and  odd  boroughs  have  a  smaller  percentage  of  drunkenness  in  their 
population  than  does  Carlisle,  which  proves  that  the  Government 
management  alone  can  not  cure  the  evil.  We  have  proof,  in  that 
instance  at  least,  that  State  ownership  will  not  lessen  drinking.  On 
the  other  hand,  1  am  afrad  that  Carlisle's  reputation  does  not  bear 
investigation  on  that  subject.  I  will  end  this  up  by  saying  that  it  is 
a  dangerous  trade.  Let  us  tax  it,  by  all  means,  but  do  not  let  us 
encourage  it  by  sharing  its  profits. 

Mr.  SPENCE:  Just  one  or  two  observations,  Mr.  Chairman, 
which  I  wish  to  make  on  this  liquor  cjuestion.  The  first  considera- 
tion is  that  the  evil  of  the  liquor  traffic  does  not  rest  in  the  way  it 
is  handled,  but  rather  in  the  stuff  itself.  It  is  on  account  of  appetite 
and  on  account  of  avarice  that  men  drink  liquor.  You  have  got  to 
remove  appetite  and  3'ou  have  got  to  remove  avarice.  The  appetite 
calls  for  alcohol,  with  these  men  whom  we  are  talking  about,  and  it 
matters  not  how  you  sell  it — it  is  just  the  same;  the  same  old  liquor. 
Liquor  sold  in  a  Government  dispensary,  under  responsible  man- 
agement and  respectable  conditions,  will  make  a  man  just  as  drunk 
as  it  would  any  other  way. 

Then  there  is  the  question  of  avarice.  In  regard  to  avarice  you 
can't  remove  avarice  by  replacing  private  ownership  with  public 
ownership.  You  simply  take  away  one  kind  of  avarice  in  that  case, 
and  replace  it  with  a  worse  kind  of  avarice.  I  think  that  there  is  far 
less  hostilit}'  toward  the  liquor  traffic  to-day.  in  your  country  and 
mine,  as  it  is  now  run,  by  private  individuals,  than  there  would  be  if 
the  Government  itself  were  to  start  in  and  take  the  business  away 
from  these  private  owners  and  then  conduct  the  business  itself  at  a 
huge  profit.  Nations  are  like  individuals.  They  won't  take  anybody 
else's  word  for  anything — something  like  the  dapper  individual  we  all 
know,  who,  going  along  the  street  and  seeing  the  sign  ."Fresh  Paint," 
isn't  satisfied  until  he  [stepping  over  to  an  imaginary  fence  or  bench 
and  touching  it  with  his  finger,  says,  "Yes,  yes,  so  it  is ;  my  word  !"] 
The  record  which  they  have  made  in  Saskatchewan  in  regard  to 
Prohibition  is  astonishing,  and  everybody  ought  to  read  the  account 
of  their  progress. 

But  nations  profit  by  those  experiments.  They  tried  the  dis- 
pensary movement  in  Saskatchewan,  just  the  same  as  they  did  in 
far-away  South  Carolina,  and  perhaps  they  gave  it  even  a  little  more 
thorough  try-out,  and  went  a  little  further  in  the  reform.  We  bought 
out  all  the  existing  stocks  of  liquor  to  sell  in  our  dispensary  there.  We 
bought  out  all  the  existing  stocks  of  liquor,  thus  buying  them  right  out 
of  the  trade.  We  were  only  able  to  take  over  about  20  per  cent  of  the 
existing  stocks,  because  the  remainder  were  so  adulterated  that  we  had 
just  simply  to  destroy  them.    We  closed  the  bars  and  did  all  our  selling 

280 


in  sealed  packages,  and  appointed  a  Sunday-school  superintendent  of 
the  Methodist  Church  as  General  Dispenser  for  the  Province,  with 
22  branches  under  his  control.  And  we  made  it  as  hard  for  a 
"boozer"  to  get  it  as  we  possibly  could,  and  within  a  year  the 
people  of  the  province  were  so  disgusted  that  they  voted  the 
whole  thing  out  with  a  vote  of  95,249  to  25,366.  The  trouble  there 
in  Canada  was  that  they  were  always  putting  up  this  proposition  of  a 
substitute  but  did  not  want  to  give  us  what  we  wanted  when  we  first 
asked  for  it,  but  as  a  substitute  they  gave  us  what  was  considered 
was  the  next  best  thing.  That  is  always  the  way  in  all  kinds  of  re- 
form, somebody  is  always  trying  to  suggest  something  better ;  and 
this  was  offered  as  a  substitute  for  Prohibition,  and  it  delayed  Pro- 
hibition with  us  for  about  a  year,  and  we  had  to  get  rid  of  it  before 
we  were  able  to  get  Prohibition,  but  that  wasn't  a  hard  proposition 
either.  It  has  failed  here  and  it  has  failed  in  Canada,  and  it  has  failed 
everywhere  else  it  has  been  tried  out,  and  you  in  the  States  and  we 
in  Canada  are  just  exactly  the  same  kind  of  folk  they  are  in  Britain. 

Mr  THEODORE  NEILD:  I  regret  that  time  forbids  me  to 
touch  upon  more  than  a  few  of  the  points  raised.  The  South  Caro- 
lina system  has  been  spoken  against ;  in  its  earlier  form  there  was 
some  ground  for  this,  but  the  speaker  has  passed  over  the  work  it 
did  later  in  its  improved  form,  which  has  resulted  in  the  State's  going 
dry  by  a  majority  of  two  and  one-half  to  one.  This  result,  the  Phil- 
adelphia Quaker  organ  said,  had  been  expected,  because  the  veto 
had  been  operative  in  the  rural  districts,  whilst  the  State  Dispensary 
system  in  the  towns  had  eliminated  those  vested  interests  so  disas- 
trous elsewhere. 

That  this  was  recognized  was  shown  by  the  fact  that  a  Commis- 
sion of  Inquiry  appointed  to  ascertain  the  l)est  route  to  Prohibition 
for  Saskatchewan  reported  in  favor  of  an  improved  South  Caro- 
lina system;  and  that  .State  went  dry  by  a  considerable  majority  not 
long  after.  I  was  interested  to  note  that  a  speaker  had  said  that 
Saskatchewan  had  given  up  the  system  because  it  was  "unsatisfac- 
tory." To  take  a  parallel — If  a  ladder  was  the  only,  or  the  shortest, 
way  from  earth  to  Paradise,  would  it  be  fair  to  the  ladder  to  say  that 
the  climber  had  entered  Paradise  because  the  ladder  was  "unsatis- 
factory ?" 

In  reply  to  Mr.  Spence,  I  at  once  admit  that  the  liquor  remains 
the  same  whoever  sells  it ;  but  it  is  equally  true  that  the  liquor  will 
not  do  the  same  harm  if  it  is  in  hands  which  will  be  careful  to  sell 
less  of  it. 

In  reply  to  ]\Iiss  Slncl-:,  I  maintain  thai  the  I'JiglisIi  State  is  already 
a  sleeping  partner  in  the  trade;  her  share  (the  State's)  in  its  profits 
rises  and  falls  with  the  trade's  prosperity;  but  she  has  verv  slight 
contrcl.     If  the   State   acfjuires   the   whole  profits   she  will   at  once 

281 


have   complete   control   either   to   restrict  or   to   extinguish.      It   is   the 
pioneer  of  veto  and  Prohibition,  not  a  substitute. 

The  crux  of  the  problem  everywhere  is  the  town.  You  in  Amer- 
ica can  never  forget  that,  although  Maine  had  been  sixty  years  under 
Prohibition  when  the  Referendum  was  taken  in  1911.  the  town  vote 
so  nearly  swamped  the  rural  vote  that  a  turnover  of  380  votes  would 
have  sent  Maine  wet ;  and  that  one  town  only  with  a  population  of 
over  5.000  had  a  dry  majority.  The  only  Labor  vote  in  England 
that  has  been  taken  on  National  Prohibition  has  been  six  to  one 
against  it.  We  in  England  shall  follow  with  deep  interest  America's 
success  in  the  towns,  as  two  thirds  of  our  population  are  urban. 

Miss  SLACK:  I  do  not  quote  the  figures  for  myself  alone;  I 
voice  the  sentiments  of  the  various  British  labor  and  temperance 
organizations. 

The  CHAIR]\IAX  :  I  think  the  assembly  will  realize  now  what 
is  meant  by  British  tenacity.  The  Chair  finds  himself  in  a  very 
difficult  position  now,  being  in  the  chair  and  at  the  same  time  wish- 
ing to  make  some  remarks,  so  I  will  not  make  the  remark  that  I  had 
intended  to  make.  However.  I  will  say  this  much,  that  it  Avas  my 
good  fortune  to  be  in  Great  Britain  in  1918  and  1919,  last  spring  and 
again  this  summer.  I  have  nothing  to  say  of  the  merits  of  these 
questions,  which  these  British  friends  of  ours  have  been  discussing, 
but  as  an  observer  from  the  United  States  of  x\merica.  making  these 
visits  from  time  to  time  in  Great  Britain.  I  was  very  much  interested 
in  one  thing.  In  1918.  when  I  was  there,  the  nation  was  alive  to  the 
evil  of  the  drink  traffic,  and  was  so  much  ali\  e  to  it  that  great  restric- 
tions had  been  placed  upon  the  trade,  which  had  greatly  diminished 
drunkenness  and  crime  in  Great  Britain.  But  now.  at  this  time, 
drunkenness  and  crime  are  steadily '  increasing,  just  as  quickly  as 
they  removed  these  restrictions. 

And  it  seems  to  me  one  of  the  results  of  the  war,  notwithstanding 
this  apparent  slip  on  the  part  of  England,  has  been  that  the  Christian 
people  and  churches  of  Great  Britain  are  more  thoroughly  united 
on  this  great  problem  than  they  ever  were  before.  And  that  the 
leaders  in  the  great  denominations  throughout  England  have  united 
on  these  different  points,  nine  points  in  all,  and  one  of  these  points 
was  the  right  of  a  local  veto.  The  churches  I  believe,  are  more  alive 
to  the  conditions  in  Great  Britain,  owing  to  the  experience  they  have 
had  during  the  war,  than  they  have  ever  been  before ;  and.  of  course, 
we  know  what  that  means.  We  know  that  in  America  it  was  Chris- 
tian conscience  which  spelled  the  doom  of  the  liquor  trade  in  this 
country.  England  seems  to  have  gone  to  sleep  after  its  war  experi- 
ence, temporarily ;  but  when  it  does  awake  to  it,  and  when  British 
conscience  is  awakened  on  the  subject,  and  is  concerted  to  destroy 

282 


this  trade,  then  they  will  have  the  same  results  in  England  that  we- 
had  in  this  country. 

I  now  call  for  a  paper  from  Mrs.  Henry  W.  Peabody. 

THE    PROTECTION    OF    NATIVE    RACES    FROM 
ALCOHOLISM 

Bv  -Mks.  HEXRY  W.  peabody 

To  one  who  has  been  connected  with  the  foreign  missionary  enter- 
prise for  many  years  there  can  be  no  possible  argument  against  com- 
plete protection  of  native  peoples  against  alcoholism.  What  shall  it 
profit  missionary  societies  to  send  men  and  women  at  great  cost  of 
money  and  life  with  the  Gospel  of  Christ,  if  on  the  same  steamship  go 
millions  of  gallons  of  rum  from  the  same  nation  to  debauch  and  murder 
these  child  races? 

Dr.  Cornelius  H.  Patton,  of  the  American  Board  of  Foreign  Alissions, 
speaking  at  a  meeting  in  Boston,  told  of  standing  on  an  African  trail, 
listening  to  the  carriers'  rhythmical  song  as  they  marched  with  their 
burdens  through  the  long  grass.  When  he  scanned  the  cases  they  car- 
ried on  their  heads,  he  found  to  his  surprise  and  joy  that  thev  were 
Bibles  sent  out  from  his  own  Board  at  the  Congregational  House, 
Beacon  Street,  Boston.  A  little  later  another  file  of  carriers  came 
along  the  same  trail  also  carrying  cases  from  Boston,  but  the  cases  were 
filled  with  rum. 

Xot  even  the  sacred  places  are  protected.  Dr.  Arthur  1.  Brown 
said  recently,  "Missionary  work  is  being  seriously  threatened  by  the 
liquor  demon  in  mission  fields,  even  as  our  Lord's  work  was  opposed 
by  evil  spirits  in  His  days  on  earth.  Jerusalem  now  has  a  brewery, 
and  there  is  a  distillery  on  Mount  Lebanon.  American  saloons  have 
been  opened  in  Damascus,  l)ut  no  new  Christian  missionary  work  is  al- 
lowed to  open  in  these  lands  at  present." 

We  know  of  flourishing  saloons  within  twelve  miles  of  ]\Iecca.  In 
"The  Lure  of  Africa,"  written  before  the  Eighteenth  Amendment,  Dr. 
Patton   states  clearly  the  present  situation  there : 

No  race  is  so  quickly  and  so  utterly  demoralized  by  strong  drink  as  tlic 
African.  Self-interest  alone  on  the  part  of  the  colonial  governments  dictates 
that  the  traffic  be  suppressed.  Yet  a  faltering  course  is  followed  In  the 
South  African  Union  there  is  a  law,  not  well  enforced,  prohibiting  the  sale 
of  liquor  to  natives.  In  Nigeria  the  traffic  is  permitted  under  restrictions. 
Portugal  rules  out  distilled  beverages,  but  permits  light  liquors  and  wines. 
Colonial  governors  realize  the  destructive  effects  of  alcohol  upon  native 
character  and  health,  and  would  gladly  be  rid  of  the  traffic,  but  financial 
considerations  stand  in  the  way.  In  Southern  Nigeria  the  importation  of 
spirits  furnishes  fifty  per  cent  of  the  revenues;  rum  pays  a  dutj-  of  two 
hundred  per  cent;  and  gin  a  duty  of  three  hundred  per  cent;  and  yet  these 
deadly  liquors  are  shipped  into  the  country  in  almost     unbelievable  amounts. 

The  sinning  nations  are  jirincipally  the  United  States.  Holland,  Ger- 
many, and  Great  lirilain.  The  l^.ritish  l^>oard  of  Trade  reports  that 
:]uring  the  year  ending  .April,    1^)16,   there  were   im]X)rted    into   I'ritish 

283 


West  Africa  3,815,000  gallons  of  spirits.  During  1914-15  from  the 
port  of  Boston  there  were  shipped  to  the  West  Coast  of  Africa  1,571,353 
gallons  of  rum.  There  is  no  pushing  of  this  evil  upon  the  shoulders  of 
Europe.  America  is  too  deeply  involved  for  that.  The  question  is 
often  asked,  "Cannot  something  be  done  to  stop  the  shipping  of  liquor 
from  the  United  States  to  African  ports?"  Yes,  Congress  could  pass 
a  prohibitory  law  on  the  subject  (and  has  done  so)  ;  but  without  in- 
ternational action  it  would  be  ineffective,  since  American  vessels  can 
not  be  prevented  from  transshipping  liquor  to  vessels  of  other  nations. 
For  instance,  it  would  be  easy  and  remunerative  for  American  liquor 
merchants  to  ship  to  Lisbon  or  the  Azores,  and  there  transship  in  Portu- 
guese bottoms  to  African  ports.  Xo  American  law  could  prevent  this 
under  present  circumstances.  \\'hat  we  need  is  an  international  agree- 
ment such  as  prevails  in  respect  to  certain  Pacific  islands  and  the  Kongo 
State.  The  evil  is  one  of  colossal  magnitude,  threatening  the  very  ex- 
istence of  the  West  Coast  tribes. 

It  is  a  common  fallacy  that  there  is  no  drunkenness  among  the  Mos- 
lems. It  is  a  rule  not  enforced  any  better  than  the  laws  of  Christ 
Dr.  Zwemer  corrects  this  in  his  statement  in  the  Missioiiarv  Review  for 
May,  1919: 

Intemperance  among  Moslcins  is  especially  common  in  Persia  and  in' 
Turkey,  as  well  as  in  parts  of  India.  The  prohibition  against  wine  and 
spirits  in  these  countries  has  become  much  of  a  dead  letter.  No  stone  is 
left  unturned  b}^  the  liquor  interests  to  stimulate  their  trade,  and  to  extend 
the  devastating  influence  of  their  traffic.  Alcoholic  sweetmeats  are  sold  to 
women  and  children,  who  thus  form  the  habit.  Whisky  advertisements  are 
found  at  every  railway  station  from  Alexandria  to  Khartum,  and  strong  drink 
is  on  sale  at  every  railway  restaurant.  Even  during  the  war,  when  tonnage 
was  scarce  and  the  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Societj^  could  not  obtain  ship- 
ment for  cases  of  Bibles,  the  wharves  in  Alexandria  and  in  Port  Said  were 
piled  high  with  cases  of  whisky. 

From  the  last  report — 1918 — of  the  Egyptian  Ministry  of  Finance,  we 
learn  how  wide-spread  and  colossal  is  the  consumption  of  liquor  in  a  country 
where  ninetj^-five  per  cent  of  the  people  are  Mohammedan.  The  amount  of 
brandy  and  whisky  imported  has  doubled  since  1914,  and  now  amounts  to 
over  a  million  dollars'  worth. 

Continuing  our  survey  of  Africa,  note  the  inconsistency  revealed 
in  this  statement  from  Price's  "Ancient  Peoples  at  New  Tasks" : 

According  to  Transvaal  law  it  is  a  criminal  oflense  to  give  or  sell  alco- 
holic liquor  to  a  native.  It  is  likewise  illegal  for  a  native  to  be  in  possession 
of  liquor.  That  is,  to-day  the  law  declares  that  white  men  may  drink,  but 
black  men  may  not.  Naturally  such  a  one-sided  and  illogical  law  can  not 
well  be  enforced.  The  result  is  that  a  tremendous  illicit  trade  in  liquor  has 
grown  up.  The  method  is  simple.  A  "liquor  king"  sends  young  white  men 
around  to  the  bottle  stores  to  purchase  laottlcs  of  liquor.  They  bring  the 
liquor  to  the  "king's"  house,  where  it  is  poured  into  a  bathtub,  adulterated 
with  methylated  spirits,  tobacco  juice,  pepper,  and  similar  ingredients,  and 
diluted  with  water.  Then  it  is  nut  up  in  other  bottles  and  new  labels  are 
stuck  on.  Thus  one  bottle  of  the  orginal  poison  becomes  two  of  the  still 
more  evil  poison.  Then  the  liquor  is  distributed  secretly  to  the  natives  who 
pay  high  prices  for  it. 

More  than  six  hundred  whites  in  a  year  are  convicted  for  selling  iiqvcr 

284 


to  the  natives,  and  there  are  many  others  who  are  not  caught,  probably 
several  times  this  number.  In  1914  more  than  sixty  per  cent  of  the  white 
convicts  were  in  jail  because  of  illicit  liquor  traffic. 

Drunkenness  is  much  more  common  among  gold-miners  than  among 
diamond-miners.  The  reason  is  that  the  miners  of  gold  are  allowed  to 
leave  their  compounds  at  certain  times  and  wander  abroad  through  the  city 
on  condition  that  they  return  when  the  curfew  rings  at  nine  o'clock.  The 
diamond-miners,  however,  are  kept  in  "closed  coinpounds,"  and  are  virtually 
prisoners.  This  is  necessary  to  keep  diamonds  from  being  taken  out.  It  is 
also  quite  efifective  in  preventing  liquor  from  coming  in.  A  high  fence  con- 
stantly stands  between  the  employee  and  his  "personal  liberty."  What  the 
Rand  needs  is  total  Prohibition — for  whites  and  for  natives  alike.  This 
was  enforced  at  Panama,  and  General  Gorgas  places  himself  on  record  as 
strongly  favoring  its  enforcement  on  the  Rand. 

We  quote  again  from  an  article  in  The  Missionary  Review: 
The  saddest  side  of  the  legalized  traffic  is  to  be  found  in  the  Western 
Province,  the  great  grape-growing,  district  of  South  Africa.  On  Saturday 
evenings  on_  the  roads  going  out  of  Montague  one  could  find  them  drunk, 
lying  all  over  the  place,  as  many  as  a  dozen  lying  drunk  around  a  Standard 
Oil  tin  of  wine  purchased  from  wine  farmers.  Those  who  could  be  dragged 
within  the  plantation  were  left  in  drunken  sleep;  those  somewhat  less  intoxi- 
cated would  have  to  be  lashed  and  driven  to  the  carriages  at  the  railway 
station  like  cattle  amid  indescribable  scenes  of  disorder,  fighting  and 
obscenity. 

Here  wine,  two  quart  Ijottles  a  day,  is  given  as  a  labor  ration  and 
boys  of  ten  are  becoming  drunkards.  In  spite  of  these  things  the 
Commission  refused  to  condemn  even  this  rationing  system. 

Enough  has  been  said  to  shovv'  that  South  Africa  deserves  the  char- 
acterization "one  of  the  most  liquor-ridden  countries  in  the  world ;"  that 
vested  interests  are  so  strong  as  to  make  abortive  every  honest  attempt  at 
amelioration ;  that  the  traffic  is  rapidly  demoralizing  the  natives,  the  col- 
ored, and  the  poor-white  classes  of  the  community ;  and  that  the  temper- 
ance forces,  while  by  no  mans  quiescent,  are  making  but  little  headway 
against  the  evil.  The  world-wide  Prohibition  drive  should  establish 
one  of  its  strongest  branches  in  South  Africa. 

We  all  know  the  story  of  the  Pacific  Islands,  and  we  have  our  own 
small  e.\i)erience  in  the  Philippines.  There  are  shameful  chapters  in 
history  of  liquor  exploitations  of  the  American  Indian. 

The  great  incentive  to  exploit  these  peoples  lies  in  the  possibility 
of  increased  revenue.  If  governments  could  be  convinced  that  the 
traffic  in  alcohol  does  not  pay  commercially,  they  wotild  be  more  ready 
to  adopt  righteous  legislation.  Sir  Frederick  Lugard  .states  that,  in 
spite  of  the  loss  of  £1,140.000  in  duties  in  1916  under  war  Prohibition  in 
Lagos,  there  was  not  a  corres])onding  loss  in  the  balance  of  1918.  as 
other  valuable  imports  took  the  i)lace  of  lifiuor.  In  spite  of  this  the 
traffic  is  encouraged. 

Twenty-seven  per  cent  of  the  wealth  of  Southern  Nigeria  is  found  in 
imports  of  liquor.  Gin  is  used  as  currency  where  formerly  the  trade 
was  in  cotton  and  iron,  llartcr  is  generally  through  gin.  Fines  paid 
to  the  Government  in  .some  localities  have  been  in  gin.      This  was  dis- 

28.S 


puted  by  tlie  Government;  but  Bishop  Tugwell  proved  his  case  by  the 
court  case  of  John  Ebe,  Clerk  at  Brass,  who  in  1908  in  Southern  Nigeria 
embezzled  fifty  cases  of  gin  paid  as  court  fines,  and  is  now  serving  a 
sentence  in  prison  in  Old  Calabar.  Other  instances  are  cited  by  A.  J. 
MacDonald.  author  of  "Trade  Politics  and  Christianity  in  Africa  and 
the  East."  The  liquor  traffic  should  be  condemned  as  an  economic 
blunder,  if  on  no  higher  ground. 

A  study  of  the  question  reveals  in  one  case  a  revenue  of  one  and 
three  quarter  millions  from  gin,  but  a  cost  of  crime  of  two  and  three 
quarter  millions,  caused  largely  by  the  use  of  alcohol. 

W'hile  three  plans  were  proposed  for  stopping  the  traffic. — first, 
heavier  duties ;  second,  an  alternative  of  mild  drinks ;  third.  Prohibition. 
— we  find  that  neither  of  the  first  two  have  been  at  all  effective.  We 
also  find  that  Mr.  Rooth,  Examiner  in  the  Transvaal  Commission,  him- 
self advocated  the  canteen  and.  as  a-  mild  drink,  ten  per  cent  alcohol. 
Against  him.  however,  we  find  Sir  Harr\-  Johnston  stating;  "Any  form 
of  distilled  alcohol  is  poison.  I  came  back  after  my  first  term  in  Africa 
a  confirmed  abolitionist  and  teetotaller." 

It  is  rather  hard  to  find  that  a  missionary  like  Bishop  Johnson  could 
not  purchase  food  in  Southern  Xigeria  except  through  gin  ctirrency. 
The  evil  is  not  likely  to  grow  less,  since  we  learn  through  one  investiga- 
tion, that,  out  of  a  school  of  sevent\'-five  children  in  \\'arri,  only  fifteen 
did  not  drink  gin. 

Again  we  hear  the  voice  of  that  great  Christian  statesman  of  Africa. 
King  Khama,  as  he  cries  to  the  rulers  of  Europe  and  America : 

It  were  better  for  me  that  I  should  lose  mj-  country  than  that  it  should 
lie  flooded  with  drink.  Lobengula  never  gives  me  a  sleepless  night,  but  to 
fight  against  drink  is  to  fight  against  demons,  not  against  men.  I  dread 
the  white  man's  drink  more  than  all  the  assegais  of  the  Matabele.  which  kill 
Hitn's  bodies,  and  it  is  quickh*  over;  but  drink  puts  devils  into  men  and 
destroys  both  bodies  and  souls  forever.  Its  wounds  never  heal.  I  pray 
5'our  Honor  never  to  ask  me  to  open  even  a  little  door  to  drink. 

Surely  we  shall  not  longer  tolerate  in  the  world  a  movement  to 
inflict  on  sister  nations  that  "traffic  which  has  become  a  crime." 

As  we  scan  the  history  of  the  liquor  traffic,  as  carried  on  by  so-called 
Christian  nations  in  Etirope  and  America,  it  is  difficult  to  speak  tem- 
perately on  this  subject  of  temperance.  Few  nations  are  exempt  from 
Wame.  We  are  all  allies  in  this  shameful  trade.  There  has  been  some 
legislation,  it  is  true;  but  how  can  nations  which  are  themselves  besotted 
by  drink  consistently  legislate  and  enforce  legislation  for  others?  Xo 
thorough  protection  of  native  races  can  be  effected  imtil  civilized  and 
enlightened  people  show  bv  example  as  well  as  by  legislation  their  ab- 
horrence of  the  liquor  traffic.  We  may  say  our  governments  have  not 
dealt  in  liquor  and  opium;  but  they  have  sanctioned  exports,  have  in- 
creased revenues  thereby,  and  have  the  matter  of  legislation  under  their 
own  control.  Even  now  we  know  there  is  a  great  secret  traffic  going 
on  in  opium  and  morphine  for  which  there  is  no  adequate  legislation 
provided   by   Europe   or   America.       We   need   new   laws   immediately. 

286 


The  United  States  has  not  yet  guaranteed  China  from  exploitation  from 
the  hquor  manufacturers  of  our  own  land.  There  is  serious  danger 
that  even  the  good  fight  for  Prohibition  which  has  been  won  in  this 
country  may  result  in  the  transfer  of  the  accursed  thing  to  other  nations 
which  are  not  so  strong,  and  where  legislation  is  not  so  advanced. 

Listen  to  this  protest  from  the  student  bodv  of  China,  Januarv  1, 
1919,  as  follows: 

The  news  of  the  transfer  of  the  American  Brewers'  Association  to  China 
has  filled  our  hearts  with  the  deepest  concern.  Allow  us  to  express  our 
strong  hope  that  American  breweries  will  stay  out  of  China.  We  think  that 
all  western  friends  have  fully  appreciated  what  we  have  suffered  from  opium, 
v^'hich  we  have  long  fought  to  exclude.  We  believe  that  the  introduction 
of  the  American  brewing  industry  into  China  would  result  in  filling  the 
country  with  drunkards  instead  of  opium  smokers.  Since  England  realized 
the  great  danger  of  opium  injuring  the  manhood  of  the  Chinese  people, 
she  has  helped  China  to  prohibit  the  opium  trade.  America  is  now  regarded 
everywhere  as  the  moral  vindicator.  We  hope  that  she  will  prevent  the 
transfer  of  the  American  Brewers'  Association  activities  to  China  right  at 
the  beginning.  America  in  this  respect  would  beat  England  a  mile,  if  she 
would  do  so. 

W'e  doubt  if  this  last  sentence  could  be  put  into  classical  Chinese. 
Dr.  Bradley  of  India  tells  us  that 

Some  of  the  native  states  liave  taken  up  the  question  in  a  vigorous 
fashion.  The  Begum  of  Bhopal,  the  enlightened  Mohammedan  lady  who 
rules  over  the  Moslem  state,  has  issued  a  proclamation  that  any  Moham- 
medan in  her  territories,  found  intoxicated,  carrying  liquor  or  sitting  in  a 
liquor-shop  shall  be  sentenced  to  rigorous  imprisonment.  The  residents  of 
a  village  in  the  Punjab  submitted  a  request  to  the  Government,  saying,  "The 
drinkers  are  lazy  and  not  good  to  any  societies;  their  whole  system  of 
bodies  is  wrecked."  They  prayed  the  Government  to  save  them  "from  the 
strong  and  cruel  clutches  of  liquor,"  that  they  might  "make  their  lives 
sublime  and  save  their  health,  wealth,  and  morals,"  and  begged  that  the 
"rum-shop  might  be  closed  once  for  all,"  pledging  themselves  to  "see  with 
their  careful  eyes  that  there  was  no  illicit  distillation  in  the  town  or  neigh- 
boring villages." 

"We  desire  only  one  thing,"  they  said.     "We  want  the  liquor-shop  removed 
from  this  village.     It  has  done  nothing  but  harm   since  it  came.     Our  boys, 
alas,   instead   of  working  all   day   in   the   fields   and   resting  at   night   in    their 
bomes,  as  they  used  to  do,  now  haunt  the  liquor-shops,  drink,  smoke  cigar 
ettes,  and  listen   to  unclean  talk." 

One  might  think  he  had  had  e.xperience  of  American  saloons!  They 
concluded  by  pleading  that  the  "house  of  Satan"  might  be  closed. 

We  are  glad  to  know  that  with  the  greater  body  of  missionaries  and 
native  Christians  conditions  are  changing  for  the  better.  We  are  com- 
prehending that  preaching  the  Gospel  does  not  mean  merely  urging  men 
to  save  themselves  from  the  wrath  to  come.  They  are  putting  large 
emphasis,  as  did  the  early  missionaries,  beginning  with  Carey,  on  bring- 
ing the  Kingdom  of  God  on  earth  through  needed  reforms.  There  are 
signs  of  progress. 

In  conjimction  with  the  Native  Races  Anti-Lif|uor  Traffic  United 
Committee    of    London,    Lngland,    the    American    Committee    has    been 

287 


able  to  prevent  the  opening  of  distilleries  in  Liberia  and  is  also  sending" 
temperance  literature  to  the  Kongo  X'alley,  to  the  colleges  in  Monrovia, 
and  to  Bishop  Tugwell  of  Southern  and  Northern  Nigeria. 

Prohibition  is  in  force  in  the  British  West-African  possessions,  such 
as  Sierra  Leone,  Northern  Nigeria,  the  Protectorates  of  Somaliland, 
British  East  Africa,  Uganda,  Nyasaland,  Northern  Rhodesia,  British 
Bechuanaland,  and,  to  some  extent,  in  Basutoland.  Other  European 
nations  with  colonies  in  Africa  have  prohibited  the  introduction  of  alco- 
holic liquors  into  their  territories. 

In  Dennis'  "Christian  Missions  and  Social  Progress"  we  learn  that 
among  the  Zulus,  through  the  length  and  breadth  of  the  mission  of  the 
American  Board,  total  abstinence  is  a  fundamental  rule  of  admission 
to  church-memliership. 

"At  all  stations,"  wrote  the  Rev.  Donald  Eraser,  of  the  Livingstonia 
Mission  of  the  Free  Church  of  .Scotland,  "the  Christians  have  of  their 
own  accord  met  and  pronounced  against  the  drinking  of  beer.  They  see 
that  drunkenness  has  l)een  followed  by  murder,  uncleanness,  and  foolish 
talking,  and  that  the  whole  country  is  being  devastated  in  order  to  raise 
the  beer  crop,  so  they  have  agreed  together  and  said,  'We  will  neither 
make  beer  nor  drink  it.'  " 

In  the  Island  of  Madagascar  the  Malagasy  Christian  Woman's  Tem- 
perance Society  has  a  record  of  courageous  and  devoted  service  on  be- 
half of  sobriety. 

"On  the  east  coast  of  Formosa,"  Dr.  Mackey  says,  "I  have  planted 
a  dozen  churches  amongst  drunken  aborigines.  The  change  in  the  vil- 
lages since  has  been  amazing.  The  heathen  Chinese  around  ha\'e  a 
common  saying  that  'the  aborigines  are  now  men  and  women.'  " 

Baptists  in  Burma  report,  "Total  abstinence  from  all  that  intoxi- 
cates forms  a  plank  in  the  membership  of  every  church  connected  with 
our  Mission,  among  the  Burmese  as  well  as  among  the  hill  tribes,  who 
were  universally  addicted  in  their  heathen  days  to  the  use  of  drink.  So 
resolute  are  the  churches  in  enforcing  their  respective  principles  that 
there  is  not  the  call  for  the  W.  C.  T.  U.  in  this  country  that  there  is  else- 
v/here."  These  encouraging  sights  can  be  multiplied  a  thousand-fold, 
but  to  stamp  out  this  evil  will  require  united  action  l)y  enlightened  men 
and  women  throughout  the  world.  It  is  a  worthy  fight  and  must  not 
cease  until  it  is  won. 

Women  have  helped  mightily  to  secure  Prohibition  here.  They  must 
help  to  win  it  for  the  world.  There  is  still  a  wide  room  for  both 
Deborah  and  Barak,  and  they  may  win  glory  first  in  an  united  efifort 
to  enforce  the  Eighteenth  Amendment  in  the  United  States,  which  is 
the  first  step,  since  in  this  enforcement  we  automatically  end  the  exporta- 
tion of  liquor  from  these  shores,  and  can  thus  consistently  urge  Pro- 
hibition on  the  world.  It  is  not  enough  to  legislate  for  weak  nations. 
We  must  prove  our  sincerity,  as  we  have  said,  by  example.  The  world 
is  one  to-day.      What  is  whispered  in  London  is  repeated  in   Poland. 

288 


What  is  suggested  in  Paris  is  on  record  in  Japan.  We  can  not  con- 
sistently profess  to  desire  a  world  league  unless  we  are  at  least  willing 
to  refrain  from  betraying  a  brother  nation  for  a  few  pieces  of  silver 
in  the  form  of  revenue.  We  realize  the  inconsistency  of  the  father 
who  says  to  his  son,  "Do  as  I  say,  not  as  I  do."  No  amount  of  preaching 
or  legislation  will  deceive  the  native  races.  In  Africa  it  is  vain  for  the 
Government  to  prohil^it  the  sale  of  liquor  to  the  African  when  the  white 
man  is  free  to  consume  it  at  will. 

We  may  sweep  the  liquor  traffic  out  of  this  generation  and  yet  with 
its  hold  on  mankind  from  the  earliest  times  another  generation  may 
revive  it.  Eternal  principles  must  be  steadily  taught  until  mankind  is 
brought  to  hate  evil  and  love  righteousness. 

In  order  to  bring  about  Prohiljition  through  education  and  legis- 
lation it  is  imperative  that  we  not  only  have  the  work  of  individual 
missionaries  and  philanthropic  societies,  but  we  must  have  a  moral  league 
of  )iatwns  to  protect  the  world.  There  can  not  be  in  that  the  same 
dangers  that  astute  statesmen  have  seen  in  the  political  league,  and  it 
may  well  be  that  such  a  moral  league  must  precede  any  successful  po- 
litical league.  We  hope  we  may  sometime  reach  Article  22  of  the  Cov- 
enant which,  as  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy  told  us,  provides  in  its  man- 
dates against  the  exploitation  of  weaker  nations  through  imports  of  arms 
and  liquors  and  protects  them  from  slavery. 

We  believe  we  are  now  on  the  road  to  world  Prohibition,  which  is 
essential  for  the  complete  protection  of  weak  nations  and  weak  individu- 
als in  strong  nations.  It  is  essential  that  a  great  program  of  propa- 
ganda and  scientific  education  go  on  throughout  the  world,  and  that  we 
prepare  and  present  this  unitedly. 

Internationalism  is  the  world's  shibboleth  to-day,  interpreted  in  many 
ways;  but  the  only  true  internationalism  that  will  save  itself  and  the 
world  was  not  born  in  Washington,  in  the  heart  of  our  President,  as 
some  have  claimed, — it  was  on  a  green  hill  far  away,  the  Internationalism 
of  Calvary,  sealed  with  the  Blood  of  the  Founder  of  the  first  League  of 
Nations,  and  delivered  to  us  for  enforcement.  "Go  ye  and  teach  all  na- 
tions whatsoever  I  have  commanded  you."  But  do  you  say  this  is  the 
cry  of  a  religious  fanatic  ?  Listen,  then,  to.  the  words  of  that  modern 
leader  of  armies.  General  Pershing: 

Banish  the  entire  hquor  industry  from  the  United  States;  close  every 
saloon,  every  brewery;  suppress  drinking  by  severe  punishment  to  the 
drinker,  and,  if  necessary,  death  to  the  seller,  or  maker,  or  both,  as  traitors, 
and  the  Nation  will  suddenly  find  itself  amazed  at  its  efficiency,  and  startled 
at  the  increase  in  its  labor  supply.  T  shall  not  go  slow  on  Prohibition ;  for 
I  know  what  is  the  greatest  foe  to  my  men,  greater  even  than  the  bullets 
of  the  enemy. 

And  if  this  is  needed  in  this  strong  nation,  it  is  needed  in  every  na- 
tion in  the  world. 

I  have  been  thrilled  during  this  Congress  by  the  addresses  of 
these  eminent  scientists  to  whom  we  owe  so  great  a  dcl)t.    I  confess, 

28Q 


however,  that  late  Wednesday  afternoon,  during  the  discussion,  my 
unscientific,  feminine  mind  took  a  recess.  The  theory  that  education 
will  cure  this  sick  world  without  enforced  Prohibition  is  not  the 
theory  one  expects  from  a  doctor  of  medicine  who  prohibits  as  well 
as  prescribes. 

As  an  instance  of  the  fallacy !  Pennsylvania  University  has  been 
giving  scientific  education  for  a  century  or  more  with  most  of  the 
facts  in  hand  regarding  alcohol,  and  as  a  result  we  had  Philadelphia. 

I  left  the  realms  of  science  and  came  back  to  my  own  department 
where  I  have  taken  two  degrees — mother  and  grandmother.  I  edu- 
cated and  I  also  prohibited,  and  my  theory  worked.  A  recent  experi- 
ment with  my  grandson — aged  seven — brought  up  on  the  educational 
theory,  confirms  my  opinion  as  to  the  need  of  the  combined  plan  to 
make  him  a  safe  and  desirable  citizen  in  his  own  home. 

All  this  may  seem  irrelevant,  but  it  bears  on  my  topic,  "The  Pro- 
tection of  Native  Races  Against  Alcoholism."  We  must  educate  the 
child  races,  but  we  must  also  prohibit  alcohol  and  narcotics  in  every 
form  and  degree. 

Miss  SLACK:  I  would  just  like  to  call  the  attention  of  the  Con- 
gress to  the  fact  that  the  British  Committee  for  the  Preservation  of 
Native  Races  has  sent  me  a  very  interesting  article  indeed,  on  "Alco- 
holism and  the  Native  Races  as  an  International  Problem."  It  is 
written  by  the  International  Secretary,  Dr.  Charles  Harford.  I  am 
not  going  to  force  any  British  publication  on  this  Congress,  but  I 
would  like  to  ask  that  this  courtesy  be  shown  this  international  com- 
mittee ;  and  I  would  like  to  ask,  furthermore,  that  this  be  acknowl- 
edged by  this  Congress  and  a  message  sent  to  Dr.  Harford  thanking 
him  for  his  work.  I  think  this  report  should  be  printed  in  full  in  the 
proceedings  of  the  Congress,  and  I  would  ask.  Mr  Chairman,  whether 
this  could  be  done. 

The  chairman  :  You  have  heard  the  motion  which  has  been 
suggested,  namely,  that  this  paper  was  made  for  this  meeting  and 
was  prepared  for  the  Congress. 

Miss  SLACK:  It  was  prepared  for  the  Congress  and  I  was  asked 
to  read  it  to  the  Congress,  but  I  am  not  going  to  take  the  time  to  do  so. 

The  chairman.  You  have  heard  this  statement  from  Miss 
Slack,  presenting  this  to  the  Congress.  What  will  you  do  with  it? 
Is  it  your  pleasure  to  order  that  this  paper  be  received  and  printed 
in  the  records? 

[A  motion  to  that  tfifect,  duly  seconded,  was  put  and  carried.] 

290 


ALCOHOLISM   AND   THE   NATIVE   RACES   AS   AN 
INTERNATIONAL  PROBLEM 

By  CHARLES  F.  HARFORD,  M.  A.,  M.  D. 

CHAIRMAN  OF  EXECUTIVE  OF  THE  NATIVE  RACES  AND  THE  LIQUOR  TRAFFIC 
UNITED    committee;    and    JOINT    SECRETARY,    FEDERATION    INTER- 
NATIONALE POUR  LA  PROTECTION  DES  RACES  INDIGENES 
CONTRE     l'aLCOOLISME 

Alcoholism,  as  it  affects  those  who  are  usually  known  as  the 
Native  Races,  is  a  subject  which  par  excellence  is  suitable  for  discus- 
sion at  an  International  Conference.  The  term  "Native  Races"  is 
usually  applied  to  those  vast  populations,  particularly  in  Africa  and 
Asia,  who  are  dependent  for  their  government  mainly  upon  Euro- 
pean and  American  nations,  besides  very  large  populations  in  the 
East  and  West  Indies,  North  and  South  America,  Australasia  and  the 
Islands  of  the  Pacific.  It  may  be  applied  to  all  the  peoples  of  the 
world  who  are  dependent  upon  the  Great  Powers  for  their  protection 
and  for  their  treaty  obligations  and  for  whom  the  stronger  nations 
have  large  responsibility. 

The  problem  of  alcoholism  among  these  peoples  is  one  which  can 
only  be  dealt  with,  to  any  great  extent,  by  international  agreement ; 
and  this  renders  it  imperative  that  the  representatives  of  the  stronger 
nations  should  unite  to  protect  their  weaker  brethren,  not  with  any 
sense  of  patronage,  but  as  a  strong  moral  obligation,  and  in  the  spirit 
of  brotherhood. 

Some  account  of  the  steps  which  have  already  been  taken  to  fulfill 
this  duty  may  be  briefly  summarized  before  proceeding  to  suggest 
further  action. 

The  Brussels  General  Act  of  1890,  which  dealt  principally  with  the 
slave  trade  in  Central  Africa,  included  important  clauses  prohibiting 
the  introduction  of  spirits  into  regions  where  it  had  not  previously 
penetrated,  and  imposing  a  small  minimum  duty  on  spirits  elsewhere. 
The  revision  of  these  liquor  clauses  by  successive  conferences  of  the 
Powers  at  Brussels  in  1899  and  1906,  a  third  conference  being  held 
in  1912,  affords  an  instance  which  is  unique  in  the  history  of  legisla- 
tion relating  to  alcohol,  seeing  that  three  official  meetings  of  the 
Great  Powers  were  held  for  the  express  purpose  of  promoting  inter- 
national agreement  in  relation  to  alcohol  On  each  occasion  the 
initiative  was  taken  by  the  British  Government,  and  resulted  directly 
from  the  formation  of  The  Native  Races  and  the  Licjuor  Traffic 
United  Committee,  which  was  instituted  in  England  in  1887. 

From  the  lirst  the  British  committee  has  recognized  the  impor- 
tance of  international  co(")peration  in  this  matter,  and  the  formation  of 
an.  international  committee  was  among  its  earliest  acts.  By  this 
means  workers  in  the  dilferent  coimtrit-s  ha\e  united  to  su])port  this 

291 


great  effort,  especially  on  the  occasions  of  the  sessions  of  the  Inter- 
national Congress  Against  Alcoholism. 

At  first  the  organization  of  international  action  was  carried  on 
without  any  definite  system  of  working,  but  with  the  development 
of  national  committees  on  the  Continent  of  Europe,  steps  were  taken 
for  the  constitution  of  an  International  Federation  for  the  Protection 
of  the  Native  Races  from  Alcoholism,  which  was  inaugurated  in  Sep- 
tember, 1911,  at  The  Hague,  at  the  time  of  the  13th  International 
Congress  Against  Alcoholism.  By  this  means  properly  constituted 
national  committees  formed  for  the  express  purpose  of  protecting  the 
native  races  from  alcoholism  are  linked  together  for  practical  co- 
operation and  united  action.  One  of  those  who  was  chiefly  concerned 
in  the  promotion  of  the  Federation  was  the  late  Baron  Joseph  du 
Teil,  whose  writing  on  this  subject  and  whose  energetic  action  have 
done  much  to  direct  attention  on  the  Continent  of  Europe  to  this 
vital  question.  His  death  is  deeply  deplored  by  all  who  had  the  good 
fortune  to  be  asosciated  with  him. 

Having  given  some  account  of  the  methods  by  which  interna- 
tional action,  official  and  philanthropic,  has  been  secured,  we  may  now 
consider  the  results  which  have  been  attained.  So  far  as  Africa  is 
concerned,  these  are  incalculable.  The  time  when  the  Brussels  Gen- 
eral Act  was  passed  was  the  psychological  moment  in  the  develop- 
ment of  Africa.  The  greater  part  of  the  continent  had  been  divided 
between  the  Powers  as  spheres  of  influence ;  but  very  little  had  been 
done  to  develop  the  interior,  only  the  coast  districts  being,  as  a  rule. 
open  to  trade.  At  that  period  there  were  no  railways  in  any  part  of 
Africa  included  within  the  sphere  of  the  Brussels  General  Act.  and 
practicalb'  no  roads  upon  which  wheeled  traffic  could  circulate.  Thus, 
apart  from  the  great  rivers,  the  only  means  of  conveying  alcohol  to 
the  interior  was  on  the  heads  of  human  carriers.  This  was  done 
extensively ;  but  obviously  the  means  of  transport  was  expensive, 
and  it  made  it  impossible  to  transmit  liquor  in  any  great  quantities 
into  the  interior. 

The  two  great  rivers  by  which  trade  products  can  be  carried  into 
Central  Africa  are  the  Niger  and  the  Kongo,  and  in  the  case  of  both 
these  rivers  a  sphere  of  Prohibition  was  created.  In  the  case  of  the 
Niger  the  liquor  could  not  be  conveyed  more  than  300  miles,  and 
on  the  Kongo  about  150  miles,  seeing  that  Northern  Nigeria  became 
a  prohibited  area  by  the  action  of  the  British  Government,  and  the 
Kongo  Free  State,  as  it  then  was.  became  subject  to  a  similar  law 
as  the  result  of  the  Brussels  Act. 

From  the  early  days  of  the  Brussels  Act  all  the  eastern  part  of 
Africa  came  under  prohibitive  legislation,  and  little  difficulty  seems 
to  have  arisen  in  these  territories. 

When  we  turn  to  the  West  Coast  the  story  is  a  very  different 
one.  There  the  large  trade  carried  on  in  palm-oil,  ivory,  rubber,  gold, 
mahogany,  and  other  valuable  products,  became  bound  up  with  the 

292 


spirit  trade.  So  much  was  this  the  case  that  in  many  parts  gin  was 
the  natural  currency,  and  in  most  parts  it  was  by  far  the  chief  article 
of  barter.  Not  only  have  we  had  to  contend  with  the  vested  interests 
of  manufacturers  and  merchants,  but  the  large  amount  of  revenue 
derived  from  customs  has  been  an  important  'tern  in  Colonial  budg- 
ets ;  and  the  natives  became  so  accustomed  to  trade  with  gin  and 
rum  that  they  preferred  that  to  any  other  form  of  currency. 

Gradually  by  the  incessant  efforts  of  the  various  national  com- 
mittees concerned,  and  the  decisions  of  successive  conferences  at 
Brussels,  duties  were  raised,  and  these,  in  certain  measure,  helped 
to  restrict  the  traffic. 

From  the  outbreak  of  the  Great  War  there  arose  a  natural  hin- 
drance to  the  development  of  this  trade ;  for,  although  desperate 
efforts  were  made  by  merchants  to  ship  spirits  to  Africa,  the  traffic 
in  what  were  usually  known  as  "trade  spirits"  practically  ceased. 
Thus  an  object-lesson  was  given  of  the  possibility  of  abandoning  a 
trade  which  was  mischievous  to  the  welfare  of  the  country  and  peo- 
ple and  a  great  blot  upon  the  administration  of  Africa  by  Europe. 

The  temporary  stoppage*of  the  trade  demonstrated  the  fallacy  of 
three  important  arguments  which  had  been  used  to  support  the 
traffic : 

(1)  It  was  contended  that  revenue  was  essential  to  the  govern- 
ments concerned ;  but  in  the  later  years  of  war  the  revenue  of  all  the 
colonies  concerned  has  increased,  in  spite  of  the  loss  of  that  obtained 
from  spirits. 

(2)  The  natives  were  frightened  by  the  expectation  of  direct  tax- 
ation in  a  way  which  was  distasteful  to  the  people,  and  this  ac- 
counted in  the  past  for  much  opposition.  This  has  not  been  the  case, 
and  thus  the  second  difficulty  has  been  removed. 

(3)  It  was  argued  that,  if  foreign  spirits  could  not  be  obtained, 
the  natives  would  destroy  the  palm-trees,  from  which  much  of  the 
wealth  of  the  country  is  derived,  in  order  to  obtain  palm-wine.  As 
a  matter  of  fact,  the  natives  know  far  too  well  the  source  of  their 
prosperity,  and  no  such  action  has  been  recorded. 

During  the  last  few  years  strong  representations  had  been  made 
by  the  two  most  prominent  West-African  Administrators,  M. 
Angoulvant,  Governor-General  of  French  West  Africa,  and  Sir  Fred- 
erick Lugard,  until  recently  Governor-General  of  Nigeria.  Their 
testimony  to  the  evil  character  of  the  traffic,  and  its  ueslessness  as 
a  means  of  obtaining  revenue  or  developing  trade,  should  be  con- 
clusive, coming  as  it  does  from  authorities  with  the  greatest  prac- 
tical experience. 

The  British  Government  led  the  way  in  deciding,  in  March,  1919, 
to  prohibit  the  introduction  of  "trade  spirits"  to  West  Africa,  and 
this  has  been  followed  by  the  new  "Convention  Relating  to  the 
Liquor  Trade  in  Africa,"  which  was  signed  on  September  10,  1919, 
by  seven  of  the  World  Powers,  as  part  of  the  League  of  Nations 

293 


Covenant;  and  this  important  document,  ^vhich  is  printed  both  in 
French  and  in  English,  should  be  carefully  studied  by  all  interested 
in  the  question. 

This  convention  followed  upon  urgent  representations,  made 
chiefly  by  the  French  and  British  representatives  in  the  International 
Federation  already  referred  to,  asking  for  the  complete  prohibition 
of  spirits  in  the  area,  dealt  with  by  the  Brussels  Act. 

The  new  provisions  may  be  summarized  as  follows : 

(1)  The  area  includes  the  whole  of  Africa,  with  the  exception  of 
Algiers,  Tunis,  Morocco,  Lj-bia,  Eg\'pt,  and  the  Union  of  South 
Africa.  It  includes  also  the  adjacent  islands  within  100  nautical 
miles  of  the  coast. 

(2)  Throughout  this  area  trade  spirits,  absinth,  and  other  similar 
alcoholic  products  are  to  be  totally  prohibited,  and  a  definition  of 
these  is  to  be  adopted  in  each  area  of  administration. 

(3)  All  'other  spirits  to  be  subject  to  a  duty  of  800  francs  per 
hectoliter  of  pure  alcohol. 

(4)  The  areas  under  Prohibition  to  remain  as  at  present. 

(5)  The  Convention  replaces  the  General  Act  of  Brussels,  and 
the  responsibilit}'  for  securing  the  carr\'ing  out  of  the  Convention 
will  rest  w4th  the  League  of  Nations. 

This  legislation  is  doubtless  a  great  step  in  advance,  as  it  pro- 
hibits the  introduction  of  "trade  spirits"  into  any  part  of  Africa 
included  in  the  terms  of  the  Convention.  At  the  same  time  it  is  felt 
that  the  failure  to  define  "trade  spirits'"  may  cause  great  difficulty, 
and  this  matter  is  engaging  the  closest  attention  of  the  British  com- 
mittee. It  is  satisfactory  to  note  that  the  areas  of  Prohibition  which 
existed  under  the  Act  are  to  remain,  but  here  again  the  utmost  vigi- 
lance will  be  needed  to  see  that  this  condition  is  fully  carried  out.  It 
is,  however,  very  unfortunate  that  the  Powers  did  not  agree  to  the 
total  prohibition  of  all  spirits  in  these  areas,  and  this  is  the  least  th?.t 
should  be  done  in  order  to  deliver  Central  Africa  from  this  grave 
evil. 

Much  more  might  be  said  upon  this  same  subject,  but  enough 
has  been  said  to  indicate  the  greatness  of  the  reforms  which  have 
been  already  introduced,  and  the  urgency  for  further  united  action 
not  only  for  Africa,  but  for  other  parts  of  the  world. 

So  far  as  Asia  is  concerned,  the  problem  of  the  liquor  traffic  in 
India  is  watched  over  by  a  special  British  committee,  the  Anglo- 
Indian  Temperance  Association,  which  Avorks  in  closest  touch  with 
the  Xative  Races  and  the  Liquor  Traffic  United  Committee ;  and  as 
this  is  purely  a  matter  of  British  administration,  it  is  best  dealt  with 
by  a  British  committee. 

China  presents  a  problem  of  extreme  urgency,  especially  as  it  has 
been  rumored  that  American  manufacturers  of  liquor  would  transfer 

294 


their  sphere  of  operations  to  that  country.  The  Native  Races  Anti- 
Liquor  Traffic  Committee  of  America,  as  well  as  the  British  com- 
mittee, have  been  making  strong  representations  in  this  matter,  and 
the  American  committee  already  mentioned  has  taken  steps  to  cir- 
culate appropriate  literature  throughoyt  China.  This,  however,  is  a 
matter  which  demands  increasing  attention. 

There  are  also  questions  concerning  native  races  in  other  quar- 
ters of  the  globe,  and  all  these  need  careful  study  and  united  action. 

As  Secretary  of  the  International  Federation,  upon  whom  in- 
volves the  duty  of  communicating  with  the  various  countries  united 
in  the  Federation,  I  am  now  addressing  myself  to  the  representatives 
of  the  Federation  in  various  countries,  and  shall  be  thankful  for 
the  support  of  all  who  are  interested  in  the  welfare  of  native  races, 
whether  as  missionaries,  temperance  workers,  or  others  who  are 
concerned  with  colonial  enterprize. 

The  field  is  the  world,  and  every  country  is  concerned  w'ith  some 
portion  of  it ;  and  the  interest  of  all  is  requested  in  this  great  en- 
deavor to  save  the  Native  Races  from  that  which  has  been  one  of 
the  chief  causes  of  deterioration  of  those  who  are  usually  regarded 
as  civilized  nations. 

The  CHAIRMAN :  We  will  now  have  a  paper  by  Professor 
Zmrhal.  of  Prague. 

Miss  SLACK:  I  want  to  say  just  one  thing  more  on  the  liquor 
traffic  in  regard  to  the  Native  Races.  There  are  many  places  where 
Prohibition  is  enforced  by  law,  and  the  missionaries  have  much 
greater  success  there  than  elsewhere ;  and  there  is  a  great  difference 
in  the  work  which  is  being  done  in  civilizing  these  people  on  islands 
where  Prohibition  is  enforced  and  where  it  is  not  enforced.  Most  of 
our  missionaries  are  total  abstainers,  and  all  the  missionaries  are 
asking  for  organized  temperance  work. 

The  CHAIRMAN  :  I  must  say  at  this  point  that  in  future  in- 
stances, unless  a  card  is  sent  up  to  the  chair  first,  so  that  we  wall 
have  a  record  of  it,  speeches  like  this  can  not  be  made. 

Miss  SLACK:  I  did  not  mean  to  interrupt.  Sir,  but  I  would  like 
to  make  a  speech  at  some  time  on  this  subject. 

The  CHAIRMAN:  We  are  way  behind  the  time,  but  if  there 
is  time  later  on  we  will  be  very  glad  to  hear  from  you  on  this  subject. 

The  CHAIRMAN:  We  will  now  have  the  paper  on  "Temper- 
ance Instruction  in  the  Public  Schools  of  Europe." 

295 


TEMPERANCE    INSTRUCTION    IN    EUROPEAN    SCHOOLS 

By  prof.  ZMRHAL 
OF    PRAGUE 

The  subject  assigned  to  me  is  extreme!}'  broad  and  would  require 
much  more  than  the  half-hour  assigned  me  to  do  it  justice.  However, 
much  that  would  have  been  my  task  to  expound  was  presented  to  you 
yesterday  by  the  representatives  of  Great  Britain,  France,  Norway.  Rus- 
sia, and  others.  Hence  I  shall  not  treat  of  those  countries  again,  in 
order  to  avoid  repetition,  and  shall  confine  myself  to  a  brief  summary  of 
them  while  enlarging  upon  those  countries  }'0U  have  not  heard  from, 
particularly   Czecho-Slovakia. 

It  is  safe  to  say  that  Europe  has  fully  awakened  to  the  necessity  of 
enlightening  her  masses  as  to  the  dangers  of  alcoholism,  especially  of 
the  children  of  school  age.  It  is  fully  appreciated  in  practically  all  the 
countries  that  the  phenomenal  success  of  America  in  bringing  about  the 
downfall  of  alcoholism  is  due  to  careful,  efficient  instruction  in  the 
schools.  We  have  heard  wonders  of  the  "little  red  schoolhouse"  and 
American  Prohibition  is  one  of  the  greatest.  In  many  countries  of  Eu- 
rope your  text-books  on  hygiene  have  been  scrutinized  very  carefully, 
and  we  were  amazed  at  the  convincing  manner  in  which  the  advantages 
of  total  abstinence  are  presented.  We  realize  that  you  made  your  con- 
verts in  the  schoolroom  and  have  been  making  them  for  the  last  fiftA' 
years.  It  is  education,  then,  which  has  accomplished  the  miracle  of  Pro- 
hibition in  the  United  States,  and  it  is  education  upon  which  the  hope 
of  the  European  temperance  leaders  is  pinned. 

You  have  heard  of  the  excellent  system  used  in  the  schools  of  Great 
Britain;  you  have  heard  of  the  great  work  done  in  the  places  of  instruc- 
tion in  France,  and  Norway,  Russia,  Finland,  and  Demnark. 

In  Switzerland,  in  a  great  many  of  the  cantons,  as  Basel,  some  in- 
struction is  given,  and  the  energies  of  the  temperance  leaders  are  bent 
upon  introducing  systematic  instruction  as  to  the  injuriousness  of  alco- 
hol. One  of  the  Swiss  leaders.  Dr.  R.  Hercod,  says,  that  what  is 
needed  there  is  well-defined,  thorough  courses  after  the  manner  of  those 
in  the  United  States. 

In  Belgium  antialcoholic  instruction  has  been  organized  for  a  long 
time;  since  1887  there  has  been  a  definite  course  of  study  requiring  half 
an  hour  a  week  throughout  the  school  year  for  its  accomplishment. 

Holland  had  up  to  1913  no  special  course  prescribed  for  pupils  of 
common  schools.  Each  teacher,  however,  has  had  a  thorough  training 
in  the  normal  school.  Thus  occasional  lessons  are  given  in  the  primary 
schools,  the  efficacy  and  frequency  of  which  depends  upon  the  interest 
and  enthusiasm  of  the  teacher.  A  society  of  masters  who  are  total  ab- 
stainers was  organized,  which  in  1912  numbered  1039  members  and 
proved  to  be  a  tremendous  force  against  alcoholism.  This  societ}'  does 
not  favor  instruction  prescribed  by  law  because,  they  say,   only  those 

296 


teachers  who  are  fully  converted  themselves  can  present  the  case  against 
alcohol  properly ;  and  so  they  are  busy  making  new  converts. 

In  Sweden  measures  of  great  importance  to  antialcoholic  instruction 
were  taken  as  early  as  1885.  In  1886  a  royal  antialcoholic  commission 
was  appointed,  and  in  1892  regular  instruction  as  to  the  effect  and  dan- 
gers of  alcoholic  drinks  was  introduced  into  all  the  schools  of  the  king- 
dom. Antialcoholic  instruction  is  maintained  in  the  elementary  as  well 
as  in  the  secondary  schools  of  the  countf}'. 

In  order  to  encourage  pu])lic  institutions  to  use  good  material  for 
antialcoholic  teaching,  the  church  department  pays  for  one  third  of  the 
material  whatever  an  application  for  such  an  allowance  is  made  to  the 
department. 

Besides,  the  Government  gives  financial  support  to  the  abstinent  so- 
cieties, by  whom  a  considerable  educational  work  is  done  in  Sweden.  The 
central  committee  of  the  various  organizations,  the  Central  League  for 
Antialcoholic  Education  (Ceiitralforbiindet  for  Nyktcrhetsundervisning) 
was  founded  in  1901,  and  is  conducted  by  representatives  of  whom  each 
is  delegated  l)y  25,000  members  or  fraction.  They  organize  popular 
courses  in  which  the  various  phases  of  alcoholism  are  expounded  in  a 
thoroughly  scientific  manner  by  the  specialists.  Expenses  connected 
with  such  courses  are  defrayed  l)y  the  local  authorities  of  the  Govern- 
ment, by  the  cities,  by  other  communities  of  the  region.  Exhibits  and 
rich  supplies  of  antialcoholic  literature  are  features  of  these  courses. 
In  1913  the  Government  appropriated  197,870  crowns  (or  $54,000.00) 
to  assist  the  central  and  other  associations  in  this  work.  The  Riksdag 
(the  Swedish  Parliament)  demanded  a  full  report  on  the  organization 
and  maintenance  of  the  antialcoholic  education  in  and  outside  school. 

And  now  it  only  remains  for  me  to  mention  my  own  country. 
I,  myself,  come  from  the  republic  of  Czecho-Slovakia.  I  have  been 
there  long  enough,  and  having  been  in  the  university  on  special  reform 
work,  have  seen  enough  to  be  able  to  give  you  a  true  picture  of  condi- 
tions there.  In  Bohemia,  Moravia,  and  Silesia  antialcoholic  education 
has  been  maintained  for  a  long  time.  I  still  remember  many  of  the 
lessons  on  alcohol  I  was  given  in  school.  The  teachers  of  the  countries 
have  entered  into  the  work  Avith  a  tremendous  zeal,  and  their  enthusi- 
asm resulted  in  wholesale  conversions  to  the  cause  of  total  abstinence. 
The  foremost  apostle  of  clean  living,  the  most  formidable  enemy  of  alco- 
holism, was  a  certain  professor  who  has  since  become  famous  throughout 
the  world  as  one  of  the  world's  greatest  statesmen,  one  who  has  the 
proud  title  of  "Father  of  His  Country,"  one  who  it  its  President. — Do 
you  know  whom  I  am  going  to  name? — Thomas  G.  Masaryk,  the  liber- 
ator of  Czecho-Slovakia.  He  has  had  many  disciples  who  are  working 
vigorously  and  with  splendid  results.  The  foremost  is  Dr.  Brctislav 
Foustka,  university  professor,  who  devotes  annually  a  full  course  to 
discussion  of  the  evils  of  alcoholism.  With  him  works  Dr.  Gustav 
Kabrhel,  i)rofessor  of  hvgicne.      Thus  the  university  sends  out  annually 

297 


many  convinced  apostles  of  abstinence  who  teach  future  generations  in 
the  secondary  and  normal  schools  with  most  gratifying  results. 

For  instance,  Prof.  Josef  Krkoska,  in  the  gymnasium  of  Pelhrimov, 
has  taught  total  abstinence  for  eight  years  with  the  following  results : 

In  the  first-year  class  there  are  60  per  cent  abstainers ;  in  the  second. 
98  per  cent ;  in  the  third,  92  per  cent ;  in  the  fourth,  25  per  cent ;  in  the 
fifth,  64  per  cent;  in  the  sixth,  75  per  cent,  etc.,  showing  that  the  great 
majority  of  the  students  have  been  won  over  to  total  abstinence. 

There  is  a  whole  line  of  normal -school  professors  doing  work  equally 
effective,  as,  for  example,  Ferd.  Pizerky,  Principal  of  the  Normal  Schcjol 
in  ^vlodia,  Slovakia. 

One  very  effective  method  is  the  introduction  of  antialcoholic  read- 
ing matter  in  the  readers  for  the  elementary  schools.  This  secures  anti- 
alcoholic  instruction  and  makes  it  universal  all  over  the  country.  This 
method  will  gradually  be  extended  to  all  of  the  readers. 

\\'hat  are  the  results  of  all  these  activities?  First,  the  university 
students  have  organized  "The  Jiniior  Auxiliary  of  the  Czecho-Slovak 
Abstinence  Association."  which  is  growing  very  fast.  Many  students 
in  the  secondary  schools  are  joining  the  Junior  Auxiliarv. 

Second,  the  teachers  of  the  Republic  have  unanimously  adopted  a 
resolittion  calling  upon  all  the  members  of  their  profession  to  give  up  the 
use  of  alcohol  in  everv  form.  This  was  at  their  convention  in  Prague. 
July  Z-7,  1920. 

Third,  drunkenness  is  almost  unknown  in  Bohemia.  Moravia,  and 
Silesia. 

Fourth,  in  Slovakia,  the  land  taken  over  from  the  Magyars,  who 
had  kept  the  Slovaks  in  ignorance  and  rather  encouraged  the  use  of 
whisky,  because  it  made  the  Slovaks  less  resistant,  yielding  more  readily 
to  their  oppressive  measures,  the  new  Czecho-Slovak  Government  amidst 
loud  approval  of  the  best  part  of  the  Czecho-Slovak  nation  has  stopped 
the  whisky  traffic  altogether,  and  instead  has  organized  4,000  elementary 
schools.  35  high  schools,  and  one  university,  in  which  alcoholism  has 
new  powerful  enemies.  i\Iuch  of  the  so-called  dissatisfaction  of  the 
Slovaks  with  the  Czecho-Slovak  Government  is  no  doubt  due  to  this 
measure;  but  I  am  sure  all  unprejudiced,  fair-minded  people  will  ap- 
prove of  it.. 

With  the  illustrious  example  of  their  President  before  them,  with 
the  army  of  scientists,  teachers,  and  specialists  teaching  the  truth  about 
alcohol,  the  time  is  not  far  distant  when  alcoholism,  where  it  does  exist, 
will  be  a  thing  of  the  past  in  the  beautiful,  free  Czecho-Slovak  Republic. 

The  chairman  :  Mr.  Georges  Staitch.  of  the  Kingdom  of  the 
Serbs  and  Croats,  is  to  be  the  next  speaker  on  this  subject.  He  is  Chief 
of  the  Section  for  Charities,  and  of  the  Ministry  of  Food,  Secretary- 
General  of  the  Jugoslav  Grand  Lodge.  International  Order  of  Good 

298 


Templars,  and  was  formerly  professor  in  seminary  scliools.    Mr.  Staitcb, 
is  from  Belgrade. 

TEMPERANCE    INSTRUCTION    IN    EUROPEAN    SCHOOLS 

By  secretary  GEORGES  STAITCH 

BELGRADE 

Air.  Chairman,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen :  The  Good  Templars  of  Jugo- 
slavia sending  me  here  have  charged  me  to  transmit  to  you  our  most 
sincere  salutations.  The  kind  invitation  given  by  the  committee  was 
accepted  with  great  pleasure,  for  it  emanated  from  the  United  States 
of  America,  which  have  given  during  and  after  the  war  numberless 
proofs  of  their  great  and  disinterested  friendship  and  love  towards  the 
nation  with  the  three  names  of  Serbs,  Croats,  and  Slovenes,  in  sending  us, 
especially  during  the  reconstruction  era,  their  missions  in  order  to  help 
the  suffering  people  and  to  organize  child  welfare  in  the  stricken  Serbia; 
-^from  the  United  States  of  America  which  have  given  birth  to  the 
temperance  movement  which  resulted  in  our  hapi)y  and  prosperous  coun- 
try, the  last  year,  in  the  victory  of  Prohibition,  which  should  be  imitated 
by  all  nations  still  living  under  the  tyranny  of  the  alcoholic  demon  ; — from 
the  United  States  of  America  which  have  not  only  taken  the  initiative, 
but  have  also  laid  down  the  general  principles  of  a  new  and  rational  and 
uncolored  Internationale,  which  is  that  of  charity,  by  showing  how  to 
enforce  those  principles,  and  l)y  encouraging  mutual  understanding  and 
love,  and  by  raising  the  spirit  of  social  work,  justice,  and  sympathy.  For 
all  these  benefits,  as  also  for  the  kind  invitation  to  this  Congress,  I  am 
happy  to  express  our  great  thanks  and  to  convey  to  you  our  sincere 
salutations. 

The  communications  made  by  the  professional  educators  and  temper- 
ance workers  in  pedagogical  papers  on  the  increasing  development  of 
temperance  instruction  have  clearly  and  decisively  pointed  out  its  effi- 
cacy. Thanks  to  the  unanimous  statements  of  all  competent  workers, 
temperance  instruction,  occasional  or  ol^ligatory,  has  won  by  its  good 
results  an  honorable  and  legitimate  place  among  the  scientific  branches 
in  schools  of  all  types.  Its  raison  d'etre  can  not  be  denied,  as  it  is  com- 
pletely justified  because  it  comprises  the  elements  of  a  true  educational, 
scientific,  and  social  character.  Notwithstanding  this  statement,  there 
is  always  arising,  and  will  be  for  a  long  time,  a  question  which  requires 
wider  discussion  and  deej)  and  disinterested  judgment.  This  ([uestion, 
old  and  known  to  all,  is  that  of  method. 

Who,  what  and  why  to  teach?  The.se  interrogations  are  of  great 
importance  to  the  minds  of  the  school  theorists,  as  also  to  those  of  prac- 
ticians.     There  is,  I  think,  a  chief  reason  for  it. 

In  view  of  the  actual  state  of  general  development  of  child  studies, 
and  especially  in  the  field  of  child  powers  of  reasoning  and  feeling,  it 
is  sure  that  the  child  in  liis  school  age  does  not  want  either  theories  or 
abstractions.     Tic  aims  to  know  tlic  immediate  life  realities  and  the  feel- 

299 


ings  inherent  in  child  nature.  The  development  of  his  moral  and  intel- 
lectual forces  is  for  him  more  interesting  in  definite  forms  than  in 
abstractions. 

The  essential  thing  to  follow  in  all  matters  of  instruction  is  truly  the 
educational  dogma  of  the  American  teachers — learn  by  doing.  Edu- 
cators in  all  countries  have  the  high  mission  to  remember  it !  This  im- 
portant question  of  method  formed,  as  it  was  expected,  the  object  of 
numberless  discussions  at  the  different  congresses,  conferences,  and  meet- 
ings, as  also  in  pedagogical  papers.  All  people  interested  in  the  ques- 
tion did  not  agree  with  one  and  the  same  school  plan  and  asked  more 
liberty  of  action.  The  differences  in  opinion  are  numerous.  Agreement 
is  necessary  as  far  as  concerns  the  general  principles  of  teaching.  The 
temperance  instruction  is  no  special  national  discipline  like  the  mother 
language  or  history.  Its  object  being  common  to  all  countries,  the  teach- 
ing method  is  to  conform  to  the  degree  of  moral  and  intellectual  devel- 
opment of  the  children  who  are  the  same  in  all  covmtries.  The  con- 
gresses, conferences,  meetings,  etc.,  notwithstanding  the  good  will  and 
the  sacrifices  of  all  kinds,  can  not  be  sufficient  to  render  agreement  pos- 
sible on  general  principles. 

I  repeat,  we  are  all  not  in  need  of  effort,  but  of  rational  organized 
work  and  close  collaboration  which  wovild  render  the  organization  more 
effective.  And,  in  the  time  of  general  organization,  should  we  hang 
back?  This  is,  I  think,  the  moment  and  the  place  to  ask  your  definite 
votes  on  the  proposition  made  some  years  ago  by  Mme.  Trygg  Helenius 
at  the  Congress  in  London.  It  was  at  that  time  a  question  of  establish- 
ing an  international  central  bureau  for  temperance  instruction,  v.diich 
might  be  incorporated  in  the  International  Bureau  against  Alcoholism  in 
Lausanne,  or  in  that  of  the  International  Union  of  Abstaining  Teachers. 

I  take  the  liberty  to  propose  to  you,  if  the  idea  is  accepted  in  prin- 
ciple, the  International  Bureau  in  Lausanne.  There  are  several  reasons 
for  it.  We  have  already  a  central  bureau  which  has  given  proofs  of 
its  great  efficiency,  its  experiments,  and  a  central  library ;  and  the 
patronage  of  Dr.  Hercod's  school  would  be  valuable. 

Switzerland,  we  all  know,  is  the  country  of  wide  hospitality,  the 
refuge  of  men  looking  for  liberty,  the  seat  of  the  League  of  Red  Cross 
Societies  and  an  excellent  laboratory  of  all  social  work  and  charities. 
Also,  as  our  friends,  the  Anti-saloon  League  of  America,  have  started 
the  propaganda  in  Europe,  it  would  be  useful  to  have  Lausanne  made  a 
chief  center  for  their  activities. 

Allow  me  ^o  tell  you,  following  the  general  idea  of  ]\Ime.  Helenius. 
what  the  task  of  the  proposed  bureau  would  be.  It  would  form  in 
the  beginning  a  section  of  the  actual  International  Bureau  with  an  ex- 
ecutive committee  enjoying  a  certain  autonomy;  and  a  committee  com- 
prising representatives  of  Swiss  and  foreign  national  organizations  would 
work  especially  at  temperance  instruction.      A  budget  would  be  formed 

300 


with  contributions  offered  by  Governments,  individuals,  and  organiza- 
tions.    It  would  be  for  all  a  central  bureau  of  information. 

The  realization  of  such  a  social  and  educational  enterprise  would,  of 
course,  demand  more  financial  resources,  and  would  require  the  work  of 
some  competent  persons. 

I  am  anxious  to  give  you  a  summary  survey  of  the  development  of 
temperance  instruction  in  some  European  countries,  as  falls  to  my  duty  as 
second  speaker  on  this  matter.  I  wish  to  tell  you  in  the  first  place,  about 
the  conditions  in  my  country,  for  the  reason  that  the  members  of  the 
Congress  and  other  temperance  workers  have  had  no  opportunity  to 
hear  in  the  past  more  details  aljout  our  work  and  especially  about  the 
practise  we  make  of  giving  temperance  instruction. 

JUGOSLAVIA:   THE   ROLE  OF  THE   STATE   IN   TEMPERANCE   TEACHING 

The  abstinence  movement  in  Serbia  was  started  by  private  initiative. 
Dr.  Danitch,  Chief  Templar  of  the  Jugoslav  Grand  Lodge  "Trezvenost," 
founded  in  1901  at  Belgrade  the  first  temperance  society  with  15  mem- 
bers. It  is  for  us  a  satisfaction  to  notice  that  Jugoslavia  has  no  tem- 
perance society  for  the  moderate  use  of  alcoholic  beverages. 

The  right  hand  of  Dr.  Danitch,  who  desired  the  support,  before  all, 
of  the  medical  and  pedagogical  body,  is  Dr.  Miloch  Pojovitch,  the  most 
enthusiastic  temperance  and  social  worker,  well  known  to  all  the  Amer- 
ican Missions  working  in  Serbia,  on  account  of  his  collaboration  in  child- 
welfare  work. 

It  is  only  since  the  introduction  (1907)  into  Serbia  of  the  Good 
Templar  Order  by  Professor  Forel,  that  the  temperance  movement  has 
begun  to  register  more  effective  results.  Our  entry  on  the  international 
scene  of  world  campaign  against  alcoholism,  the  scientific  and  social 
character  of  the  action  of  Good  Templars,  its  highly  appreciated  aims 
to  save,  before  all,  the  youth  from  the  drink  evil  and  to  promote  the 
reform  of  all  social  conditions,  opened  to  us  new  ways  to  follow  in 
fighting  drink  and  attracted  the  attention  also  of  the  Government.  It 
was  certainly  not  easy  to  get  the  confidence  of  the  influential  circles. 
The  great  interest  of  the  coming  generation  at  last  aroused  intelligent 
men  to  the  evident  merits  of  a  propaganda  like  that  of  the  preventive 
work,  benefiting  the  youth  of  a  nation  on  which  depends  its  national 
and  social  welfare. 

It  was  also  by  organizing  tem])erance  instruction  for  our  children 
that  the  Government  took  increasing  interest  in  action,  completing  the 
ofiicial  effort. 

The  enumeration  of  the  following  facts  shows  what  was  done  liy  the 
Government  in  helj)ing  private  initiative.  The  first  telegram  circular 
sent  in  1906  by  Ministry  of  b^ducation  to  the  directors  of  all  elementary 
schools  asked  them  to  give  one  hour's  instruction  on  the  dangers  of 
alcoholic  beverages.  A  Circular  was  sent  by  the  same  Ministry  in  1907. 
on  ref|ucst  of  the  Union  of  Abstaining  "V'outh,  to  all  directors  of  elemen- 
tary and  high  schools,  prescribing  the  strict   moderate  tise  of  alcoholic 

301 


Tjeverages  by  hostesses  on  the  feast-day  of  St.  Sava,  the  patron  of  all 
Serbian  schools. 

On  request  of  the  same  Union,  the  Ministry  of  Education  sent  in 
1910  a  questionnaire  to  all  elementary  schools  in  order  to  ascertain  the 
extent  of  the  use  by  school-children  of  alcoholic  beverages.  The  re- 
sults of  these  inquiries  were  of  great  interest  and  showed  that  in  the 
main  schools  only  20  per  cent  of  the  pupils  did  not  drink,  owing  to  com- 
plete ignorance  of  the  nature  of  drink. 

A  circular  of  the  same  Ministry,  in  recognition  and  approval  of  our 
work,  recommended  to  the  directors  of  all  schools  the  foundation  of  the 
school  temperance  societies  by  the  above-named  Union. 

The  material  help  includes  subsidies  by  the  Ministry  of  Education 
to  the  Union  and  to  the  lodges,  comprising  as  members,  professors, 
teachers,  and  priests,  besides  an  academic  lodge  at  Belgrade  University; 
the  several  subsidies  and  the  patronage  of  the  Royal  family  to  the  tem- 
perance societies;  subsidies  of  the  Government  and  the  County  Councils, 
to  be  used  for  purchasing  antialcoholic  literature ;  the  Government's  per- 
mission to  school  libraries  to  subscribe  to  five  temperance  reviews. 

The  physicians,  appointed  in  all  secondary  schools-,  are  charged  to 
give  during  some  hours  in  the  year  an  occasional  temperance  lesson  in 
connection  with  that  in  hygiene.  The  publication  by  the  Health  ]\Iin- 
istry  of  an  agreement  with  the  Ministry  of  Education,  on  a  school  plan 
which  comprises  all  the  hints  on  medical  temperance  teaching. 

This  year  the  regional  Government  of  Lyublgiona  has  formed  an 
anti-alcoholic  section  of  the  ^Ministry  for  Social  Politics ;  and  the  ]\Iin- 
istry  of  Education  has  designated  an  antialcoholic  school  day.  reserved 
•exclusively  to  temperance  propaganda  in  all  schools.  The  circular  of 
The  Ministry  of  the  Interior  has  reduced  the  hours  for  selling  alcoholic 
beverages,  and  the  interdiction  of  the  entree  in  public  bars  and  saloons 
and  the  offering  of  alcoholic  beverages,  including  wine  and  beer,  to  all 
persons  under  16  years  of  age.  The  State  contributions  of  many  thou- 
sands of  dollars  a  year  for  general  hygienic  and  temperance  propaganda ; 
and  last  but  not  least  the  adoption  for  the  first  time  by  the  Ministry  of 
Agriculture  of  a  school  plan  for  agricultural  schools  comprising  temper- 
ance instruction,  as  far  as  it  concerns  the  technical  and  practical  teaching, 
on  the  methods  used  for  the  fabrication  of  non-alcoholic  beverages. 

Temperance  instruction  is  still  in  the  hands  of  private  initiative.  In 
Serbia  we  started  this  work  with  the  introduction  of  the  Good  Templars, 
and  especially  when  (in  1908)  the  Juvenile  Department  of  the  Serbian 
Grand  Lodge  was  created. 

In  order  to  make  our  work  successful  we  had  to  study,  before  all, 
the  organization  of  similar  juvenile  temperance  societies  in  countries 
like  America,  the  United  Kingdom,  and  Switzerland.  We  wanted  in- 
struction for  future  work.  We  sought  first  the  students  of  the  Uni- 
versity, teachers  and  priests  in  the  seminaries. 

The  mother  lodge  and  two  other  lodges,  "Rosveta"  and  the  academic 

302 


lodge  "Istina,"  took  the  initiative  in  creating  a  special  organ  for  pro- 
moting temperance  work  among  school-children. 

The  Union  of  Abstaining  Youth  began  to  accomplish  its  mission.  The 
first  juvenile  temperance  society  was. founded  in  Belgrade  High  Seminary 
for  Priests.  The  Archbishop  of  Serbia,  Dr.  Demetrius,  a  prominent 
temperance  worker,  encouraged  the  young  members.  Other  juvenile 
societies  sprang  up.  Sixty  societies,  with  3,000  members,  were  organ- 
ized by  the  Union.  We  made  the  greatest  efforts  to  get  members  by 
demanding  of  all  of  them,  the  practice  of  abstinence,  self-denial  and 
self-control  being  the  most  precious  factors  in  self-education. 

The  aims  of  the  Union  are :  the  education  of  youth  in  the  spirit  of 
abstinence  from  alcoholic  beverages,  in  purity  and  charity,  together  with 
moral,  physical  and  social  education. 

The  means  used  by  the  Union  are :  foundation  of  temperance  socie- 
ties,, school  cooperatives  for  saving,  temperance  instruction,  distribution 
of  temperance  literature,  prize  competitions,  Boy  Scout,  civic  education, 
open-air  life.  [Here  followed  a  description  of  the  proceedings  of 
meetings  of  the  Union.] 

The  juvenile  societies  work  under  the  direction  and  control  only 
of  Good  Templars. 

The  first  meeting  of  all  al)staining  members  took  place  April  23, 
1912,  at  Kraguyevat.  About  2000  members,  from  all  districts  of  Serbia, 
attended.  The  main  object  of  the  meeting  was  the  special  sessions  of 
directors  and  instructors  to  deliberate  upon  the  important  questions  con- 
cerning the  future  organization  of  temperance  instruction  and  the  part  the 
Government  ought  to  play  in  it. 

Criticisms  naturally  did  not  fail.  \\'hy  abstinence  and  not  only  mod- 
eration? Why  the  ])ledging  by  the  children?  Why  the  benefits,  if 
they  exist,  for  only  a  part  of  the  youth?  You  hear  everywhere  the  same 
questions.  T 

The  principal  difficulties  consisted  in  the  organization  and  working 
methods,  especially  in  junior  classes.  They  j^refer  less  tiring  things 
and,  in  general,  open-air  life  to  dogmatic  teachings. 

We  had  to  make  a  change  in  the  methods  in  order  to  satisfy  the 
natural  impulses  of  our  junior  members. 

The  efforts  made  in  this  regard  by  our  temperance  worker.  Dr. 
Popovitch,  were  not  in  vain.  There  is  great  honor  due  him  for  having 
introduced  in  Serbia  the  Boy  Scouts,  considered  by  all  as  a  solid  educa- 
tional standard  of  life.  Boy-scoutism  was  not  made  the  object  of  a 
special  association,  but  of  a  section  working  in  close  connection  with  the 
temperance  societies.  General  Badcn-Powell's  book,  "Scouting  for 
Boys."  was  translated  and  adapted  by  Dr.  Popovitch. 

The  first  Balkan  war  offered  the  best  opportunities  to  our  members 
to  show  how  able  they  were  to  accomplish  the  Boy  Scouts'  watchword 
"Be  prepared  !"  The  Government,  hospitals,  schools,  post  and  telegraph 
offices,  ambulances,  all  wanted  their  voluntary  helj). 

303 


The  authorities,  the  teaching  and  the  medical  bodies,  and  the  charit- 
able institutions  have  not  failed  to  encourage  by  all  means  private  initia- 
tive, busy  with  temperance  instruction  and  the  training  in  social  work 
of  the  new  generation.  A  conference  on  schools  and  the  alcohol  ques- 
tion was  held  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the  association  of  secondary 
schools. 

Bosnia  and  Herzegovina  had  also  done  much  l)efore  the  war,  in  or- 
ganizing special  and  practical  temperance  instruction  of  the  young  peas- 
ants. The  temperance  society  "Pobratimstvo,"  aided  by  the  Prosveta 
society  for  popular  education,  is  most  responsible  for  a  wide  temperance 
movement  in  this  country.  It  has  12  sections,  with  750  members.  Its 
characteristic  featiux  is  the  practice  of  abstinence  by  personal  example, 
and  educational  means  and  physical  culture  on  the  system  of  the  schools. 

Each  section  possesses  an  antialcoholic  home,  comprising  a  reading- 
room  and  room  for  g}-mnastic  exercises.  These  peasant  societies  for 
abstinence  and  physical  culture  are  producing  excellent  results. 

In  Croatia,  Slavonia,  and  Slovenia  temperance  instruction  is  given 
by  the  leaders  of  two  temperance  societies :  the  abstinence  society  "Zag- 
rek"  in  Croatia  and  Slavonia  and  the  Catholic  society  "Sveta  \'ojska" 
(Sacred  Army)  in  Ljubljana.  The  last  is  more  anxious  about  the 
foundation  of  the  juvenile  school  temperance  societies,  and  has  organ- 
ized occasional  temperance  instruction  for  senior  members.  These  are 
named  Mladi  Tunaci  (The  Young  Heroes.'') 

Dahnatia  has  also  taken  part  in  the  temperance  movement,  promoted 
especially  by  school-teachers.  They  founded  with  success  two  Serbian 
school  temperance  societies :  one  in  the  teachers'  seminary,  and  the  other 
in  the  priests'  seminary. 

Such  was  the  state  of  temperance  instruction  and  of  the  temperance 
movement  generally  in  the  epoch  preceding  the  Great  War.  It  is  not 
necessary.  I  think,  to  tell  you  about  the  moral  and  material  damage 
done  to  all  our  work  by  the  War.  Xo  temperance  propaganda  was  per- 
mitted by  the  enemy.  Several  temperance  workers  were  maltreated 
and  brought  to  the  center  of  internment,  as  the  authorities  wrongly  as- 
serted the  Serbian  Good  Templars  to  be  members  of  Masonic  lodges,  this 
action  being  forbidden  by  civic  authorities.  To  the  same  treatment  were 
submitted  also  the  temperance  workers  in  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina  as 
also  other  cultural  societies  for  having  caused  closer  relations  with  the 
Good  Templars  of  Serbia.  Several  members  ot  our  lodges,  as  also 
a  great  many  of  the  Young  Templars,  voluntarily  offered  their  lives  for 
the  country's  salvation. 

On  our  return  after  the  war,  in  Serbia,  reconstruction  work  on  the 
fields  of  life's  activities  required  that  the  free  time  of  several  members 
of  social  and  charity  organizations  should  be  reserved  to  save  an  ex- 
hausted people  and.  before  all.  to  preserve  the  war  orphans.  This  action 
for  saving  parentless  children  had  been  happily  started,  at  X'odena.  a 
year  before  our  return,  by  Doctor  Popovitch  and  other  Good  Templars. 

304 


supported  graciously  by  some  American  Relief  Alissions.  The  little 
starved  refugess  from  Bitolj  and  its  future  little  Boy  Scouts  gathered 
at  \"o(lena  were  taught  the  practise  of  abstinence.  It  is  important  to 
notice  that  they  drew  the  attention  of  Dr.  Popovitch  and  other  friends 
to  the  urgent  necessity  of  founding  "The  Society  for  Protection  of  Jugo- 
slav Children,"  which  is  now^  working  with  great  success  and  efficiency. 
The  Good  Templars,  l)usy  with  this  eminently  important  work  of  child- 
welfare,  were  not  al)le  to  devote  themselves  at  the  same  time  to  temper- 
ance propaganda  among  the  children.  Only  the  past  year  were  four 
lodges,  numljering  al:!Out  120  members,  and  twenty  school  temperance 
societies  able  to  renew  their  activities.  The  academic  lodge  at  Belgrade 
University  took  the  initiative  in  organizing  in  March  of  this  year  a  special 
scientific  course  on  the  alcohol  question,  comprising  conferences  held 
each  Saturday  by  prominent  physicians  and  professors. 

We  were  able  to  make  most  successful  efforts  in  reorganizing  the 
two  great  associations  for  physical  culture  into  one.  The  Association  of 
Little  Boy  Scouts  and  the  National  Association  for  Physical  Culture. 
The  new  association  named  "Sokolski-Narastay"  (The  New  Generation 
of  Little  Sokols)  is  a  unique  school  organization  allowed  by  the  Min- 
istry of  Moral  Culture.  The  new  Association  is  valuable  inasmuch  as  it 
accepts  the  principles  of  Scoutism  comprising  the  practise  of  abstinence 
and  purity. 

UNITED    KINGDOM    OF    GREAT    BRITAIN    AND    IRELAND 

The  continuous  growth  of  temperance  instruction  in  the  United  King- 
dom during  seventy  years  is  the  best  proof  of  its  efficiency.  Till  the 
publication  of  the  Government  Syllabus,  private  organizations  were  re- 
sponsible for  the  high  mission  of  instructing  its  members  in  a  matter  of 
great  social  importance  like  the  alcohol  question. 

The  first  Children's  Temperance  Society  was  founded  at  Leeds  in 
1847.  The  leading  organization  of  the  kind  is  the  United  Kingdom  Band 
of  Hope  Union,  which  has  been  operating  regularly  and  with  great  en- 
thusiasm since  1877.  The  rei)ort  of  Chas.  Wakely.  General  Secretary  of 
the  Band  of  Hope  Union,  gives  very  satisfactory  figures  of  undoubted 
value.  There  are  about  three  and  one  half  million  members.  The  work 
started  in  London,  soon  took  solid  root  over  all  the  country.  It  has  more 
than  20  lecturers;  £2,000  are  reserved  for  salaries  and  the  organization 
of  the  lecturers.  During  the  last  20  years  the  following  numbers  of 
lessons  and  lectures  on  temperance  have  been  delivered :  36,479  in  State 
Schools;  19,245  in  national  schools;  8,9.3.3  in  British  Presln-terian,  Roman 
Catholic,  and  private  schools;  13,717  in  Navy  and  Military  schools.  Chris- 
tian institutions;  2,031  in  high  schools;  S^7  in  evening  schools,  and  546 
in  teachers'  schools. 

Such  successful  work  was  ]iossil)le,  thanks  to  official  permission  in 
*1887  to  do  it  under  certain  conditions  and  without  charges.  .Mthough 
there  was  no  regular  and  obligatory  temperance  instruction  in  high 
schools,  the  Band  of  Hope  Union  lecturers  have  delivered  3,031  lessons 

.305 


in  the  4th,  5th,  6th  and  7th  classes.  The  philanthropic  and  educated  Eng- 
lishmen have  worked  with  success  in  organizing  this  instruction,  as  also 
other  temperance  societies  like  the  Young  Abstainers"  Union,  Cadets  of 
Temperance,  the  Juvenile  societies  of  the  British  Women's  Temperance 
Union,  Juvenile  Societies  of  Good  Templars,  etc.  The  number  is  33,000 
with  3,700,000  members.  In  order  to  encourage  the  energies  of  the 
pupils,  regular  prize  competitions,  holidays,  excursions  and  all  kinds 
of  manifestations  are  organized  under  the  control  of  prominent  per- 
sons, and  with  the  assistance  of  the  parents.  It  is  stated  that  about 
7,283,205  prizes  have  been  given  during  the  past  20  )-ears.  Also  about 
80,000  temperance  and  social  workers  are  consecrating  their  time  and 
force  to  the  nol)le  mission  of  raising  the  moral  and  physical  strength 
of  youth. 

In  speaking  of  private  initiative  in  carrying  on  temperance  instruc- 
tion, I  can  not  fail  to  make  special  mention  of  the  wise  initiative  taken 
by  Prof.  G.  Sims  Woodhead,  professor  at  Cambridge.  In  order  to  pro- 
mote scientific  and  systematic  temperance  instruction  among  the  young 
students,  he  founded  the  Temperance  Collegiate  Association,  the  mem- 
bers of  which  are  divided  into  associated  members  and  fellows,  according 
to  the  quality  and  quantity  of  acquired  knowledge  relating  to  drink  prob- 
lems. 

Before  the  issue  of  the  Government  Syllabus  of  Lessons  of  Temper- 
ance, regulating  the  obligatory  temperance  instruction,  the  country  boards 
had  this  instruction  made  occasionally  by  the  teachers  of  the  above-named 
temperance  organizations.  Three  hours  in  a  year  are  considered  suffi- 
cient to  give  to  each  pupil  elementary  instruction  in  the  subject. 

■  It  was  evident  to  all  temperance  workers  and  statesmen  that  the  prac- 
tise introduced  can  do  much,  but  not  all.  The  progress  of  democratic 
and  liberal  ideas  supposes  the  benefits  to  be  assured  by  all  pupils  taking 
a  modern  education.  State  intervention  was  inevitable.  It  was  particu- 
larly taken  as  a  reply  to  the  petition  signed  by  15,000  physicians  asking 
the  Government  to  introduce  in  the  school  plan  regular  and  obligatory 
instruction  in  hygiene  and  temperance,  facilities  for  the  scientific  in- 
struction of  the  teachers,  and  the  control  and  submission  by  school  in- 
structors of  reports  on  temperance  teaching.  Full  satisfaction  was 
immediately  given  to  this  petition  by  the  Education  Board  by  the  pub- 
lication of  the  well-known  "Syllabus,"  divided  into  three  parts  and  con- 
taining also  preliminary  notes,  and  methodic  hints  for  the  use  of  the 
teachers.  The  practise  of  this  teaching  is  quite  different  in  many  coun- 
ties. The  teachers  are  trained  by  a  Band  of  Hope  Union,  and  especially 
in  the  Teachers'  Seminaries. 

BELGIUM 

According  to  an  official  report,  the  first  Belgian  Children's 
Society  for  moderation  in  the  use  of  all  alcoholic  beverages  was 
founded  in  1850,  probablv  under  the  influence  of  the  temperance- 
movement  in  the  United  Kingdom.  Later,  in  1862,  there  was  a  ques- 
tion for  the  first  time  on  temperance  instruction.     The  Belgian  Cen- 

306 


tral  Teachers'  Association  had  offered  a  prize  for  an  essay  on  the 
role  of  the  school  in  creating  school  temperance  societies.  The 
Society  of  Saint  Leon  Bercham  was  the  first  founded,  in  1889.  Mr. 
Robyns,  Director  of  Schools  at  Limburg,  was  most  interested  in  all 
this  movement  and  in  order  to  carry  on  the  propaganda  on  a  larger 
basis,  he  made  the  attempt  to  introduce  temperance  teaching  in  all 
elementary'  schools  under  his  direction.  The  good  results  encour- 
aged him  to  ask  its  diffusion  in  all  county  schools.  It  was  permitted 
in  1892  by  ^Minister  de  Burlet,  so  that  until  1897  the  teaching  was 
given  occasionally  as  completing  that  of  hygiene.  The  special 
courses  for  the  teachers  were  organized  in  order  to  enable  them  to 
communicate  to  the  pupils  the  necessary  ideas  on  the  bad  influence 
on  body  and  mind  due  to  the  use  of  spirits  (the  moderate  use  of  beer 
and  wine  was  tolerated).  A  similar  course  was  organized  also  for 
women  teachers.  The  courses  took  place,  but  systematically  and 
officially,  also  for  the  teachers  of  high  schools ;  however,  they  were 
willing  to  acept  a  reform  of  the  school  plan.  A  half-hour  per  week 
is  reserved  for  the  temperance  teaching  in  all  schools  The  school 
inspectors  are  charged  to  control  it  by  examining  the  notes  taken  bv 
the  pupils  in  the  course  of  lessons. 

As  many  school  municipalities  did  not  give  the  necessary  support 
to  the  teachers'  activities,  Mr.  Schoolacert,  Minister  of  Education, 
issued  in  April,  1898,  an  important  circular  prescribing  regular  and 
obligatory  temperance  instruction.  For  this  the  Government's  con- 
tributions were  assured  for  the  propaganda  by  the  schools.  The 
Ministry  of  Agriculture  put  12,000  francs  at  the  disposal  of  the  Min- 
istry of  the  Interior  and  Education.  Forty-eight  physicians  were  en- 
gaged to  give  these  special  conferences  to  the  teaching  body  in  eight- 
een school  districts.  As  means  of  encouraging  the  municipalities 
in  this  regard,  special  diplomas  are  delivered  to  them.  All  these 
official  endeavors  were  earnestly  supported  by  school  societies  act- 
ing under  the  direction  of  schoolmasters.  This  work  started  in  1887. 
The  members  pledged  themselves  to  fight  only  spirits. 

The  Government  publishes  the  record  of  the  societies'  activities 
•every  third  year.  The  after-school  societies  are  directed  by  special 
committees  chosen  by  the  members.  Criticism,  as  it  is  known,  did 
not  fail  in  regard  to  the  general  principles  adopted  by  these  societies, 
especially  concerning  the  permission  as  to  the  moderate  use  of  wine 
and  beer.  The  last  official  report  shows  the  following  statistics  of 
school  temperance  societies:  In  1895,  in  elementary  schools.  1837, 
and  396  in  the  schools  for  adults.  In  1905  there  were  5.193  societies 
in  all  schools,  with  120.098  members,  of  which  82,067  were  in  elemen- 
tary schools,  and  38,031  in  high  schools.  At  the  end  of  1908  there 
were  1,180  juvenile  temjjcrance  organizations,  with  75,170  members, 
all  subsidized  by  the  State,  which  gives  70,750  francs  for  general 
propaganda,  and  6,000  francs   for  temperance  literature.     There  is 

307 


also  a  school  society  for  students  of  secondary  schools  to  discourage 
the  drinking  of  spirits  and  to  encourage  strict  moderation  in  the  use 
of  wine  and  beer,  and  a  study  of  the  temperance  question.  Its  object 
is  the  moral,  religious,  and  material  welfare  of  the  Flemish  people. 

FRANCE 

The  beginning  of  the  temperance  campaign  among  the  school 
children  in  France  is  due,  as  is  known  to  all,  to  the  initiative  in  1895 
of  the  great  French  educator,  Mr.  Buisson,  Director  of  the  Depart- 
ment for  Elementary  Instruction.  During  the  Ministry  of  Educa- 
cation  of  M.  Poincare,  formerly  President  of  the  Repuljlic  of  France, 
special  school  committees  were  charged  to  discuss  methods  of  intro- 
ducing occasional  temperance  instruction  in  elementary  schools. 
As  an  immediate  result  of  their  discussions,  there  was  issued  a  circu- 
lar of  the  Ministry  of  Education  prescribing  occasional  temperance 
instruction  in  elementary,  high  elementary,  and  secondary  schools, 
as  also  in  the  teachers'  seminaries.  By  circular  of  May  31,  1912,  this 
teaching  was  declared  obligatory.  The  circular  dated  November  12, 
1900,  made  temperance  teaching  obligatory  in  seminaries  for  women 
teachers. 

I  beg  to  notice  some  facts  in  regard  to  temperance  teaching  in 
France.  First,  it  is  given  as  to  complete  Prohibition  only  of  spirits ; 
as  in  Belgium,  the  moderate  use  of  wine  and  beer  is  tolerated ;  sec- 
ondly, temperance  instruction  in  high  schools  is  not  made  follow- 
ing a  special  plan,  but  conforms  to  that  of  elementary  schools. 

French  schools  possess  a  great  number  of  methodically  written 
temperance  i:)Ooks.  The  most  important  are  mentioned  in  Mr.  Gon- 
ser's  paper  read  at  the  Congress  in  London.  An  effective  movement 
was  the  action  undertaken,  on  permission  of  the  University  of  Edu- 
cation, by  Professor  Aubert.  He  requested  a  form  to  be  sent  in 
1908  to  all  school  authorities  for  information  on  the  state  of  temper- 
ance teaching.  One  hundred  thousand  replies  were  received,  show- 
ing the  very  bad  drink  conditions  under  which  the  parents  and  the 
children  are  living.  The  voluminous  Aubert  report  was  published  as 
a  French  official  paper  October  25,  1910.  Its  most  valuable  propo- 
sitions regarding  ameliorations  to  be  made  have  not  found  the  neces- 
sary echo  in  official  and  private  circles. 

The  greatest  propaganda  is  now  carried  on  by  Section  Cadets, 
the  Department  of  Youth  of  the  French  National  League  against 
Alcoholism.  Before  the  war  there  were  1,305  sections,  comprising 
71,000  members,  all  acting  under  the  control  of  the  school  instruc- 
tors. 

At  the  National  Abstinence  Congress,  which  took  place  in  July 
of  this  year,  at  Strasbourg,  the  secretary  of  the  French  Federation 
of  Sporting  Societies  spoke  in  favor  of  creating  a  section  for  sports 
and  g^^mnastics  in  the   Section  Cadets,  in  order  to  give  an  oppor- 

308 


tunity  to  its  members  to  practise  abstinence  and  to  attach  them,  at  the 
the  same  time,  more  to  open-air  life. 

The  organs  of  the  French  League,  L'Etoile  Bleue  and  La  Jeunesse, 
contain  valuable  material,  reports,  figures  and  directions  for  temper- 
ance guidance.  I  am  very  pleased  to  add  that  a  Jugoslav  lodge  of  Good 
Templars  was  founded  last  year  at  the  University  in  Montpellier, 
comprising  35  members  of  both  sexes,  all  Jugoslav  students  of  medi- 
cine, law,  and  social  sciences.  By  its  indefatigable  activities  it  has 
succeeded  in  promoting  a  great  abstinence  movement  among  the 
French  students,  so  that  a  new  Franco-Jugoslav  lodge  is  expected  to 
be  founded  the  next  school  year. 

It  is  also  a  great  pleasure  for  me  to  say  here  that  the  Jugoslav 
Good  Templars  in  Montpellier  and  Paris  are  kindly  encouraged  by 
the  Swiss  and  Franco-Belgian  lodges,  as  also  by  all  prominent  tem- 
perance workers  of  Dr.  Legrain's  school. 

The  other  great  organization  is  that  of  La  Croix  Bleue,  with  300 
members,  all  total  abstainers. 

ITALY 

Many  statements  having  been  made  by  different  physicians  and 
social  workers  on  alcoholism  in  Italy,  caused  by  the  use  of  wine,  it 
was  clear  to  some  prominent  and  deeply  conscientious  men  of  Italy 
that  the  time  had  come  to  declare  war  on  the  drink  evil.  The  chief 
center  of  this  campaign  seems  to  be  Northern  Italy,  with  Milan  as  head- 
quarters. The  National  Antialcoholic  Association  in  Milan  took  the 
initiative  in  organizing  in  1908  in  some  elementary  schools  inquiries 
concerning  the  use  of  all  kinds  of  alcoholic  beverages.  The  experi- 
ence on  this  occasion  entirely  convinced  the  school  authorities,  so 
that  the  antialcoholic  association  continued  the  work  and  got  per- 
mission to  introduce  in  all  elementary  classes  occasional  temperance 
instruction  in  connection  with  the  teaching  of  hygiene.  The  tem- 
perance work  w^as  on  the  same  lines  as  that  started  privately  by  the 
directors  of  elementary  schools  at  Brescia  and  Belluno.  They  wrote 
some  special  books  for  occasional  temperance  teaching  in  the  third 
and  fourth  classes  of  elementary  schools,  which  were  also  adopted 
by  the  tow^n  school  boards. 

Although  no  official  and  methodical  temperance  instruction  ex- 
isted in  Italy,  the  high-school  authorities  did  not  fail  to  be  inter- 
ested in  a  matter  of  moral  and  physical  education  of  the  school 
children.  Some  books  and  pictures  treating  on  the  drink  question 
were  recommended  by  the  Ministry  of  Education  for  supplying  the 
school  libraries.  Many  readers  and  books  for  elemcntarv  mathemat- 
ics contain  few  elements  of  the  bad  influence  of  the  use  of  alcoholic 
beverages.  The  scientific  propaganda  is  carried  on  very  prosper- 
ously by  the  civic  lodge  of  the  I.  O.  G.  T.  at  Milan.  Its  weekly 
paper.  Bene  Sociale-Redcnzionc,  ])ublishcfl  by  some  eminent  social 
workers,  is  much  appreciated  by  all  reading  people. 

309 


There  is  also  great  honor  due  to  some  Italian  physicians  and 
professors  for  having  held  conferences  and  lectures  in  the  elemen- 
tary schools  in  Milan,  as  also  the  special  courses  on  the  drink  ques- 
tion in  the  continuation  schools  and  at  the  University  of  Florence 
and  in  some  teachers'  seminaries.  A  high  school  Blue  Cross  Society, 
with  twenty  members,  started  in  1908  temperance  work  among  the 
students.  An  organization  of  Italian  cxploratori  (FJoy  Scouts)  exists 
also,  and  we  have  had  an  opportunity  to  look  at  the  Italian  adapta- 
tion of  General  Baden-Powell's  book,  "Scouting  for  Boys."  The 
abstinence  practise  is  also  declared  obligatory  for  all  juvenile  mem- 
bers. 

GREECE 

In  this  country  also  some  attempts  at  temperance  propaganda 
were  made,  before  the  war,  by  private  persons,  in  order  to  show  the 
degree  of  drink  habits  among  the  school-children,  and  at  the  same 
time  to  turn  the  attention  of  the  school  authorities  to  the  urgent 
necessity  of  introducing  in  the  schools  occasional  temperance  in- 
struction. The  report  of  Mr.  Gonser  at  the  Congress  of  London 
showed  that  some  school  inquiries  had  been  privately  organized  at 
Athens  by  teachers  for  the  above-named  purpose. 

An  important  stimulus  to  the  systematic  temperance  movement 
in  Greece  was  expected  to  be  given  by  lectures  delivered  by  Prof. 
Dr.  A.  Forel  while  on  his  journey  to  the  Orient  in  1910.  He  also 
succeeded  in  getting  some  highly  educated  men  for  the  temperance 
cause,  who  were  willing  to  see  introduced  also  in  Greece  the  Good 
Templars'  Order  as  was  done  before  in  Serbia,  Bulgaria,  and  Con- 
stantinople. I  personally  was  in  a  position  to  get  some  further  infor- 
mation about  the  temperance  movement,  especially  among  school- 
children in  this  country.  While  living  at  Corfu  during  the  exile  I 
was  able  to  make  some  acquaintance  with  the  organization  of  the 
Greek  Boy  Scouts  named  "Proscop."  It  enjoys  great  popularity  and 
the  esteem  of  the  Hellenic  people,  and  has  several  hundred  members. 
I  was  told  at  Corfu  that  all  members  of  this  organization  are  at  the 
same  time  total  abstainers,  like  their  fellows  in  England  and  Serbia. 

It  appears  hereby  that  the  Hellenic  Boy  Scouts  by  giving  through 
their  personal  action,  to  their  comrades,  the  best  example  of  a  prac- 
tical temperance  teaching,  are  in  the  best  way  promoting  also  the 
temperance  movement  in  Greece. 

It  is  hoped  that  the  Greek  Government  will  not  fail  to  find  in  the 
Boy  Scouts'  temperance  practise  solid  foundation  for  an  early  intro- 
duction of  regular  temperance  teaching  in  schools,  as  the  Hellenic 
people  are  stated  to  be  subject,  to  a  certain  degree,  to  the  drink  temp- 
tation. 

•      The  acting  CHAIRMAN:     I  would  like  to  know  what  your 
regular   chairman   does   with   regard  to   these  different  people   who 

310 


speak  here,  so  that  I  could  tell  you  how  splendid  and  magnificent 
and  superb  their  work  is,  but  I  don't  happen  to  be  familiar  with  just 
what  this  lady  has  done,  but  I  have  heard  a  great  deal  about  her 
and  I  am  sure  you  all  have,  so  we  will  just  let  her  speak  for  herself. 
Miss  Stoddard. 

SCIENTIFIC    TEMPERANCE    INSTRUCTION    IN    THE 
PUBLIC  SCHOOLS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

Bv  MISS  CORA  FRANCES  STODDARD 

EXECUTIVE   SECRETARY  OF  THE   SCIENTIFIC  TEMPERANCE  FEDERATION 

Public-school  temperance  education  in  the  United  States  was  born, 
in  one  of  the  discouraging  periods  of  the  American  temperance  reform. 
The  great  early  movements  which  had  culminated  in  the  first  Prohibi- 
tion period  of  the  fifties  had  lost  much  of  their  driving  force.  Reaction 
had  set  in,  partly  because  education  to  personal  sobriety  and  the  reasons 
for  Prohibition  had  been  allowed  to  slacken  while  Prohibition  laws  were 
being  passed;  partly  because  the  stress  of  the  Civil  War  period  had 
absorbed  the  attention  of  the  entire  nation  in  another  great  moral  and 
national  issue.  The  war  itself  had  weakened  temperance  principles  in 
thousands  of  young  men ;  had  entrenched  the  liquor  traffic  as  a  source 
of  Federal  revenue;  and  had  thus  indirectly  promoted  the  development 
of  strong  organized  liquor  manufacturing  interests.  The  population,  for 
twenty  years,  had  been  rapidly  changing  by  heavy  immigration  from 
countries  in  most  of  which  little  or  no  organized  temperance  work  had 
been  done.  The  late  sixties  and  early  seventies  found  the  temperance 
movement  at  a  relatively  low  ebb  and  the  old  temperance  forces  fighting 
to  retain  the  Prohibition  laws  which  had  lasted  over  the  war,  and  fight- 
ing in  some  cases  only  to  lose. 

I  do  not  w^ish  to  convey  the  impression  that  nothing  was  being  done 
for  the  youth  at  this  time.  There  were  always  the  various  "armies"  in 
which  children  might  pledge  themselves  to  abstinence;  the  Good  Tem- 
plars (organized  1852)  had  made  education  of  youth  one  of  its  funda- 
mentals ;  but  there  was  no  general  plan  in  operation  for  systematically 
training  boys  and  girls  to  intelligent  personal  sobriety,  thus  to  assure  a 
constant  public  sentiment  for  temperance  progress. 

When  the  hour  strikes  for  a  great  truth  or  fact  to  be  given  to  the 
world  it  not  infrequently  happens  that  glimpses  of  it  are  caught  by  sev- 
eral people  about  the  same  time.  Thus  the  idea  of  teaching  school 
children  the  facts  about  alcohol  was  advocated  l)y  several  persons  at  this 
period,  notably  by  .Sir  Penjamin  Ward  Richardson  of  England,  one  of 
the  fathers  of  preventive  medicine.  His  little  "Temperance  Lesson 
P>ook''  was  the  first  scientific  temperance  school-book  used  in  this 
country.  The  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union  early  turned  to 
the  slow  and  arduous  but  constructive  task  of  rearing  a  whole  new  gen- 
eration— several  generations  if  need  be — in  the  principles  of  total 
abstinence. 

311 


For  several  years,  as  this  Society  was  organizing  its  forces,  it  suc- 
ceeded, as  did  the  National  Temperance  Society,  in  securing  the  adoption 
of  the  Richardson  "Temperance  Lesson  Book"  in  public  schools,  yet  the 
work  in  its  fulness  awaited  its  leader,  who  by  an  independent  personal 
course  of  thought  and  observation  came  to  the  conclusion  that  the  real 
hope  of  permanently  saving  from  the  effects  of  alcohol  a  nation  whose 
people  are  the  rulers,  is  to  teach  all  the  children  what  those  effects  are. 

It  was  this  leader,  Airs.  Alary  II.  Hunt,  who  twice  stood  before  this 
Congress,  whose  vision  and  capacity  for  organization  and  leadership 
finally  made  temperance  teaching  of  the  children  of  the  United  States  a 
part  of  the  regular  school  instruction. 

What  were  its  scope  and  principles  ? 

1.  It  was  planned  to  reach  all  the  children.  To  do  this  it  was  made 
compulsory ;  hence,  the  twenty  years  of  legislative  work  that  put  a  law 
requiring  temperance  education  on  the  statute-books  of  every  State  and 
of  Congress  for  schools  under  Federal  control. 

2.  It  was  made  a  part  of  instruction  in  hygiene.  Do  we  remember 
that  the  whole  preventive  hygiene  movement  is  only  about  fifty  years 
old?  The  temperance  education  movement  in  the  United  States  some 
forty  years  ago  not  only  began  to  bring  temperance  instruction  into  the 
schools,  but  it  also  has  the  credit  of  planning  there  instruction  in  the 
laws  of  general  hygiene.  Knowledge  of  hygiene  was  good  in  itself  for 
the  rising  generation,  but  by  including  in  it  scientific  temperance  instruc- 
tion, the  temperance  teaching  was  given  a  logical,  reasonable  place  in 
the  child's  thought. 

The  ideal  of  the  instruction  was  the  teaching  of  scientific  facts  in 
form  that  the  child  could  understand.  It  was  not  moral  exhortation 
against  drinking.  Aloral  exhortation  soon  wears  thin.  The  child,  may 
even  resent  the  implication  that  his  parents  or  others  whom  he  respects 
are  doing  wrong  in  using  alcoholic  beverages.  But  the  child  who  learns 
the  demonstrated  facts  as  to  the  dangers  in  these  drinks  (of  which  his 
parents  might  be  consumers)  while  learning  also  the  reasons  for  observ- 
ing general  hygiene  laws  (which  perhaps  his  parents  may  be  violating) 
has  no  more  reason  to  feel  that  instruction,  if  wisely  given,  is  a  reflection 
upon  the  parent  in  one  case  than  in  the  other.  He  simply  acquires  new 
knowledge  along  both  lines.  This  is  one  of  the  wise  reasons  for  group- 
ing the  temperance  instruction  with  general  hygienic  teaching  apart  from 
the  reflex  influence  that  the  latter  may  have  in  promoting  sobriety  by  the 
practise  of  generally  healthful  living. 

Thus  the  lessons  required  by  law  were  not  all  temperance  lessons. 
The  most  specific  laws  required  only  a  minimum  of  forty  lessons  a  year 
in  the  whole  subject  of  hygiene  and  temperance.  But  they  also  required 
that  the  instruction  should  be  given  in  every  primary  and  elementary 
school,  so  that  if  the  number  of  temnerance  lessons  each  year  was  com- 
paratively small,  the  properly  graded  instruction  from  year  to  year 
continued  to  enforce  upon  the  child  the  lessons  for  sobriety.     Suitable 

312 


text-books  were  secured  and  required.  These  were  published  by  the 
regular  school  text-book  publishing  houses.  It  required  long  and 
tedious  effort  to  get  good,  reliable,  well-graded  books,  but  it  was  better 
to  have  them  thus  published  than  by  the  temperance  organizations  for 
the  following  reasons : 

The  publishers,  as  soon  as  laws  began  to  require  temperance  instruc- 
tion, saw  a  market  for  temperance-hygiene  text-books,  and  set  the 
machinery  of  their  selling  organization  at  work  for  introducing  them. 
This  hastened  thorough  temperance  instruction  more  rapidly  than  would 
have  been  possible  by  ihe  voluntary  work  of  temperance  organizations. 
It  helped  place  temperance  instruction  on  equal  footing  with  other  recog- 
nized subjects  in  the  schools,  and  thus  helped  psychologically  to  prevent 
the  idea  that  scientific  temperance  instruction  was  something  apart  from 
the  regular  school  course.  The  story  of  securing  graded  books  for 
pupils  of  all  public-school  ages,  of  raising  their  standards  of  accuracy 
as  to  facts  and  soundness  of  pedagogy,  of  getting  such  books  adopted  in 
the  schools,  is  a  chapter  in  itself.  Starting  with  no  laws,  no  text-books, 
the  temperance  forces  had  so  far  won  by  the  first  years  of  the  twentieth 
century  that  scientific  temperance  instruction  was  not  only  a  recognized 
and  legal  part  of  the  educational  system  of  the  entire  country,  but  it  had 
for  its  assistance  a  variety  of  text-books,  published  by  all  the  standard 
publishers  of  school  text-books,  adapted  to  all  ages  of  pupils,  books 
w^hose  teaching  had  kept  pace  with  scientific  progress  of  the  years. 
Such  was  the  verdict  of  a  Committee  of  the  American  Academy  of 
Medicine  in  1904,  after  a  careful  examination  of  the  laws  and  text-books. 

Instruction  has  not  been  a  heterogeneous  mass  of  facts  about  alcohol. 
"What  do  the  people  believe  about  alcohol?"  was  the  question  Mrs.  Hunt 
asked  as  she  went  up  and  down  the  country  in  the  early  years.  When- 
ever she  found  an  erroneous  idea,  such  as  the  belief  that  alcohol  gives 
strength  or  warmth,  it  was  noted  and  the  counteracting  evidence  was 
placed  in  the  text-books.  Thus  little  by  little  a  fairly  clear  picture  was 
obtained  of  the  traditions  and  false  conceptions  favorable  to  alcohol 
which  must  be  met  by  the  scientific  evidence,  if  the  boys  and  girls  in  the 
public  schools  were  to  become  intelligent  men  and  women  on  the  alcohol 
question,  and  the  necessary  instruction  to  meet  them  was  developed.  If 
truth  were  to  be  an  effective  weapon,  it  was  necessary  to  know  where 
and  how  it  was  to  be  used.  As  experimental  evidence  multiplied,  there 
was  a  greater  wealth  of  teaching  material  to  select  from  them  in  the 
early  years  which  antedated  most  of  our  modern  period  of  scientific 
experimentation.  Hence,  later  instructions  and  text-books  have  been 
able  even  more  definitely  to  present  concrete  proven  illustrations  of  prac- 
tical application  to  the  experience  of  everyday  life. 

The  American  schools  have  taupht  that  alcohol  is  formed  in  alcoholic 
beverages  by  the  process  of  fermentation  which  changes  naturally  good 
food  material  into  alcohol ;  that  this  alcohol  is  a  narcotic  poison,  not  a 
food ;  that  one  of  the  dangers  in  alcohol  is  its  ])ower,  even  when  taken 

313 


moderately  and  in  the  form  of  wine,  beer,  or  cider,  to  give  rise  to  a 
desire  for  larger  amounts  which  may  become  uncontrollable  and  de- 
structive. They  teach  the  results  of  scientific  experiments  as  to  the 
effects  of  alcohol  upon  physical  and  mental  working  ability  and  indicate 
the  practical  application  of  these  results.  They  teach  the  observations 
of  physicians  as  to  alcohol  as  a  cause  of  disease  or  as  a  source  of 
lowered  resistance  to  disease ;  the  observations  of  life-insurance  com- 
panies as  to  the  relation  of  alcohol  to  shortened  Hfe.  To  older  pupils 
are  given  facts  as  to  the  probable  effects  of  alcohol  on  heredity.  To 
avoid  any  misapprehension  let  me  say  here  that  when  I  use  the  term 
"alcohol,"  I  do  not  mean  merely  spirituous  beverages  as  the  term  is  often 
used  in  Europe.  I  mean  the  alcohol  itself  which  is  the  characteristic 
constituent  of  alcoholic  beverages.  In  the  past  ten  or  fifteen  years,  as 
the  industrial  world  has  become  more  and  more  opposed  to  drinking,  this 
and  other  economic  facts  and  social  effects  have  been  included  in  the 
instruction ;  but  the  physiological  instruction  remains  its  "backbone." 

Another  principle  has  been  that  thorough  teaching  should  be  given 
in  the  early  years  of  the  child's  school  course.  \\'hile  provision  was 
made  for  carrying  it  on  into  the  later  years,  there  has  been  general 
agreement  that  there  should  be  this  thorough  teaching  before  the  end  of 
the  child's  sixth  school  year ;  that  is,  before  he  is,  on  the  average,  eleven 
or  twelve  years  old.  The  primary  reason  is,  of  course,  that  these  are 
the  habit-forming  years.  Impressions  received  then  are  retained  more 
tenaciously  and  exert  influence  in  shaping  life  habits.  The  second 
reason  was  that  with  us  many  children,  especially  from  the  foreign- 
born  group,  left  school  early  to  go  to  work,  but  if  anything  occurs  to 
delay  the  pupil  in  his  school  course  he  might  easily  never  receive  any 
temperance  instruction  if  it  were  postponed  to  the  higher  grades. 

Fathers  and  mothers  saw  in  this  instruction  a  chance  to  save  their 
children  from  the  evils  of  alcoholism.  But  it  was  the  power  of  public 
sentiment  that  put  this  instruction  into  the  schools — public  sentiment 
aroused  and  guided  by  the  clear  vision  of  the  leader  of  the  move- 
ment as  to  what  was  necessary,,  and  by  the  influence  of  the  temper- 
ance forces,  especially  of  the  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union 
which  has  always  and  with  justice  proudly  held  the  laboring  oar;  for  it 
had  not  only  the  vision  of  what  was  to  be  achieved,  but  by  the  ramifica- 
tions of  its  organization  was  able  to  bring  public  sentiment  to  bear  when 
and  where  needed. 

In  addition  to  making  the  instruction  a  definite  and  accepted  part  of 
the  regular  school  curriculum,  there  has  been  a  vast  amount  of  volun- 
tary unofficial  assistance  rendered  teachers  and  pupils.  For  more  than 
twenty-five  years  periodicals  containing  •  supplementary  temperance 
facts  and  teaching  methods  prepared  especially  for  school  use  have  been 
freely  supplied  to  teachers  and  their  schools,  here  again  largely  by  the 
Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union.  Thousands  of  simple  talks  in- 
cluding stereopticon   illustrations  have  been  given   in   the  schoolroom. 

314 


Courses  of  lectures  have  been  given  in  normal  schools,  summer  schools^ 
and  training  institutes.  From  the  beginning,  and  especially  during  the 
past  dozen  years,  prizes  have  been  given  for  essays  written  by  pupils  and 
teachers  on  assigned  subjects,  and  thousands  of  essasys  have  been 
written.  This  is  a  helpful  supplementary  work.  So  far  as  pupils  par- 
ticipate in  prize-essay  contests,  the  contests  are  valuable  not  only  in  en- 
couraging the  pupil  to  fix  in  memory  and  apply  what  he  has  learned, 
but  in  inciting  further  study  and  research.  But  in  so  far  as  this  is 
purely  voluntary  on  the  part  of  the  pupil,  care  always  has  to  be  taken 
that  it  does  not  supersede  the  regular  systematic  instruction  of  all 
pupils;  for  it  is  upon  the  majorities  of  all  the  pupils  that  we  have  to 
depend  for  reducing  or  abolishing  the  drink  habit  and  the  drink  traffic. 

It  can  not  be  denied  that  at  times  the  compulsory  feature  of  the 
instruction  did  not  find  favor  with  all  members  of  the  educational  pro- 
fession. Yet  neither  would  a  voluntary  system  have  won  the  coopera- 
tion of  all.  The  problem  w^as  to  get  as  soon  as  possible  a  citizenship  of 
this  republic  which  would  understand  how  and  why  alcoholic  beverages 
were  detrimental  to  the  highest  welfare  of  the  individual  and  his  home, 
of  society,  and  of  the  nation.  The  compulsory  instruction  has  made  the 
study  educational  for  teachers  as  well  as  for  pupils.  While  the  instruc- 
tion has  not  always  been  well  or  wisely  or  sympathetically  given,  on  the 
whole  I  believe  there  is  no  profession  in  the  United  States  whose  in- 
fluence has  been  and  now  is  exerted  so  universally  and  powerfully  for 
health  and  sobriety  as  thai  of  the  public-school  teacher.  And  while,  too, 
it  is  true  that  the  instruction  is  not  always  given  as  universally  or  sys- 
tematically as  intended  or  required,  I  believe  there  are  very  few  of  our 
25.000.000  boys  and  girls  of  school  age  who  leave  the  public  schools  of 
the  United  States  without  having  been  taught  sometime  during  their 
school  course  that  alcoholic  beverages  are  unsafe  beverages,  and  why. 

IVJiat  of  the  results?  Many  factors  have  entered  into  the  progress 
of  the  American  temperance  movement.  But  it  is  generally  conceded 
that  the  temperance  education  of  the  children  for  more  than  a  genera- 
tion has  been  a  mighty  force  in  abolishing  the  liquor  traffic.  Xotice 
certain  dates : 

Not  until  1890  had  sufficient  temperance  education  legislation  been 
enacted  to  mal^Te  the  instruction  fairly  general,  though  all  through  the 
preceding  decade  it  was  being  extended.  For  still  another  decade  up  to 
1901,  the  enactment  of  laws  requiring  instruction  was  still  going  on.  as 
was  the  struggle  to  get  sound  total-abstinence  teaching.  The  children 
who  entered  school  in  1885.  when  the  teaching  had  really  begun  to  get 
under  way,  were  voters  about  1900.  The  children  who  began  in  1890 
were  coming  to  their  majority  about  1905.  and  it  was  about  this  time 
that  the  modern  State  Prohibition  movement  got  under  way.  The 
schools  had  been  making  sentiment  against  alcohol  for  temperance 
organizations  to  gather  up  at  the  ballot-box  for  Prohibition.  Practically 
half  a  life-time  is  required  before  a  cln'ld  taught  the  trutli  begins  to  exert 

315 


any  public  influence  with  it.  But  all  through  these  years,  from  1881  on. 
there  were  coming  to  maturity  by  everincreasing  tens  of  thousands 
school-children  who  had  been  taught  why  alcohol  is  an  enemy  to  human 
welfare. 

When  the  Federal  Temperance  Education  law  was  pending  in  the 
Congress  of  the  United  States  in  1886,  Mrs.  Hunt,  speaking  for  it  before 
a  Senate  Committee,  made  this  prediction :  "The  day  is  surely  coming 
when  from  the  school-houses  all  over  this  land  will  come  trained  haters 
of  alcohol  to  pour  whole  Niagaras  of  ballots  upon  the  saloon." 

United  States  Commissioner  of  Education  W.  T.  Harris  said,  in  his 
report  for  1900-1901,  concerning  temperance  instruction  in  the  public 
schools  in  the  United  States:  'Tt  may  be  said  that  this  movement  is 
the  most  effective  one  ever  devised  by  the  friends  of  temperance  to  abate 
a  great  evil,  one  of  the  greatest  evils  abroad  in  the  land."  Put  beside 
this  prophecy  of  thirty-five  years  ago,  this  word  of  the  present  United 
States  Commissioner  of  Education,  the  Hon.  P.  P.  Claxton  (Jan.  13, 
1920)  : 

In  the  creation  of  a  sentiment  which  has  resulted  first  in  local  option, 
then  in  State  Prohibition,  and  now  in  national  Prohibition,  the  schools  of  the 
country  have  played  a  very  important  part,  in  fact,  probably  a  major  part. 
It  has  resulted,  first,  in  clearer  thinking,  and,  second,  in  better  and  stronger 
sentiment  in  regard  to  the  sale  and  use  of  alcoholic  drinks.  It  is  a  good 
illustration  of  the  truth  of  the  saying  that  "Whatsoever  we  would  have  in 
the  nation  in  the  next  generation  we  should  put  into  the  schools  of  this 
generation." 

We  must,  however,  remember  that  the  fight  for  temperance,  sobriety, 
clean  and  healthy  living  is  not  yet  fully  won.  In  fact,  it  never  will  be  finally 
won.  It  can  only  be  won  for  a  single  generation  at  a  time,  or  even  for  a  few 
years  at  a  time.  It  is,  therefore,  necessary  that  the  teaching  of  health  and  of 
things  pertaining  thereto  should  be  continued  in  our  schools  and  emphasized 
more  than  it  has  been  in  the  past.  I  feel  sure  that  officers  and  teachers  in 
the  schools  will  be  glad  to  respond  to  all  reasonable  plans  for  this. 

The  official  publication  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Educa- 
tion, School  Nezvs,  said  editorially,  Feb.  16,  1919: 

The  full  story  has  never  been  told  of  how  this  woman  (Mrs.  Hunt)  went 
over  the  country  appearing  before  legislative  committees  and  urging  the 
acceptance  of  her  plan.  In  the  early  eighties  the  results  of  her  efforts  began 
to  be  apparent,  and  by  1887  the  propaganda  had  taken  root  in  every  part  of 
the  country. 

It  is  quite  possible  that  those  who  appear  to  have  been  mystified  by  the 
alacrity  with  which  State  legislators  ratified  the  Federal  Prohibition  Amend- 
ment may  get  some  light  from  the  story  of  Alary  Hannah  Hunt  and  compul- 
sory teaching  against  alcoholics  in  the  public  schools. 

Within  the  past  two  months  a  questionnaire  as  to  the  possible  rela- 
tion of  scientific  temperance  school  instruction  to  Prohibition  was  sent 
to  the  chief  educational  official  of  every  State  in  the  Urtited  States.  The 
vacation  season  is  not  a  good  time  for  detailed  investigations,  but  replies 
have  been  received  from  more  than  half  the  States  representing  all  sec- 
tions of  the  coimtry.     They  show  that,  while  recognizing  that  this  is  a 

316 


matter  of  opinion  and  impressions  rather  than  of  proof,  as  a  rule  they 
regard  the  instruction  as  having  contributed  strongly  to  the  building  of 
an  active  national  sentiment  for  sobriety  which  finally  saw  in  Prohibition 
the  only  solution  of  the  drink  question. 

So  much  for  the  past.  What  of  the  future?  Is  scientific  temperance 
instruction  to  be  continued?  The  general  opinion  of  the  State  educa- 
tional officials  in  the  questionnaire  already  quoted  is  that  it  should  be 
continued  and  especially  for  the  next  few  years.  Their  reasons  are  that 
it  is  necessary  to  teach  all  children  now  in  the  schools,  and  especially 
newcomers  of  foreign  parentage,  why  the  United  States  has  prohibited 
alcoholic  drinks ;  that  it  is  important  to  insure  an  intelligent  public 
sentiment  to  prevent  or  overcome  illicit  manufacture  and  sale  of  alco- 
holic beverages  and  the  use  of  home-made  fermented  beverages. 

Present-day  discussions  of  the  alcohol  question  indicate  certain  lines 
of  instruction  that  are  still  necessary,  if  we  are  to  knit  up  the  loose  ends 
of  public  knowledge  about  alcohol.  Instruction  is  still  needed  on  the 
following  points : 

(1)  That  alcohol  with  its  habit-forming  power  is  present  in  even 
the  lighter  forms  of  alcoholic  beverages. 

(2)  The  depressing  efifects  of  even  small  quantities  of  alcohol  upon 
physical  and  mental  activities  and  upon  self-control. 

(3)  The  lowered  resistance  to  disease  which  may  be  due  to  con- 
tinued drinking  of  quantities  of  alcohol  insufficient  to  cause  drunkenness. 

The  object  of  the  American  temperance  movement  has  not  been 
merely  the  elimination  of  drunkenness,  important  and  valuable  as  that  is. 
Its  object  rather  is  to  develop  and  secure  complete  physical,  mental,  and 
moral  soundness  with  all  that  implies,  unimpaired  to  any  degree  by  the 
wholly  preventable  influence  of  alcohol.  The  world  of  the  future  de- 
mands service  of  every  man  and  woman,  and  for  this  it  requires  brains 
wholly  free  from  alcohol  for  the  sake  of  clear  vision,  calm  iudgment. 
steady  self-control,  and  intelligent  action. 

The  wise  man  of  old  said  it  was  "Xot  for  kings  to  drink  wine,  nor 
for  princes  to  desire  strong  drink,  lest  they  drink  and  forget  the  law 
and  pervert  the  justice  due  any  of  the  afflicted."  The  kings  and  queens 
of  the  future  will  be  the  men  and  women  who  rise  to  their  full  capacity 
of  powers  anrl  who  exercise  them  for  the  common  good.  Alcohol 
defeats  both  these  ends.  Hence  lest  our  "kings  and  ])rinces  pervert 
justice"  we  are  jnitting  away  alcohol. 

The  American  democracy  of  the  future  wants  no  drunkards;  but, 
more  than  that,  it  wants  a  citizenship  free  from  the  less  conspicuous  but 
equally  real  demoralization  by  alcohol.  To  this  end  we  must  pledge  our- 
selves to  maintain  the  temperance  training  of  all  our  children,  confident 
that  our  public  schools  will  go  loyally  forward  in  this  ]\irt  of  their  great 
responsibilities. 

M7 


DISCUSSION 

The  chairman  :  Dr.  Saleeby,  of  London,  has  sent  in  his  name 
on  this  discussion. 

Dr.  saleeby  :  Mr.  Chairman,  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen :  I  came 
here  with  no  idea  of  participating  in  this  discussion ;  but  as  there  is  no 
other  name  sent  in  I  hope  it  will  be  considered  favorably,  my  addressing 
you  on  this  subject. 

First,  I  wish  to  pay  a  tribute  to  Miss  Stoddard  because  of  her  artistic 
temperament,  and  the  good  judgment  which  she  has  shown.  I  say  she 
is  artistic  in  temperament,  because  as  a  fact  it  is  a  part  of  the  function 
of  the  artist  to  eliminate  the  unessential.  I  don't  know  whether  she  is 
teaching  any  course  on  this  subject  or  not,  but  if  she  is  I  would  like  to 
enroll  as  one  of  her  pupils. 

When  I  arrived  in  New  York  the  Anti- Saloon  League  of  America 
had  arranged  that  somebody  should  come  down  to  the  dock  to  meet  me. 
This  man  met  me  down  there  by  the  docks  and  I  said  to  him :  "One  of 
the  important  dififerences  that  strikes  me  as  existing  between  the  chil- 
dren of  my  country  and  of  yours  is  that  they  are  taught  Prohibition 
from  the  time  they  start  in  school,  whereas  we  in  England  do  not  have 
anything  of  that  kind."  He  said  to  me :  "You  are  entirely  misinformed. 
As  far  as  I  am  aware  there  is  no  such  teaching  carried  on  anywhere 
throughout  America."  Now,  if  I  had  been  like  some  of  the  visitors 
who  came  to  your  country,  and  never  see  any  more  than  New  York,  or 
Chicago,  or  some  other  big  city  like  that,  and  then  say  it  was  a  typical 
American  city,  I  would  have  gone  back  to  England  disgusted  and  said  it 
was  all  a  lie,  this  talk  about  teaching  these  truths  in  the  schools  of  your 
country.  In  England  I  am  accustomed  to  say  that  I  reckon  we  have 
never  had  a  capable  minister  in  that  country  to  deal  with  this  subject 
who  knows  as  much  on  this  question  as  the  average  American  child. 
Sir  George  Newman,  who  is  responsible  for  the  medical  and  hygienic 
education  in  England,  would,  I  am  sure,  like  to  hear  about  this  work 
which  Miss  Stoddard  is  doing,  and  a  letter  addressed  to  Sir  George 
Newman.  Whitehall,  London,  giving  him  some  light  on  what  Miss 
Stoddard  is  doing,  and  a  few  samples  of  what  she  writes,  would  be  very 
gratefully  received  by  him. 

I  don't  know  whether  in  the  teaching  of  children  that  you  are  giving, 
you  are  met  with  the  argument  that  alcohol  is  one  of  the  gifts  of  God  to 
man,  and  that  it  is,  therefore,  blasphemy  for  him  not  to  use  it ;  if  you 
have,  I  think  that  there  is  a  pretty  obvious  reply  to  that,  and  that  is,  that 
if  the  imbeciles  who  say  that  because  God  made  alcohol,  man  ought  to 
drink  it,  would  apply  their  own  argument  on  their  own  persons  to  petrol, 
T  should  have  great  pleasure  in  attending  their  funerals. 

The  CHAIRMAN:  We  are  getting  along  splendidly.  T  have  not 
yet  been  able  to  get  in  touch  with  Dr.  Hercod.     I  know  that  Dr.  Hercod 

318 


has  something  very  important,  some  business  of  great  importance  in 
connection  with  the  International  Congress.  In  regard  to  the  German 
delegates  who  were  invited,  I  know  that  Dr.  Hercod  has  Dr.  Gonser's 
paper,  as  I  understand  it ;  but  a  notice  has  been  sent  up  to  the  Chair 
that  an  allowance  of  five  minutes  was  desired  for  discussion  on  Dr. 
Gonser's  paper.  I  know  the  paper  itself  hasn't  been  read  as  yet.  It  will 
either  be  read  by  title  or  be  spread  upon  the  minutes.  The  communica- 
tion is  from  a  delegate  who  has  to  leave  the  city  to-night,  a  delegate  who 
says  that  he  regards  this  subject  as  one  of  the  most  important  on  the 
program.     I  now  call  for  Dr.  Sutcliffe  of  Massachusetts. 

A  MEMBER:  Does  that  mean  that  Dr.  Gonser's  paper  will  not 
be  read? 

The  CHAIRMAN :  I  hope  it  will  be  read,  knowing  the  great  work 
Professor  Gonser  has  done,  and  owing  to  the  fact  that  it  was  impossible 
for  him  to  be  here.  Professor  Gonser  being  represented  by  Dr.  Hercod, 
I  do  hope  that  we  shall  have  it  read  in  full,  if  it  is  possible.  I  am  sure 
that  Dr.  Hercod  will  read  this  paper  for  us. 

^Ir.  NEILD  :  I  rise  to  ask  whether  it  is  proper  to  have  discussion 
on  the  paper  before  it  is  read? 

The  CHAIRMAN:  It  isn't  just  a  discussion  of  the  paper;  he  is 
asking  to  speak  on  the  subject  matter  of  the  paper,  about  which  the 
paper  was  prepared.  I  think  that  it  is  all  right,  in  view  of  the  fact  that 
the  delegate  has  been  here  for  several  days  waiting  for  an  opportunity  to 
speak  on  this  subject. 

Dr.  SUTCLIFFE:  I  w^ant  to  just  say  to  all  the  delegates  present 
that  I  am  not  a  public  orator,  but  I  am  just  simply  a  business  man  who 
was  saved  -from  the  curse  of  rum  by  the  International  Order  of  Good 
Templars.  I  say  that  at  the  outset  so  that  you  will  understand  aiiy  of 
my  remarks. 

T  finfl  in  my  position  as  (irand  Chief  Tem])lar  of  this  liody,  as  I  go 
around  that  big  State,  speaking  to  organizations  similar  to  other  Templar 
associations  throughout  the  world,  that  I  am  confronted  with  this 
proposition,  that  there  can't  ])c  any  need  for  national  temperance  socie- 
ties, now  that  we  have  ProhilMtion.  Of  course,  there  are  other  fields  for 
Good  Templars,  and  the  only  way  that  you  can  do  this  is  by  taking  the 
past  record  of  what  has  been  done.  I  am  proud  of  the  fact  that  I 
represent  that  Order  to-day.  I  believe  that  its  usefulness  has  not  gone 
"because  we  have  national  Prohibition  by  law,  but  not  by  fact,  ^^'hen  I 
realize  the  fact  that  out  of  this  Order  and  the  families  of  its  members, 
there  have  come  such  splendid  workers  throughout  the  world,  in  the 
cause  of  Prohibition  (we  gave  to  America  that  lamented  national  leader 

319 


of  womanhood,  Frances  Willard,  to  lead  the  W.  C.  T.  U. ;  and  we  gave 
them  Mattie  McClellan  Brown,  "Mother"  Stewart,  Mary  Hunt ;  and 
within  the  hnes  of  the  Good  Templars  was  born  the  National  Prohibi- 
tion Party)  ;  when  I  realize  the  fact  that  in  August,  1851,  was  recog- 
nized the  human  and  economic  truth  that  women  have  a  right  to  vote,, 
just  as  well  as  the  men-— twenty  years  before  the  National  Prohibition 
party  was  ever  dreamed  of — I  am  then  properly  proud  to  be  a  Good 
Templar. 

1  believe  that  temperance  societies  are  an  educational  factor  side  by 
side  with  the  educational  teaching  in  the  public  schools.  We  take  the 
children  from  five  to  twelve  years  of  age  in  our  junior  lodges  as  Juvenile 
Templars ;  and  I  believe  that  if  the  Templars  keep  carrying  on  the  work 
that  they  have  started,  and  carry  it  forward,  we  will  bring  to  the  world 
and  America  the  idea  thoroughly  instilled  into  the  growing  generation 
that  they  should  not  only  abstain  from  intoxicating  drink,  but  that  they 
should  also  be  loyal  citizens  of  this  Republic,  and  obey  its  laws. 

I  am  sorry  that  the  paper  was  not  read,  I  am  handicapped  by  the 
fact  that  I  don't  know  whether  Dr.  Hercod's  or  rather  Dr.  Gonser's, 
paper  was  to  have  been  against  or  in  favor  of  it;  but  1  simply  give  my 
humble  testimony  in  the  belief  that  temperance  societies  are  needed  now 
more  than  they  ever  were  needed  before.  Just  the  other  night  I  was 
speaking  in  a  little  town  in  North  Andover.  about  20  miles  out  of  Boston, 
to  try  to  organize  a  lodge  of  Good  Tem])lars,  and  a  young  fellow  of 
about  15  or  16  years  of  age  said  to  my  wife,  who  was  present,  although 
he  did  not  know  who  she  was :  "I  don't  believe  in  that."  He  said :  "I 
think  the  Bolsheviki  are  all  right."  I  was  talking  to  them  about  100-per- 
cent-American  citizenship,  and  that  was  what  he  said  about  that.  There- 
fore, if  for  no  other  reason,  I  think  that  we  can  continue  to  teach  our 
young  men  Prohibition,  and  therefore  I  think  there  is  work  for  our  tem- 
perance societies  up  and  down  the  whole  breadth  of  the  country. 

The  chairman  :  There  is  a  very  important  announcement  that 
was  cut  out  at  noon,  and  Mr.  Cherrington,  if  anyone  has  his  card  here 
that  wishes  to  take  that  tour  of  the  city,  they  will  have  an  opportunity 
to  do  so  at  5  :30  to-night,  and  that  tour  will  be  taken  in  a  car  that  will 
be  found  in  front  of  the  building.  The  idea  is  that  our  foreign  guests 
will  be  taken  around  the  city  in  a  tour  that  will  last,  as  I  under- 
stand it,  for  an  hour  and  a  half.  You  can  tell  the  cars  l)y  the  American 
flag  on  the  windshield. 

We  will  hold  a  meeting  at  the  call  of  the  Chair,  at  10:45  to-morrow 
morning,  to  transact  certain  business.  And  I  am  going  to  take  the  lib- 
erty of  asking  that  you  try  and  get  here  promptly  to-morrow  morning, 
so  that  the  program  may  not  be  interrupted.  I  think  that  we  can  get 
through  with  all  the  business  that  is  to  come  before  the  Congress 
promptly  so  that  we  can  finish  this  business  and  get  into  our  session 
to-morrow  by  11  o'clock,  get  through  our  program  and  thus  be  ready 

320 


PHOTOGRAPH    OF    A    PART    OF   THE    DELEGATION   TAKEN  AT  THE   HOME  OF   GEORGE  WASHINGTON".  MT.  VERNON,  VIRGINIA,  U.  S.  A. 


r 


to  adjourn  on  time  to-morrow  morning.  The  Chair  also  wants  to 
announce  one  thing  further,  that  if  you  have  not  secured  your  dinner 
tickets,  please  do  so  at  once,  because  we  have  got  to  know  to-night  so 
that  we  can  tell  the  caterers  how  many  persons  to  lay  the  tables  for. 

Dr.  CHARLES  A.  ROSFAVATER  (of  Newark.  Xew  Jersey): 
Mr.  Chairman,  if  it  will  be  proper  at  this  time,  1  should  appreciate  the 
opportunity  of  having  three  minutes  in  which  to  discuss  the  subject  of 
law  enforcement.  j\Iy  discussion  is  very  brief,  and  it  is  on  the  subject 
as  I  say,  of  law  enforcement.  It  would  be  just  as  much  in  order  now  as 
it  will  be  at  any  stage  of  this  proceeding.  I  would  like  to  have  dis- 
cussed it  yesterday,  but  did  not  have  an  opportunity  so  to  do. 

[Two  members  arose.] 

QxE  MEMBER:     Mr.  Chairman,  I  move  the  Congress  adjourn.    - 

The  Other  ME^IBER:     ^Ir.  Chairman— 

The  CI-IAIR]\IAN  :  May  I  ask,  gentlemen,  that  you  defer  all  this 
excitement  for  just  a  moment?  I  haven't  the  slightest  idea  of  what 
Dr.  Rosewater  has  in  his  mind  to  say.  But  since  he  has  come  clear  here 
from  New  Jersey  to  say  it,  it  seems  to  me  that  we  ought  to  hear  what 
he  has  to  say.  The  Chair  wishes  to  avert  any  unpleasantness,  and  I 
hope  there  will  l)e  no  remarks  made  here  to-day,  or  any  such  demon- 
stration as  was  made  yesterday. 

I  have  read  quite  an  account  of  our  little  afifair  here  yesterday,  in 
the  morning  papers.  I  shall  allow  no  personalities.  If  there  are  no 
personal  attacks,  or  recrimination  involved,  and  the  discussion  is  for  the 
purpose  of  discussing  alcohol,  or  any  branches  or  phases  of  alcohol,  then 
those  things  have  a  place  in  this  Congress,  and  the  Chair  will,  so  far  as 
it  can.  protect  every  delegate  to  this  Congress  in  a  right  to  express  him- 
self or  herself  along  lines  which  are  permissible  under  the  rules  of  this 
Congress.  But  hereafter,  if  there  is  any  sort  of  engagement  or  any 
controversy  or  anything  of  the  kind  that  we  have  had  in  one  or  two 
instances  here,  the  Cliair  will  feel  comjielled  to  ask  the  delegates  to 
desist. 

A  MEMBICk:  Mr.  Chairman.  I  ask  the  ruling  of  the  Chair  on  a 
question  of  this  kind.  Suppose,  for  instance,  that  it  should  chance  to 
turn  out  that  a  member  of  the  Congress  should  wisli  to  speak*  in  favor  oj 
alcoholism,  wouUl  his  remarks  then  be  in  order? 

The  CHAIRMAN:  No.  his  remarks  would  not  be  in  order,  lic- 
cau.se  this  is  distinctly  a  Congress  against  alcoholism;  and  1  will  go 
further  than  that,  and  state  that  it  is  a  rule  established  when  the  Secre- 
tary of  .State  was  making  out  the  appointments  of  the  olVicial  delegates 
to  Milan.  A  request  came  to  him  from  one  of  the  li(|uor  interests  ask- 
ing to  have  representation  on  the  delegation,  ;md  the  Secretary  of  State 

321 


asked  me  as  the  chairman  of  the  preceding  delegation  at  Milan,  as  to 
what  ought  to  be  done  under  the  circumstances.  I  reverted  to  the 
official  action  of  the  Congress  at  the  Hague  in  1911,  in  which  it  was 
said  that  this  was  distinctly  a  Congress  against  alcoholism,  and  that  there- 
fore men  who  were  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  alcohol,  or  in  any 
way  interested  therein,  could  not  be  considered  delegates  to  the  Con- 
vention. 

Dr.  SALEEBY  :     I  move  that  we  hear  Dr.  Rosewater. 

The  chairman  :  Dr.  Rosewater  of  Xew  Jersey  is  recognized 
for  five  minutes. 

Dr.  ROSEWATER:  Mr.  Chairman.  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen: 
When  I  was  stationed  at  Camp  McClellan  a  few  months  before  the  war 
came  to  a  close,  it  was  part  of  my  duty  to  examine  the  soldier  boys  who 
had  gone  wrong,  to  find  out  whether  or  not  they  had  some  mental  de- 
fect, which  had  been  to  blame  for  it.  While  engaged  in  this  work  I 
was  one  day  examining  a  boy  and  I  said  to  him :  "How  many  feet  has 
a  lobster  got?"  He  did  not  answer  my  question.  I  repeated  my  ques- 
tion in  the  air  of  a  very  kind  fatherly  individual,  and  he  looked  up  at 
me  in  a  moment  and  said:  "Captain,  is  that  all  that  is  worrying  you?" 
My  friends  I  am  not  worried  just  now  about  the  feet  of  a  lobster,  how 
many  a  lobster  has  got.  but  I  am  a  little  bit  worried  al)0ut  the  question 
of  alcoholism.  I  want  to  thank  the  association  for  the  kindness  with 
which  I  have  been  received  here,  and  I  want  to  thank  so  many  of  you 
who  have  been  faithful  and  stood  with  me  so  kindly,  as  kindly  as  that 
good  woman  who  one  time  told  me  she  was  going  to  ofifer  a  prayer  for 
the  salvation  of  my  soul.  I  am  not  going  to  talk  for  alcoholism,  and 
I  wouldn't  think  of  it.  1  have  been  talking  against  alcoholism  ever 
since  I  was  able  to  command  any  attention  at  all.  I  never  was  in  favor 
of  alcoholism,  and  I  never  will  be. 

You  delegates  have  been  most  generous  in  your  aprpoval  of  Prohibi- 
tion. You  have  approved  Prohibition  in  the  United  States,  which  per- 
mits the  home  manufacture  of  alcoholic  beverages,  so  long  as  they  are 
not  intoxicating  in  fact ;  regardless  of  the  percentage  of  alcohol  they 
contain.  You  have  applauded  Prohibition  in  Ontario,  which  permits 
the  sale  of  2  per  cent  beer  and  into  which  strong  liquor  can  lawfully  be 
shipped.  You  have  heartily  applauded  the  splendid  report  of  Prohibi- 
tion in  Finland,  in  which  2  per  cent  is  the  standard ;  and  you  have  ap- 
plauded progressive  little  Norwa}'.  the  people  of  which  are  held  up  to 
us  as  models  of  sobriet}',  thrift  and  righteousness,  and  which  permits 
the  sale  of  2.8  per  cent  beer  and  12  per  cent  wine.  Xot  one  of  the  Pro- 
hibition countries  are  dry.     Some  are  wet  and  some  are  moist. 

The  Simon-pure  Prohibitionists  among  you  condemn  the  Anti- 
Saloon  League  for  making  a  non-partizan  issue  out  of  Prohibition,  and 

322 


claim  that  neither  of  the  dominant  parties  of  this  country  will  enforce 
Prohibition  owing  to  the  ever  pressing  financial  needs  of  those  parties. 

JMr.  Baker  of  the  Anti-Saloon  League,  says  that  it  would  be  im- 
possible to  pass  a  law  which  would  permit  the  invasion  of  the  home  and 
put  a  stop  to  home  manufacture.  Air.  Coler  admits  that  New  York 
is  a  hotbed  of  corruption,  that  the  immediate  results  of  Prohibition,  as 
shown  by  the  diminished  number  of  alcoholic  patients,  was  only  tem- 
porary, and  that  the  number  of  those  cases  is  fast  increasing. 

Mr.  Kramer  admits  that  his  force  is  incomplete  for  the  job  of  rein- 
forcement, intimating  by  Biblical  quotations  that  the  job  of  making  this 
country  dry  is  merely  a  matter  of  a  few  thousand  years.  Mr.  Wheeler 
of  the  Anti-Saloon  League  ignores  the  encouraging  reports  of  sociolog- 
ical progress  in  the  nations  of  Europe  thriving  under  modified  Prohibi- 
tion, and  predicts  dire  consequences  if  the  National  Prohibition  Act 
is  modified  to  permit  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  beverages  which  are 
not  intoxicating  in  fact.  The  foregoing  covers  the  main  points  brought 
out  in  the  discussions  thus  far  held  at  this  Congress. 

To  my  mind  the  situation  then  is  summed  u|)  about  as  follows : 
Practically  every  advantage  thus  far  accrued  from  Prohibition  has  come 
from  the  abolition  of  the  saloon  and  the  reduction  in  the  consumption 
of  strong  alcoholic  drinks.  There  is  good  reason  for  believing  that  these 
advantages  are  ofifset  by  the  number  of  homes  in  which  alcohol  is  now 
used  daily  in  which  it  was  almost  unknown  before,  and  by  the  number 
of  young  and  old  people  now  carrying  whisky  flasks.  Failure  of  en- 
forcement of  the  National  Prohibition  Act  is  largely  due  to  the  fact 
that  countless  thousands  of  decent  citizens  consider  it  too  drastic  and 
are  not  in  sympathy  with  it. 

Commissioner  Kramer  evidently  does  not  know  what  is  going  on  in 
this  country  in  connection  with  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  liquor. 
He  says  that  improper  permits  will  be  revoked  when  they  expire.  Why 
wait  so  long?  WHiy  not  revoke  them  at  once?  Enforcement  of  the 
present  Act  is  a  mechanical  and  financial  impossibility.  One  of  two 
things  must  be  done.  We  must  either  modify  the  Act  to  make  it  less 
drastic  and  so  get  public  support  of  it  and  take  the  question  out  of 
politics  once  for  all,  or  it  must  be  made  more  drastic  and  cover  every 
home,  club,  and  business  house  in  the  country  from  the  sanctity  of  the 
White  House  to  the  lowliest  hut  in  the  land.  The  j^resent  Prohibition 
Act  is  intolera1)le  because  it  deprives  the  poor  working  man  of  a  glass 
of  mild  beer,  while  his  employer  has  a  private  cafe  and  (lis])enscs  strong 
liquor  to  his  customers  in  the  front  office;  and  summons  the  j^orter  to 
clean  the  glasses.     This  breeds  anarchy. 

You  must  do  one  of  two  things:  you  must  either  modify  the  Volstead 
Law  and  make  it  less  drastic,  because  there  are  many  thousands  of  good 
men  who  feel  just  as  I  do,  that  this  law  cannot  be  enforced;  or  else 
you  must  go  still  farther  and  make  it  more  drastic  — -  make  it  so  drastic 
that  this  country  will  be  one  hundred  i">cr  cent  dry. 

323 


•The  CHAIR:MAX:  The  Chair  has  received  the  name  of  W.  J. 
Br}an,  sent  to  the  platform  as  wishing  to  address  the  Congress,  and 
I  see  Mr.  Bryan  is  here. 

The  Hex.  W.  J.  BRYAX:  Ladies  and  Gentlemen.  I  have  my 
speech  to  make  to-night,  but  I  have  just  a  word  now.  I  refused  to 
appoint  any  representative  of  the  liquor  traffic  when  the  meeting 
was  held  abroad,  and  I  said  that  this  was  a  matter  for  people  inter- 
ested in  the  human  race  and  not  in  the  interests  of  the  liquor  traffic. 
I  think  that  we  would  have  been  perfectly  within  our  rights  not  to 
allow  any  time  whatever  to  the  gentleman  from  New  Jersey,  who 
does  not  come  here  to  enter  into  the  spirit  of  this  matter  at  all.  He 
comes  to  us  representing  a  State  whose  government  is  in  favor  of 
liquor,  and  whose  Governor  is  the  most  outspoken  representative  of 
the  liquor  trafitic  in  the  United  States.  The  argument  presented  here  is 
wholly  unsound  and  the  Governor  of  New  Jersey  stands  entirely 
alone  among  the  Governors  of  this  country.  He  is  almost  alone  in 
his  opposition  to  Prohibition,  he  was  elected  Governor  of  the  State 
on  that  issue,  and  he  went  to  San  Francisco,  or  sent  a  delegation  to 
San  Francisco,  as  candidate  for  President,  on  that  issue.  There  was 
a  banner  there  representing  him  as  the  "Emancipator  of  the  People." 
My  friends,  this  man  might  as  well  realize,  first  as  last,  that  we  are 
not  going  to  take  any  of  his  alternative  propositions.  We  are  not 
going  to  ask  for  any  favors  from  the  enemies  of  Prohibition.  The 
people  who  are  in  favor  of  Prohibition  will  decide  for  themselves 
what  the  best  method  is  of  enforcing  Prohibition. 

We  have  ample  opportunity  to  read  in  the  editorials  of  "wet" 
papers  these  fraudulent  arguments  that  are  advanced  in  the  interest 
of  those  who  are  fighting  tem.perance.  We  have  plenty  of  opposition 
to  read  from  the  papers  that  have  received  their  support  from  the 
liquor  traffic,  and  which  have  been  publishing  this  propaganda  in 
the  form  of  paid  advertisements;  and  we  have  plenty  of  opportunity 
to  read  what  they  have  to  say,  and  what  they  think  of  it.  It  wasn't 
necessary  for  him  to  send  a  man  here  to  insult  this  meeting  by  pre- 
senting the  liquor  side  of  the  question.  The  American  people  have 
decided  against  the  liquor  traffic,  and  they  have  ratified  the  Amend- 
ment in  forty-five  State^  out  of  the  forty-eight,  and  the  State  that 
sends  here  the  gentleman  who  has  just  spoken  is  one  of  the  three 
that  has  not  ratified — one  of  the  three  which  in  the  whole  Union  have 
refused  to  ratify.  New  Jersey  might  just  as  well  decide  to  stay  in 
the  Union.  We  don't  have  secession  any  more.  They  might  just 
as  well  remain  in  the  Union  and  accept  what  has  been  done. 

I  have  no  doubt  that  the  law  will  be  changed,  and  made  more 
drastic,  and  more  strict  than  it  is  now.  My  friends,  the  people  who 
tell  us  the  law  is  to  be  enforced  are  the  very  men  who  vote  against 
the  appropriations  for  the  enforcement  of  this  law.     What  we  want 

324 


in  'this  country  is  a  Congress  that  is  two  thirds  dry,  and  that  can  pass 
any  needed  appropriation,  right  over  Presidential  veto,  if  necessary. 

We  need  State  Legislatures  that  will  pass  and  enforce  laws  over 
vetoes  of  Governors  if  necessary,  and  thus  put  all  the  States  in 
harmony  with  this  movement.  Why  doesn't  New  Jersey  help  our 
the  United  States  in  enforcing  the  law  which  is  on  our  statute- 
books?  How  is  it  that  these  men  who  come  here  to  tell  us  what  the 
temperance  sentiment  of  the  country  is,  in  regard  to  this  question 
of  world  Prohibition,  don't  express,  it  at  the  polls?  This  question  is 
a  settled  question  in  our  country.  It  will  not  turn  back  to  these  old 
conditions.  Down  in  Xew  Jerse}-  they  elected  a  man  who  had  in 
advance  promised  to  violate  his  oath  of  office  and  to  refuse  to  sup- 
port and  defend  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 

Now,  my  friends,  this  is  not  being  spoken  in  the  spirit  which 
usually  pervades  a  meeting  of  this  kind ;  but  I  want  this  man  to 
know  that  the  defenders  of  the  thousands  of  homes  throughout 
America  are  going  to  stand  to  a  finish  fight,  and  there  is  no  thought 
of  a  compromise  on  this  great  question.  They  have  no  thought  of 
surrendering  one  single  inch.  Why  tell  us  what  is  being  done  in 
other  countries,  where  they  are  doing  the  best  they  can?  Why,  Ave 
used  to  take  the  best  we  could  get,  and  it  kept  getting  better,  but 
we  would  only  take  the  best  we  could  get  until  some  better  oppor- 
tunity came  along  and  then  we  took  that.  And,  now  that  we  have 
got  the  very  best,  we  don't  intend  to  modify  our  opposition  or  to 
yield  to  them  so  that  they  can  have  a  little  more  alcohol  in  a  drink 
that  they  say  can't  be  intoxicating,  without  violating  the  Constitu- 
tion of  the  United  States.  We  are  not  going  to  see  how  close  we 
can  get  to  the  precipice  without  falling  over.  We  do  not  want  to 
send  anybody  to  the  White  House,  or  to  the  Congress,  House  of 
Representatives  or  Senate,  who  isn't  willing  to  come  out  openly  in 
advance  and  say  that  he  is  opposed  to  any  weakening  of  the  law,  and 
any  increase  in  the  percentage  of  alcohol,  be  he  Republican  or  Dem- 
ocrat. 

A  DELEGATE:  Didn't  this  gentleman  come  here  at  the  request 
of  the  wet  Governor  of  the  State  of  New  Jersey  just  on  purpose  to 
interfere  with  these  proceedings?  I  would  like  to  ask  about  that,  if 
the  Chair  please. 

Ttif.  CHAIRMAN:  You  will  please  pardcjn  the  Chair,  l)ut  I  do 
not  think  that  any  delegate  ought  to  be  interrogated  in  this  manner. 

The  DELEGATE:  If  he  is  here,  though.  1  would  like  to  ask 
him  that  (|ucstion. 

TiiF.  CHAH'^MAN:  He  is  not  here.  But  as  far  as  possible  I  am 
willing  to  answer  any  cpicstions  for  him. 

325 


The  DELEGATE:  All  right,  if  it  is  permissible  by  parliamen- 
tary procedure  I  would  like  to  ask  the  Chair  about  this  man.  Did 
he  or  did  he  not  come  here  at  the  request  of  Governor  Edwards  as 
his  representative  in  this  Congress? 

The  chairman  :  The  Chair  can  answer  that  question  to  this 
extent.  I  do  not  know  whether  he  came  at  the  request  of  Governor 
Edwards  or  not,  but  he  came  by  reason  of  his  appointment  by  Gov- 
ernor Edwards  of  Xew  Jersey,  just  as  hundreds,  or  at  least  dozens, 
of  others  came  at  the  appointment  of  the  Governors  of  their  States. 
There  is  absolutely  nothing  unusual  about  it  in  my  judgment,  or 
improper,  the  request  being  transmitted  through  the  Secretary  of 
State,  inviting  these  Governors  to  send  delegations  to  the  conven- 
tion, asking  them  to  appoint  delegates  to  this  Congress.  i\s  the 
other  delegate,  I  think  the  Governor  appointed  a  lady  who  is  presi- 
dent of  the  W.  C.  T.  U.  there,  if  I  am  correct. 

A  \'OICE:     Not  from  Xew  Jersey. 

The  chairman  :  Well,  I  know  that  it  was  some  lady  who  had 
a  great  deal  to  do  with  the  temperance  cause.  At  least  I  have  the 
certification  here  somewhere.  I  believe  it  is  the  secretarv  of  the 
W.  C.  T.  U. 

Mr.  BEANE:  Mr.  President,  I  would  like  to  state  at  this  time, 
if  it  is  not  improper  so  to  do  at  this  stage  of  the  proceedings,  what  a 
gentleman  told  me  yesterday  abovit  what  Dr.  Rosewater  had 
done 

The  CHAIR]\IAN  :  It  is  improper  for  the  gentleman  to  state 
what  some  other  delegate  told  him.  It  is  not  proper.  I  must  insist 
— the  Chair  has  to  insist  that  we  ought  not  to  impugn  the  motives 
or  impute  bad  intentions  to  those  who  are  regularly  here  as  dele- 
gates. I  do  not  believe  that  anybody  impugns  my  motives  for  being 
on  your  side  The  Chair  believes  in  fair  play.  Dr.  Rosewater  came 
here  as  a  delegate  from  the  State  of  New  Jersey,  regularly  appointed 
as  such  by  his  Governor.  He  may  be  absolutely  wrong.  You  and 
I  think  he  is.  But  Dr.  Rosewater  has  made  his  statement,  and 
he  should  not  be  questioned.  I  would  like  to  ask  the  commit- 
tee its  decision  and  I  am  perfectly  willing  to  abide  by  your  decision. 
And  my  decision  is  this :  That  the  speech  has  been  made  by 
Dr.  Rosewater,  and  Mr.  Bryan  has  made,  in  my  opinion,  a  very 
effective  reply.  Now,  as  I  said  before,  to-day,  at  one  stage  of  these 
proceedings,  this  Congress  is  an  open  forum  wherein  all  may  come 
to  present  their  views  for  the  discusison  of  the  subject  of  alcoholism. 
That  doesn't  mean  that  everybody  must  see  that  question  alike,  for 
there  wouldn't  then  be  any  need  of  having  a  forum  of  this  kind.  And 
the  Chair,  as  long  as  he  is  in  the  chair,  is  going  to  protect  the  people 

326 


here  to  express  their  opinion  in  the  matter,  wliether  they  see  it  as  we 
do  or  not.     I  think  I  am  right  in  that. 

Mr.  HARRIS:  But  he  must  be  a  delegate  from  some  delegation 
which  is  not  for  alcoholism. 

The  CHAIR^^IAX  :  The  Rev.  Mr.  Scott,  of  Virginia,  is  asking 
for  one  minute,  and  I  think  we  have  just  a  minute. 

The  Rev.  Mr.  SCOTT :  Just  a  word.  I  have  heard  it  stated. 
and  it  has  gone  unchallenged  on  the  floor  of  this  Congress,  and  I  have 
seen  it  stated  repeatedly  in  the  pubhc  press,  that  a  number  of  fam- 
ilies who  never  used  liquor  before  are  now  manufacturing  it  and 
are  strongly  in  favor  of  it.  I  want  to  say  that,  having  seen  that 
statement,  I  have  been  at  some  pains  to  verify  it.  I  can  not  find, 
either  by  inquiry  or  personal  investigation  or  any  other  sort  of  in- 
vestigation, a  single  man,  or  woman,  or  family  who  has  not  been 
previously  given  to  the  use,  moderately,  and  sometimes  immoder- 
ately, of  alcohol,  who  has  taken  to  manufacturing  it  since  this 
Amendment  has  been  adopted  by  the  United  States.  The  advance 
has  been  made  all  along  the  line,  and  I  want  to  say  that  in  old  Vir- 
ginia, where  I  come  from,  although  the  law  is  violated  here  and 
there,  as  it  is  in  every  State  in  the  Union,  to  a  greater  or  less  extent, 
it  is  an  unmixed  blessing.  One  illicit  distillery  which  we  had  over 
there  was  operated  fourteen  times  before  it  was  caught ;  and  the 
amount  turned  out,  while  not  insignificant,  was  very  insignificant 
in  comparison  with  what  has  been  obtained  before. 

The  CHAIRMAN:  Just  two  things:  We  should  like  to  have 
everybody  who  is  in  attendance  upon  the  Congress  registered.  The 
Secretary  has  told  me  that  some  of  the  delegates  who  come  from 
abroad  have  not  registered.  We  should  like  to  have  you  do  this  so 
that  we  can  have  some  line  upon  the  attendance. 

Further,  I  wish  to  state  that  the  buses,  which  were  mentioned 
some  time  ago  in  connection  with  our  arrangements  for  to-morrow 
afternoon,  will  leave  the  building  here  for  the  convenience  of  the 
Congress,  at  1 :30  o'clock,  and  we  will  arrive  at  the  wharves  in  time 
to  leave  on  the  boat  promptly  at  2:30.  and  then  there  will  be  another 
detachment  of  them  leave  at  2:10,  which  will  get  you  there  in  time, 
too.  A  tree,  a  walnut  tree,  will  be  planted  at  Mt.  \^ernon.  by  this 
Congress,  in  honor  of  the  occasion,  to-morrow  afternoon. 

The  meeting  to-night  is  to  be  at  Central  High  School.  There  will 
be  an  organ  recital  at  half  past  seven,  and  it  will  be  one  of  the 
greatest  nights  of  the  Congress.  Miss  Agnes  Slack,  of  England, 
will  speak,  the  Solicitor-General  for  the  United  States.  Mr  Frierson, 
who  conducted  the  cases  before  the  Supreme  Court,  will  speak,  and 
the  Honorable  William  Jennings  Bryan  will  speak  to-night. 
[The  session  was  then  concluded.] 
327 


EVENING  SESSION 

FRIDAY,    SEPTEMBER   24,    1920 


At  the  evening  session  the  Rev.   Edwin  C.   Dinwiddie  presided. 

Bishop  WILLIAM  FRASER  McDOWELL,  of  Washington, 
D.  C,  pronounced  the  invocation,  and  the  hymn  "Onward  Christian 
Soldiers"  was  sung. 

The  CHAIRMAN  :  I  have  very  great  pleasure  in  presenting  to 
the  Congress  and  to  the  citizens  of  Washington  assembled  here  to- 
night a  distinguished  worker  in  the  cause  from  England.  I  think 
that  no  one  who  is  familiar  with  the  movement  against  alcoholism  in 
the  world  at  large  is  unfamiliar  with  the  name  of  the  first  speaker 
to-night.  She  has  been  prominently  identified  with  these  Con- 
gresses and  she  is  Vice-President  of  the  World  Woman's  Christian 
Temperance  Union.  I  have  very  great  pleasure  in  welcoming  her 
to  our  country  and  in  presenting  her  to  this  audience.  Miss  Agnes 
Slack,  of  England. 

THE  WOMEN  OF  EUROPE  AGAINST  ALCOHOLISM 

Bv  MISS  AGNES  E.  SLACK 

HON.  SEC.  world's  \V .  C.  T.  U.  AND  HON.  SEC.  OF  THE  NATIONAL  BRITISH 
WOMEN^S   TEMPERANCE   ASSOCIATION 

The  war  has  created  a  new'  position  throughout  Europe.  Eco- 
nomic problems  are  pressing  hard  The  wastage  of  foodstuffs  to  be 
made  into  wasteful  intoxicating  drinks  is  causing  many  people  to 
think.  Right  thinking  wnll  bring  about  right  actions.  It  is  for  us  to 
arouse  the  right  thinking.  The  demands  of  the  children  are  arous- 
ing attention.  It  has  been  said  women  must  make  children  fit  to  face 
the  world,  but  women  must  also  help  to  make  the  world  fit  for  the 
children.  Women  are  the  guardians  of  the  home  and  the  guardians 
of  the  cradle.  The*  World's  W.  C.  T.  U.  Convention  in  London  last 
April  demonstrated  the  activity  of  the  w'omen  of  Europe.  A  3^ear 
before  I  saw-  the  Bishop  of  London  and  the  Dean  of  W^estminster, 
wuth  the  result  w^e  w^ere  able  to  arrange  for  special  temperance  ser- 
mons to  be  preached  on  behalf  of  the  World's  Convention  by  the 
Bishop  of  Croydon  in  Westminster  Abbey  on  April  18.  and  by  the 
Bishop  of  London  at  St.  Paul's  Cathedral  on  April  25.  It  was  a  great 
opportunity  to  hear  of  our  work  from  the  pulpits  of  these  historic, 
sacred  buildings.     Also  on  April  18,  as  the  result  of  a  year's  steadv 

328 


work,  thousands  of  temperance  sermons  were  preached  throughout 
England,  Wales,  and  Scotland,  in  the  churches,  by  the  Salvation 
Army,  and  in  several  cathedrals.  The  Women's  Total  Abstinence 
Union  heartily  cooperated  with  the  British  Women's  Temperance 
Association.  Considerable  interest  was  aroused  by  these  interna- 
tional meetings,  when  many  European  countries  were  represented 
as  a  part  of  a  world-wide  delegation.  The  National  British  Women's 
Temperance  Association  and  the  Woman's  Total  Abstinence  Union 
are  actively  promoting  local  option  to  give  localities  the  right  to 
prohibit  the  liquor  traffic.  The  National  Council  meeting  in  May. 
1919,  adopted  a  resolution  that  "The  Association  shall  only  support 
those  Parliamentary  candidates  who  will  pledge  themselves  to  vote 
for  and  promote  legislation  giving  to  the  people,  through  local  op- 
tion, the  power  to  prohibit  the  liquor  traffic  in  their  locality."  At 
the  recent  Parliamentary  election  at  Louth  (Lincolnshire)  local 
option  was  made  the  chief  plank  of  the  contest.  The  Liberal  can- 
didate, wdio  fought  the  election  largely  on  the  issue,  was  returned  by 
a  very  large  majority.  The  women  solidly  gave  their  votes  for  him. 
The  general  election  was  not  a  test  on  the  new^  w^omen's  vote,  as  the 
settlement  of  the  w^ar  overshadowed  everything.  It  has  been  said, 
"A  woman  has  done  half  her  duty  in  fitting  her  children  for  the 
world.  The  other  half  is  to  fit  the  world  for  her  children.  The 
Brewers'  Journal  recently  contained  a  forecast  by  a  brewer.  He 
stated :  "There  are  six  millions  of  women  enfranchised.  Is  it  an 
unreasonable  thing  to  suppose  that  three  million  will  vote  for  Pro- 
hibition?" We  are  using  every  efifort  to  educate  these  new  voters 
on  the  temperance  question.  The  National  British  Women's  Tem- 
perance Association  (W.  C.  T.  U.)  is  promoting  an  agitation  to 
secure  an  act  to  make  it  illfegal  to  serve  any  one  under  the  age  of 
eighteen  wath  intoxicating  drink  for  consumption  on  licensed  prem- 
ises. The  women's  temperance  organizations  did  much  to  secure 
the  passing  of  an  act  in  1909,  excluding  children  from  liquor  bars 
and  prohibiting  intoxicants  being  given  to  children  under  f^ve  years 
old.  We  are  now  agitating  to  extend  the  age  from  five  to  seven 
years.  In  1901  our  organization  did  much  to  secure  an  act  which 
prevents  children  being  served  with  intoxicants  in  unsealed  vessels. 
The  women's  temperance  organizations  are  in  line  with  the  other 
national  temperance  societies  against  the  State  purchase  of  the 
liquor  traffic.  The  B.  W.  T.  A.  in  England,  in  conjunction  with  the 
United  Kingdom  Alliance,  undertook  a  war-time  Prohibition  cam- 
paign, and  in  two  months  gained  2.086.402  signatures  and  raised 
£222  towards  the  cost.  A  striking  women's  demonstration  was 
organized  in  London  in  support  of  war-time  Prohibition.  Thousands 
of  women  assembled  on  the  Embankment  in  spite  of  the  rain.  The 
Women's  Total  Abstinence  Union  also  cooperated.  It  was  a  moving 
appeal  on  behalf  of  Britain's  homes,  heroes,  and  children.  P>ands 
played    rousing   tune?.     Numbers    of    banners    were    carried.     At  Tra- 

329 


falgar  Square  and  H}de  Park  the  women  enthusiastically  voted  in 
favor  of  war-time   Prohibition. 

EDUCATIONAL 

The  National  B.  W.  T.  A.  throughout  Great  Britain  is  alert  on 
the  importance  of  educational  work.  Summer  schools  are  organized. 
Special  lectures  are  given  on  the  scientific  and  economic  aspects  of 
temperance.  Educational  authorities  have  been  induced  to  engage 
temperance  lecturers  for  the  schools.  In  some  university  towns 
meetings  have  been  held  in  hotels  for  students.  The  "Temperance 
Syllabus"  is  unfortunately  not  compulsory  for  schools,  but  the  num- 
ber of  schools  in  which  it  is  used  is  steadily  increasing.  We.  are 
trying  to  promote  scientific  temperance  teaching  in  the  continuation 
classes.  In  some  cases  we  have  provided  a  specially  trained  lecturer 
to  speak  in  high  schools  and  Sunday-schools.  Teachers  are  asking 
for  sample  charts  and  diagrams.  A  definite  syllabus  is  used  for  Lon- 
don schools.  The  use  of  this  syllabus  largely  depends  on  the  atti- 
tude of  the  teachers.  In  some  cases  we  have  secured  the  interest  of 
the  Teachers'  Christian  Union.  The  economic  problem  is  bound  to 
demand  that  we  can  not  continue  spending  over  one  million  pounds 
a  day  in  Great  Britain  on  intoxicants. 

TO    SAVE   THE    CHILDREN 

The  Little  White  Ribboners'  Department  of  the  B.  W.  T.  A. 
secures  pledges,  signed  by  mothers  every  year,  not  to  give  their 
children  under  seven  years  of  age  alcohol.  This  means  that  a  nurs- 
ing mother  can  not  take  alcohol.  Every  year  the  mothers  sign.  The 
mothers  are  frequently  won  over  for  our  cause  through  the  interest 
taken  in  their  children.  In  1911  the  Society  for  the  Protection  of 
Children  reported:  "Since  the  establishment  of  the  Society  675.871 
cases  of  cruelty  to  children  have  been  reported.  The  little  victims 
of  neglect  numbered  1.860,859.  Ninety  per  cent  of  the  cases  of 
neglect  are  due  to  excessive  drinking  on  the  part  of  one  or  both 
parents.  Women  are  the  trustees  of  12.(X)0,0CX)  children  in  England 
and  Wales. 

WAR    WORK 

A  vast  amount  of  work  was  done  to  meet  the  crises  created  by 
war.  In  England  \Miite  Ribboners  raised  money  to  send  four  motor 
kitchens  and  some  ambulances  to  the  front.  Two  were  sent  to 
France  and  two  were  used  in  home  service.  Also  a  tent  was  sent  out 
to  be  used  as  a  refreshment  base.  The  Women's  Total  Abstinence 
Union  gave  strenuous  help  in  every  direction.  Hundreds  of  temper- 
ance refreshment-rooms  were  run  by  our  members;  and  135,426 
soldiers  passed  through  the  B.  W.  T.  A.  rest-rooms  at  Peterboro. 
Our  members  gave  invaluable  help  in  hospitals,  in  sending  food  to 
our  prisoners  in  Germany,  and  in  managing  canteens  all  over  Eng- 
land, crowded  with  soldiers.  The  men's  clothes  were  mended  and 
their  laundr}'  cared  for  in   several   of  our  towns.     In   Bedford   and 

330 


other  towns  our  members  during  the  war  years  served  hot  tea  and 
coffee  to  the  men  at  midnight  when  the  troop  trains  left  for  the  front. 
A  pitiful  outcome  of  the  war  has  been  a  greater  number  of  women, 
especially  in  London  and  Birmingham,  frequenting  public  houses. 
We  are  trying  to  meet  this  serious  evil.  In  rural  districts  and  in  the 
north  of  England  such  results  are  rarely  seen.  A  great  campaign  is 
needed  to  meet  the  new  restless  conditions  produced  by  the  war. 
We  are  trying  to  reach  girls  in  factories  and  every  section  of  girls 
in  our  country.     (See,  also,  "War  Work  in  Scotland,"  below.) 

WALES 

The  women  of  Wales  are  keenly  alert  for  local  option.  The 
Welsh  are  largely  an  agricultural,  chapel-loving  people,  much  alive 
to  the  importance  of  the  temperance  question.  At  meetings  recently 
it  was  a  cheering  sight  to  see  women  coming  from  all  parts,  some 
of  them  walking  many  miles,  to  attend  a  meeting  to  press  temper- 
ance legislation.  Given  the  opportunity,  without  doubt  the  women 
would  help  to  sweep  out  the  liquor  traffic.  Women  teachers  are  alive 
to  the  importance  of  teaching  the  children,  and  most  faithfully  do 
so.  The  women  of  Wales  w^ould  quickly  end  the  drink  traffic  if  they 
had  the  chance  to  do  so. 

SCOTLAND 

One  hundred  thousand  members  of  the  B.  W.  T.  A.  (W.  C.  T.  U.) 
are  actively  working  for  the  success  of  the  local-option  poll,  to  be 
taken  in  November.  It  is  most  probable  that  many  districts  will  then 
secure  Prohibition  through  local  option.  The  B.  W.  T.  A.  has 
largely  supplied  the  basis  for  the  campaign.  The  women  of  the 
Free  Churches  and  the  women  of  the  Cooperative  Societies  in  the 
west  of  Scotland  strongly  favor  Prohibition.  Speakers  from  the 
United  States  and  Canada  have  given  most  valuable  help.  White 
Ribboners  do  a  great  service  by  temperance  refreshment  stalls  at 
fairs  and  on  many  public  grounds.  At  the  Highland  and  Agricul- 
tural Show  in  Aberdeen  £2,105  was  taken  at  the  W.  C.  T.  U.  stall. 
There  are  232  dry  rural  parishes  in  Scotland.  Not  one  of  them  has 
a  retail  license.     The  women  are  out  to  increase  this  number. 

WAR   WORK    IN    SCOTLAND 

A  great  amount  of  work  was  done  during  the  war.  The  B.  W. 
T.  A.  raised  £6,843  (over  $34,115)  and  equipped  and  maintained 
seven  motor  ambulances  on  the  various  war  fronts,  including  one 
at  Salonika.  By  a  pageant  they  cleared  $5,000  for  war  funds.  In- 
valuable help  was  given  in  hospitals  and  canteens.  A  large  amount 
of  clothes  supplied  for  wounded  men  and  for  the'  sailors.  In 
every  direction  there  was  the  widest  activity  wherever  help  was 
needed. 

In  Alloa.  White  Ribboners  compiled  statistics  showing  that  while 
the  death-rate  of  infants  in  the  tr)wn  was  one  in  ten  the  children  on 

331 


the  White  Ribbon  roll  of  the  W.  C.  T.  U.  had  a  death-rate  of  only- 
one  in  200. 

IRELAND 

Women  had  more  money  to  spend  during  the  war,  and  drinking 
and  neglect  of  children  increased ;  but  the  secretary  of  the  Irish 
Women's  Temperance  League  also  reports  "These  women  would 
vote  for  local  option."  The  League  publishes  "The  Schools  of 
Erin/'  and  is  doing  excellent  educational  work  in  every  part  of  Ireland. 

The  W.  C.  T.  U.  had  coffee-bars  in  several  towns  on  fair  and 
market  days  and  conducted  a  dinner-hour  rest-room  in  Dublin  from 
1914  to  1917.  This  was  greatly  appreciated  by  many  working  girls. 
In  a  year  White  Ribboners  had  a  communal  kitchen  in  Dublin. 
Much  help  has  been  given  at  the  Soldiers'  Rendezvous. 

There  is  ample  evidence  to  show  that  there  is  a  vigorous  public 
opinion  among  the  young  people  of  Ireland  in  favor  of  total  absti- 
nence. Every  Roman  Catholic  child  at  confirmation  is  given  a 
pledge  which  remains  in  force  until  the  age  of  twenty-one  is  reached. 
Hundreds  of  these  children  are  drafted  into  the  Pioneers.  This  is 
tending  to  a  yearly  decrease  of  drinking  amongst  women. 

FRANCE 

Temperance  work  in  France  is  chiefly  against  the  vise  of  spirits. 
At  a  recent  fair  in  Paris  the  women  took  several  thousand  pledges 
against  spirit  drinking.  Many  women  are  active  in  the  "Croix 
Bleue,"  which  stands  for  total  abstinence,  in  the  Band  of  Hope,  and 
in  the  Ligue  Nationale.  The  White  Ribbon  Union  in  Paris  has  suf- 
fered much  through  war  conditions,  but  a  Young  People's  Society  has 
recently  been  most  successfully  organized.  There  is  much  evidence 
that  the  women  of  France  are  now  ready  for  a  vigorous  campaign, 
in  this  land,  where  a  greater  area  is  given  to  growing  fruit  to  make 
wine  than  to  food  cereals. 

A  conference  met  in  Paris  April  3-5,  1919,  called  by  the  Ligue 
Xationale  Contre  I'Alcoolisme,  when  several  prominent  French  tem- 
perance women  were  present.  I  was  sent  by  the  B.  W.  T.  A.  Reso- 
lutions were  adopted  to  influence  the  Peace  Congress  to  prohibit  the 
sale  of  intoxicating  drinks  in  the  mandatory  countries  and  in  West 
Africa  amongst  native  races. 

BELGIUM 

The  women  regard  wine  or  beer  as  a  necessity.  Total-abstinence 
teaching  is  urgently  needed.  The  White  Ribbon  Unions  are  all 
scattered  as  a  result  of  the  war.  During  the  war,  want  of  money 
obliged  women  to  give  up  largely  the  use  of  intoxicants.  Anti- 
alcohol  teaching  is  given  in  the  schools,  but  it  is  not  for  the  pro- 
hibition of  alcohol.  The  temperance  societies  generally  teach  "mod- 
eration." The  teaching  of  the  Croix  Bleue  and  the  W.  C.  T.  U.  is 
greatly  needed. 

Zola's  "L'Asommoir"  has  been  played  in  the  largest  theater  of 

332 


Brussels.  Free  tickets  were  largely  issued  for  the  children  and 
short  antialcohol  addresses  were  given  between  the  acts.  During 
the  war  the  want  of  money  caused  nivich  less  drinking,  but  unhap- 
pily restrictions  are  now  being  relaxed. 

HOLLAND 

The  W.  C.  T.  U.  in  Holland  has  a  Home  for  Inebriate  Women 
in  Beekbergen.  The  mass  of  the  temperance  women  in  Holland, 
numbering  7,000,  work  with  the  men  and  are  steadily  gaining  for 
local  option.  In  1914  a  petition  was  signed  by  640,000  people.  The 
law  requires  a  majority  of  75  per  cent.  When  the  next  poll  is  taken 
the  women's  votes  will  strongly  tell  in  favor  of  local  option. 

DENMARK 

In  1911  Miss  Prior  (President  of  W.  C.  T.  U.)  started  a  move- 
ment amongst  the  women  in  order  to  prevent  free  licenses  for  the 
sale  of  intoxicants.  In  a  fortnight  52,397  women's  signatures  were 
secured,  and  free  licenses  were  abolished.  The  total  population  of 
Copenhagen  was  400,000,  more  than  half  of  this  number  being" 
children.  Opinion  is  ripening  for  Prohibition.  Two  White  Ribbon 
Unions  exist  in  Jutland.  Regular  monthly  meetings  are  held.  In 
the  spring  a  very  large  women's  meeting  was  held  in  Copenhagen, 
with  great  success.  The  Hvide  Baanct  ("White  Ribbon")  magazine 
does  useful  educational  work.  Care  of  friendless  children  in  orphan- 
ages and  in  other  children's  homes  is  meeting  a  great  need. 

SWEDEN 

Sweden  has  suffered  deeply  throughout  the  war,  like  other  neu- 
tral countries.  Advance  has  been  checked.  Now  that  war-time 
lestrictions  on  the  sale  of  drink  are  relaxed,  drunkenness  is  increas- 
ing at  an  alarming  rate.  Miss  Rathou  (secretary  of  W.  C.  T.  U.) 
v>as  the  one  woman  appointed  on  the  Royal  Temperance  Commis- 
sion. In  July,  1920.  the  Commission  by  a  good  majority  reported  in 
favor  of  Prohibition.  In  1919  an  unofficial  "referendum  was  greatly 
supported  by  the  women.  All  men  and  women  over  the  age  of 
eighteen  had  votes.  A  majority  of  55  voted  for  Prohibition.  There 
are  172  local  W.  C.  T.  U.'s  in  Sweden.  Their  work  is  most  pro- 
gressive. Drinking  amongst  women  is  rare.  During  the  war  there 
were  no  patients  in  the  White  Ribbon  Inebriate  Home.  The  W.  C. 
T.  U.  used  it  as  a  training  home  for  girls.  From  1790  to  1854  almost 
every  house  in  Sweden  did  distilling.  T'^.ven  then  the  women  did 
not  drink.  Sweden  to-day  is  physically  health}-,  largely  owing  to 
the  fact  of  so  little  drinking  for  generations  amongst  women.  The 
men  drank  heavily,  and  if  both  parents  had  drunk,  conditions  in 
Sweden  would  be  very  different.  The  sobriety  of  the  women  in 
Sweden  for  the  last  200  years  is  a  chief  cause  of  the  well-being  of 
the  present  generation.  The  working  w onun  and  the  peasant  women 
will  und(jul)tedly  vote  for  i'rohibition  when  the  promised  referendum 

33.? 


(probably  next  year)  takes  place.  Unfortunately  this  enlightened 
•conviction  does  not  apply  in  such  a  preponderating  proportion  to  the 
upper  classes,  who  are  not  prepared  to  deny  themselves  their  wine 
or  to  go  against  certain  customs ;  but  this  section  will  almost  cer- 
tainly be  in  a  minority. 

The  Swedish  Anti-Saloon  League,  organized  early  in  this  year, 
consists  of  all  church  temperance  societies,  the  White  Ribbon  and 
Blue  Ribbon  organizations  (all  societies  on  a  religious  basis),  and  it 
will  do  much  to  arouse  interest  amongst  the  religious  women  of 
Sweden.  I  have  visited  Sweden  many  times  and  have  always  been 
much  impressed  with  this  fact  from  north  to  south,  that  children 
never  go  to  the  saloon.  I  have  seen  in  some  of  the  cities  of  Sweden 
on  Saturday  long  queues  of  women  waiting  to  buy  spirits  for  home 
•consumption  (chiefly  for  the  use  of  the  men).  Drink  for  home  con- 
sumption can  only  be  bought  in  limited  quantities.  The  war  and 
scarcity  of  food  have  caused  numbers  of  women  to  procure  drink 
check  books  to  buy  drink  to  be  exchanged  for  foodstuffs,  tl\us  placing 
great  temptation  in  the  way  of  the  mother  of  a  family  short  of  food. 

The  Hvita  Bandct  (W .  C.  T.  U.)  organized  series  of  lectures 
throughout  the  country.  Scientific  temperance  courses  with  aca- 
demically trained  teachers  have  been  arranged  in  different  centers, 
and  meetings  are  held  for  mothers  and  for  young  women  in  factories. 
Literature  is  widely  distributed ;  eight  boxes  containing  temperance 
libraries  are  loaned  to  the  different  unions.  Each  traveling  library 
contains  30  to  60  books,  all  tending  to  a  wider  outlook.  Pamphlets 
and  leaflets  are  freely  circulated.  Hot  milk  stalls  and  cooking  and 
sewing  classes  are  most  successfully  carried  on  by  White  Ribbon- 
ers.  New  enterprizes  were  started  to  meet  the  severity  of  the  times, 
such  as  potato-growing  and  shoe-mending,  in  north  Sweden.  Rooms 
were  opened  for  those  sufifering  from  want  of  fuel  and  light.  Dur- 
ing 1914  to  1918  sixty-nine  Unions  organized  cooking  courses  for 
working  girls.  Several  Homes  of  Rest  are  kept  for  working  women. 
Three  Unions  have  children's  homes.  Milk  is  distributed  to  the 
babies  of  the  poor.  An  annual  Parliamentary  grant  of  2,000  kroner 
(about  $500)  is  given  the  Hvita  Bandet  for  educational  work.  The 
late  Crown  Princess  was  an  enthusiastic  total  abstainer.  In  1913 
she  invited  me  to  see  her  in  Stockholm.  I  had  a  long,  interesting 
conversation.  She  told  me  how  when  she  became  old  enough  to 
choose  for  herself  she  gave  up  taking  intoxicants  simply  because 
she  did  not  like  them ;  but.  she  added,  "I  soon  found  other  reasons 
and  felt  it  best  to  be  a  total  abstainer  not  only  because  it  was  good 
for  me,  but  also  for  the  sake  of  example.  At  public  functions  now 
in  Sweden  no  one  offers  intoxicants  to  the  Crown  Prince  and  me. 
They  know  our  principles." 

XORWAY 

Wom.en  of  the  educated  classes  are  less  interested  than  the  work- 

334 


ing  women.  The  communes  or  town  councils  have  the  right  to  set- 
tle the  number  of  licenses  or  to  grant  no  licenses.  The  vote  of  the 
people  on  the  prohibition  of  spirits  and  strong  wines  was  an  unusual 
step.  The  women  helped  largely  to  secure  the  prohibition  of  drinks 
containing  over  12  per  cent  of  alcohol.  Women  teachers  especially 
need  temperance  instruction.  The  use  of  alcohol  has  strongly 
decreased  since  the  above  reform  was  won.  The  White  Ribbon 
Union  has  organized  reading-rooms,  some  of  them  with  refreshment- 
rooms,  for  sailors  and  fishermen ;  also  sailors'  homes,  childrens' 
homes,  and  the  regular  visiting  of  hospitals  and  prisons.  War  con- 
ditions have  considerably  hampered  progress. 

FINLAND 

The  women  of  Finland  did  much  to  secure  Prohibition  being 
enacted  in  Finland  in  1918.  The  W.  C.  T.  U.  formed  clubs  for  young 
women  who  had  not  good  home  surroundings.  They  also  obtained 
the  appointment  of  women  police.  Fifty  years  ago  Finland  was  one 
of  the  worst  drink-ridden  countries  in  the  world.  A  woman,  Hilda 
Hellman,  founded  the  first  temperance  association  in  1877.  For  25 
years  an  energetic  campaign  was  carried  on  under  her  leadership, 
and  temperance  associations  sprang  up  all  over  Finland. 

ESTHONIA 

This  country  is  ripe  for  Prohibition  and  the  women  are  eager 
for  it. 

SrAIN    AND    PORTUGAL 

The  movement  against  alcohol  has  only  been  recently  started 
Wine  production  has  the  importance  of  wheat  and  corn  in  the  Ameri- 
can West.  Public  sentiment  is  overwhelmingly  in  favor  of  the  un- 
restricted sale  of  alcoholic  beverages. 

The  women  will  be  influenced  by  the  200  doctors  who  have 
declared  their  support  of  Prohibition.  El  Ahstcmio,  the  Prohibition 
publication,  has  recently  1)een  reissued  after  its  suspension  during 
the  war. 

SWITZERLAND 

There  are  in  Switzerland  two  women's  temperance  organiza- 
tions. The  League  of  Swiss  Women  Against  Alcoholism  limits  its 
activity  to  Geneva,  and  does  not  exact  from  its  members  a  total- 
abstinence  pledge.  The  Swiss  League  of  Abstaining  Women  ex- 
tends over  the  whole  country,  with  60  local  unions  and  2,500  mem- 
bers. The  League  provides  temperance  booths  or  tents  at  public 
functions.  Lectures  are  organized  with  practical  demonstrations  on 
utilizing  fruit.  A  w^omen's  society  cooperates  with  the  League  in 
conducting  13  temperance  restaurants  and  two  excellent  hotels, 
known  throughout  Europe. 

The  Swiss  Temperance  League  obtained  from  the  General  Army 
Staff  authorization  to  open  temperance  huts  in  all  places  where  sol- 
diers were  stationed  during  the  war.     These  huts  were  nnich  appre- 

335 


ciated  by  the  soldiers.  The  League,  with  helpers  from  other  socie- 
ties, conducted  250  of  these  huts  during  the  war,  when  the  Swiss 
army  was  mobilized.  The  management  was  entirely  in  the  hands  of 
the  women.  It  was  no  small  thing  serving  temperance  refreshments 
during  the  winter  in  huts  blocked  with  snow  at  an  altitude  of  10,000 
feet.  The  success  was  very  great,  and  resulted  in  securing  the  can- 
teens of  the  military  barracks  being  run  without  intoxicating  drinks 
They  are  now  under  the  management  of  the  Woman's  Temperance 
League.  The  woman  in  charge  of  each  hut  was  called  "Little 
Mother"  by  the  soldiers.  In  several  cases  the  men  became  so  at- 
tached to  their  "little  mother"  that,  when  their  regiments  were 
moved  on,  they,  in  spite  of  military  orders,  insisted  on  taking  her 
with  them  as  if  she  were  a  part  of  their  regiment.  Never  once  did  a 
soldier  fail  to  treat  the  "little  mother"  with  courtesy. 

Swiss  women  are  associated  with  every  movement  for  temper- 
ance. They  take  an  important  part  in  the  work  of  the  Blue  Cross 
and  Good  Templars  and  largely  manage  the  Juvenile  Good  Tem- 
plars and  Bands  of  Hope.  The  Swiss  Woman's  League  has  affiliated 
with  the  Swiss  Federation  of  Women's  Societies,  which  is  endeavor- 
ing with  success  to  win  the  organized  Swiss  Societies  for  temper- 
ance reform. 

GERMANY 

The  report  sent  me  by  President  Fraulein  von  Blencher  showed 
that  2500  members  are  enrolled  in  52  local  temperance  societies. 
This  includes  500  girls.  They  worked  hard  during  the  war  to  pre- 
vent food  being  destroyed  to  make  alcohol.  No  fewer  than  200,000 
copies  of  a  booklet  were  circulated  during  the  war,  warning  German 
men  and  women  not  to  take  alcohol.  The  members  of  the  Bund 
protested  against  sending  alcoholic  drinks  to  the  Red  Cross.  They 
also  raised  a  protest  against  wine-drinking  by  German  soldiers  in 
Belgium.  They  organized  amongst  young  girls  a  special  group  who 
pledged  themselves  not  to  drink  any  alcohol  during  the  war.  They 
sent  special  instructions  to  all  schools  teaching  housekeeping  ask- 
ing for  temperance  instruction.  During  the  last  few  years  war  work 
has  concentrated  the  efforts  of  the  women,  and  temiperance  propa- 
ganda has  been  secondary.  In  response  to  a  most  cordial  invitation 
I  sent  for  German  women  to  attend  the  World's  W.  C.  T.  U.  Con- 
vention in  London  last  April.  Fraulein  von  Blencher  replied,  expressing 
the  deep  regret  of  the  German  women  that,  owing  to  the  economic 
position,  they  could  not  come,  but  they  sent  their  best  wishes  for  the 
success  of  the  Convention.  The  revolution  of  1918  gave  all  women 
of  twenty  the  vote.  TAventy-three  per  cent  of  the  mothers  are  un- 
able to  nurse  their  children  owing  to  alcoholized  effects.  In  spite  of 
all  difficulties,  temperance  women  are  energetically  working  to  pre- 
vent the  people  from  sinking  back  into  intemperance,  and  to  con- 
tribute substantially  to  the  reconstruction  of  the  national  life.    Wine 

336 


is  now  so  dear  as  a  general  drink,  it  plays  little  part  in  the  general 
life.  Beer  is  still  rationed.  They  had  a  special  Siegfried  Bund  for 
total  abstinence  amongst  young  men  and  girls.  Many  of  the  local 
unions  organized  temperance  centers  for  soldiers,  sometimes  alone, 
sometimes  in  connection  with  other  societies.  Hanover  Bund  sold 
500  gallons  of  coffee  every  day  to  the  soldiers.  In  Dresden  and  Ham- 
burg they  conducted  special  canteens  for  the  general  population.  In 
one  year  at  Hamburg  the}'  sold  50.000  dinners  for  10  or  15  pfennig 
(about  40  cents)  at  a  time  when  food  was  very  scarce.  The  Bund 
owns  the  Queen  Louise  temperance  restaurant  at  Leipzig.  In  spite 
of  the  war,  the  restaurant  remained  open  with  good  results. 

ITALY 

Before  the  war,  on  behalf  of  the  World's  W.  C.  T.  U.  I  had  the 
pleasure  of  organizing  groups  of  women  total  abstainers  in  Italy  and 
held  conferences  in  several  cities.  I  found  wine-drinking  very  gen- 
eral. At  Milan  I  addressed  the  children  at  a  charitable  institution 
supported  by  subscriptions.  At  first,  the  children  were  angry  when 
they  understood  I  was  pleading  for  total  abstinence.  At  the  end  of 
my  talk,  by  consent  of  the  matron  a  vote  was  taken  with  regard  to 
the  wine  always  given  them  at  dinner.  By  a  large  majority  these 
children  voted  to  give  up  the  wine,  and  it  was  given  up.  I  give  this 
as  an  instance  to  show  the  responsive  spirit  when  the  injurious  ef- 
fects of  alcohol  are  understood.  At  a  large  institution  for  giving 
expert  training  on  Sundays  to  dressmakers,  laundry  workers,  and 
others  the  women  eagerly  signed  the  pledge  after  they  understood 
how  they  would  gain  by  doing  so,  and  I  was  surrounded  by  a  clamor 
for  pledge-forms  and  white  ribbon  bows. 

The  Queen  of  Italy  invited  me  to  a  special  audience  at  the 
Quirinal,  and  was  deeply  interested  in  the  work.  An  organization 
has  recently  been  started  throughout  Italy,  "The  Mountain  Against 
Alcohol,"  to  prevent  people  going  to  the  aubcrgcs  on  Sundays.  At 
a  meeting  at  the  Lyceum  Club,  Milan,  several  ladies  signed  the 
pledge.  Many  more  would  have  done  so  could  they  still  have  taken 
wine.  Though  wine  is  much  dearer,  the  working  women  drink  just 
as  before  because  wages  have  correspondingly  increased. 

ROU  MANIA 

Roumania  was  the  only  Balkan  state  to  adopt  Prohibition  as  a 
war  measure. 

GREECE 

White  RiI)boners  in  Athens  have  instructed  the  District  Lyceum 
Clubs  to  form  special  groups  in  which  medical  persons  must  take 
part  and  must  propagate  teaching  against  alcoholism  and  combat 
consumption  and  hereditary  maladies  by  writing  in  the  press  or  by 
printing  in  Greek  literature  of  the  kind  published  in  America.  The 
W.  C.  T.  U.  is  urging  schoolmasters  and  schoolmistresses  to  teach 
school-children  the  bad  effects  of  alcohol. 

ZZ7 


CZECHO-SLOVAKIA 

Temperance  teaching  is  taking  hold  of  the  women,  and  we  hope 
soon  to  report  a  real  advance  in  temperance  legislation. 

RUSSIA 

During  Prohibition  all  conditions  were  greatly  improved.  The 
war  has  scattered  our  organization  in  Russia.  The  Central  Soviet 
Government  continues  a  Prohibition  policy,  but  the  local  Soviets 
differ  widely  in  their  attitude. 

The  women  of  Europe  are  awakening  to  the  fai;t  that  God  never 
made  a  human  being  who  requires  alcohol.  The  mind  of  the  world 
is  focusing  on  this  vast  drink  problem.  The  wonderful  success  at- 
tending Prohibition  in  the  United  States  of  America  and  Canada  is 
the  beacon  to  lead  us  on,  and  is  making  a  dry  Europe  a  real  possibil- 
ity. (Miss  Gordon  and  Miss  Deane  were  recently  warmly  welcomed 
by  the  women  of  several  European  countries.  We  thank  your  Na- 
tional W.  C.  T.  U.  for  their  generous  help.)  Towards  that  we  are 
working  with  fullest  confidence.  We  believe  the  increasing  success 
of  the  American  people  is  an  assurance  of  victory  for  us. 

The  chairman  thereupon  made  an  announcement  regarding 
the  recitals  in  the  Community  Center  at  the  Central  High  School, 
and  continued :  "We  are  very  grateful  to  the  organist,  Miss  Edith 
Athey,  and  we  want  to  thank  her  for  the  very  splendid  service  which 
she  has  rendered. 

"Now  we  have  a  wonderful  treat  ahead  of  us,  as  we  have  had  one 
just  now,  and  so  without  any  extra  remarks  on  the  part  of  the  Chair, 
laudatory  as  he  would  like  to  make  them,  if  there  were  time,  I  have 
great  pleasure  in  introducing  to  you  the  next  speaker,  who  has  lent 
much  effort  and  significance  to  the  campaign  in  this  country,  and 
to  the  enforcement  as  a  law  of  the  provisions  in  the  Eighteenth 
Amendment,  which  has  recently  been  put  upon  the  statute-books, 
and  who,  as  assistant  attorney-general,  tried  the  cases  before  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  the  United  States  to  decide  as  to  whether  the  Eigh- 
teenth Amendment  was  constitutional  or  not.  Mr.  Frierson  has  ren- 
dered great  service  in  defending  the  Eighteenth  Amendment  to  the 
Constitution  against  assaults  and  he  has  been  promoted  for  his  serv- 
ices to  the  position  of  Solicitor-General  of  the  United  States.  I  now 
have  great  pleasure  in  introducing  to  you,  the  Honorable  William  E. 
Frierson." 

LEGAL  ASPECTS   OF  PROHIBITION— CONSTITUTIONAL, 
FEDERAL  AND  STATE 

By  the  Hon.  WILLIAM  E.  FRIERSON 

SOLICITOR-GENERAL    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES 

Mr.  Chairman,  Members  of  the  Congress,  Friends,  Ladies,  and 
Gentlemen :  I  f  I  were  to  attempt  to  tell  you  all  that  I  have  been  compelled 

338 


to  learn  about  the  legal  phases  of  Prohibition— the  subject  assigned  to  me 
for  this  evening — the  distinguished  gentlemen  who  expect  to  follow  me 
would  have  to  defer  their  speeches  until  tomorrow  evening.  Prohibi- 
tion, Constitutional  Prohibition,  throughout  the  United  States  has  come 
not  through  the  spasmodic  efforts  and  acts  of  an  excited  people,  but 
rather  it  has  come  after  long  and  bitter  struggle,  and  is  supported  to-day 
by  the  deliberate  and  well-considered  judgment  of  the  American  people 
that  the  liquor  traffic  is  essentially  inimical  to  the  good  of  the  public. 
I  have  been  reminded,  by  the  address  to  which  we  have  just  listened, 
how  far  we  have  progressed  from  the  point  where  we  began  with  Pro- 
hibition in  this  country  many  years  ago.  I  heard  the  distinguished  lady 
speak  very  earnestly  in  favor  of  local  option.  My  dear  madam,  in  re- 
cent years  the  only  people  who  have  advocated  local  option  in  the  United 
States  have  been  the  liquor  people.  We  have  gotten  so  far  beyond  that 
point  now  that  the  only  hope  left  to  the  liquor  people  is  to  invoke  the 
doctrine  of  interference  with  State  rights,  or  the  rights  of  citizens.  We 
have  a  few  cities  like  New  York,  Chicago,  Philadelphia,  and  San  Fran- 
cisco, where  they  are  not  enforcing  it,  but  they  will  be  enforcing  it  there 
pretty  soon.  Prohibition,  as  I  have  said,  has  come  after  a  long  strug- 
gle. Local  option  was  the  means  first  resorted  to  in  America,  as  it  is 
being  resorted  to  in  England  to-day.  That  was  the  way  we  started  in 
here,  and  as  long  as  the  Prohibition  party  was  weak  we  contented  our- 
selves with  capturing  now  and  then  a  small  town  or  city.  Then  when 
we  got  a  city  we  could  capture  a  county,  and  after  we  captured  enough 
counties  we  were  able  to  get  a  State,  and  we  were  not  so  weak  then. 
Then  the  whole  bunch  of  cities  and  counties  went  dry.  That  was  the 
way  we  went  about  it.  After  we  captured  enough  States  we  got  Na- 
tional Prohibition. 

When  we  progressed  to  the  point  of  getting  a  county,  we  then  started 
in,  as  I  say,  to  get  a  majority  of  the  counties  of  the  State,  and  we  were 
not  deterred  by  any  fear  of  inconsistency.  We  made  an  immediate  re- 
vision of  our  doctrine.  Then  we  would  manage  to  get  control  of  the 
entire  State.  All  the  way  through  in  the  fight  we  haven't  been  troubled 
with  any  governmental  inconsistencies  or  policies  and  governmental  prin- 
ciples. And  neither  were  the  forces  against  us  troubled  by  any  fear  of 
inconsistency.  There  was  not  any  detriment  on  either  side  except  in 
one  respect.  The  Prohibition  i)eop]e  have  been  consistently  and  eternally 
against  the  liquor  traffic  and  in  favor  of  absolutely  abolishing  it. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  opponents  of  Prohibition  have  been  consistent 
only  in  the  proposition  that  they  would  support  such  measures  as  neces- 
sary to  prevent  Prohibition  in  this  country,  and  would  continue  their 
practise.  Let  me  refer  just  briefly,  and  I  shall  l)c  brief  in  what  I  say 
to-night,  to  the  history  of  Prohibition  in  this  country.  It  started  in,  as 
I  say,  with  local  option,  and  that  was  the  cry  of  the  Prohibitionists  until 
thev  became  powerful  enough  to  demand  something  else.  When  they 
got  the  city,  they  demanded  the  county,  or  what  was  usually  the  case, 
if  they  could  vote  it  out  of  a  city  they  c^uld  usually  manage  to  get  it 

339 


\oted  out  of  that  county;  but  mayl)e  the  next  county  to  it  was  selling 
whisky,  and  the  law  would  be  practically  useless,  and  so  they  started 
in  to  get  the  surrounding  counties,  and  then  they  went  in  for  State-wide 
Prohibition.  Then  we  found  that  wherever  State-wide  Prohibition  has 
been  advocated  in  recent  years  it  has  been  met  with  the  argument :  "I 
am  not  in  favor  of  liquor,  or  anything  of  that  kind,  but  I  am  opposed 
to  anything  which  prohibits  the  selling  of  it  in  one  State  alone.  The 
State  in  itself  could  do  nothing  with  other  States  right  next  door  to  it 
who  do  not  have  Prohibition.  Any  State  act  by  itself  can  accomplish 
nothing,  and  therefore  what  would  prevent  this  neighboring  State  send- 
ing it  in  here?  I  would  vote  to  put  whisky  out  of  the  whole  United 
States,  but  not  to  put  it  out  of  one  State."  So  then  we  commenced  to 
think  of  putting  it  out  of  the  whole  United  States  by  Constitutional 
amendment.  The  reason  the  whisky  interests  were  favoring  that  was 
they  thought  they  had  us  "barking  for  the  moon" — they  thought  we 
couldn't  get  it. 

Then  those  who  had  been  so  strongly  in  favor  of  National  Prohibi- 
tion fell  back  upon  State  rights  as  a  shield.  They  said  let  every  State  in 
the  Union  settle  the  question  for  itself.  Now,  under  our  form  of  gov- 
ernment there  were  difficulties  encountered  as  we  progressed  along  the 
road.  Each  State,  under  our  Constitution,  was  vested  within  its  domain 
with  the  right  to  exercise  the  ordinary  poHce  powers,  and  they  are  the 
powers  which  control  the  liquor  traffic  when  it  is  controlled.  The 
Federal  Government  had  no  right  under  our  Constitution  to  exercise 
such  powers  in  the  States;  and  we  were  meeting  just  then  with  another 
proposition — the  proposition  that  this  law  conflicts  with  the  personal  lib- 
erty of  the  citizen.  That  plea  wouldn't  stand  ten  seconds  in  any  court 
in  the  United  States,  because  the  United  States  Constitution  does  not 
give  the  individual  the  privilege  of  using  his  rights  to  the  detriment  of 
others.  That  is  the  whole  principle  upon  which  our  Constitution  is  based. 
upon  a  very  ancient  legal  maxim :  That  no  man  has  the  right  to  so  use 
his  property  or  so  conduct  himself  as  to  injure  his  neighbor  or  violate 
his  neighbor's  rights.  And  Prohibition  rested  on  the  fundamental  prin- 
ciple that  no  business  or  institution  of  whatever  kind  has  any  right 
under  the  laws  of  God,  or  the  laws  of  man,  to  exist,  unless  the  net 
result  of  the  operations  carried  on  in  it,  give  to  the  public  more  of  good 
than  otherwise. 

And  so  it  is  that,  after  a  fair  trial,  after  subjecting  it  to  all  the  regu- 
lations that  could  be  devised,  and  in  fact  giving  it  more  than  a  fair  trial, 
the  American  people  have  decided  against  it — they  have  deliberately 
taken  an  account  of  it  and  have  added  up  on  one  side  of  the  ledger 
the  evils  of  the  liquor  traffic,  and  on  the  other  side  whatever  there  may 
'be  of  good  in  it.  and  they  have  found  the  balance  on  the  wrong  side. 
And  so  by  a  Constitutional  amendment,  which  has  now  been  sustained 
by  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  they  have  declared  that 
the  liquor  traffic  shall  die. 

This  matter  of  State  control  which  finally  enabled  us  to  get  National 

340 


Prohibition, — in  dealing  with  that,  the  first  difticulty  encountered  by  us 
was  that  while  the  State  could  drive  whisky  out  of  its  own  jurisdiction, 
nevertheless  the  Federal  Government,  under  our  form  of  government, 
had  complete  control  of  interstate  commerce.  The  State  could  prohibit 
the  liquor  traffic  from  being  carried  on  within  its  own  State  limits,  but  it 
could  not  prohibit  the  shipment  of  whisky  from  another  State  to  within 
its  own  borders ;  and  under  the  law  as  it  was  then,  if  it  remained  within 
its  original  package  until  it  got  to  its  destination,  the  courts  held  that  that 
was  a  matter  of  interstate  commerce  and  not  for  the  State  to  prohibit. 
Then  Congress  finally  met  that  situation,  as  best  it  could,  by  passing  a 
bill  regulating  interstate  commerce,  over  which  it  had  jurisdiction,  by 
passing  the  Wilson  Bill,  which  provided  that  as  soon  as  the  liquor  arrived 
at  its  destination  in  the  State  it  should  then  become  subject  to  all  the  laws 
of  the  State,  and  subject,  therefore,  to  seizure  by  the  State  authorities. 

The  Congress  then  passed  a  law  that,  under  interstate  commerce,  no 
liquor  could  be  shipped  from  one  State  into  another  State  where  the 
manufacture  and  sale  of  liquor  were  forbidden  for  beverage  purposes. 
And  then,  still  later,  when  we  were  in  the  throes  of  a  great  war  and 
the  examination  of  many  thousands  of  young  men  called  for  physical 
examination  for  duty  as  soldiers  showed  the  terrible  efifects  of  the  use 
of  alcohol  and  kindred  vices,  the  Government  itself  was  impressed  with 
the  necessity  of  maintaining  a  sober  manhood  in  this  country,  and  Con- 
gress in  the  exercise  of  the  great  powers  which  were  bestowed  upon  it 
during  the  war,  and  which  could  temporarily  be  exercised  in  favor  of 
Prohibition,  at  least,  passed  the  War-time  National  Prohibition  Act.. 
That  law  made  it  unlawful  to  sell  whisky  in  the  United  States.  That  law, 
however,  would  have  gone  out  of  existence  with  the  declaration  of  peace. 
In  the  meantime  the  Eighteenth  Amendment  had  been  submitted,  and  the 
proposition  was  then  made  that  the  American  people  should  write  Pro- 
hibition into  their  Constitution,  and  almost  before  any  one  realized  that 
it  had  been  submitted  to  the  Congress,  more  than  the  necessary  number 
of  States  had  ratified,  and  most  of  them  with  a  heavy  majority,  and  so 
Congress  passed  the  Nafional  Prohibition  Act  on  the  22nd  day  of  Oc- 
to1)er,  1919.  It  was  immediately  assailed  in  the  courts  by  the  advocates 
of  the  liquor  traffic,  but  that  did  not  harm  it  at  all;  if  anything,  it  gave 
it  an  added  impetus.  The  remarkable  result  of  it  was  that,  though  it  was 
passed  late  in  October,  on  the  first  ^Monday  in  December  all  the  courts 
in  the  United  States  had  gone  through  with  it,  and  then  the  Supreme 
Court  pronounced  it  a  valid  law.  The  Eighteenth  Amendment  became  a 
part  of  the  National  Constitution  on  the  16th  day  of  January.  Some  of 
the  greatest  and  most  able  lawyers  in  the  country  assailed  the  validity  of 
it — they  said  that  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  never  contem- 
plated such  a  thing — that  it  was  beyond  the  powers  of  Congress  to  pass 
such  a  law,  that  it  was  up  to  the  legislatures  of  the  various  States,  and  on 
various  other  grounds  they  assailed  it ;  but  in  the  June  following  the  whole 
of  this  turmoil  the  Suj)rcmc  Court  announced  that  it  was  a  valid  law, 
and  all   laws  which  were  made  to  enforce  it.  and   that  the  Eighteenth 

341 


Amendment  was  forever  an  integral  part  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States.  I  have  a  very  brief  amount  of  time  allotted  to  me,  but  during 
this  time  I  hope  I  have  managed  to  go  over  it  in  at  least  a  general  way 
and  go  into  the  matter  of  law,  the  result  of  which  has  been  that  no  man 
can  lawfully  obtain  a  drink  of  intoxicating"  liquor  anywhere  that  the 
American  flag  flies.  I  conclude  as  I  began.  This  has  not  been  the 
result  of  any  spasmodic  action.  The  people  have  not  acted  under  excite- 
ment or  irresponsibility.  They  have  proceeded  step  by  step,  each  step, 
making  sentiment  which  carried  them  to  the  next,  and  that  which  is 
brought  about  through  such  means  as  this  and  with  such  deliberation, 
and  with  careful  consideration,  is  permanent  and  not  temporary. 

The  chairman  :  The  next  speaker  is  one  of  the  easiest  men  t( 
introduce  in  the  United  States,  and  1  have  thought,  since  we  decided 
to  have  the  evening  meetings  in  the  Civic  Center,  how  appropriate  it 
was  that  Mr.  Bryan  should  speak  on  Friday  night  of  the  series  of  Con- 
gress meetings,  because  I  think  I  remember  it  was  right  over  here  on  the 
next  corner,  in  Telamon's  place,  at  Thirteenth  and  Clifton,  where  Mr. 
Bryan,  as  Secretary  of  State  a  few  years  ago,  used  to  give  his  grape- 
juice  dinners !  I  have  pleasure  to-night  in  presenting  the  Honorable 
William  Jennings  Bryan. 

The  Hon.  W.  J.  BRYAN :  Mr.  President,  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen : 
I  do  feel  at  home  in  this  neighborhood !  And  I  feel  at  home  in  this 
gathering,  and  I  think  it's  very  fortunate  that  this  meeting,  that  is,  this 
Congress  provided  for  several  years  ago.  when  we  could  not  foresee  the 
situation  as  it  exists  to-day, — fortunate  that  this  Congress  should  meet  in 
this  great  Capital  of  the  greatest  nation  that  has  ever  set  the  seal  of  dis- 
approval on  intoxicants.  And  it  so  happens  that  this  meeting  is  held 
during  the  first  year  of  this  Nation's  existence  as  a  saloonless  nation ;  and 
I  have  been  very  much  interested,  as  I  have  noted  the  distinguished  vis- 
itors from  so  many  lands,  who  by  their  coming  testified  to  their  interest 
in  this  great  step  in  advance, — I  have  noticed  that  when  the  fulness  of 
time  has  come. — a  Bil)le  phrase  that  has  seemed  to  me  to  have  an 
added  significance  as  the  years  go  by, — that  "when  the  fulness  of  time 
has  come."  all  over  the  world,  people  rise  up  to  make  the  fight  for  the 
thing  that  is  right.  And  "the  fulness  of  time  has  come ;"  the  hour 
has  struck ;  the  world  is  going  dry,  as  this  nation  has  gone  dry !  And 
these  people  who  come  as  our  visitors,  bringing  inspiration  with  them, 
and  giving  encouragement  to  us.  will  take  home  with  them  inspiration 
from  this  meeting,  and  will  be  stronger  for  the  work  tlitit  they  are  to 
do  in  their  own  countries. 

And,  my  friends,  I  do  not  know  that  this  nation  can  better  render 
a  service  to  this  cause  than  to  furnish  inspiration  and  facts  to  those 
who  can  use  them  in  their  lands  better  than  they  could  be  used  by  people 
from  this  country  going  into  these  lands.  They  will  speak  to  their  own 
people,  and  their  sympathy  with  their  people  can  not  be  questioned,  and 

342 


those  who  oppose  them  there  can  not  appeal  to  any  prejudice  or  excite 
any  feehng  against  a'  foreigner  who  would  interfere  in  their  affairs. 
We  can  furnish  them  with  the  facts,  we  can  fill  them  with  enthusiasm, 
and  send  them  back  with  unanswerable  arguments  against  the  trafftc  in 
their  own  lands. 

Now,  3'ou  have  listened  in  this  series  of  meetings  to  specialists  who 
have  come  prepared  to  give  us  information  on  some  particular  line,  the 
line  with  which  they  are  most  familiar ;  and  we  could  not  get  along  with- 
out these  specialists.  Btit  I  do  not  belong  to  that  class.  I'm  a  general- 
ist.  instead  of  a  specialist.  And  I  take  the  facts  that  the  specialist  gives, 
and  try  to  make  them  plain  to  all  the  people.  And  to-night  I  want  simply 
to  present  a  brief  history  of  the  greatest  moral  triumph  that  this  nation 
has  ever  won,  and  the  greatest  triumph  ever  won  at  the  polls  since  time 
began.  And  to  do  this,  as  I  want  to  do  it,  I  have  to  do  what  I  never 
like  to  do,  and  that  is,  follow  my  notes.  Notes  bother  me.  They  are  a 
nuisance.  But  I  am  much  more  interested  in  presenting  for  the  record 
that  will  be  made  up  a  history  that  will  be  helpful. — much  more  inter- 
ested in  that  than  in  either  pleasing  myself  or  in  pleasing  you  who  as- 
semble here  to-night.  The  report  of  this  Congress  will  go  throughout  the 
world.  And  I  want  the  world  to  know  something  of  the  victory  that 
we  have  won  in  the  United  States.  And  that's  why  I  have  taken  the 
trouble  to  jot  down  some  notes,  and  I  will  refer  to  them,  but  I  won't 
keep  my  eyes  on  them  all  the  time !  They  will  be  just  suggestions,  and 
I  will  lay  aside  my  glasses  and  speak  extemporaneously  most  of  the  time. 

Let  me  first  speak  of  the  triumphs,  and  then  of  the  tasks  that  are 
still  before  us.  The  visitors  ought  to  know  that,  in  the  latter  years,  we 
have  traveled  much  more  rapidly  than  any  of  us  expected.  When  this 
amendment  was  submitted,  it  required  two  thirds  of  the  members  of 
both  Houses  of  Congress  to  lay  the  subject  before  the  nation,  and  the 
resolution  that  submitted  National  Prohibition  gave  seven  years  in 
which  to  ratify.  We  needed  one  year  and  less  than  two  months.  The 
amendment  was  ratified  in  just  a  little  more  than  one-seventh  of  the 
time  allowed  for  ratification.  The  Constitution  required  ratification 
by  thirty-six  States.  We  have  ratification  by  forty-five  states  of  the 
Union.  We  needed  for  ratification  three  to  one.  We  secured  for 
ratification  fifteen  to  one!      I  wish  we  could  have  made  it  one  more! 

You  might  be  interested  to  know  how  the  New  York  papers  used  to 
deceive  their  readers  in  regard  to  the  progress  of  this  reform.  And  I 
may  say  to  you  that — the  reporters  of  the  New  York  pajx-rs  will  not  take 
this  down — I  might  say  to  you  that  I  have  been  getting  acquajnted  with 
New  York  papers  off  and  on  for  about  twenty-five  years !  And  the  better 
I  know  them,  the  more  sure  I  am  that  the  one  passage  in  all  the  Bible 
that  has  most  profoundly  impressed  them  is  the  passage  that  says  that 
nineteen  hundred  years  ago  the  wise  men  came  from  the  east!  And  they 
seem  to  think  that  the  wise  men  have  been  coming  from  that  direction 
ever  since!  And,  therefore,  unless  reform  starts  in  New  York,  they 
can't  have  any  faith  in  it !      And  as  no  reform  ever  starts  in  New  York, 

343 


they  cannot  have  faith  in  any  reform  I  And  they  ridicule  reforms  down 
there. 

When  the  South  began  to  go  dry,  the  New  York  papers  said  to  their 
readers,  "Don't  worry  about  the  South."  They  said,  "Those  white  peo- 
ple down  there  don't  want  Prohibition  for  themselves ;  they  just  want 
it  for  the  black  man."  And  they  promised  that  Prohibition  would  never 
come  north  of  the  Mason  and  Dixon  line.  Blit  it  did,  and  it  reached 
the  Canadian  line,  and  every  State  bordering  on  Canada  ratified. 

When  the  West  began  to  go  dry,  they  said  to  their  readers,  "Don't 
worry  aljout  the  West;  that's  just  another  western  craze,  and  it  will 
soon  blow  o\'er."  And  it  reminded  me  of  a  man  down  in  Kansas  who 
lived  on  the  prairie  where  the  winds  were  high.  He  was  putting  up  a 
fence  that  adjoined  a  neighbor's,  and  a  neighbor  came  along  and  said, 
"You  are  wasting  time  on  that  fence.  Don't  you  know  that  the  first 
wind  that  comes  along  will  blow  it  over?"  The  man  replied,  "Look  at 
the  fence, — four  feet  wide  and  three  feet  high !  If  it  ever  blows  over, 
it'll  be  a  foot  higher  than  it  is  now." 

Wlien  the  agricultural  States  began  to  go  dry,  the  Xew  York  papers 
said,  "That's  just  a  farmer's  question."  They  said,  "Those  farmers  don't 
enjoy  life  anyhow !  Their  necks  are  short,  and  they  can't  like  liquor 
for  that  reason !  But  wait  till  they  get  to  the  city,  where  the  necks  are 
long,  and  where  they  can  enjoy  it  all  the  w^ay  down,  and  Prohibition  will 
not  do  in  the  cities !"  But-  the  farm  communities  went  dry.  And  then 
the  States  with  cities  went  dry.  until  it  ceased  to  become  an  agricultural 
question.      It  became  a  great  National  question. 

And  when  the  Amendment  was  submitted,  after  they  had  said  it 
couldn't  be  submitted,  they  immediately  changed,  and  said  "It  can't  be 
ratified  and  they  showed  why.  They  explained  that  according  to 
the  Constitution  it  took  thirty-six  States  to  ratify,  while  it  only  took 
thirteen  to  prevent  ratification ;  and  they  said,  "Can't  we  get  thirteen 
before  they  can  get  thirty-six  ?"  And  it  did  look  like  a  difficult  proposition. 
And  then  they  pointed  out  that  they  had  a  greater  advantage  than  we. 
A  dry  State  had  to  be  dry  in  both  houses,  but  a  wet  State  needed  only 
one  house ;  and  that  meant  that  the  drys  had  to  have  thirty-six  dry  States, 
and  that  they  had  to  have  seventy-two  dry  Legislatures,  while  the  wets 
had  to  have  only  thirteen  wet  houses  in  thirteen  States.  Nov/  it  did 
look  like  a  great  handicap.  But.  my  friends,  we  secured  ninety-one  dry 
houses,  and  they  were  able  to  hold  only  two  States  and  one  half  by  their 
legislatures ! 

The  first  States  to  go  dry  were  small  States,  and  then  they  immedi- 
ately announced  that  if  this  Amendment  was  ratified  it  would  be  because 
the  little  States  joined  together  and  forced  Prohibition  on  the  big  States ! 
And  they  said  it  was  an  outrage  that  the  Constitution  would  permit  any 
such  a  thing!  And  the  more  they  thought  about  it,  the  madder  they 
got !  And  the  madder  they  got,  the  redder  they  got !  And  finally  they 
had  to  print  their  editorials  on  pink  paper  to  make  them  harmonize  with 
their  complexions !      It  was  simply  awful !     But  you  don't  read  any  edi- 

344 


torials  like  that  now,  because  the  big  States  ratified.  New  York  ratified, 
and  Pennsylvania,  and  Ohio,  and  Illinois, — the  big  four ;  and  then  they 
went  on  ratif}ing  so  fast  that  you  could  hardly  keep  track  of  them,— 
Massachusetts  and  ^laryland,  \  irginia  and  West  \'irginia,  North  Caro- 
lina, South  Carolina,  Georgia,  P'lorida,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  Louisiana 
and  Texas  and  Oklahoma  and  Tennessee  and  Kentucky  and  Indiana  and 
Michigan  and  Minnesota  and  Wisconsin  and  Iowa  and  ^Missouri  and 
Oklahoma  and  Kansas  and  Oregon  and  the  two  Dakotas,  and  all  the  States 
west  and  all  the  States  east  but  three.  And  now  it  looks  as  if  the  big 
States  were  just  determined  to  force  Prohibition  on  Rhode  Island ! 
It's  a  wonderful  victory!  I  want  our  visitors  to  know  that  this  is  "a 
victory  that  is  not  sectional ;  it's  not  a  southern  victory,  it's  not  a  western 
victory,  it's  not  a  northern  victory,  it's  not  an  eastern  victory.  It's  a 
victory  of  the  nation  and  of  the  consciousness  of  the  nation!  And  it's 
not  partizan  !     That  pleases  me  ! 

If  the  Republicans  had  done  this  all  by  themselves — there  are  parts 
of  this  country  that  I  wouldn't  visit .  I  couldn't  stand  it .  I  just 
couldn't  stand  to  see  Republicans  swaggering  around  and  claiming  credit 
for  the  greatest  victory  of  our  nation's  history .  But  I  can  go  anywhere 
now,  for  my  party's  had  a  glorious  part  in  this  great  victory ! 

If  this  were  not  an  international  gathering,  I'd  tell  you  what  the 
Democratic  party  had  done,  but  no,  no.  I  won't  violate  the  proprieties 
of  the  occasion .  I  want  our  visitors  to  know  that  the  two  great  parties, 
the  Democratic  and  Republican  parties,  have  fought  over  every  great 
question  in  the  arena  of  politics  for  fifty  years ;  but  when  this  question 
came  up,  when  this  great  moral  issue  was  ripe  for  settlement,  these  two 
parties  laid  aside  their  dififerences  on  other  subjects,  and  stood  together 
for  the  home  against  the  home's  greatest  enemies.  And  they  share 
the  glory  together,  and  in  about  equal  degree.  It's  interesting  to  note  that 
when  the  vote  was  taken  in  the  Senate  and  House,  the  percentage  of 
Democrats  and  Republicans  voting  for  and  against  these  measures  was 
almost  exactly  the  same.  Now  if  the  Democrats  had  done  it  all  by 
themselves,  I  suppose  I'd  be  tempted  to  brag  a  little .  But  I'm  an  Amer- 
ican citizen  before  I  am  a  Democrat,  and  I  would  rather  have  it  the 
way  it  is.  I'd  rather  have  it  unanimous  than  for  either  jmrty  to  have 
the  benefit  of  the  victory.  And  then  I  feel  surer  about  its  l)eing  per- 
manent, when  the  parties  agree  in  liringing  it. 

Looking  back  over  thirty  years  of  active  participation  in  politics,  I 
can  see  that  sentiment  has  changed  from  time  to  time,  and  one  time  one 
party  is  in,  and  another  time  the  other  party  triumphs;  and  if  it  were 
a  party  victory,  we  might  tremble  lest  a  reversal  of  party  success  might 
rob  us  of  the  benefit  of  Prohibition.  Rut  when  they  win  it  together, 
and  l)y  such  a  majority  as  they  have,  it's  a  revolution,  and  we  will  not 
turn  back !  I  think  it's  a  fortunate  thing  that  we  do  act  together.  And 
I  may  stop  for  a  moment  to  sa\'  that  when  we  look  back  over  the  great 
fights  that  we've  had  in  the  last  few  years,  we  find  that  every  Constitu- 
tional amendment  has  been  adojited  by  joint  action  of  the  parties;  that 

345 


however  people  may  differ,  and  however  parties  may  fight,  when  a  great 
issue  is  ready,  and  the  people  luiderstand  it,  when  the  nation  has  arrived 
at  the  point  where  it's  to  go  forward,  the  two  parties  join  together,  and 
they  carry  their  standards  side  hy  side  as  the  nation  moves  forward  to 
higher  ground.  That's  true  of  all  our  great  reforms,  and  it's  true  in 
a  very  special  degree  of  this,  the  greatest  of  all  our  moral  reforms. 

And  now  I  want  to  speak  of  some  of  the  causes  that  have  contributed 
to  this  triumph.  There's  glory  enough  for  all  the  organizations  that 
have  had  a  part  in  the  winning  of  this  victory.  As  has  been  said  by  our 
distinguished  official,  who  has  played  so  important  and  so  honorable  a 
part  in  the  final  settlement  of  this  question  in  the  courts  of  last  resort, 
"It's  not  a  new  movement;  it's  not  a  thing  sprung  upon  the  people  sud- 
denly. The  fight  for  this  reform  has  gone  on  for  something  like  a 
hundred  years,  and  the  greatest  factor  in  the  winning  of  the  fight  has 
been  the  awakening  of  the  conscience  of  the  nation ;  and  it's  been  a  very 
gradual  process." 

I  was  interested  to  learn,  something  like  two  years  ago.  that  the 
activity  of  the  Congregational  Church  began  about  one  hundred  years 
ago,  and  it  has  made  such  progress  and  done  such  splendid  work  that  if 
there  are  any  Congregationalists  here  to-night  they  will  pardon  me  if  I 
refer  to  the  incident  that  stirred  them  to  action.  Down  in  Connecticut, 
there  was  a  meeting  of  Congregational  clergymen.  They  did  some  work 
in  the  morning,  and  adjourned  for  their  noon  meal ;  and  at  the  noon  meal, 
so  many  of  them  drank  to  excess  that  they  were  not  able  to  resume  the 
session  in  the  afternoon.  And  Lyman  Beecher,  the  father  of  Henry 
Ward  Beecher.  was  so  impressed  and  so  distressed  that  he  prepared 
and  delivered  six  powerful  sermons  against  drink;  and  if  you  will  read 
them,  }"0U  will  find  in  them  almost  every  argument  that  we've  made  since 
in  favor  of  total  abstinence  and  legislation  against  the  liquor  traffic. 
And  he  stirred  his  generation,  and  as  a  result  of  those  sermons,  a  great 
temperance  society,  national  in  extent,  w'as  organized,  and  from  that 
day  the  Congregational  Church  has  been  a  growing  power  for  good  on 
the  side  of  the  home  against  the  saloon. 

We  have  with  us  on  the  platform  here  one  of  the  most  illustrious 
representatives  of  one  of  our  greatest  churches,  and  no  church  has  fur- 
nished more  active  workers  for  the  cause  of  Prohibition  than  the  Meth- 
odist Church ;  and  yet  I  am  informed  that  the  Methodist  Church  began 
its  activity  in  a  very  modest  way;  that  the  first  resolution  introduced 
in  a  Methodist  General  Conference  was  not  in  favor  of  Prohibition ; 
it  was  simply  to  the  effect  that  ministers  of  that  church  should  not  be 
pecuniarily  interested  in  the  liquor  traffic !  And  that  couldn't  pass  the 
first  time  it  was  introduced,  either .  I  suppose  they  considered  it  was 
an  infringement  on  their  personal  liberty  I  think  it  was  in  the  next 
session  that  it  passed. 

But  I  wouldn't  speak  of  the  ^lethodists,  if  I  did  not  have  some- 
thing to  say  about  the  Presbyterians, — my  own  church.  I  am  very 
proud  of  my  own  church  and  of  its  activity  in  these  latter  years.     But 

346 


I  am  informed  that  the  first  resolution  of  this  character,  or  pertaining 
to  this  subject,  introduced  into  the  Presbyterian  General  Assembly  was 
to  the  effect  that  Presbyterian  preachers  could  not  drink  in  public  !  Now, 
no  one  could  say  that  that  was  a  radical  beginning ! 

I  was  speaking  of  the  history  of  these  beginnings  in  the  various 
churches  down  in  Mississippi,  and  a  Baptist  came  up  and  seemed  to  be 
a  little  hurt  that  I  hadn't  mentioned  his  church.  He  said,  "You  didn't 
say   anything   about   the    Baptist.  Church." 

"Well,"  I  said,  "I  don't  know  anything.  Tell  me,  and  I  will  tell 
anything  that  you  can  give  me  as  a  fact. 

"Well."  he  said,  "We  were  looking  over  the  records  of  one  of  our 
Baptist  churches  near  here  a  few  }-ears  ago,  and  we  found  the  minutes 
of  a  meeting  held  back  before  the  war,  and  a  resolution  was  passed  at  the 
meeting  declaring  that  members  of  the  church  ought  not  to  sell  intox- 
icating liquor  on  the  church  grounds  during  the  service !" 

Now  here  are  four  great  branches  of  the  Christian  church ;  and  I 
call  attention  to  the  things  that  illustrate  how,  only  a  short  time  ago, 
comparatively  speaking,  they  had  not  luidertaken  this  great  work.  But 
year  after  year,  we  have  fotmd  an  increasing  awakening,  and  now  we 
find  the  churches  of  this  cotmtry  standing  with  practical  unanimity 
against  the  liquor  traffic ;  and  with  the  women  now  voting,  all  the 
churches  will  be  with  us  against  the  opening  of  the  saloon  in  this  coun- 
try forevermore. 

I  think  it's  worth  while  to  note  that  the  churches  that  have  been  our 
greatest  factor  were  not  always  as  active  as  they  are  tocTay.  It's  been 
an  awakening  of  conscience  in  which  they've  led. 

And  then,  about  fiftv  years  ago — a  little  more  than  that — a  great 
temperance  organization  was  formed, — the  Good  Templars, — more  than 
fifty  years  ago,  and  the  gentleman  who  presides  with  such  dignity  and 
fairness  at  these  meetings  was  one  of  the  leading  members  of  that  great 
organization  that  now  has  some  750,000  members,  and  extends  through- 
out the  world.  They  began  back  when  they  were  simply  trying  to 
persuade  people  to  sign  a  pledge.  It  was  individually  offered  to  save 
individuals  from  the  drink  habit. 

And  then,  nearly  half  a  century  ago.  the  Woman's  Christian  Tem- 
perance Union  was  organized.  Think  of  it!  When  you  tliink  of  the 
work  that  that  organization  has  done ;  when  you  consider  its  faith  and 
its  vision ;  when  you  remem1)er  that  they  ]:)egan  fighting  for  two  great 
reforms,  that  it  took  fifty  years  almost  to  secure  them,  and  that  they 
triumphed  almost  simultaneously. — they  began  fighting  for  Prohibition 
and  for  woman  suffrage — and  when  you  consider  their  faitli  and  tlicir 
industry  and  their  patience  and  their  perseverance.  I  thiiik  you  will  agree 
with  me  that  it's  the  greatest  organization  among  women  that  the  world 
has  yet  known.  It's  had  a  tremendous  part.  Without  it  we  never 
could  have  won  this  victory.  And  I  lose  no  opportunity  to  pay  my 
tribute  of  praise  to  this  organization  for  the  glorious  part  it's  had. 

:\u(\  llicn  I)ack  .-iliuii*  that  time,  a  party  was  organized  witli  Pr(>liil)i- 

347 


tion  as  its  only  plank,  and  men  left  other  organizations,  forfeited  their 
opportunity  to  share  in  the  rewards  of  victory,  and  they  persistently  and 
consistently  fought  for  Prohibition  as  a  principle. 

We  can  not  tell  how  much  each  one  of  these  organizations  contributed. 
But,  my  friends,  we've  needed  them  all  for  the  linal  outcome  in  this 
triumph. 

Twenty-seven  years  ago  last  spring  the  Anti-Saloon  League  was  or- 
ganized. And  the  same  State,  the  State  of  Ohio,  that  gave  birth  to  the 
Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union,  gave  birth  to  the  Anti-Saloon 
League.  It  was  born  in  prayer,  as  the  Woman's  Christian  Temperance 
L^nion  was  born  in  prayer.  And  for  now  more  than  a  quarter  of  a 
century  this  organization  has  accumulated  force  and  strength  and  num- 
bers arnd  influence,  and  its  organizing  power  has  been  a  very  important 
factor  in  the  winning  of  this  victory. 

These  are  some  of  the  causes  that  have  contributed.  x\nd  as  the 
years  went  by,  church  boards  were  organized.  Among  those  actively 
engaged  with  this  great  meeting,  this  great  Congress,  is  the  Rev.  Charles 
Scanlon,  who  has  been  at  the  head  of  the  Presbyterian  Board  of  Tem- 
perance. And  we've  had  also  the  ]\lethodist  Board  of  Temperance.  And 
church  after  church  has  set  apart  money,  and  selected  powerful  repre- 
sentatives to  speak  for  the  church  in  this  accumulating  force  that  has 
won  this  victory.  And  near  the  close  of  the  fight  a  large  number  of 
organizations.  Catholic  and  Protestant,  religious  and  non-religious, 
joined  together  in  the  formation  of  the  National  Dry  Federation. 

I  have  only  mentioned  some  of  these.  They've  all  had  a  part,  and 
they  all  have  a  share  in  the  triumph  and  the  glory  of  the  triumph. 

But  the  conscience  has  only  been  one  part,  the  greater  factor,  but 
not  the  only  factor.  Science  has  contributed.  And,  my  friends,  we 
have  reason  to  be  grateful  for  what  science  has  done  in  helping  us  to 
win  this  fight.  The  great  delusion  that  we  had  to  contend  against  was 
that  it  didn't  hurt  to  drink,  if  you  didn't  drink  too  much.  But  nobody 
could  ever  define  how  much  "too  much"  was.  And  a  great  many  people 
went  down  to  drunkard's  graves  as  they  vainly  sought  for  the  imaginary 
line  between  moderation  and  excess.  Many  stories  have  been  told  to 
illustrate  how  impossible  it  is  to  fix  a  line  and  stop  there.  The  best  story 
I  know,  if  you  will  pardon  me  for  telling  a  story,  is  this :  A  man  said 
to  one  of  his  friends,  'T  am  drinking  too  much.  I  know  it.  And  I 
don't  want  to  do  it.  But  1  just  can't  help  it,  and  it  isn't  my  fault.  My 
friends  keep  asking  me  to  drink,  and  the  first  thing  I  know  I  get  too 
much." 

His  friend  says,  "I  will  tell  you  how  to  prevent  it.  After  this,  when 
you  get  all  the  whisky  you  want,  and  anybody  asks  you  to  have  more, 
don't  call  for  whisky;  call  for  sarsaparilla." 

"But,"  he  says,  "that's  the  trouble.     When  I  get  all  the  whisky  L 
want,  I  can't  say  'sarsaparilla'." 

Science  has  taught  us  that  even  a  moderate  use  of  intoxicating  liquor 
is  harmful.     Science  has  taught  us  that  the  line  to  look  for  isn't  the 

348 


imaginary  line  between  so-called  moderation  and  excess,  a  line  that  is 
like  the  line  of  the  horizon  that  recedes  as  you  approach  until  it's  lost 
in  the  darkness  of  the  night.  Science  has  taught  us  that's  not  the  1-ine 
to  look  for,  that  there's  a  clear,  easily  discerned  line  between  not  drink- 
ing and  drinking,  and  that's  the  line  to  look  for. 

And  now,  they've  accumulated  the  statistics  until  there  is  only  one 
side  to  this  question.  They  have  shown  us  that  the  accidents- are  most 
frequent  on  Monday,  after  they  have  had  a  holiday,  and  before  they've 
recovered  from  the  effects  of  drink.  And  that  is  true  not  here  only,  but 
everywhere  in  industry  all  over  the  world.  You'll  find  that  the  largest 
number  of  accidents  occur  after  a  holiday.  They  have  found  that  if  a 
man  is  shooting  at  a  target,  and  they  get  the  average  accurately,  they 
can  tell  how  much  he  has  been  drinking  by  the  increasing  number  of 
mistakes  that  he  makes.  They  have  found  that  it  decreases  a  man's 
power  to  resist  disease ;  that  when  he  reaches  the  crisis  of  a  disease, 
whether  he  lives  or  dies  may  depend  entirely  on  whether  he's  poisoned 
his  system  with  alcohol.  And  the  insurance  companies  now  furnish  the 
statistics  to  show  that  if  a  young  man  of  twenty-one  begins  to  drink,  he 
must  deliberately  decide  to  trade  more  than  four  years  of  his  life's  ex- 
pectancy for  the  pleasure  of  drinking. 

But  the  most  terrible  thing  that  science  has  revealed  is  that  the  alcohol 
habit  fastened  on  man  or  woman  does  not  stop  with  the  one  who  drinks, 
but  goes  on  and  on,  and  curses  children  unborn ;  for  they  now  know, — 
and  we  have  before  us  as  one  of  the  delegates  from  Great  Britain,  per- 
haps the  most  distinguished  of  all  the  authorities  on  eugenics,  and  by 
the  study  of  this  science  they've  learned  that  little  children  come  into 
the  world  with  their  eyes  closed  to  life's  possibilities  before  they  could 
have  a  chance  to  see  the  light  of  day.  My  friends,  I  can't  think  of  any- 
thing more  terrible  than  that  a  father  or  mother,  for  the  pleasure  of 
drinking,  should  thus  injure  their  own  flesh  and  blood — those  who 
come  into  the  world  at  their  call. 

These  are  some  of  the  things  science  has  taught  us;  and  if  any  one 
tells  me  that  this  victory  is  going  to  be  undone,  that  this  revolution  is 
going  to  turn  back,  I  answer  them  that  we  build  our  success  upon  facts 
that  will  never  be  undone,  and  that  it  will  never  turn  back,  and  the  argu- 
ments will  never  be  less  strong  than  they  are  today. 

But  business  has  helped  us.  Business  men  have  found  that  they  can't 
jifford  to  entrust  important  business  to  any  man  who  will  befuddle  his 
l)rain  with  liquor;  and  the  business  promotions  and  discriminations  have 
taught  the  young  men  that  it  doesn't  pay  in  business  to  drink.  If  any 
young  man  thinks  that  drinking  jmys,  let  me  suggest  a  way  in  which  he 
can  satisfy  himself  of  his  mistake.  Let  him  go  to  the  best  friend  he 
has  and  ask  that  friend  to  give  him  a  recommendation,  and  make  it 
strong,  and  when  the  friend  has  said  everything  good  about  him  that  he 
knows,  let  him  add  just  a  few  words  at  the  end.  and  put  them  in  red 
ink,  so  they'll  be  sure  to  be  seen,  —  just  a  few  words.  —  "And  he  drinks." 
And  then  let  him  take  that  recommendation  to  anybody  who  has  money 

349 


enough  to  hire  another  man,  and  then  watch  his  face  when  he  reads  those 
words,  and  then  wait  until  somebody  else  gets  the  place ! 

Business  has  helped  us.  But,  my  friends,  in  this  country  we  have 
had  another  argument  on  our  side,  and  that  is,  our  respect  for  the  right 
of  the  majority  to  rule.  Xo  matter  what  a  man's  opinion  may  be  on  a 
subject  in  this  country,  he's  taught  to  recognize  the  right  of  the  people 
to  have  what  they  want,  as  the  fundamental  right  in  popular  govern- 
ment. And  those  who  respect  our  form  of  government  yield  obedience 
Avhen  the  people  speak ;  and  w' hile  we  have  people  now  rising  in  rebellion 
against  Prohibition,  I  want  these  visitors  to  know  that  the  world  has 
never  presented  such  a  spectacle  as  we  present  in  this  country,  w^hen 
a  nation  of  more  than  a  hundred  millions  of  people  accept  a  change  that 
affects  their  habits  of  life,  and  accept  it  as  a  settled  thing  that's  not 
to  be  undone. 

More  than  that.  I  want  the  visitors  to  know  that  while  this  fight  has 
continued,  commencing  in  cities,  continuing  in  States,  and  ending  in  the 
nation,  that  we  do  not  yet  know  of  a  single  people's  representative  elected 
to  office  on  a  platform  in  favor  of  Prohibition  who  has  been  corrupted 
for  election  and  betrayed  the  people  who  elected  him.  We  have  known 
them  to  dodge.  We  have  seen  them  get  into  office  by  evasion,  and  fool 
the  people  after  election.  But,  so  far  as  I  know,  there's  not  a  single 
instance  in  State  or  nation  of  the  corruption  of  a  public  oflicial  on  this 
question  who  had  pledged  himself  beforehand ;  and  that,  in  spite  of  the 
fact  that  the  liquor  traffic  has  had  its  millions  and  could  make  a  man 
rich  if  he  would  just  violate  his  promise  to  his  people.  It's  a  great 
fight ;  and  the  victory,  I  think,  is  a  great  tribute  to  the  integrity  of  the 
American  people. 

But.  my  friends,  there  are  many  things  that  I  want  to  say,  and  I  will 
have  to  hurry  on.  for  I  recognize  that  I  am  speaking  at  a  late  hour.  We 
have  also  benefited  by  the  experiences  of  the  places  that  have  tried  it. 
Mention  has  been  made  of  how  we've  gone  from  town  to  county  and 
from  county  to  State,  and  from  State  to  nation.  I  think  we  ought  to  have 
it  understood  that  each  place  that  has  gone  dry  has  strengthened  the 
organization  in  favor  of  Prohibition  by  showing  what  Prohibition  can 
do  when  it's  enforced ;  and  we've  proven  the  benefits  of  Prohibition, 
even  when  we've  forced  Prohibition  on  unwilling  communities. 

Prohibition  was  forced  on  the  city  of  Denver.  The  city  of  Denver 
voted  ten  thousand  "Xo,"'  when  the  State  went  dry;  but  one  year's  ex- 
perience under  Prohibition  led  the  city  of  Denver  to  vote  fourteen  thou- 
sand against  allowing  beer  to  come  back  into  the  State  after  they  had 
tried  the  benefits  of  Prohibition. 

And  so  with  the  city  of  Seattle  on  the  western  coast.  Go  down  into 
Birmingham.  Alabama,  a  great  manufactitring  district,  and  you  will  find 
that  before  the  city  went  dry  they  built  a  great  big  jail,  costing  about 
a  hundred  thousand  dollars.  Just  about  the  time  they  got  it  done,  the 
State  made  Birmingham  dry.  against  the  wishes  of  the  people  of  Birm- 
ingham ;  but  when   Birmingham  went  dry,  they  didn't  need  their  jail- 

350 


They've  never  had  a  prisoner  m  it,  and  they  now  use  it  for  a  school ! 

Prohibition,  forced  upon  Massachusetts,  reduced  the  number  of  boys 
in  the  reform  school  from  a  thousand  to  four  hundred  in  four  months' 
time.  Prohibition,  forced  upon  the  city  of  New  York,  has  reduced  crime 
about  thirty-three  per  cent. 

My  friends.  Prohibition  has  vindicated  its  claim  by  experience. 
Go  out  through  the  West,  and  you'll  find  counties  with  jails  empty. 
I  found  in  the  State  of  Washington  three  counties  adjoining,  with 
empty  jails ;  and  they  told  me  they  were  going  to  get  a  law  passed 
the  next  session  of  the  Legislature  allowing  the  counties  to  join  to- 
gether and  keep  a  jail  in  common,  because  under  Prohibition  they 
didn't  have  criminals  enough  in  a  county  to  support  a  jail !  Up  in 
the  East  they  have  been  selling  their  county  poorhouses,  because 
they  couldn't  get  enough  people  into  the  poorhouse  now  to  do  the 
work  upon  the  poorhouse  farm ! 

And  so,  as  place  after  place  has  gone  dry,  we  have  found  Prohibi- 
tion a  success.  I  went  out  to  a  town  in  Kansas,  Emporia,  where  they 
have  a  great  normal  college,  and  just  before  I  arrived  there  a  teacher 
had  asked  two  questions  of  eight  hundred  students.  First,  "How 
many  of  you  eight  hundred  students  ever  saw  an  open  saloon  in 
Kansas?"  And  only  three  out  of  eight  hundred  students  had  ever 
seen  a  saloon  in  Kansas.  And  the  second  question  was.  "How  many  of 
you  eight  hundred  students  ever  saw  a  drunken  man  in  Kansas  ?"  And 
eight  of  eight  hundred — only  eight  had  ever  seen  a  drunken  man  in 
Kansas ! 

It  has  been  the  success  in  the  territory  where  it  has  been  tried 
that  has  given  us  the  arguments  to  win  in  the  territory  where  it  has 
not  been  tried. 

And  I  may  add  here  that  whenever  we  got  a  town  dry,  the  liquor 
traffic  set  up  its  machinery  in  the  nearest  wet  town,  and  conspired 
against  the  law  in  the  dry  territory.  And  then,  when  we  got  a  county 
dry,  they  set  up  their  machinery  in  the  next  county.  And  w^hen  we 
got  a  State  dry,  they  set  up  the  machinery  in  the  next  State.  And 
they  have  conspired  against  law  and  order.  And  now  we  have  a  na- 
tion dry,  and  they  have  to  go  three  miles  from  shore  in  water  over 
their  head  Ijefore  they  can  conspire  against  the  law  of  the  nation ! 

And  I  believe,  my  friends,  that  every  day  will  find  a  more  and 
more  complete  enforcement  of  the  law ;  and  I  venture  to  suggest 
here  that  the  time  is  not  far  distant  when  we  will  stop  the  leakage 
that  is  going  on  in  this  country  now  by  the  Government  taking  over 
all  the  manufactured  alcohol,  and  then  making  the  manufacturers  of 
alcohol  a  Government  monopoly,  so  there'll  be  no  more  places  from 
which  they  can  supply  this  intoxicating  drink. 

But,  my  friends,  these  are  some  of  the  things  that  have  contrib- 
uted to  the  victory  of  our  cause.  The  respectability  argument  finallv 
came  over  to  our  side.  It  used  to  be  respectable  for  people  to  de- 
fend the  saloon.     It's  not  now.     The  saloon  has  been  tried ;  the  sa- 

351 


/oon  has  been  convicted ;  the  saloon  has  been  sentenced  ;  and  the  sa- 
loon has  been  executed,  and  by  the  time  a  man  is  executed  in  this 
world,  he  loses  all  his  friends,  except  the  members  of  the  family,  and 
they  speak  mournfully  of  him  !  It's  no  longer  respectable  to  be  on 
the  side  of  the  liquor  traffic.  It's  an  outlawed  traffic ;  it's  a  fugitive 
from  justice.  And,  my  friends,  respectal:)ility  is  now  on  our  side, 
and  respectability  is  a  tremendous  argument  in  support  of  any  cause. 

Patriotism  helped  us  in  the  last  days  of  our  light.  We  found  out 
the  character  of  the  liquor  traffic.  We  found  that  when  this  nation 
entered  war,  and  when  we  needed  one-hundred-per-cent  men,  that 
the  men  engaged  in  the  liquor  traffic  would  put  their  houses,  their 
saloons,  near  the  gates  of  our  cantonments.  They  even  put  them 
by  the  side  of  the  fields  where  we  were  training  aviators,  and  we 
found  that  the  men  back  of  the  liquor  traffic  would,  for  pay.  make 
drunkards  of  all  our  soldiers  if  they  could,  and  leave  the  nation  de- 
fenseless against  the  foe. 

And  then  we  tested  out  the  value  of  Prohibition  for  our  young 
men  for  the  first  time  in  the  world's  history.  Our  nation  attempted 
to  train  a  great  army  with  alcohol  kept  from  the  soldier.  And  what 
was  the  result?  The  result  was  that  we  trained  our  men  tor  war  in 
less  time  than  any  men  were  ever  put  into  condition  to  fight,  and 
in  less  time  than  it  would  have  been  possible  to  do,  if  they  had  di- 
vided their  time  between  the  camp  and  the  nearby  saloon. 

And,  as  Dr.  Saleeby  stated,  when  he  was  speaking  in  this  coun- 
try a  year  ago,  the  saloon  is  not  only  an  evil  in  itself,  but  it  is  the 
gateway  to  all  other  evils ;  and  when  we  took  away  alcohol  we  took 
away  the  things  that  followed  in  the  wake  of  alcohol ;  and  our  boys 
set  an  example  in  cleanliness  of  life  and  in  freedom  from  the  dis- 
eases that  are  attributable  to  immorality.  We  found  that  when  we 
took  away  alcohol,  we  could  take  boys  from  farm  and  factory,  and 
in  a  few  months'  time  we  could  convert  them  into  as  great  fighting 
machines  as  this  world  ever  saw.  And  what  we  learned,  the  world 
will  learn.  And  the  experience  of  our  nation  will  aid  all  the  world 
in  the  training  of  young  men. 

Now.  my  friends,  these  are  some  of  the  things  that  helped  us  to 
win.  And  now,  I  want  to  speak  of  the  tasks  that  remain  before  us. 
Let  no  one  think  that  because  we've  won  this  fight,  our  battle  is 
ended.  We  have  it  in  the  Constitution.  We  have  it  on  the  statute- 
books.  But  it  has  to  be  enforced,  and  we  will  never  enforce  this  law 
through  men  who  do  not  believe  in  Prohibition.  No  county  would 
entrust  the  enforcement  of  a  law  against  stealing  to  a  sheriff  who 
believed  in  stealing.  And  it's  just  as  absurd  to  attempt  to  enforce 
the  law  against  alcoholism  by  a  man  who  does  not  believe  in  Pro- 
hibition. And  I  think  the  best  test  that  an  official  can  give  that  he's 
going  to  enforce  the  law,  is  willingness  to  put  its  enforcement  in  the 
hands  of  people  who  believe  in  the  law,  and  not  of  people  who  are 
opposed  to  the  law.     I  believe  that  enforcement  will  grow  easier  day 

352 


by  day,  and  year  by  year,  and  that  the  time  is  not  far  distant  when 
we  will  be  able  to  shake  the  world  with  the  testimony  that  this  na- 
tion will  give  against  alcoholism,  with  Prohibition  enforced,  enforced 
by  officers,  national,  State  and  local ;  for  we  are  only  beginning  to 
get  the  benefits  of  Prohibition,  and  we  will  enjoy  them  in  proportion 
as  the  law^  is  enforced. 

But,  my  friends,  I  believe  we  have  a  more  prominent  work  than 
enforcement.  Enforcement  ought  to  grow  easier  constantly.  But 
there's  one  work  that  must  continue  generation  after  generation,  and 
that's  the  teaching  of  the  people  to  believe  in  total  abstinence,  that 
they  may  put  a  total-abstinence  sentiment  back  of  this  Prohibition 
amendment  and  law.  We  can't  expect  to  keep  Prohibition  unless 
the  people  believe  that  alcohol  is  a  harmful  thing;  and  here  we  stand 
upon  solid  rock.  Here  we  plant  ourselves  upon  propositions  that 
can  be  stated  without  qualification  and  without  limitation. 

Let  me  set  forth  a  few  of  the  fundamental  propositions  upon 
which  we  build  our  claim  that  total  abstinence  is  wise.  First,  the  use 
of  alcohol  is  not  necessary.  God  never  made  alcohol  necessary  to  a 
normal  body,  mind,  or  soul. 

Second,  God  never  made  a  man  strong  enough  to  commence  the 
use  of  alcohol  and  be  sure  that  he  would  not  become  its  victim. 
Every  drunkard  who  has  fallen  into  a  disgraced  grave  has  passed 
through  a  period  of  confidence  when  he  boasted  that  he  could  drink 
what  he  wanted  to  and  let  it  alone  when  he  wanted  to.  But  he  over- 
estimated his  strength,  and  fell.  No  man  can  aflFord  to  take  the  risk 
that  comes  with  the  formation  of  this  hal)it. 

Third.  God  has  never  placed  a  year  in  a  human  life  after  which 
it's  safe  to  begin.  Neither  in  youth,  nor  in  middle  age,  nor  in  old  age 
is  it  safe  for  one  to  commence  the  use  of  intoxicating  liquor. 

From  these  propositions  I  go  on  to  three  more.  Every  human 
being  who  believes  in  God  believes  that  he  must  stand  accountable 
to  God  for  the  service  that  he  rendered.  How  can  a  man  then  dare 
to  impair  by  drink  his  power  to  render  service?  How  can  a  Chris- 
tian who  has  given  himself  in  pledge  of  service  to  God  and  to  Christ, 
how  dare  he  take  into  his  body  that  which  lessens  his  power  to  serve? 
And  how^  can  any  one  justify  the  expenditure  of  money  for  drink, 
when  there  are  so  many  causes  that  need  all  the  money  that  any  one 
has  to  spare?  Least  of  all,  how  can  a  Christian  justify  the  expendi- 
ture of  money  for  intoxicants — how  can  he  go  down  on  his  knees  at 
morning  and  pray  to  the  Heavenly  Father — -"Thy  Kingdom  come," 
and  then  rise  up  and  spend  for  intoxicating  liquor  money  he  can 
spare  to  hasten  the  coming  of  God's  kingdom  on  earth?  And  how 
can  one  dare  to  set  an  example  that  will  harm  his  brother? 

Friends,  we  will  have  enough  to  tinswer  for  when  we  stand  be- 
fore the  judgment  bar  of  God  without  having  a  ruined  soul  rise  and 
testify  that  it  was  our  example  that  led  him  to  his  ruin. 

And.  my  friends,  what   I   say  against  alcohol.   I   say  against  ai- 

353 


cohol  in  any  form,  and  in  any  kind  of  drink.  I  hope  our  people  from 
other  lands  will  not  go  back  with  the  idea  that  we  in  this  country 
who  are  fighting  against  alcoholism  are  discriminating  in  favor  of 
any  kind  of  drink,  for  we  have  the  question  of  wine  and  beer,  and  we 
are  no  more  in  favor  of  wine  and  beer  than  we  are  in  favor  of  alcohol 
in  any  other  form.  And  I  think  our  visitors  should  know  that  the 
men  who  make  beer  have  been  even  a  greater  corrupting  influence 
in  this  country  than  the  men  who  made  whisky.  The  brewer  and 
the  distiller  have  been  partners  in  business.  They  have  conspired 
against  everything  high  and  holy.  And  now  that  they  reach  the  end 
of  their  wicked  careers  we  shall  not  separate  them.  They  shall  die 
together,  and  be  buried  in  the  same  grave. 

If  you  have  any  faith  in  the  Bible,  turn  back  through  its  pages 
and  find  that  wine  has  been  a  mocker  throughout  the  years.  It  was 
wane  that  made  a  drunkard  of  Noah.  The  Bible  says  that  when  he 
came  out  of  the  ark  he  planted  a  vineyard  and  drank  of  the  wine 
thereof,  and  was  drunken.  And  the  Good  Book  tells  us  that  his  sons, 
in  mortification  took  a  garment,  and  walking  backwards,  that  they 
might  not  see  their  father's  nakedness,  they  spread  the  garment  over 
him  as  he  lay  drunk  in  his  bed.  And  if  you  are  not  relying  upon 
Bible  history,  turn  to  your  "Iliad,"  and  you  will  find  that  away  back 
there  in  those  twilight  days  Achilles  killed  Agamemnon,  a  wine-bibber. 
It  was  a  term  of  reproach  even  then.  Take  your  Bibles,  and  you  will 
find  that  in  the  Book  of  Esther,  it  was  wine  that  made  Ahasuerus 
merry  and  drunken,  and  it  was  when  he  was  merry  with  wine  that 
he  sought  to  humiliate  his  beautiful  wife  and  sent  for  her  that  he 
might  exhibit  her  charms  to  that  lot  of  drunken  revelers ;  and  Vashti 
ought  to  stand  as  one  of  the  great  lights  among  the  women  who  are 
martyrs  to  drink,  for  she  lost  a  crown  rather  than  surrender  her  self- 
respect.  And  it  was  wine  that  made  her  the  victim  of  her  king's 
anger.  It  was  wine  that  Daniel  refused  to  drink.  My  friends,  what 
a  picture  Daniel's  experience  presents  !  The  overseer  ofifered  him 
wine  from  the  king's  table,  and  he  asked  that  he  be  permitted  to 
drink  water  instead  of  wine.  And  the  overseer  said.  "Daniel.  I'd 
like  to  permit  this,  but  you  know  I  am  responsible  for  your  appear- 
ance, and  if  I  let  you  drink  water  while  the  others  drink  wine,  you 
w'ould  not  look  as  well  as  they,  and  then  I'd  be  to  blame."  Where 
on  earth  he  got  the  idea  that  a  young  man  could  improve  his  ap- 
pearance by  drinking  wine,  I  don't  know .  But  he  was  touched  by 
Daniel's  eloquence,  and  he  permitted  the  test  to  be  made ;  and  ten 
days  were  set  apart,  and  at  the  end  of  the  time  he  was  brought  be- 
fore the  overseer,  he  and  his  high-brow  companions,  and  they  proved 
by  actual  test  that  the  water  was  better  than  the  wine.  And  that 
test  has  been  going  on  from  that  day  to  this,  and  never  in  a  single 
case  has  it  been  found  that  wine  was  better  for  a  young  man  than 
water. 

The  Bible  is  full  of  the  evidence  that  wine  is  a  thing  that  can 

354 


not  be  trusted.  You  may  go  through  all  the  nations  and  search  their 
history,  and  you  will'  find  tragedies  that  are  due  to  wine.  Alexander 
the  Great  killed  his  favorite  general  at  the  table,  when  they  were 
drunk — a  man  who  had  once  saved  his  life.  And  it  has  been  brought 
down  to  today.  Ibaiiez,  the  greatest  living  writer  in  Spain,  has  re- 
cently written  a  book  condemning  the  wine-saloon  of  Spain,  and  he 
tells  how  the  young  men  of  promise  are  destroyed.  There  they  are, 
destroyed  before  they  are  old  enough  to  redeem  the  pledge  that 
they've  made  to  help  their  fellows. 

No,  my  friends,  we  will  make  no  discrimination ;  we  will  preach 
total  abstinence ;  and  I  believe  that  every  church  should  have  its 
pledge-book,  and  that  every  member  of  a  church  and  Sunday-school 
should  be  urged  to  sign  the  pledge,  and  throw  his  or  her  influence 
on  the  side  of  total  abstinence. 

What  can  be  the  pleasure  of  drink  compared  with  the  pleasure  of 
helping  people  to  avoid  the  danger  that  comes  with  the  use  of  intox- 
icating liquor? 

And  now,  my  friends,  let  me  say  to  you  that,  having  emancipated 
our  nation,  this  nation  is  ready  to  enlist  in  a  war  to  drive  intoxi- 
cating liquor  off  the  face  of  the  earth !  And  we  shall  not  be  deterred 
by  any  newspaper  threats.  What  the  newspapers  say  in  other  lands 
on  this  subject  is  not  news  to  us.  We  had  it  in  this  country  imtil 
by  law  we  stopped  advertising  on  the  advertising  pages.  We  used 
to  get  live  editorial  pages  in  regard  to  the  liquor  traffic,  and  one  rea- 
son why  it  took  us  so  long  to  vindicate  the  effect  of  Prohibition  was 
that  in  the  beginning  we  failed  to  make  it  unprofitable  for  the  pa- 
pers to  misrepresent.  There  has  been  a  crusade  in  this  country,  a 
newspaper  crusade,  against  the  truth  ;  and  you  couldn't  find  the  truth 
on  this  subject  in  the  papers  that  could  made  their  thousands  by 
advertising  intoxicants  first. 

My  friends,  we  couldn't  refuse  to  take  part  in  world  Prohibition. 
If  we  wanted  to.  our  consciences  wouldn't  allow  us  to ;  our  self- 
respect  would  forbid  silence  on  this  subject.  We've  found  a  remedy, 
and  the  world  must  know  about  it.  What  would  you  think  of  peo- 
ple concealing  a  remedy  for  the  disease  that  twenty-two  years  ago 
we  had  as  the  great  disease  to  be  feared  in  the  army — typhoid  fever. 
I  remember  that  in  our  camp  in  Florida  hundreds  died  of  typhoid 
fever.  Twenty-seven  of  the  brave  men  of  my  own  regiment  died  of 
typhoid  fever.  And  they  were  encamped,  and  not  upon  the  battle- 
field at  all.  But  we  found  a  remedy.  We  make  men  immune  now 
to  typhoid  fever.  And  of  the  nearly  a  billion  that  went  to  the  battle- 
line  in  France,  not  an  American  soldier  died  of  typhoid  fever!  What 
would  you  think  of  a  nation  that  would  discover  a  remedy  for  ty- 
phoid fever  and  not  give  it  to  the  world?  Now,  total  abstinence  is 
upon  the  same  principle  as  the  remedy  for  typhoid  fever.  By  total 
abstinence  we  make  men  immune  to  alcoholism.  No  teetotaler  ever 
dies  of  alcoholism ! 

355 


But  there's  another  great  remedy  that  has  been  discovered,  and 
that's  the  remedy  for  yellow  fever.  When  men  tried  to  complete  the 
canal  across  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  in  the  beginning  they  were 
baffled  by  yellow  fever.  Scores  died,  hundreds  died,  thousands  died ; 
but  they  found  a  remedy.  They  discovered  that  it  was  the  mos- 
quito that  carried  the  germ  of  the  disease ;  and  when  they  found  that, 
they  destroyed  the  breeding-place  of  the  mosquito,  and  now  they've 
made  the  tropics  habitable. 

And  so,  after  we'd  tried  half-way  measures  for  a  long  while,  we 
found  that  the  saloon  was  creating  more  drunkards  than  we  could 
prevent  by  total  abstinence.  We  found  that  the  saloon  was  the 
breeding-place  of  the  germ  of  alcoholism,  and  so  we  adopted  Pro- 
hibition ;  and  now  we  destroy  the  saloon,  the  breeding-place  of  these 
germs,  we  have  a  double  remedy,  and  we  want  to  give  it  to  the 
world.  And  I  have  faith  that  it's  going  to  triumph  throughout  the 
world.  We've  traveled  so  fast,  we've  gone  so  far,  that  I  believe  now 
that  I  shall  yet  live  to  see  the  day  when  there  will  not  be  an  open 
saloon  under  the  flag  of  any  civilized  nation  in  all  this  world ! 

My  friends,  you'll  pardon  me  if,  in  the  presence  of  these  visitors, 
I  express  my  confidence  in  my  nation's  leadership  in  two  great  re- 
forms. I  believe  the  two  greatest  reforms  for  which  the  world  waits 
to-day  are  the  abolition  of  war  everywhere,  and  the  driving  of  in- 
toxicating drinks  from  off  the  earth  .  And  I  am  praying  that  our 
own  beloved  land  may,  in  the  providence  of  God,  be  permitted  to 
lead  the  world  in  these  two  great  reforms ;  and  if  we  can  do  so,  we 
shall  have  placed  to  the  credit  of  the  nation  the  two  greatest  serv- 
ices that  any  nation  has  been  able  to  render  to  mankind.  And  it's 
because  I  realize  that  those  who  have  come  from  other  lands  to  meet 
with  us  on  this  occasion  have  come  with  their  hearts  consecrated 
to  this  great  cause  which  brings  us  here,  that  I  feel  honored  to  be 
associated  with  them ;  and  if  by  coming  here  tonight  and  by  recall- 
ing what  has  been  done  in  this  country,  I  can  contribute  even  a 
small  part  toward  helping  them  in  their  fight  in  other  lands,  I  shall 
be  happy  for  the  opportunity  thus  afforded.  I  thank  you  for  your 
attention. 

The  chairman  made  some  announcements  relating  to  the 
visit  to  Mount  Vernon  on  the  morrow  and  the  Congress  then  ad- 
journed. 


356 


MORNING  SESSION 

SATURDAY,  SEPTEMBER  25,   1920 


The  session  was  convened  with  the  Chairman  of  the  Congress, 
Dr.  E.  C.  Dinwiddie,  presiding. 

The  Very  Rev.  P.  J.  O'CALLAGHAX  offered  the  invocation. 

The  chairman  :  I  hope  that  none  of  you  will  think  for  a 
moment  that  the  Chair  wants  to  be  ungracious  at  any  time,  but  the 
Chair  has  problems  of  his  own.  We  have  some  people  who  are  here 
from  a  long  distance  to  be  heard.  One  paper  has  gone  over.  An- 
other gentleman  that  came  unexpectedly  a  long  distance  to  tell  us 
about  a  tremendously  important  campaign  that  is  going  on  in  Scot- 
land, that  we  want  to  hear  about,  is  here,  and  must  be  heard ;  and  we 
have  several  gentlemen  connected  with  embassies  and  legations,  and 
officially  appointed  by  their  governments,  who  are  to  be  heard  this 
morning  by  appointment. 

I  shall  be  very  glad  if  Sir  Frangois  Lemieux,  of  Canada,  will  come 
to  the  platform.  I  think  he  will  respond  on  behalf  of  the  Canadian 
Government.  He  was  not  here  the  other  day,  by  reason  of  a  delayed 
train  when  the  welcoming  addresses  were  given,  and  the  responses  were 
made.  I  have  great  pleasure  in  introducing  Sir  Franqois  Lemieux, 
the  Chief  Justice  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada's  Supreme  Court. 

RESPONSE 

By  sir  FRANCOIS   LEAIIEUX 

chief    justice    of   the    supreme    court   of   the   DOMIXION    of    CANADA 

]Mr.  Chairman,  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen  :  As  just  stated  by  the 
President,  I  am  the  official  representative  of  the  Canadian  Govern- 
ment, and  I  think  that  before  operating  as  such  representative,  and 
as  a  stranger  to  this  country,  on  your  behalf  and  on  my  behalf  as 
well,  it  is  a  duty  and  a  very  agreeable  duty  to  express  our  deepest 
admiration  to  you,  the  worthy  president,  and  your  most  intelligent 
committee,  for  the  splendid  organization  that  has  led  to  the  success 
of  the  Congress.  And  1  would,  moreover,  propose  if  there  is  some- 
body in  the  meeting  will  second  my  proposition,  a  standing  vote  of 
ihc  strangers  who  come  from  all  over  the  world,  a  standing  vote  of 
thanks  to  you,  Mr.  President,  to  your  committee,  and  to  the  Ameri- 
can nation,  for  the  splendid  and  most  gracious  reception  made  to  us 
during  our  most  delightful  stay  in  the  great  capital  of  Washington! 
I  do  not  intend  to  examine  the  legal  aspect  of  the  temperance 
laws  c;f  Canada.     I   shall  confine  my  remarks  to  showing  what  are 

?>57 


the  best  elements  and  most  powerful  factors  wherewith  to  combat 
alcoholism. 

The  recent  sanguinary  war,  which  has  threatened  the  very  fabric 
of  our  social  system  and  w'hich  brought  perturbation  in  our  eco- 
nomic and  political  institutions,  could  not  fail  to  ai?ect  the  temper- 
ance question  in  many  ways,  because  the  experience  of  centuries  has 
proven  that  wars  have  generally  been  the  cause  of  wide-spread  de- 
moralization. But  war,  which  wrought  so  much  havoc,  which 
heaped  ruin  and  devastation,  has  had  one  good  effect;  it  awakened 
humanity  from  its  selfish  indifference  and  brought  it  to  realize  that 
there  is  such  a  thing  as  solidarity  among  men ;  that  men  may  trans- 
gress the  divine  command  of  Christian  brotherly  love,  but  that  the^ 
can  not  with  impunity  ignore  the  ties  which,  willingly  or  unwill 
ingly,  bind  together  nations  and  human  beings  the  world  over. 

War  had  another  great  result,  w'hich  was  to  show  where  were 
the  nations  that  had  the  sentiment  of  justice;  and  among  other  na- 
tions that  held  that  sentiment  was  America,  which  played  such  a 
noble  and  humanitarian  part  in  the  great  drama.  During  that  war 
the  courageous  boys  of  the  United  States  showed  that  the  blood 
running  in  their  veins  was  the  blood  of  their  forefathers,  and  that 
they  were  not  only  "chips  of  the  old  block,"  but  that  they  them- 
selves were  the  "old  block"  which  has  not  yet  chipped. 

It  is  a  thought  of  altruistic  concern  which  has  brought  about  this 
Congress,  the  purpose  of  which  is  to  secure  the  cooperation  of  all 
men  of  good-wull  towards  suppressing  a  great  evil,  the  w^orst  enemy 
of  mankind,  alcoholism,  which,  according  to  Gladstone,  has  caused 
more  harm  than  the  three  historical  scourges :  famine,  pestilence 
and  war. 

My  contribution  to  these  great  assizes  may  be  very  modest :  I 
have  come  to  learn  rather  than  to  teach. 

According  to  my  experience,  the  women  have  been  in  the  past 
and  are  yet  the  greatest  factor  of  temperance ;  and  I  am  glad  to  have 
such  a  solemn  opportunity  offered  me  to  express  our  deep  and  grate- 
ful admiration — and  I  know  I  am  voicing  the  sentiments  of  all — to 
the  w^om.en  who  have  been  the  pioneer  advocates  of  our  great  cause. 
I  do  not  know  what  is  the  custom  in  this  country,  but  if  I  were  in 
Canada,  my  country,  I  think  I  would  have  enough  authority  to  pro- 
pose, as  a  mark  of  admiration  and  gratitude,  a  standing  vote  to  the 
ladies. 

The  reason  of  the  courage  of  women  is  apparent:  Woman  is 
the  most  directly  affected,  the  most  immediately  exposed  victim  of 
alcohol.  How  often  during  my  judicial  career  have  I  witnessed 
heartrending  tragedies  where  alcohol  held  the  part  of  villain  and 
held  it  well !  How  often  I  have  heard  the  sad  tales  of  so  many  wives 
and  mothers !  I  have  seen,  when  at  the  bar  and  since  I  have  been 
on  the  bench,  what  I  should  call  deluges  of  tears,  when  unfortunate 
husbands  and  children,  guilty  of  crimes  attributable  to  alcohol,  were 

358 


sentenced  to  long  terms  of  imprisonment,  others  to  the  penitentiary, 
or  even  to  the  gallows.  How  many  desolate  creatures,  overbur- 
dened with  grief  and  shame,  came  for  assistance,  begging  for  pro- 
tection from  liquor-crazed  brutes  !  And,  alas  !  How  many  poor  vic- 
tims were  driven,  through  desperation,  to  vice  and  dishonor ! 

Is  it  any  wonder  that  woman,  a  born  sympathizer  with  suffer- 
ing, should  have  volunteered  her  support,  her  enthusiasm,  her  win- 
ning diplomacy  towards  redeeming  such  helpless  victims  from  ac- 
tual slavery.  They  may  be  of  the  weaker  sex,  but  they  showed  that 
they  could  fight  with  vigor  and  courage,  that  they  could  do  won- 
ders of  heroism,  for  the  reason  that  they  were  defending  what  is 
most  dear  to  their  hearts.  They  meant  to  save  what  is  everything 
to  them — their  husbands,  their  children,  their  brothers,  their  homes, 
their  very  happiness  and  their  very  lives. 

Gentlemen,  we  men  and  the  world  at  large  owe  a  debt  of  grati- 
tude to  such  women  as  ]\Iiss  Frances  Willard,  the  founder  of  the 
great  W.  C.  T.  U.  in  America;  to  Mrs.  Mary  Hunt;  to  Lady  Somer- 
set, in  England ;  to  Mrs.  Dickson,  in  Sweden ;  to  Madame  Legrain,  in 
France,  to  many  women  in  Canada,  etc.,  and,  in  fact,  to  every  woman 
who  is  an  irreducible  enemy  of  alcohol. 

Many  means  may  be  suggested  to  combat  alcoholism,  and  they 
are  to  be  derived  from  two  sources :  Government  intervention  and 
private  initiative.  According  to  my  humble  experience,  having  been 
many  years  in  public  life  and  a  Member  of  Parliament,  I  know  that 
public  men  will  support  and  adopt  temperance  legislation  only  when 
electors  after  a  long  campaign  of  education  impose  their  views  upon 
the  legislators.  If  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  and  the  Par- 
liament of  Canada  have  had  the  courage  to  overcome  many  influences 
and  obstacles  to  put  in  the  statute-book  prohibitive  laws  concerning 
liquor,  it  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  people  had  the  "pluck"  to  tell 
the  public  men:  "Prohibition  or  no  vote;  temperance  laws  to  pro- 
tect the  citizens,  the  happiness  of  the  family,  and  the  future  of  the 
country  or  no  vote !" 

It  will  be  eternal  honor  to  the  Congress  of  this  country  for  hav- 
ing given  to  the  world  such  a  splendid  example  of  patriotism,  and  we 
Canadians,  your  friendly  neighbors,  are  proud  indeed  to  offer  you 
our  national  gratitude. 

Returning  to  my  subject,  let  me  say  that  woman  is  by  tempera- 
ment fitted  to  take  an  active  and  successful  part  in  the  crusade.  Her 
very  happiness  and  peace  are  at  stake ;  besides  the  moral  aim  to  at- 
tain, she  is  personally  interested  either  actually  or  eventually.  Her 
fascinating  ways  give  double  force  to  a  strong  argument.  She  can 
make  her  home  much  more  attractive  than  the  club.  She  can  make 
family  life  delightful,  and  can  win  her  husband  back  from  the  saloon 
and  keep  her  sons  away  from  it. 

The  people  are  not  prejudiced  against  women  ;  they  arc  satisfied 
that   the  motives  underlying  their  activities  are  unselfish.     A  man 

359 


urging  another  to  subscribe  to  his  views  will  be  oftentimes  suspected 
of  some  afterthought,  political  or  personal,  and  sometimes  of  re- 
ligious interest. 

Of  all  the  horrors,  of  all  the  crimes  to  be  laid  at  the  door  of  al- 
coholism, the  most  deplorable  is  its  influence  on  children.  That  the 
man  who  drinks  be  eventually  stricken  in  health  is  to  be  expected ; 
it  is  fatal,  implacable  justice.  But  what  is  indeed  pitiable  is  to  siee 
children,  poor  guiltless  children,  made  to  suffer  through  heredity  for 
the  faults  of  others.  They  are  tied  down  with  the  chain  of  certain 
inherited  predispositions,  doomed  to  the  tyranny  of  certain  heredi- 
tary failings  or  cravings  with,  oftentimes,  in  the  background  of  their 
lives  the  gloomy  prospect  of  the  insane  asylum,  the  hospital,  the  jail 
or  the  morgue,  after  a  miserable  existence.  Is  it  any  wonder  that 
the  wives  and  mothers  were  moved  to  pity,  and  decided  to  save  the 
young  generations  from  the  horrors  of  alcoholism. 

The  mothers,  as  a  rule,  are  quite  alive  to  their  duty  of  educating 
their  children  as  to  the  desirability  of  temperance  and  warning  them 
against  the  evils  of  drink. 

Now  let  us  speak  of  the  school  or  of  the  teacher  who  may  be  an- 
other factor  of  temperance.  Let  the  teacher  follow  up  and  accen- 
tuate the  training  initiated  by  the  mother.  The  proper  period  in  life 
to  convince  and  moralize  a  man,  to  set  him  in  the  right  path  and 
prepare  him  for  a  life  useful  both  to  himself  and  his  fellow-beings, 
is  when  he  is  young,  when  his  faculties  are  keen,  when  his  heart 
and  mind  may  be  easily  impressed,  when  his  soul  is  open  to  gen- 
erous thoughts,  to  good  sentiments  and  to  enthusiasm  towards  great 
and  noble  ideals.  Start  him  right,  and  the  chances  are  he  will  not 
stray  from  the  path.  Let  the  teacher  cultivate  the  self-pride  of  the 
boy  into  personal  dignity,  develop  his  manliness.  Teach  him,  as  a 
French  humorist  writes,  that  a  successful  cure  for  alcoholism  is  the 
infusion  of  a  few  grains  of  will-power  into  any  quantity  of  water. 
Appeal  to  his  better  instincts,  educate  his  intelligence  and  heart  not 
only  through  his  memory,  but  through  his  eyes,  by  wall  tableaux  or 
pictures  of  a  nature  to  strike  his  imagination. 

We  see  in  public  places  such  notices  as  "Keep  off  the  grass," 
"Drive  slowdy,"  "Danger,"  "No  admittance."  Why  should  not  peo- 
ple, and  especially  children  and  young  men,  be  warned  in  a  similar 
way  against  the.  worst  dangers  of  liquor,  thus :  "Keep  out  of  the 
saloon" ;  "Beware  of  whisky," ;  "Bar-room  spells  danger" ;  "Safety 
first ;  don't  drink ;"  "Be  sober  and  you  will  be  a  good  Christian,"  etc.  ? 

If  as  much  money  had  been  expended  in  antialcoholic  slogans  and 
attractive  illustrations  to  be  displayed  all  over  the  land  in  most  con- 
spicuous places,  in  newspapers,  on  posters,  etc.  as  has  been  spent 
in  extolling  such  and  such  a  brand  of  whisky  or  cigarettes,  how 
much  more  benefit  would  have  resulted  to  humanity  ! 

Former  President  Poincare,  of  France,  said :  "It  would  be  de- 
plorable if  after  the  generous  efforts  of  the  parents  towards  the  men- 

360 


tal  and  moral  formation  of  the  children,  alcoholism  should  step  in 
and  compromise  the  result.  It  is  therefore  important  that  the  schol- 
ars should  be  warned  against  the  lurking  danger,  that  they  should 
be  inspired  with  the  fear  and  distrust  of  alcohol,  and  be  informed 
as  to  the  shameful  consequences  of  alcoholism." 

The  teachers  should  be  bound  to  discharge  towards  their  pupils 
this  duty,  which  is  not  merely  of  a  moral  nature,  but  which  verily 
is  of  a  public  national  character.  The  teaching  of  temperance  and 
antialcoholism  should  be  made  compulsory  in  every  school,  as  it  is 
in  some  countries  amongst  which  are  the  United  States  and  Canada. 
It  would  be  well  calculated  to  create  a  higher  standard  of  private 
and  public  morals  and  a  more  profound  patriotism.  Why  should  not 
temperance  find  its  place  in  the  curriculum?  It  is  much  more  im- 
portant, even  from  a  purely  business  standpoint,  than  arithmetic  or 
grammar. 

There  is  another  class  of  people  whose  support  I  would  crave  for 
our  cause,  because  they  are  all-powerful,  well-organized ;  they  mean 
well  and  constitute  the  m^ajority  in  any  nation  or  in  any  democracy ; 
I  mean  the  working  men. 

I  believe  temperance  is  on  the  program  of  every  labor  organiza- 
tion and  brotherhood.  Labor  is  well  aware  of  the  fact  that  there  is 
no  surer  way  to  stultify  a  man,  tread  him  down,  and  divest  him  of 
his  self-consciousness  than  alcoholism. 

\^andervelde.  the  famous  Belgian  labor  head,  has  said  in  a  book 
he  wrote  on  the  question  that  "alcohol  is  the  opium  of  the  prole- 
tariat." The  labor  leaders  all  over  the  world,  Burns,  Keir  Hardie, 
Guesde,  Jouhaux,  Gompers  and  others,  hold  the  same  view. 

I  believe  that  if  the  labor  organizations  were  to  declare  war  on 
alcoholism — though  I  am  free  to  admat  that  the  working  men  are 
just  as  temperate  a  class  as  there  is — the  day  would  not  be  far  dis- 
tant v\hen  the  conditions  governing  labor  would  be  adjusted  along 
lines  of  true  social  justice;  that  is,  a  more  judicious  distribution  of 
the  public  wealth. 

I  said  a  moment  ago  that  I  relied  more  on  the  action  of  the  peo- 
ple than  of  the  Government,  although  I  must  say  that  there  are  cer- 
tain reforms  which  should  be  brought  about  through  legislation. 
Does  it  not  strike  you  as  inconsistent  that  governments  should  sub- 
sidize— and  properly  so — associations  aiming  at  suppressing  the 
white  plague  and  yet  display  so  little  interest  towards  wiping  out 
alcoholism  which  is  the  chief  purveyor  of  hospitals  and  sanatoria? 
Governments  should  devote  large  sums  of  money  for  the  pursuit  of 
a  campaign  of  education  on  temperance. 

Amongst  the  means  or  plans  devised  to  suppress  the  evil  is  one 
which  strikes  me  favorably  as  it  appeals  to  humail  nature,  and  such 
an  appeal  is  l^ound  to  be  heeded.  The  legislator  in  every  country 
has  reformed  morals  chiefly  through  penalizing  the  offenders.  That 
system  is  based  on  the  fear  of  punishment  rather  than  of  the  love  of 

361 


virtue.  It  has  not  modified  towards  good  the  inner  nature  of  man. 
A  full  measure  of  justice  would  consist  not  only  in  punishing  crime, 
but  as  well  in  rewarding  virtue,  in  rewarding  the  sober  man.  Would 
it  not  be  worth  while  to  try  the  experiment  as  regards  alcoholism 
by  rewarding  those  who  abstain  from  drink.  In  other  words,  instead 
of  trying  to  make  virtue  compulsory,  make  it  profitable,  and  infuse 
enthusiasm  in  the  hearts  of  the  temperate  man  or  of  the  abstainer. 

Personal  interest  is  the  great  prompting  motive  of  human  actions. 
Let  us  therefore  use  or  exploit  that  feature  of  human  nature. 

Let  us  create  another  incentive  of  morality,  let  us  place  a  prize 
on  temperance  by  giving,  for  instance,  a  higher  wage  or  a  bonus  to 
salaried  men  who  are  total  abstainers. 

As  a  rule,  I  am  averse  to  discriminating  between  men  engaged  in 
the  same  class  of  work  and  performing  the  same  duties,  but  if  such 
discrimination  is  based  on  grounds  of  efficiency  and  public  safety, 
the  principle  is  no  longer  objectionable. 

The  same  system  could  carry  in  the  army  and  navy.  Alcohol  is 
fatal  to  discipline ;  it  weakens  the  men,  lessens  the  endurance  and 
energy-  and  shatters  their  nervous  system.  Most  mutinies  can  be 
traced  dowai  to  drink. 

We  could  profitably  apply  the  same  principle  to  railway  em- 
ployees, bank  clerks,  public  officials,  and  in  fact  to  every  class  of  em- 
ployment, menial  or  otherwise. 

This  great  country  is  replete  with  wealthy  philanthropists,  and 
if  I  W'Cre  one  of  them  I  would  rather  spend  a  few  millions  in  found- 
ing temperance  prizes  than  in  building  sanatoria  for  alcoholized  peo- 
ple or  degenerate  children  of  drunkards.  An  ounce  of  prevention  is 
ahvays  worth  a  pound  of  cure,  despite  the  high  cost  of  living!  That 
man  would  be  hailed  as  a  benefactor  of  humanity  to  a  greater  ex- 
tent than  Nobel,  Montyon,  Rockefeller.  Carnegie,  and  the  other 
noted  men  who  established  such  foundations. 

To  serve  a  similar  purpose  and  using  the  same  incentive,  great 
national,  or  even  international  contests  could  be  instituted,  inviting 
people  to  compete  for  the  greatest  drama  based  on  the  great  social 
cjuestion  of  alcoholism;  the  best  film  on  the  same  subject;  the  most 
appropriate  manual  on  alcoholism  for  school  use ;  the  most  artistic 
painting  or  drawing  portraying  the  moral  and  physical  degeneracy 
caused  by  drink,  etc. 

I  spoke  of  infusing  enthusiasm  in  the  minds  and  hearts  of  chil- 
dren of  the  people.  Therefore,  those  who  can  write  should  write, 
those  who  can  speak  should  speak,  in  order  that  the  people  at  large 
should  remove  from  their  minds  the  prejudice  against  temperance 
or  Prohibition.  They  should  not  be  afraid  to  be  called  "cranky"  or 
"the  drys,"  and  they  should,  by  the  hundreds  and  thousands,  turn 
out  in  patriotic  processions  or  national  demonstrations  with  their 
temperance  regalias  and  medals.     It  would  be  a  great  spectacle  be- 

362 


cause  it  would  be  a  procession  impersonating  health,  good  conduct 
and  love  of  family  and  country. 

I  shall  close  my  remarks  by  quoting  a  verse  sung  at  the  pageant : 
"O  God,  our  help  in  ages  past,  our  hope  in  years  to  come !"  Sub- 
stituting the  word  "temperance,"  I  shall  say :  "O  Temperance,  our 
help  in  the  present  age,  our  national  and  religious  hope  in  years  to 
come !" 

I  see.  decorating  these  walls,  the  American  flag,  the  glorious  Stars 
and  Stripes  which  can  not  fail  to  enthuse  the  hearts  and  souls  of  the 
people  of  this  great  country.  Yet,  I  can  feel  a  still  more  inspiring 
stimulus  animating  this  cosmopolitan  gathering;  I  can  see,  with  my 
mind's  eye,  hovering  over  this  Congress  as  a  tutelar  divinity,  the 
very  spirit  of  the  Founder  of  the  American  Republic,  whose  name  is 
spoken  with  profound  veneration  in  all  civilized  countries,  Wash- 
ington the  Great,  who  knew  so  well  that  temperance  spells  liberty ; 
Washington,  the  immortal  liberator,  whose  magnificent  monument 
impressed  me  so  deeply  this  morning,  that  I  came  near  kneeling 
down  and  invoking  his  intercession  from  above  that  he  may  enlighten 
our  deliberations  so  that  they  yield  abundant  fruit  and  that  all  of 
humanity  may  be  emancipated  from  the  shackles  of  alcoholism. 

Mr.  Chairman,  this  visit  of  mine  in  America  will  be  one  of  the 
best  remembered  souvenirs  in  my  life!  And  always  I  shall  feel 
grateful  to  you,  Mr.  President,  and  to  the  American  nation,  for  what 
we  learned.  We  shall  leave  here  with  a  a  car-load  of  learning ;  and  I 
hope  that  the  customs  officer  won't  trouble  me  at  the  line  when  I 
pass  through. 

I  repeat  my  thanks  that  come  from  the  bottom  of  my  heart,  and 
that  come  from  the  heart  of  the  Canadian  nation,  which  is  the  neigh- 
bor nation  of  the  American  nation,  and  I  propose  a  standing  vote  of 
the  visitors  to  the  Congress. 

Mr.  THOMAS  REA  (of  Scotland)  :  Mr.  President,  Ladies,  and 
Gentlemen:  I  am  sure  it  would  be  presumption  on  my  part  to  add 
anything  to  the  admirable  words  spoken  by  Sir  Franqois  Lemieux, 
but  he  has  asked  me,  as  coming  from  that  far-away  island  that  is 
sometimes  forgotten,  even  by  our  friends  in  England,  because  when 
they  say  "England,"  they  sometimes  forget  Scotland ;  when  they  say 
"Great  Britain"  they  sometimes  say  that  Scotland  can  be  left  out.  I 
want  you  to  understand  that  it's  exactly  the  reverse  of  that.  When 
they  say  "England,"  Scotland  is  out;  when  they  say  "Great  Britain," 
Scotland  is  in.  But,  coming  from  Scotland,  I  say  it  is  particularly 
appropriate,  I  think,  that  I  should  be  asked  fron\  a  national  stand- 
])oint,  and  not  from  a  personal  sense,  to  second  this  motion  because 
this  year  in  Scotland  I  hope,  I  prophesy,  we  are  to  reap  the  fruits — 
some  of  the  first  fruits  of  these  conferences,  which  have  gone  on  for 
years;  and  T  take  this  oi)portunity  of  thanking  not  only  the  mcml)cr«i 

363 


of  the  committee  of  this  Congress,  but  all  the  members  who  have  at- 
tended these  Congresses,  and  made  them  so  important  as  they  are  in- 
ternationally, and,  as  we  are  to  reap  the  fruits  of  that  within  a  very 
few  weeks,  I  therefore  have  the  greatest  pleasure  in  seconding  Sir 
Francois  Lemieux's  motion  for  a  standing  vote  of  all  the  visitinsj 
delegates. 

[The  visitor^-  to  the  Congress  rose,  and  the  vote  was  carried.] 

The  CHiVIRMAN :  In  reply  to  this  resolution,  and  on  behalf 
of  the  American  nation  I  think  I  can  say,  for  in  these  matters  we 
have  represented  the  Department  of  State — speaking  for  the  American 
nation,  and  on  behalf  of  our  American  Executive  Committee,  I  want 
to  say  to  Sir  Frangois  Lemieux  and  Mr.  Rea  and  our  friends  from 
other  countries,  —  I  dislike  to  say  "Foreign  countries"  for  we  are  get- 
ting a  little  closer  together  all  over  the  world,  —  our  friends  from  over- 
seas, and  from  existing  border  lines  north  and  south,  that  it  has  given 
us  unbounded  pleasure,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  there  has  been 
some  tremendously  intensive  work  required  during  the  past  three  months, 
it  has  given  us  unbounded  pleasure  to  complete  the  arrangements  for  the 
holding  of  this  Congress  in  America,  and  to  welcome  you  as  our  guest? 
upon  this  occasion. 

We  are  pleased  to  believe,  from  what  you  have  been  so  generous  as 
to  say,  that  your  stay  has  been  pleasant  thus  far.  We  hope  it  will  be 
pleasant  to  the  end,  and  that  you  will  return  to  your  homes,  for  the  re- 
sumption of  your  great  service  to  humanity  in  this  cause,  with  nothing 
but  pleasant  recollections  of  America,  and  our  devotion  to  the  cause  of 
humanity  in  this  land.  If  we  have  been  able  to  contribute  in  any  wise 
in  the  Congress,  or  by  reason  of  what  America  has  been  privileged  to 
do  in  the  success  or  toward  the  success  of  the  movement  against  alcohol- 
ism in  your  lands,  we  shall  have  been  amply  repaid  for  all  the  effort 
which  has  been  spent.  It's  a  great  pleasure  for  all  of  us  Americans  to 
have  you  here.  We  welcome  you.  We  bid  you  God-speed,  and  we  wish 
you  the  largest  measure  of  success  in  your  work  in  your  home  lands. 
and  trust  that  we  may  all  together,  in  the  comparatively  near  future,  re- 
joice in  the  redemption  of  the  world  from  the  evils  of  drink. 

Dr.  barton  :  Mr.  Chairman,  would  it  be  in  order  for  us  to 
move  a  rising  vote  of  the  American  delegates  to  express  our  approval 
of  and  concurrence  in  the  words  of  the  Chairman  in  response? 

The  chairman  :     I  should  be  very  glad  to  have  that  done. 

[The  American  delegates  rose  accordingly] 

The  chairman  :  I  think  I  see  every  American  standing.  So 
you  can  consider  the  remarks  of  the  Chairman  as  expressing  the  unani- 
mous sentiment  of  the  American  delegates  to  the  Congress. 

I  have  great  pleasure  at  this  time  in  introducing,  for  a  few  words. 

.S64 


Seiior  Carlos  Gibson,  the  First  Secretary  of  the  Peruvian  Embassy  at 
Washington,  as  the  delegate  from  Peru.  Senor  Gibson  was  not  here 
on  Tuesday  morning. 

RESPONSE 
By  Senor  CARLOS  GIBSON 

FIRST   SECRETARY   OF   THE    PERUVIAN    EMBASSY   AT    WASHINGTON 

Air.  Chairman,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen :  Honored  with  the  official 
representation  of  my  Government  to  the  Fifteenth  International  Con- 
gress Against  Alcoholism,  I  greet  you  in  the  name  of  my  country  as 
the  precursors  of  a  new,  healthy,  and  regenerated  humanity.  To  com- 
bat the  ravages  produced  by  alcohol  is  to  undertake  an  arduous  task 
of  social  prophylaxis  and  of  human  hygiene;  is  to  prepare  for  a  new 
generation  of  men  redeemed  from  vice  and  of  vigorous,  grand,  and 
noble  people. 

Four  centuries  ago  a  powerful  kingdom  arose  in  Peru,  a  secular 
civilization,  an  intelligent  and  virile  race  which  extended  its  dominion 
and  spirit  over  all  South  America.  To-day  it  has  almost  entirely  disap- 
peared, destroyed  by  alcohol.  From  the  eleven  million  inhabitants  which 
composed  the  empire  of  the  Incas  there  remain  scarcely  two  million  five 
hundred  thousand.  Two  elements  have  destroyed  them,  the  lash  and 
poison.  In  its  colonization  it  became  the  victim  of  conquest ;  as  a  repub- 
lic, a  victim  of  the  poison  which  debilitates  and  kills.  And  yet,  actually, 
the  native  element  forms  50  per  cent  of  the  national  population,  not,  only 
as  an  ethnical  factor,  but  also  as  a  productive  potentiality ;  it  works  the 
mines,  cultivates  the  soil,  and  weaves  in  the  factories,  is  the  shepherd  in 
the  fields  and  the  tradesman  in  the  cities,  is  the  day-laborer  and  the 
%rtizan. 

The  Indian,  during  the  viceroyship,  uncovered  the  treasures  hidden 
in  our  land,  molded  our  industries,  and  conveyed  to  the  metropolis  the 
fruits  of  his  labor;  it  was  he  who  pitifully  exhausted  himself  in  the 
bowels  of  the  earth  under  the  cruel  regime  of  the  mitas  which  compelled 
the  Indian  to  work  by  turn  in  the  mines  and  the  manufactories,  and  sup- 
ported the  national  treasury  by  his  tributes  and  his  quiiitos  rcales  or  one 
fifth  to  the  royal  treasury.  In  the  course  of  centuries  he  has  not  lost 
his  capableness.  The  Indian  incorporated  in  the  Peruvian  nationality  is 
an  excellent  factor  of  progress.  The  only  difference  is  that  he  has 
stopped  being  a  contributor,  he  is  withdrawn  from  the  taxation  for  the 
simple  reason  that,  having  been  despoiled  of  his  property,  he  no  longer 
possesses  any ;  and,  his  necessities  being  limited,  he  no  longer  consumes. 
He  is  a  person  frugal  to  the  point  of  excellence,  is  clothed  with  the  wool 
which  he  himself  has  woven,  is  nourished  with  the  corn  and  potatoes 
which  he  himself  has  activated,  and  resists  the  fatigues  of  labor  with 
the  "coca"  which  gives  him  an  unbelievable  endurance.  The  only  tax 
he  pays  to  the  Government  is  that  levied  on  alcohol,  because  alcohol  is 
the  only  article  he  consumes  and  from  which  he  derives  his  greatest 
pleasure.     Alcohol  is  alike  the  means  of  his  participating  as  a  citizen  in 

365 


the  support  of  the  obhgations  of  the  state,  the  distinguishing  feature  of 
his  nationahty,  and  the  stigma  of  his  degeneration. 

What  has  Peru  done  to  counteract  this  evil?  It  has  not  yet  been 
feasible  to  prohibit  the  sale  of  liquors.  Remember  that  even  here  the 
State  of  Maine  was  the  only  one  of  the  American  Union  which  was  able 
to  make  eftective  the  Prohibition  law  since  1851.  It  being  impossible, 
therefore,  to  attack  the  disease  at  its  root  by  absolutely  prohibiting  the 
poison  in  a  territory  as  wide  and  extensive  as  ours,  which  has  an  abund- 
ance of  grains,  vegetables,  grapes,  sugarcane  and  other  prime  ingredients 
which  produce  it,  and  which  are  in  turn  sources  of  other  great  national 
industries,  an  active,  systematic  and  methodical  propaganda  was  or- 
ganized. 

In  1896  the  evangelists  who  had  come  to  Peru  began  the  antialcoholic 
campaign  in  Lima,  Arequipa,  Puno,  Cuzco,  Huancavelica  and  other  cities. 
The  results  of  their  efforts  were  the  founding  of  the  Liga  Porvenir  del 
Peru  and  the  Ep worth  League  of  Callao,  destined  to  prepare  the  path  for 
temperance  which,  as  your  grand  Benjamin  Franklin  said,  "puts  fuel 
in  the  home,  meat  and  bread  in  the  pocket,  credit  in  the  town,  intelligence 
in  the  brain,  and  energy  in  the  soul." 

These  evangelists  were  seconded  by  the  national  element.  In  1903  the 
League  for  Anti-Alcoholic  Propaganda  was  established,  although  short 
lived,  in  1912  the  National  League  of  Temperance,  represented  here  by 
its  delegate  and  secretary  the  Rev.  Ruperto  Algorta,  and  in  1914,  the 
■"Children's  League  of  Temperance,"  whose  meaning  I  defend  from  being 
inadequate,  because  saving  the  children  of  to-day  is  to  save  the  men  of 
to-morrow. 

Soon  afterwards  the  institutions  of  the  State  took  up  the  movement^ 
In  1901  the  municipal  council  of  Lima  convoked  an  assembly  to  draft 
an  antialcoholic  law  for  the  country.  Two  reasons  determined  this 
course,  the  rapid  increase  in  the  production  of  alcohol,  which  carried  with 
it  a  like  increase  of  crime,  and  the  duty  which  that  corporation  ascribed 
to  the  towns  of  the  Republic  for  organizing  an  immediate  campaign 
against  this  threatening  danger.  The  most  notable  of  the  propositions 
submitted  was  that  of  the  eminent  scientist,  Dr.  Manuel  O.  Tamayo.  now 
lost  to  the  countr}-.  Unfortunately  this  reform  could  not  be  carried  into 
practise.  In  1903  a  National  Antialcoholic  convention  was  convened, 
with  delegates  from  the  municipalities,  universities,  clergy.  Institute  of 
Hygiene,  the  Chemical  Laboratory,  Superior  Council  of  Public  Instruc- 
tion, and  other  national  institutions.  I  will  not  forget  to  mention  the 
work  in  this  line  of  the  Fifth  Latin-American  Medical  Congress,  which 
met  in  Lima  in  1913. 

On  its  own  part,  the  State  in  1885,  for  the  first  time,  imposed  a  tax 
on  liquors,  and  in  1896  established  the  company  empowered  to  collect 
the  tax  and  to  regulate  the  consumption  of  the  alcohol.  This  tax,  there- 
fore, has  been  in  existence  for  thirty-five  years,  and  although  it  has  been 
progressively  raised  the  results  have  been  ineffective.  In  Peru  it  was 
always  thus,  the  greater  the  tax  the  greater  the  contraband.     The  coii- 

366 


sumption  has  not  been  in  any  way  diminished,  but  the  fraud  has  in- 
creased. In  thirteen  years,  according  to  statistics,  while  the  tax  was 
raised  from  two  cents  to  twenty-two  and  a  half  cents  per  liter,  the  contra- 
band increased  five-fold. 

We  are  reaching  the  last  stage  of  a  healthful  national  evolution.  In 
the  year  1917  the  Congress  of  the  Republic  passed  a  law  prohibiting  the 
sale  and  consumption  of  alcoholic  beverages  on  Saturdays  and  Sundays, 
on  which  days,  the  people,  especially  the  natives,  freed  from  work,  gave 
themselves  up  to  dissipation  and  drunkenness.  Up  to  that  time  it  was 
restricted  by  mere  government  regulations  at  the  central  mines  of  Cerro 
de  Pasco  and  Morococha  belonging  to  the  influential  American  enterprises 
the  Cerro  de  Pasco  Copper  Corporation  and  Morococha  Mining  Com- 
pany, and  to  the  agricultural  center  of  Chanchamayo.  To-day  it  is  the 
law  for  the  whole  nation.  An  extension  of  this  law  has  just  been  passed, 
a  radical  measure,  because  it  even  prohibits  the  use  of  beverages  con- 
taining a  low  percentage  of  alcohol,  as  chicha,  produced  by  the  fer- 
mentation of  corn,  which  used  to  be  the  national  beverage  of  the  people. 

The  latest  act  of  great  importance  in  Peru  is  the  one  which  makes 
antialcoholic  teaching  obligatory  for  our  fiscal  schools  by  decree  of  the 
Government  (1913),  and  which  now  we  are  trying  to  extend  from  the 
child  to  the  adult,  from  the  primary  school  to  the  universities  and  pro- 
fessional centers,  from  the  humble  workshop  to  the  great  industrial 
seats.  The  example  has  been  given  to  us  by  this  great  Democracy.  In 
1882  none  of  the  States  of  the  American  Union  had  antialcoholic  in- 
struction; in  1902,  all  with  indisputable  uniformity  had  implanted  it  by 
law  as  an  obligatory  subject. 

Along  the  path  opened  by  the  great  nations,  led  by  the  United  States, 
private  initiative  first  prepared  public  opinion  in  Peru  from  which  has 
come  the  law  to  crystallize  in  an  imperative  formula  the  su]M-eme  necessity 
of  temperance.  Private  work  has  been  done  by  societies  like  the  Tem- 
perance Society,  and  later  it  was  taken  up  by  institutions  such  as  the 
municipality,  the  university,  the  school,  the  army  and  the  navy,  which 
have  applied  it,  owing  to  the  example  given  by  the  allied  troops  dur- 
ing the  great  war;  and  finally  the  State,  thanks  to  the  law,  has  come  to 
protect  the  public  health.  At  present  it  is  the  national  desire  to  com- 
plete our  antialcoholic  legislation  in  order  to  save  the  people  of  Peru 
and  to  restore  her  historic  race  and  her  glorious  traditions. 

It  will  be  the  greatest  triumph  if  we  may  encompass  this  ideal,  due 
to  the  beneficent  work  of  this  Congress,  from  which  we  hope  to  derive 
wise  counsel,  and  to  the  example  of  this  great  Republic  and  its  dis- 
tinguished Government  under  whose  auspices  this  Congress  is  celebrated, 
and  which  I  am  honored  to  salute  in  the  name  of  the  Government  which 
I  represent. 

The  CHAIRMAN:  I  am  very  glad  at  this  time  to  introduce  the 
official  representative  from  Venezuela.  The  Venezuelan  Government  has 
regarded  this  Congress  as  of  sufficient  importance  to  send  here  an  official 

367 


delegate  with  the  special  rank  of  Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Mini>tcK 
Plenipotentiary,  and  I  have  great  pleasure  in  introducing  Seiior  Dr. 
Rafael  Requena,  of  \  enezuela. 

ADDRESS 
Bv  Dr.  RAFAEL  REQUEXA 
MINISTER  FROM   VENEZUELA 

Mr.  Chairman,  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen :  I  desire  to  state  to  thi.s- 
Congress  that  \'enezuela,  the  country  I  have  the  honor  to  represent,, 
has  also  taken  an  active  part  in  the  modern  crusade  against  alcoholism,, 
and  that  the  Government  as  well  as  the  scientific  men  of  my  country 
have  taken  the  greatest  interest  in  carrying  on  this  beneficent  social 
struggle  against  alcoholism. 

I  shall  only  mention  in  this  connection  an  Act  of  the  \'enezuelan 
Congress  of  June  25,  1910,  approved  by  President  Gomez,  directing  all 
colleges  and  national  or  federal  schools  to  give  a  course  in  temperance 
instruction  suited  to  the  different  grades.  This  class  is  compulsor}'  for 
all  students,  and  is  given  by  means  of  objective  lessons,  especially  as  re- 
gards the  causes  and  effects  of  alcoholism  in  mankind,  in  the  family,  and 
in  society.  There  are  text  books  used  in  inculcating  in  the  new  genera- 
tion the  habit  of  temperance.  In  the  Schools  of  Arts  and  Trades,  as 
well  as  in  the  military  and  naval  schools,  and  in  the  School  of  Fine  Arts, 
also,  regular  instruction  of  antialcoholic  character  is  given. 

I  take  special  pleasure  in  presenting  to  this  Congress  for  its  library  a 
copy  of  the  official  text  book  approved  by  the  Ministrj-  of  Public  In- 
struction, which  is  used  in  the  educational  institutions  of  the  country. 

Women  are  given  the  same  instruction  in  this  important  topic  that 
is  given  to  men.  and  the  principals  or  teachers  of  the  municipal  and 
federal  institutions  not  complying  with  the  provision  of  the  act  provid- 
ing for  antialcoholic  education,  are  forthwith  dismissed  from  the  service. 

In  this  connection  I  cannot  fail  to  mention  the  name  of  Dr.  Luis 
Razetti.  who  has  been  the  standard-bearer  in  this  great  movement.  Dr. 
Razetti  has  published  several  books  on  the  subject  of  temperance,  and 
it  is  my  privilege  to  present  to  the  Congress  for  its  library  a  copy  of  "La 
Cruzada  Moderna."  by  that  prominent  Venezuelan  professor. 

\'enezuela  can  not  at  the  present  moment  enact  strict  prohibition 
laws,  for  several  reasons  that  I  do  not  think  it  necessary  to  discuss  here ; 
but  there  is  no  doubt  that,  in  view  of  the  antialcoholic  campais^n  that  is 
being  carried  on  in  the  country,  in  which  the  Government  takes  decided 
interest,  it  will  not  be  very  long  before  Prohibition  will  be  finally  estab- 
lished in  Venezuela. 

As  regards  the  evils  of  alcohol  in  the  human  body.  I  myself  have  had 
occasion  to  note  its  effects,  in  my  professional  work.  Without  going 
into  details.  I  may  state,  from  my  personal  observation,  that  alcohol  plays 
a  most  important  part  in  cases  of  malaria.  I  am  of  the  opinion  that 
alcohol  is  as  important  in  the  pathogeny  of  malarial  fever  as  the  mosquito, 
which  is  the  carrier  of  the  malaria-producing  germ. 

368 


i  would  like  to  make  a  more  extended  statement  in  this  connection, 
but  as  our  time  is  short.  I  will  merely  state  the  fact,  leaving  for  another 
time  a  more  extended  discussion  of  this  topic. 

The  CHAIRMAN:  We  are  a  little  late.  I  am  sure  that  Dr. 
Stockard  will  pardon  us,  because  we  had  some  things  that  had  to  be 
done;  but  we  will  catch  up  with  our  program,  I  think,  before  we  get 
through.  I  have  very  great  pleasure  indeed  in  presenting  to  the  Con- 
gress Dr.  Charles  R.  Stockard,  of  the  Cornell  IMedical  College,  who 
will  speak  to  us  on  the  "Latest  Scientific  Investigation  in  America  of 
the  Action  of  Alcohol." 

LATEST    SCIENTIFIC    INVESTIGATION   IN   AMERICA   OF 
THE  ACTION  OF  ALCOHOL 

By  Dr.  CHARLES  R.  .STOCKARD 

OF   CORNELL   UNIVERSITY   MEDICAL   SCHOOL 

Ladies  and  Gentlemen :  I  merely  want  to  state,  or  report,  the 
findings  of  the  long  series  of  experiments  on  the  effect  of  alcohol  on 
the  developing  embryo  and  on  the  progeny  of  animals  that  were  treated 
with  alcohol.  These  experiments  have  all  been  done  in  the  regular  con- 
trol of  the  patient.  In  the  case  of  animals  the  entire  situation  can  be 
very  well  controlled,  and  the  results  that  are  obtained  one  may  be  certain 
are  due  entirely  to  the  experimental  treatments  employed. 

Now,  in  the  first  place,  about  eleven  years  ago,  in  1909,  an  attempt 
was  made  to  determine  what  effect  alcohol  would  have  on  developing 
embryos,  and  I  took  the  case  of  fishes,  because  they  develop  outside  of 
the  body  of  the  parent,  and  they  can  be  subjected  to  any  kind  of  solu- 
tion that  any  one  would  like  to  use,  and  you  can  see  very  readily  and  at 
once  what  the  results  are.  If  such  eggs  are  taken  out  of  the  natural 
salt-water  environment  surrounding  them,  and  are  fertilized  and  al- 
lowed to  start  developing  in  other  surroundings  —  I  am  just  going  to  take 
this  matter  of  fish  eggs  as  an  example,  without  going  into  any  very  great 
amount  of  detail. 

These  eggs  are  taken  out.  as  I  said  before,  and  put  into  the  solution 
—  a  weak  solution  of  alcohol.  This  is  done  during  the  very  early  stages 
of  development  and  they  are  kept  there  for  maybe  two  or  three  days  and 
then  they  are  taken  back  and  put  in  ordinary  sea-water  for  the  rest  of 
the  period  of  incubation.  They  are  returned  to  the  ordinary  environ- 
ment and  then  they  are  carefully  observed.  The  alcohol  causes  them 
to  grow  more  slowly ;  they  take  a  longer  time  to  develop  than  they  would 
if  they  were  not  treated  with  alcohol  or  some  other  chemical,  and  the 
result  is,  of  course,  that  when  they  grow  so  slowly  they  don't  reach 
the  full  stage  of  development  of  their  structure  and  you  would  be  sur- 
prised at  the  amazing  results  you  can  produce.  You  can  make  all  kinds 
of  monstrosities  that  way.  You  can  cause  them  to  develop  with  a  single 
long,  tubular  brain,  so  that  it  resembles  the  upper  end  of  the  spinal  cord. 

369 


Yon  can  not  only  do  that,  but  by  waiting  to  a  little  later  stage  to  apply 
your  alcohol  you  can  produce  all  known  deformities  and  defects  of  the 
eyes.  You  can  produce  one  which  is  positively  blind,  having  no  eyes 
at  all,  or  you  can  produce  one  which  has  a  single  eye  right  in  the  middle 
of  its  forehead,  like  the  old  Cyclops  you  read  about  in  Greek  mythology. 
Anopsia  cyclopia  we  call  that  condition.  That  is  what  we  call  them, 
when  they  have  only  one  eye  like  that.  Or,  you  can  produce  one  which 
will  have  one  eye  which  is  apparently  all  right,  and  the  other  eye  of 
which  is  very  imperfectly  and  rudimentarily  developed,  or  else  absent 
entirely.     That  is  another  form. 

Then,  too,  you  can  suppress  the  development  of  the  ears,  or  you  can, 
in  fact,  eliminate  practically  .any  organ  in  the  body  which  you  see  fit,  if 
you  once  have  the  system  down  so  that  you  understand  it.  But  you  have 
got  to  know  just  exactly  when  to  apply  this  arrest  of  the  development. 
These  things  can  be  produced  in  that  way.  Here  is  one  point  I  want 
clear,  though,  and  that  is  that  I  am  merely  mentioning  alcohol  as  a  stand- 
ard of  comparison  and  as  having  merely  a  secondary  consideration  or 
significance,  because  you  can  get  practically  the  same  results  with  any 
chemical  you  use.  Common  salt  would  do  it,  for  instance,  or  sugar, 
or  anything  you  have  on  the  table.  I  am  therefore  merely  stating  these 
facts  as  the  results  of  my  observations.  I  am  not  placing  any  interpreta- 
tion upon  these  facts  at  all,  just  because  it  is  produced  by  means  of 
alcohol,  for  I  am  not  talking  any  kind  of  propaganda  whatever. 

I  can't  do  that  because  I  am  here  for  the  purpose  of  giving  you 
positive  facts  regarding  what  I  know  about  it.  You  see  that  while  it  is 
true  that  you  can  make  all  these  monsters,  and  many  more  that  I  have  not 
mentioned,  with  the  agency  of  alcohol,  yet  }-ou  can,  if  familiar  with  the 
process,  take  common  salt,  or  sugar,  or  vinegar,  and  apply  it  to  these 
eggs,  and  the  results  obtained  are  just  the  same.  There  is  absolutely  no 
difiference.     It  tends  to  obstruct  the  development  of  the  body  in  the  egg 

—  and  so  does  magnesia. 

All  these  actions  and  effects  are  due  to  chemical  action  of  some  kind 

—  generally  an  obstruction.  I  have  used  over  a  hundred  different 
chemicals  in  my  experiments,  and  the  result  has  been  the  same  for  each 
chemical,  whenever  we  placed  them  under  proper  conditions.  Those 
proper  conditions  are  just  the  secret  of  the  whole  business,  because  when 
we  are  conducting  these  experiments  we  take  these  eggs  and  put  them 
in  a  place  where  the  rate  of  oxidation  will  be  lowered,  during  this  period 
of  chemical  action — thus,  in  its  turn  lowering  the  rate  of  metabolism. 
Bad  metabolism  means  poor  oxidation,  and  poor  oxidation  means  bad 
metabolism.  We  are  just  like  an  engine.  We  are  burning  stuff  all  the 
time.  Starting  in,  the  egg  is  one  of  the  best  engines  in  the  world ;  then. 
the  infant  is  quite  a  good  engine;  and  then,  as  w-e  go  on  through  life. 
we  gradually  grow  slower,  and  slower,  and  slower,  until,  finally,  we  stop 
altogether,  and  die.  The  fishes'  rate  of  metabolism  in  the  egg  is  even 
higher  than  that  of  man.  and  if  you  arrest  the  metabolism  of  these  fishes, 
if  you  slow  down  that  engine,  the  egg,  you  get  these  bad  eifects  of  im- 

370 


perfectly  developed  creatures.  The  type  of  defect  or  the  kind  of  monster 
that  you  get  depends  upon  the  time  of  development  at  which  you  slow 
down  this  rate  of  development.  If  you  produce  this  halt  very  early  in 
the  formative  stage,  you  produce  a  double  monster  or  twin.  A  twin  is 
the  same  kind  of  a  result  as  a  double  monster,  except  that  the  twin  sepa- 
rates from  its  fellow.  But  as  far  as  producing  a  twin  is  concerned,  a 
twin  is  produced  by  the  same  modus  operandi,  or  method  of  procedure, 
as  a  double  monster.  A  twin  is  the  result  of  two  germs  becoming  united 
in  the  same  egg,  and  if  they  produce  only  one  embryo  that  embryo  is  a 
double  monster.    Or,  I  can  make  one  egg  produce  two  or  three  fishes. 

The  whole  thing  is  based  on  the  mode  of  operation  ;  the  way  of  doing 
it.  In  this  connection  let  me  say  to  you  that  alcohol  is  only  one  of  hun- 
dreds of  chemicals  which  tend  to  anesthetize  the  developing  individual 
in  the  egg,  and  lower  that  individual's  vitality.  Of  course,  it  would  be 
hard  to  carry  on  these  experiments  on  the  human  subject,  because  in  that 
case,  in  order  to  fill  the  amniotic  fluids,  which  surround  the  embryo,  wuth 
alcohol,  and  to  pierce  the  uterine  membranes,  so  as  to  affect  the  embryo, 
you  would  have  to  give  a  considerably  larger  amount  of  alcohol  than  in 
these  fishes.  —  a  dose,  which  would,  I  am  afraid,  almost  surely  be  toxic, 
so  that  your  subject  might  die  of  acute  alcoholic  poisoning.  I  would  be 
entirely  wrong  if  I  were  to  lead  you  to  believe  that  alcohol  would  have 
the  same  effect,  as  far  as  anything  of  which  I  know  is  concerned,  upon 
the  human  species. 

I  would  not  want  to  say  for  sure  that  it  would  do  anything  of  the 
kind  at  all,  for  the  human  blood  would  be  a  rather  difficult  medium  to 
transmit  the  alcohol.  It  would  take  a  proportionately  larger  amount  of 
alcohol  than  it  would  in  the  case  of  the  animals;  and  I  will  say  that  no 
old  "toper."  I  don't  care  how  much  he  can  stand,  could  possibly  stand 
that  much  alcohol  at  one  dose.  It  would  kill  him  dead  as  a  stone.  If 
he  takes  that  much  he  dies  of  acute  alcoholic  poisoning.  His  heart  won't 
pump  nor  function  under  that  amount  of  poison.  In  the  case  of  the 
lower  animals,  you  can  do  it  with  sugar,  or  salt,  or  anything  of  the  kind 
which  you  have  a  mind  to  use.  and  you  could  probably  do  the  same  with 
a  human  being  if  that  human  being  could  stand  it  to  get  that  much  of 
your  chemical  into  his  or  her  system.  These  are  merely  set  down  as  the 
results  of  my  experiments  on  animals,  and  they  could  not  possibly  be 
attributed  as  having  the  same  effect  on  human  beings.  I  have  no  re- 
sponsibility for  that  fact,  of  course,  that  they  can  not  be  directly  inter- 
preted as  affecting  human  beings. 

Xow,  in  order  to  determine  what  amount  of  alcohol  would  be 
necessary  in  order  to  affect  the  egg  within  the  mother's  body,  which 
would  be  the  case  with  the  human  being — in  man,  you  couldn't  use  this 
data  because  these  fishes'  eggs  don't  strictly  apply,  on  account  of  the 
fact  that  they  are  not  incubated  within  the  mother. 

So.  for  that  purpose  let  me  say  that  I  have  used  guinea-pigs  very 
successfully  in  my  experiments  with  alcohol,  which  approaches  the 
nearest  to  of  any  of  the  lower  animals  as  regards  tlic  re]>roduction  of 

371 


the  species.  I  tried  these  experiments  with  guinea-pigs  in  order  to 
determine  whether  or  not  I  could  successfully  effect  these  conditions  in 
man.  Guinea-pigs  are  ideal  experimental  animals.  1  hey  are  very 
easy  to  keep  under  the  ordinary  laboratory  conditions,  and  they  are 
cheaper  than  other  animals  and  more  or  less  easily  obtainable.  So,  in 
order  to  ^et  a  standard  of  results  on  which  to  base  my  experiments 
with  guinea-pigs,  I  obtained  a  large  number  of  them  and  subjected 
them  to  various  tests,  and  finally  to  the  special  treatment  which  I  shall 
describe  in  detail  to  you  in  a  minute.  Those  experiments  have  been 
going  on  now  for  about  11  years,  and  those  guinea-pigs  have  certainly 
been  worth  the  while,  and  worth  the  feed  it  cost  for  them. 

Our  experiments  are  now^  practically  proven  beyond  a  doubt,  and  we 
know  just  about  how  they  work  out.  The  results  are  very  interesting 
from  any  standpoint.  W'e  have  now  about  four  hundred  offspring  from 
the  original  guinea-pigs  and  we  have  found  a  great  many  interesting 
things ;  but  it  takes  a  lot  of  patience,  because  the  body  of  a  mammal  is 
a  most  complex  organism.  There  is  nothing  in  the  whole  world  more 
complex  than  a  human  body  from  a  physical-chemical  or  chemical- 
physical  viewpoint.  W'e  are  the  most  complex  things  going  around 
loose.  I  w^ant  to  illustrate  to  you  what  w^e  found  out.  We  found  out, 
in  the  first  place,  that  in  the  case  of  guinea-pigs,  it  is  worse  than  use- 
less to  try  to  give  it  by  the  stomach,  and  so  we  saturated  cotton  with 
alcohol  of  about  95  per  cent  proof  and  placed  this  cotton  in  a  tank  and 
left  it  there  until  the  whole  tank  was  saturated  with  the  alcohol.  Then 
we  took  these  guinea-pigs,  and  put  them  into  this  tank,  and  caused 
them  to  inhale  the  fumes  for  a  certain  length  of  time  each  day,  six  days 
a  week,  every  day  except  Sunday. 

As  soon  as  they  become  completely  intoxicated,  they  tumble  over, 
and  lose  their  muscle  coordination ;  in  fact,  they  are  really  pretty  drunk, 
just  like  men  you  used  to  see  on  the  street,  but  they  soon  recover  from 
the  effects  of  this  spree  and  are  all  right  again,  and  within  five  or  ten 
minutes  they  are  back  in  good  shape.  An  animal  can  be  treated  in  this 
manner  for  five  and  six  days  a  week  without  being  injured  in  any  degree, 
as  far  as  the  welfare  and  bodily  vigor  and  general  behavior  of  that 
animal,  go 

Then  there  is  another  consideration  which  this  brings  out.  A 
guinea  pig  grows  old  very  rapidly  in  the  matter  of  what  really  consti- 
tutes age.  A  guinea-pig  seven  years  old  is  in  reality  as  old  as  a  man 
of  ninety.  A  guinea-pig  seven  years  old  is  a  very  old.  decripit,  aged, 
individual.  And  so  you  take  a  guinea-pig  and  get  it  drunk  six  days  a 
W'Cek  w'ith  95-proof  alcohol,  for  seven  years,  it  represents  a  human  being 
being  intoxicated  almost  constantly  from  about  the  time  he  is  ten  years 
of  age  till  he  is  about  seventy.  This  treatment  is  a  little  strenuous.  The 
results  of  our  experiments  with  these  guinea  pigs  have  surprised  me. 
You  don't  often  meet  a  man.  even  of  a  class  who  is  not  held  in  very 
high  esteem,  who  gets  enough  alcohol  to  put  himself  in  that  condition. 

372 


and  have  it  last  for  any  such  a  length  of  time.  They  usually  consider  a 
man  is  awfully  lucky  if  he  gets  enough  to  get  drunk  once  a  week!  The 
male  side  of  the  species  is  always  the  crucial  test,  because  it  is  the  male 
who  fertilizes  the  egg.  The  egg  is  within  the  female,  and  he  does  the 
fertilizing.  If  a  mother  was  poisoned  with  alcohol  or  disease,  when  the 
egg  was  tertilized,  and  the  embryo  was  defective,  as  it  most  likely  would 
be,  you  couldn't  say  it  was  due  to  the  egg  having  been  injured  any  more 
than  that  the  environment  was  injurious,  or  say  that  the  egg  had  a  defect 
in  it  without  first  settling  the  fact  that  the  male  had  been  poisoned 
with  alcohol.  You  can  just  about  make  up  your  mind  that  the  only 
thing  which  carried  the  defect  wdthin  the  mother  was  a  defective  germ 
cell  or  spermatozoon,  which,  when  united  with  the  normal  female, 
causes  the  young  to  be  defective.  When  a  healthy  female  is  bred  or 
fertilized  by  a  defective  male,  as  happens  in  a  large  number  of  cases, 
the  result  is  that,  though  nothing  is  at  all  the  matter  with  her,  she 
gives  defective  offspring.  When  the  majority  of  these  oft'spring  are 
born,  if  they  are  not  born  dead,  or  aborted,  or  something  of  that  kind, 
they  are  either  afflicted  with  some  awful  and  constantly  increasing  ner- 
vous disorder,  or  they  have  paralysis  agitans,  so  that  they  tremble  and 
shake  all  over,  and  can't  live,  and  the  mortality  with  such  young  is 
very  high.  The  young  often  shake  to  such  a  degree  that  they  can't  take 
nourishment  from  their  mother,  and  thus  often  starve  to  death. 

Then,  too,  some  of  them  are  born,  like  the  fishes  of  which  I  spoke, 
without  eyes,  or  with  brains  degenerated  or  defective,  or  even  some- 
times absent,  and  you  get  this  same  kind  of  results  as  through  direct 
treatment  of  the  eggs  of  the  fishes,  and  you  get  them  through  the  male. 
That  is  how  people  run  as  a  genetic  or  eugenic  problem.  You  often 
find  that  the  male  is  the  dominant  factor;  when  you  take  the  human 
race  as  a  whole,  with  a  blue-eyed  mother  and  a  black-eyed  father,  the 
children  will  most  likely  all  have  black  eyes,  and  with  a  blue-eyed 
fatlicr  and  a  black-eyed  mother,  they  are  apt  to  have  black  or  gray 
eyes.  The  offspring  tends  to  inherit  the  characteristics  of  the  more 
potent  factor.  It  is  the  degree  of  pigmentation  in  the  eye  that  counts. 
We  can  predict  exactly  how  many  blue-eyed  and  how  many  brown- 
eyed  children  there  will  l)c  in  the  third  generation.  Those  things  follow 
regular  lines. 

The  effect  is  not  the  same  at  all  with  the  guinea-pigs.  You  don't 
turn  a  red  guinea-pig  into  a  black  one,  or  anything  like  that;  but  if  you 
modify  the  egg  by  the  use  of  this  alcohol,  you  find  out  that  you  get 
these  same  results  as  you  did  with  these  fishes,  just  by  modifying  the 
germ  cell  in  the  first  place.  You  modify  the  whole  result  that  way. 
Rv  the  use  of  alcohol  you  modify  those  germ  cells  by  causing  them  to 
grow  more  slowly ;  and  by  causing  tlfem  to  grow  more  slowly  }'0U  cause 
them  to  undergo  a  certain  modification  in  form.  Therefore,  they  are 
less  efficient.  It  is  just  like  trying  to  run  an  automobile  with  a  broken 
engine.     It  can't  be  done;  and  these  individuals  can  not  be  as  efficient 

373 


on  account  of  having  this  weakness — for  such  it  is — in  their  structure. 

That  bad  structure  naturally  gives  you  a  bad  function  and  a  bad 
result.  Now,  it  is  the  same  way  with  these  guinea-pigs.  But  here 
again  is  the  consideration  for  you,  that  no  human  being  could  stand 
the  doses  of  alcohol  to  the  extent  that  we  "dosed"  those  guinea-pigs. 
No  human  being  has,  as  far  as  I  know,  ever  undergone  such  experiments. 
I  do  not  want  to  be  disappointing,  I  am  not  trying  to  discourage  you,  but 
i  am  just  simply  giving  you  my  views  on  the  subject,  based  on  the  re- 
sults of  my  experiments. 

As  I  told  you,  1  have  devoted  a  great  deal  of  thought  and  study 
and  consideration  to  this  subject,  in  the  matter  of  retarding  embryonic 
development,  or  its  modification ;  in  the  last  sixteen  years,  which  is  the 
length  of  time  I  have  been  working  on  this  problem,  I  have  used  hun- 
dreds and  hundreds  of  different  chemicals.  I  have  also  used  many  dif- 
ferent kinds  of  animals,  and  I  honestly  don't  believe  that  any  human 
being  could  stand  such  doses  as  we  gave  those  guinea-pigs,  in  our  ex- 
periments at  the  University.  These  guinea-pigs,  when  we  get  them  to 
experiment  on,  are  generally  }'Oung,  but  when  a  human  being  is  an 
alcoholic  drunkard,  he  is  usually  old.  Fortunately,  we  rarely  see  a  young 
man  of  tvventy  who  is  a  habitual  drunkard.  When  a  man  gets  to  drink- 
ing, he  is  usually  from  thirty  to  thirty-five,  and  from  that  on  up.  We 
get  old  at  thirty,  nowadays,  you  know.  You  take  an  old  guinea-pig  and 
it  is  much  harder  to  get  him  used  to  these  intoxicating  conditions. 

There  are  also  strong  indications  which  have  come  to  my  attention 
within  the  past  few  years  that  alcoholism,  gonorrhoea,  syphilis  and 
such  venereal  diseases,  and  tuberculosis  all  work  very  much  in  common, 
and  are  usually  found  more  frequently  in  nervous,  high-strung  people 
than  they  are  in  persons  who  are  the  opposite.  A  nervous,  high-strung 
man  is  more  likely  to  be  susceptible  to  the  results  of  syphilis  than  is 
a  man  who  is  more  "easy-going."  I  don't  believe  any  normal  well- 
balanced  individual  would  deliberately  run  the  risk  of  contracting 
syphilis.  You  see  hundreds  of  them  in  the  hospitals,  in  New  York's 
Rellevue  Hospital,  for  instance,  in  the  alcoholic  Ward.  Yoti  pass 
through  there,  as  I  have,  and  look  at  them,  and  you  can  see  that  there 
is  in  most  cases  something  the  matter  with  them,  more  than  their 
alcoholism.    There  is  usually  venereal  or  mental  disease  present. 

Well,  now.  we  must  get  back  again  to  our  guinea-pigs.  The  various 
generations  form  an  interesting  study  of  evolution  or  involution,  which 
ever  way  you  look  at  it.  The  first  generation  of  those  animals  from 
those  treated  guinea-pigs  is  the  worst  generation  that  follows.  There 
couldn't  be  a  worse  batch.  Everything  known  to  man  is  afflicting  them. 
Then  the  second  generation  of  those  guinea-pigs  is  a  little  bit  better. 
The  percentage  of  the  defectives  is  bad.  that  is,  the  grandchildren  of  the 
treated  ones.  The  parents  were  not  treated  at  all,  but  the  grandparents 
were  treated  with  alcohol.  You  thus  get  bad  individuals  and  a  high 
proportion  of  mortality :  but  the  prenatal  death-rate  in  this  generation 
is  very  much  reduced.     And  when  you  get  to  the  third  generation,  or  the 

374 


j^reat-graiidchildre.i,  they  are  stili  better.  The  fourth  generation  is 
even  better  than  the  original  great-great-grandparents,  and  if  these 
gtiinea-pigs  are  cross-bred  with  some  of  the  third  generation,  the 
result  is  a  very  superior  pig,  larger  and  healthier,  and  better  in  all  points, 
than  any  of  the  preceding  generations. 

That  brings  out  one  point  on  the  subject  of  alcoholism  which  some 
of  the  humane  may  not  just  like  to  hear,  but  it  is  true.  This  proposition, 
as  I  say,  although  it  don't  appeal  to  you  people,  still  you  will  admit 
that  it  must  have  some  basis  in  good  reasoning.  There  are  a  certain 
class  of  weak  mediocre  people  or  individuals  who  don't  seem  to  amoum 
to  anything  and  you  want  to  take  them  on  your  lap — so  to  speak — and 
coddle  their  mediocrity,  and  humor  them;  but  alcohol,  if  used  in  a 
eugenic  way,  will  prevent  such  people  from  even  being  born,  and  that  is 
quite  a  consideration  for  those  interested  from  a  scientific  standpoint 
in  the  progress  of  the  world.  These  weak,  undesirable,  brokendown 
individuals  that  you  want  to  humor  so  much — you  try  to  make  them 
something  more  than  mediocre,  but  you  can  not  do  anything  of  the 
sort,  because  it  isn't  in  them.  Alcohol  is  one  of  the  things  that  will 
tend  to  eliminate  bad  individuals,  and  inasmuch  as  from  an  economic 
standpoint  they  may  not  do  much  good  or  amount  to  much,  why  not 
use  this  means  of  eradicating  them? 

We  can't  look  at  this  from  an  ethical  or  humanitarian  standpoint ; 
we've  got  to  consider  it  on  a  scientific  basis.  If  you  go  to  breed  horses 
or  dogs  or  cattle  or  pigs  or  any  of  those  things,  you  must,  and  do,  go 
at  it  scientifically.  If  you  don't  do  that  soon  with  that  aim  in  view  of 
improving  the  race,  there  soon  will  be  no  strong  individuals,  and  we 
shall  eventually  go  even  below  mediocrity ;  and  that  is  not  what  you 
want  to  do  to  the  human  race.  You  want  to  lift  it  up,  and  improve  it. 
That  is  the  very  purpose  of  this  convention,  as  I  take  it.  It  is  no  new 
thing,  of  course,  to  protect  the  unworthy — to  shield  the  helpless,  weak 
individual,  and  help  him  fight  his  battle.  That  is  a  tendency  which 
u'e  always  find  on  top.  and  it  is  so  strong  in  the  world  today  that  the 
people  who  do  not  think  of  things  from  a  general  life  standpoint,  and 
not  from  the  standjwint  of  humanitarianism.  are  wonderin^^  what  the 
world  is  coming  to — the  real  serious  students  of  social  problems.  They 
are  wondering  where  we  are  going  to  land. 

Xow,  what  have  we  got  to  do  to  "clean  ourselves  up?"  1  think 
that  carefully  conducted  experiments  along  these  lines  have  indicated 
something  like  what  I  just  suggested.  I  will  tell  you  how:  For 
instance,  we  take  one  hundred  fish  eggs,  we  will  say,  an!  put  them  in 
some  chemical  solution  which  is  injurious,  every  time  you  will  tret  ten 
or  twenty  perfectly  good  normnl  individuals  out  of  the  cr'xs.  and  they 
are  the  very  best  fish  in  the  whole  bunch.  Then  ymi  will  alwnys  get 
ten  or  twenty  that  are  just  normal,  averages,  and  then  in  between 
those  you  will  get  sixty  or  seventy  or  eightv  fish  th'it  w-ll  ^v  dcf<^rmed 
nnd  brrikt'ii  up.  and  decidcdh'  poor  antl  worthle'-s — thov  are  ibc  me'b'o'-re. 


"The  other  ten  or  twenty  are  the  bunch  that  were  injured  shghtly  by 
the  alcohol,  but  the  first  ten  or  twenty  which  were  mentioned,  they  are 
the  best  fish  in  the  bunch,  who  developed  rapidly  and  properly  and  who 
were  able  to  stand  the  brunt  of  hardship,  and  stand  a  few  hard  knocks, 
and  that  is  the  kind  that  produce  other  strong  specimens  of  the  species. 
I  don't  want  to  be  antagonistic  or  over-free  with  my  advice,  but  I 
do  think  that  proven  scientific  facts  should  be  given  cold,  fair, 
frank,  impartial  consideration,  and  one  we  may  consider  that  it  ought 
to,  when  we  see  such  experiments  as  these.  No  one  can  say  such  effect 
is  taking  place  on  man.  It  will  if  he  can  stand  the  treatment ;  but  I  will 
also  guarantee  it  has  not  taken  place  on  any  man  in  the  way  it  has  on 
these  guinea-pigs,  so  far  as  any  one  is  able  to  judge  from  the  results 
known  to  medicine. 

The  CHAIRMAN:  Dr.  Saleeby.  of  London  wishes  to  speak  to 
the  Congress  on  this  paper,  and  he  will  be  recognized  for  five  minutes. 

DISCUSSION 

Dr.  C.  W.  saleeby  :  Mr.  Chairman,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen :  I 
want  first  to  state  what  a  great  pleasure  it  was  for  me  to  meet  Dr. 
Stockard.  I  have  heard  a  lot  about  his  guinea-pigs,  but  I  have  never 
met  him  before.  He  omitted  to  state  one  thing,  about  those  guinea-pigs, 
in  his  speech,  and  that  was  the  fact  that  these  guinea-pigs  wxre  not  kept 
under  the  influence  of  liquor  for  more  than  an  hour  at  a  time,  instead 
of  all  day  long,  as  you  might  naturally  be  led  to  suppose. 

On  the  whole,  however,  I  think  that  many  of  the  European  men  of 
science  who  disagree  with  much  of  his  work,  have  come  to  recognize 
him  as  one  of  the  foremost  investigators  in  this  line.  I  visited  his 
laboratory  last  year,  but  did  not  have  the  pleasure  of  seeing  him.  I  think 
in  Europe  the  men  of  science  respect  America.  They  know  that  wdiile 
you  have  a  Dr.  Cook  who  claimed  to  have  discovered  the  North  Pole, 
you  also  had  a  Peary  who  really  did  discover  it.  In  his  paper  he  brings 
out  the  fact  that  the  third  generation  does  not  seem  to  be  quite  so  bad 
as  the  first  one,  but  not  so  good  as  the  fourth,  and  the  way  he  treats  of  it, 
he  would  also  give  the  impression  that  they  are  not  so  important,  which 
J  must  say  is  rather  a  strange  interpretation  of  the  latest  advances  in 
science  along  this  line  of  heredity  and  widely  at  variance  with  the 
theories  of  leading  British  scientific  men. 

[It  was  moved  and  seconded  at  this  point  that  the  Doctor  be  given 
fifteen  minutes  instead  of  five,  as  originally  assigned,  and  this  motion 
was  carried.] 

Dr.  saleeby  (continuing)  :  Now,  there  have  been  a  great  many 
discoveries  made  recently  in  America  and  in  Europe  among  scientists 
which  show  that  about  the  same  action  which  took  place  in  Dr.  Stockard's 
guinea-pigs  is  always  going  on  in  man,  in  a  parallel  condition  or  plane. 

376 


Dr.  Stockard,  1  am  sure  will  agree  with  me  that  when  he  says  that 
no  dose  comparable  to  those  given  his  guinea-pigs  has  ever  been  gi\/a\ 
to  man,  and  therefore  these  results  can  not  happen  in  man,  he  is  assum- 
ing as  a  fact  which  he  can  not  prove  and  which  he  has  no  right  to  assume 
namely,  that  the  susceptibility  of  man  to  these  bad  effects  is  similar 
to  that  of  the  guinea-pig — in  fact,  the  same.  According  to  his  paper, 
there  is  quite  a  dift'erence  in  this  degree  of  susceptibility.  And  then, 
again,  whereas  Professor  Stockard  has  never  subjected  his  guinea-pigs 
to  any  microscopic  examination,  as  far  as  his  paper  shows,  demon- 
strating any  weakness  in  the  germ  cells  due  to  alcohol,  there  are  many 
European  scientists  who  have  made  such  microscopic  examinations,  and 
found  that  alcohol  did  indeed  produce  those  results.  And  it  has  been 
demonstrated  that  great  microscopic  changes  do  take  place  in  degenera- 
tive germ  cells  due  to  alcoholic  poisoning. 

I  think  that  Dr.  Stockard  has  successfully  excluded  the  fallacious 
factor  of  syphilis,  which  would  otherwise  invalidate  this  claim.  The 
indication  of  the  microscope  seems  to  be  that  man  is  more  susceptible 
to  alcohol  than  the  guinea-pig.  I  would  further  point  out  to  you  that 
Dr.  Stockard  eliminated  the  influence  of  age,  and  its  consequent 
influence  upon  the  stomach — for  in  the  case  of  man,  when  liquor  is 
taken  into  the  stomach  directly,  nothing  happens — except  he  gets  drunk. 
Then,  another  point  to  which  I  wish  to  call  your  attention ;  and  that  is, 
that,  as  1  said  before — none  of  Prof.  Stockard's  guinea-pigs  were  ex- 
posed to  the  influence  of  alcohol  for  twenty-four  hours  in  each  day,  as 
you  might  have  possibly  been  led  to  suppose — they  were  only  exposed 
for  one  hour  out  of  the  twenty-four.  I  hope  that  no  one  here  will  suppose 
that  anything  which  Dr.  Stockard  has  said  regarding  the  influence  of 
liquor  upon  the  gestating  mother  indicates  that  the  mother  can  drink 
alcohol  and  have  nothing  happen.  He  is  concerning  himself  with  the 
male  element,  and  so  he  speaks  then  of  the  germ  cells  and  spermatozoons 
being  defective ;  but  taking  the  consideration  of  its  effect  upon  the 
mother,  if  you  trace  the  history  of  any  well-known  family  of  criminals 
or  inebriates,  you  will  find  a  steady  progressive  history  of  alcoholism, 
syphilis,  inability  of  the  expectant  mother  to  carry  the  child  to  term,  thus 
resulting  in  frequent  abortion.  Dr.  Stockard  lays  down  for  our  guid- 
ance a  principle  which  he  adduces  from  his  observations  on  the  guinea- 
pigs,  but  which  is  very  inaj^plicablc  to  man. 

Then,  he  points  out  another  factor  and  that  is  that  a  man  usually 
becomes  addicted  to  alcoholism  when  he  is  old,  and  when  his  reproducing 
career  is  past.  Those  poor  old  inebriates  in  Hinky-Dink's  saloon  in 
Chicago,  they  were  excluded  from  the  possibility  of  jiarentage  and  there- 
fore they  don't  harm  anybody  but  themselves.  P)Ut,  nevertheless,  there 
are  a  certain  younger  class  of  them  who  are  in  the  habit  of  drinking, 
and  they  are  to  be  the  j^arents  of  the  next  generation.  Tn  this  there  is 
a  certain  amount  of  danger,  in  thfise  unhappy  countries  where  they  do 
not  have  Prohibition.     Professor  Stockard  pointed  out  that   where  vou 

377 


were  dealing  with  a  stock  which  is  ah'eady  defective,  a  stock  which  is 
defective  in  itself,  you  can  only  produce  defective  stock  from  it  and 
therefore  it  is  better  to  destroy  the  stock  entirely.  I  would  call  his 
attention  to  the  fact  that  this  has  been  advocated  by  a  great  many 
medical  men,  in  the  last  half  century  or  so.  Aly  illustrious  grandfather. 
Dr.  Caleb  Williams — forgive  the  personal  allusion — was  one  of  the  first 
to  discuss  this  point,  many  years  ago  in  one  of  the  leading  medical 
journals  of  England.  He  later  put  it  in  his  book  on  "Heredity  in  the 
Insane."'  I  think  he  w'as  really  the  first  to  point  this  out.  As  regards  the 
use  of  alcohol  as  a  selector,  it  may  have  the  effect  of  eliminating  the 
defects  from  the  stock,  .and  defective  products  from  the  w-hole  stock. 

I  have  written  many  books  on  that  subject  myself,  and  I  am  sure 
that  he  will  agree  w'ith  me  that  the  same  applies  to  syphilis  in  the  same 
way  that  it  applies  to  alcohol.  Syphilis  would  do  the  same  kind  of  work. 
I  am  sure  he  would  agree  with  me  that  we  would  not  be  wise  to  favor 
syphilis  and  give  it  every  possible  advantage  just  to  eliminate  a  few  de- 
fectives. We  might  eliminate  others,  too.  No  one  would  favor 
syphilis,  I  believe,  just  to  exterminate  defectives. 

I  entirely  agree  with  him  that  we  must  cut  off  the  propagation  of 
these  defectives  or  they  wall  overpower  us.  But'I  reason  that  the  true 
solution  to  this  problem  is  through  the  operation  of  the  pure  Darwinian 
theory  or  doctrine.  In  order  to  do  that,  I  suggest,  not  to  kill  the 
individual  or  anything  of  that  kind,  but  the  humane  method,  the  moral 
method,  to  preserve  the  individuals.  This  principle  of  prohibiting  parent- 
hood on  the  part  of  detectives  without  wishing  them  any  evil,  or  killing 
them,  is  known  as  the  principle  of  negative  eugenics ;  and,  although  it 
has  been  said  that  it  would  be  almost  impossible  to  do  this,  the  real  solu- 
tion to  this  problem  would  be  to  confine  them  to  farms  where  they  would 
be  treated  kindly  and  mercifully,  in  a  sort  of  colony  where  they  would 
be  prevented  from  reproducing. 

That  is  the  way  to  deal  with  these  feeble-minded  folk.  That  is  the 
ideal  and  humane  method  of  dealing  with  them,  and  it  effects  the  same 
thing — the  same  result.  I  really  think  that  the  maintenance  of  these 
farms  w^ould  be  a  far  less  public  expense  than  it  would  be  to  allow  a 
feeble-minded  woman  to  become  a  prostitute  on  the  public  streets  to 
spread  venereal  diseases  right  and  left,  and  allow  her  to  be  killed  by 
her  disease,  but  w^hile  she  is  being  killed  by  the  disease  to  infect  hun- 
dreds of  others.  Would  it  not  be  much  more  humane  to  allow  her  to  live 
to  an  innocuous  old  age  in  some  institution  ?    I  thank  you. 

The  Rev.  A.  J.  COOK :  Mr.  Chairman.  I  speak  not  as  an  expert,  but 
as  an  uneducated  laym.an.  I  listened  with  the  most  thrilled  interest  to 
that  wonderful  paper  of  Professor  Stockard.  But  I  just  want  to  say 
a  few  words  to  prevent  any  enemy  of  our  cause  using  those  statistics 
abo'-+  <^"e  h''ri''1i"pd  persons,  there  Avould  be  ten  or  twenty  developed  who 
woi'i  '  i^p  a^^soli'teiy  perfect.     That  is  purely  theoretical  of  course.     But 

378 


in  his  speech  I  understood  him  to  say  that  in  these  one  hundred  persons,. 
twenty  useless  persons  might  be  killed  off,  and  then  there  would  be  these 
twenty  perfect  ones,  and  then  finally  there  would  be  about  sixty  ordinary 
persons  who  would  be  injured  through  its  use,  and  possibly  be  deformed,, 
or  something.  Now,  personally,  I  would  just  as  soon  as  not  be  rid  of 
those  twenty  useless  persons,  but  as  I  understand  it,  these  twenty  splen- 
did people  that  had  come  through  this  danger  undamaged,  they  were 
not  specially  benefited  by  the  alcohol.  And  then  we  should  have  about 
sixty  persons  left,  who  might  have  under  ordinary  circumstances,  come 
through  all  right;  we  have  them  injured  and  damaged  for  life,  less  than 
even  the  average,  and  we  would  have  spoiled  all  these  sixty  people  to 
get  these  twenty  splendid  people. 

Now,  that  being  the  result,  I  as  a  layman,  would  prefer  to  have- 
these  twenty  splendid  ones  as  they  were,  and  sixty  normal  ones,  and  take 
a  chance  on  protecting  the  twenty  useless  ones.    I  thank  you. 

Mr.  NEILD:  I  think  that  if  Dr.  Stockard  desires  any  time  in 
which  to  answer  these  two  gentlemen,  we  should  grant  it  to  him. 

The  chairman  :    That  will  be  granted. 

Dr.  stockard  :  Mr.  Chairman,  I  don't  want  to  be  too  antag- 
onistic, for  it  is  like  fighting  a  game  chicken.  I  appreciate  wdiat  Dr. 
Saleeby  says,  and  I  agree  almost  completely  with  everything  he  says, 
as  I  think  it  is  all  right  along  the  line  of  my  previous  remarks. 
Though  it  seems  as  though  I  have  aroused  his  opposition  on  some 
points. 

In  regard  to  the  (juestion  of  susceptibility,  there  were  many 
things  which  indicated  throughout  our  experimentation  that  guinea 
pigs  are  highly  susceptible  to  the  effects  of  alcohol.  A  rat  is  almost 
twice  as  resistant  to  the  effects  of  alcohol  as  the  guinea-pig.  Then, 
in  regard  to  the  statement  of  Dr.  .Saleeby  about  the  length  of  time 
they  were  exposed  to  alcohol  fumes.  I  hope  I  did  not  leave  the  im- 
pression in  any  one's  mind  that  they  were  exposed  to  alcoholic  fumes 
for  twenty-four  hours,  because  I  didn't  intend  any  such  idea.  Thev 
were  exposed  only  until  they  were  completely  intoxicated  which  took 
about  an  hour.  They  are  completely  intoxicated  once  a  day.  and  you 
must  consider,  as  I  mentioned  to  you.  that  very  few  persons  get  in- 
toxicated every  day.  If  they  get  drunk  once  a  week,  thev  are  doing 
something.  Then,  as  regards  the  effect  of  alcohol  upon  the  pregnant 
mother,  although  I  did  not  cover  that  point  at  all  in  my  lecture,  I 
ivill  state  to  the  Doctor  that  T  have  statistics  on  about  t\ventv-li\-f 
hundred  offsprings  and  find  tlic  effects  to  ])c  just  as  he  said,  verv 
Harmful  to  the  offspring. 

P)V  treating  the  mother  with  these  alcoholic  fumes,  vou  get  the 
effect  not  only  through  the  germ  cell,  but  also  through  tlie  inUrition 

379 


of  the  offspring  in  the  body  of  the  mother.  So  you  are  really  ex- 
perimenting on  two  individuals  at  once  in  such  an  experiment  as 
that. 

Captain  HOBSON  :  In  connection  with  this  question,  do  you 
believe  that  that  animal  is  thoroughly  intoxicated — any  particular  in- 
dividual?    In  other  words,  is  that  a  fair  test? 

Dr.  STOCKARD  :  I  think  it  is  true  for  this  reason,  that,  if  you 
treat  the  guinea-pig  for  a  much  longer  time  than  that,  you  are  apt  to 
kill  them ;  for  when  they  become  intoxicated  with  these  fumes,  you 
are  just  on  the  verge  of  giving  them  a  fatal  dose. 

Another  common  illustration  of  this  is  found  in  the  anesthetiza- 
tion or  etherization  of  any  of  these  animals.  Most  of  them  will  stand 
a  certain  amount  of  it.  but  if  you  keep  it  up  for  a  longer  time,  even 
for  just  a  minute,  it  kills  the  animal ;  but  just  as  soon  as  one  of  these 
nose-intoxicated  animals  is  taken  out  into  the  pure  air,  it  immediately 
begins  to  inhale  healthy  air  again,  and  just  breathes  it  out  of  its 
lungs.  If  you  take  alcohol  by  stomach.  Captain  Hobson,  you  are 
constantly  absorbing  it,  and  it  therefore  takes  a  longer  time  to  get 
it  out ;  but  by  nose,  you  breathe  it  out,  and  recover  more  rapidly. 

Captain  HOBSON  :  During  the  course  of  those  experiments,  am 
I  to  understand  you  to  say  that  as  soon  as-  there  was  an  indication  oi 
intoxication,  you  stopped  the  fumes. 

Dr.  STOCKARD.  Yes.  During  the  first  two  or  three  years  of 
the  experimentation  we  treated  them  for  one  hour  a  day,  and  that 
just  brought  them  up  to  the  verge  of  intoxication.  Then,  we  in- 
creased the  length  of  treatment,  gradually,  to  three  hours,  and  now 
many  of  our  pigs  are  treated  for  three  hours. 

Captain  HOBSON  :  Now,  one  more  question.  Did  you  find  in 
your  experiments  that  the  more  complete  the  alcoholization  was,  the 
more  injurious  it  was,  or  less  injurious — which? 

Dr.  STOCKARD  :  The  more  complete  alcoholization,  the  more 
dangerous  and  injurious  it  was.  Some  doctors  would  contend  ^s  Dr. 
Saleeby  does,  I  take  it,  that  it  should  give  the  Mendelian  reaction. 
I  heard  Professor  Charles  C.  Jones  say  one  time  that  he  never  suc- 
ceeded in  intoxicating  a  chicken  by  means  of  the  stomach  to  a  suffi- 
cient extent  to  get  any  results,  but  we  have  done  it  by  means  of  this 
inhalation.  I  don't  believe  that  any  animal  can  be  especially  m- 
jured  by  alcohol  taken  in  this  way,  unless  you  carry  it  clear  to  the 
extent  of  a  toxic  dose,  in  which  case,  of  course  they  would  die  of  al- 
coholic poisoning. 

380 


Dr.  COOK:  I  know  that  you  won't  consider  me  imposing  upon 
you  when  I  ask  you  to  clear  up  one  point  here,  and  that  is  this  :  Do 
you  really  think  that  this  toxic  alcohol  does  good,  if  administered, 
as  you  intimated,  to  those  twenty  best  specimens  of  the  human  race? 
Were  those  twenty  individuals  injured,  benefited,  or  left  neutral  by 
this  alcohol? 

Dr.  STOCKARD  :  The  twenty  individuals  certainly  are  not  im- 
proved or  benefited  by  its  use,  but  there  is  no  evidence  at  all  that 
they  are  at  all  injured.  By  the  way.  I  didn't  advocate  that  as  a  means 
of  handling  the  human  race,  at  all,  but  merely  to  show  the  great 
variability  of  individuals.  You  know  there  are  some  of  them  who 
can  stand  things  which  others  can't.  You  know  there  are  lots  of 
persons  who  have  been  drinking  all  their  lives  and  are  healthy  and 
successful,  and  they  don't  seem  to  have  anything  the  matter  with 
them  at  all.  And  then  there  are  others  who  never  drink  at  all,  who 
are  just  naturally  mediocre  and  commonplace.  Now,  I  have  taken 
too  much  time.     I  thank  you  very  much. 

The  CHAIRMAN:  "The  Movement  Against  Alcoholism  in 
Mexico/'  by  Sefior  Velasco. 

THE  MOVEMENT  AGAINST  ALCOHOLISM  IN  MEXICO 
By  The  Rev.  EPIGMENIO  VELASCO 

OF    MEXICO    CITY,    MEXICO 

Mr.  Chairman,  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen:  As  in  most  countries 
of  Europe  and  Latin  America,  total  abstinence  is  practically  unknown 
in  Mexico,  except  among  the  members  of  the  Evangelical  churches. 
Some  kind  of  liquor  is  served  at  meal  times  in  most  of  the  homes, 
as  well  as  in  all  hotels  and  restaurants.  Many  children  are  taught 
to  drink  from  their  earliest  infancy,  and  the  parents  see  no  harm  in 
the  custom.  Among  the  educated  classes  there  is  a  stigma  attached 
to  habitual  drunkenness  and  even  an  occasional  lapse  is  discounten- 
anced. Among  the  poorer  classes  the  man  is  rare  who  does  not  fre- 
quently imbibe  too  much,  and  one  loses  no  standing  because  of  such 
habits,  provided  that,  between  sprees,  he  is  able  to  attend  to  his 
work.  Even  employers  in  mines,  factories,  and  the  farms  expect 
nothing  else  of  their  men,  demanding  only  that  drunkenness  be 
kept  in  its  proper  bounds  of  time  and  place. 

Agricultural  Mexico  is  distinctly  a  liquor-producing  country.  The 
vine,  sugar-cane,  and  the  maguey  plant  are  extensively  grown  in 
different  parts  of  the  republic ;  cane  on  the  low,  hot,  coastal  lands, 
grapes  in  the  valleys,  and  on  the  slopes  of  middle  altitudes,  and 
maguey  on  the  plateau.  These  three  crops  are  cultivated  chiefly  for 
the  liquor  they  yield.     The  grapes  arc  used  for  wine,  the  sugar-cane 

381 


for  aguardiente  (distilled  liquor),  and  the  maguey  for  pulque,  the 
national  drink  of  Mexico. 

In  1906.  of  all  the  agricultural  products  of  the  country,  alcoholic 
beverages  ranked  second,  the  155,600,000  gallons  produced  being  val- 
ued at  $48,359,400  (Mexican  pesos),  surpassing  the  yield  of  wheat, 
beans,  cotton  or  henequen,  and  being  exceeded  in  value  only  by  corn. 

It  is  but  natural  that  a  country  which  produces  such  a  large  quan- 
tity of  liquors  should  consume  them  largely.  Foreign  trade  statis- 
tics bear  out  this  supposition,  for  none  of  these  liquors  figure  among 
the  exports  of  the  land,  but  are  consumed  at  home.  In  fact  the 
domestic  production  does  not  even  meet  the  domestic  demands.  A 
considerable  quantity  of  foreign  liquors  is  imported  annually.  In 
the  fiscal  year  1907-1908,  approximately  $7,500,000  (pesos)  worth  of 
alcoholic  liquors  were  imported  into  Mexico.  These  combined  fig- 
ures would  indicate  that  the  country  consumes  annually  some  $56,- 
(X)0,000  (pesos)  worth  of  alcoholic  beverages.  Dr.  Pence,  in  his  "Al- 
coholism in  Mexico,"  estimates  that  his  people  consume  more  alcohol 
per  capita  than  any  other  nation  in  the  world. 

The  beer  consumed  in  Mexico  is  produced  in  large  breweries  in 
Monterry.  Orizaba,  Toluca,  Jalapa,  Mexico  City,  some  of  which  are 
among  the  most  extensive  plants  in  the  world.  These  breweries  are 
largely  in  the  hands  of  foreigners,  Germans  and  Spaniards.  They 
pay  a  heav}^  tax  to  the  Government,  but  are  still  profitable  concerns. 
The  malt  and  hops  used  in  the  making  of  beer  are  imported.  A  num- 
ber of  American  breweries  have  recently  applied  for  concessions  to 
establish  plants  in  Mexico.  So  far  there  has  been  little  opposition  to 
their  coming. 

The  distilled  liquors  are  produced  principally  in  small,  local  es- 
tablishments in  the  cane-growing  lowlands.  Wine  also  is  produced 
on  the  estates  where  the  grapes  are  grown.  The  drinks  made  from 
the  maguey  plant  are  not  manufactured,  but  simply  collected,  and 
allowed  to  ferment.  They  are  not  even  bottled.  This  process  of 
their  preparation  will  be  described  later. 

In  the  present  paper  we  are  concerned  chiefly  with  intemperance 
in  the  capital  city  of  the  republic.  Mexico  City,  the  metropolis  of 
the  country,  contained  in  1910,  471,066  people.  This  number  has 
been  greatly  increased  in  the  last  few  years,  not  only  by  the  natural 
increment,  but  in  particular  by  the  influx  of  many  people  from  the 
surrounding  districts  who  during  these  ten  years  of  civil  strife  have 
found  the  city  a  safer  place  to  live,  or  have  moved  into  it  hoping  to 
find  employment  until  peace  should  again  make  it  possible  for  them 
to  engage  in  their  usual  occupations  of  farming,  trade,  or  industry 
in  the  outlying  towns  and  country.  Some  people  believe  that  the 
■city  now  contains  1,000,000  inhabitants.  That  seems  hardly  possible, 
but  750,000  is  probably  a  reasonable  estimate  of  the  present 
population. 

382 


The  vast  majority  of  the  inhabitants  of  Mexico  City  belong  to 
the  poorer  class.  This  has  always  been  the  case.  It  is  more  evident 
now  than  ever.  Many  of  the  wealthy  families  of  the  old  regime  were 
driven  out  by  the  revolution,  and  the  poorer  population  has  been 
greatly  increased  by  the  influx  from  the  surrounding  region.  More- 
over, many  people  have  been  reduced  to  poverty  by  the  lack  of  reg- 
ular employment,  or  the  destruction  of  their  bvisiness  during  these 
years  of  turmoil.  Consequently,  it  is  the  poorer  people  who  sufifer 
most  from  the  efifects  of  this  social  evil  of  intemperance. 

DRINKING   PLACES   IN    MEXICO    CITY 

There  are  several  kinds  of  saloons  in  Mexico  City.  At  the  top  of 
the  scale  are  the  "cantinas,"  where  all  kinds  of  liquors,  both  do- 
mestic and  imported,  are  sold.  These  are  patronized  by  the  upper 
and  middle  classes.  A  peon  would  not  be  served  in  them.  They  are 
usually  well-kept  saloons,  much  on  the  order  of  the  more  decent 
drinking  establishments  found  in  other  countries.  There  are  a  great 
many  of  these  cantinas  in  the  city,  455  of  them  being  registered  in 
November,  1919.  They  are  located  principally  in  the  business  sec- 
tion of  the  ctiy,  where  they  form  the  rendezvous  of  merchants,  clerks, 
and  professional  men.  The  third  and  fourth  wards,  where  are  sit- 
uated most  of  the  commercial  houses,  banks,  clubs,  and  hotels,  con- 
tain 89  and  86  cantinas  respectively.  There  are  also  a  good  many 
scattered  throughout  the  best  residential  sections,  the  fashionable 
eighth  ward  having  thirty. 

Somewhat  different  from  these  cantinas  are  the  restaurants  and 
eating-houses  where  drinks  of  all  kinds  are  served  supposedly  only 
with  meals.  These  do  not  possess  the  club  features  of  the  saloon. 
There  are  about  250  of  these  (242  in  November,  1914.)  The  number 
is  constantly  increasing.  These  restaurants  are  frequented  chiefly 
by  the  upper  and  middle  classes. 

Assorted  liquors  are  sold  in  the  closed  bottle  in  many  liquor 
stores,  grocery  stores,  candy  stores,  and  other  such  houses.  In  No- 
vember. 1919,  there  were  636  places  of  this  kind  where  liquors  could 
be  purchased  and  carried  away,  but  not  drunk  there.  These  places 
are  also  distributed  widely  over  the  city  to  supply  the  household 
demands. 

For  the  common  people  there  are  two  kinds  of  drinking-places : 
The  "i)ulquerias"  and  the  "fondas,"  or  "figones."  The  former  are 
saloons  proper,  mere  drinking  establishments,  with  no  other  busi- 
ness than  the  sale  of  their  particular  kind  of  alcoholic  beverages,  the 
native  Mexican  pulque,  as  the  fermented  juice  of  the  century  plant  is 
called.  The  fondas  are  the  poor  man's  restaurants.  They  keep  on 
sale  a  few  of  the  common  articles  of  food  eaten  by  the  working 
classes,  the  "tortillas"  (thin  corn  pancakes,  patted  out  by  hand  and 
baked  on  a  hot  piece  of  sheet  iron),  "chile  con  carne"  (a  sort  of  Irish 
stew   well    supplied    with    red   pepper),   baked   beans,   and    so  forth. 

383 


These  dishes  are  sold  with  pulque  accompaniment.  Many  of  the 
common  laborers  of  the  city  depend  upon  these  places  for  at  least 
one  meal  a  day.  They  are  the  peon's  lunch  counter,  though  they 
are  generally  small  rooms,  with  no  furniture  other  than  the  bar,  a 
charcoal  brazier,  and  perhaps  a  chair  or  two.  Were  they  to  sell  no 
liquor  at  all,  they  would  still  be  a  curse  to  the  city  (though  perhaps 
a  necessary  evil),  for  they  violate  every  law  of  hygiene  and  sani- 
tation. The  worst  feature,  however,  is  the  sale  of  pulque  in  these 
establishments.  They  are  the  most  numerous  drinking-places  in  the 
city,  numbering  900  in  November,  1919.  Their  number  was  also 
rapidly  increasing  during  the  past  year,  January  showing  only  627. 
Every  month  marked  an  increase. 

As  would  naturally  be  supposed,  these  low-class  restaurants  and 
drinking-holes  are  most  common  in  the  poorer  wards  of  the  city.  In 
the  first  and  second  wards,  the  old  densely  populated  slum  districts, 
there  are  110  and  328  respectively,  wdiile  no  other  of  the  eight  wards 
shows  more  than  97.  It  is  thus  evident  that  there  are  several  so- 
cial and  economic  problems  closely  connected  with  the  existence  of 
these  drinking-places.  They  afford  places  of  recreation,  amusement 
(though  only  dominoes  and  billiards  are  allowed  in  any  of  the  sa- 
loons), eating-places,  and  centers  for  social  intercourse.  They  are, 
in  fact,  about  the  only  such  centers  possessed  by  the  working  popu- 
lation. 

The  liquor  sold  and  consumed  in  these  low-class  saloons  is  a 
distinctly  Mexican  beverage.  It  is  the  fermented  juice  of  one  variety 
of  the  century  plant  (Agave  Mcxicaua).  This  plant  is  native  to  the  cool 
uplands  of  Mexico,  and  is  now  cultivated  extensively  over  the  pla- 
teau, particularly  in  the  States  of  Puebla,  Hidalgo,  Mexico,  Tlaxcala,. 
and  the  Federal  District.  In  these  States  it  forms  the  most  impor- 
tant agricultural  product.  Dr.  Ponce  calculates  that  there  are,  in  the 
States  named,  at  least  864,000  acres  planted  in  maguey,  all  of  which 
is  grown  for  the  pulque  produced. 

The  maguey  plants  are  grown  from  suckers  that  spring  up  around 
a  parent  plant,  are  transplanted  when  two  or  three  years  old,  are  set 
in  rows  about  as  corn  is  planted,  and  reach  their  maturity  wdien 
about  eight  years  of  age.  The  profitableness  of  this  crop  can  be  seen 
when  it  is  remembered  that  each  plant  costs,  up  to  maturity,  not 
over  $2  (Mex.),  and  will  yield  some  one  hundred  gallons  of  juice  dur- 
ing the  five  or  six  months  during  which  its  sap  may  be  collected. 
This  juice  is  valued,  on  the  farms,  at  about  tw^o  cents  per  quart. 
Thus  a  single  plant  may  easily  yield  $8  worth  of  liquor.  As  about 
four  hundred  plants  can  be  set  on  an  acre  of  ground,  the  yield  per 
acre  is  some  $3,200.  The  pulque  is  sold  in  the  city  for  from  thirteen 
to  fourteen  cents  per  quart,  thus  bringing  a  good  profit  to  the  dealer 
as  well  as  to  the  owner  of  the  farm. 

The  pulque  farmers  are  organized  and  wield  a  considerable  in- 
fluence in  the  economic  and  political  life  of  central  Mexico.     They 

384 


pay  heavy  taxes  to  the  public  treasury.  Any  Hmitation  of  the  sale 
of  pulque  would  meet  their  united  opposition.  Probably  the  best 
solution  of  the  economic  difftculty  which  would  result  from  a  re- 
striction of  pulque  production  and  sale  would  be  the  diverting  of  the 
use  of  the  maguey  plant  into  other  channels.  Experiments  have  been 
made  which  show  that  an  excellent  variety  of  sugar  can  be  produced 
from  the  juice,  that  the  fiber  of  the  plant,  closely  related  to  the  hene- 
quen  of  Yucatan,  can  be  utilized  for  manufacturing  cordage,  and 
that  the  pulp  of  maguey  is  very  suitable  for  the  manufacture  of  pa- 
per. It  has  even  been  claimed  that  such  uses  of  the  plant  would  be 
more  productive  financially  than  the  making  of  liquor ;  but,  as  the 
owners  are  conservative  and  timid  about  introducing  new  industries, 
and  as  a  considerable  outlay  would  be  required  in  the  purchase  and 
installation  of  machinery,  all  hesitate  to  make  the  venture.  How- 
ever, the  uses  to  \\hich  the  maguey  plant  can  be  put  are  such  that 
a  complete  abolition  of  the  manufacture  of  pulque  should  work  no 
permanent  hardship.  Though  much  of  the  land  dedicated  to  the 
cultivation  of  the  plant  is  arid  volcanic  hill-land,  where  little  else  can 
be  produced,  there  are  many  other  uses  for  the  maguey — uses  which 
would  soon  be  discovered  and  developed,  once  the  production  of 
pulque  were  prohibited. 

This  consideration  serves  to  show  that  there  are  important  eco- 
nomic factors  closely  related  to  the  problem  of  pulque  production, 
factors  which  should  be  recognized,  but  which  should  not  prove  an 
insurmountable  obstacle  to  the  limitation  and  ultimate  abolition  of 
the  making  of  this  harmful  intoxicant. 

From  time  immemorial  pulqvie  has  been  the  beverage  of  the  Mex- 
ican people.  Indian  tradition  affirms  that  this  drink  was  discovered 
in  Toltec  times  (648-1000  S.  A.)  and  that  the  decay  and  downfall 
of  this  Toltec  civilization  was  due  to  excessive  use  of  this  fermented 
beverage.  In  the  time  of  the  Aztec  Empire,  which  followed  the  Tol- 
tec rulers,  there  were  strict  laws  regulating  the  drinking  of  pulque. 
Its  use  was  limited  almost  entirely  to  that  of  a  medical  tonic.  Drunk- 
enness was  severely  punished,  the  drunkard's  head  being  shorn  and 
his  house  razed.  It  is  even  said  that  the  death  penalty  was  some- 
times inflicted  upon  the  ofifender.  Unfortunately,  the  "civilized"  con- 
querors of  these  aboriginal  Indian  empires  did  not  consider  it  nec- 
essary to  regulate  the  use  of  this  intoxicant,  but  rather  saw  an  op- 
portunity of  financial  profit  in  its  production.  Hence,  the  land  dedi- 
cated to  tne  cultivation  of  the  maguey  plant  has  been  much  extended 
and  the  use  of  pulque  has  reached  such  a  degree  that  the  physical, 
mental  and  moral  strength  of  the  common  Mexican  people  is  being 
seriously  undermined. 

Pulque  has  become  a  recognized  item  in  the  daily  bill  of  fare  of 
the  laboring  class.  According  to  Pani,  in  his  "Hygiene  of  Mexico" 
(New  York.  1917).  about  onje  eighth  of  a  family's  expenditure  for 
"food"  goes  for  ])ul(iue.     As  the  food  value  of  ])ulf|uc  is  almost  neg- 

385 


ligible  (it  is  estimated  that  one  glass  of  pulque  contains  the  same 
amount  of  nutrition  as  one  bean),  and  its  content  of  alcohol  is  from 
5  to  7  per  cent,  one  can  readily  see  that  persons  who  daily  consume 
a  quart  of  pulque  (the  estimated  average  consumption  per  capita  in 
the  city  of  Mexico),  not  only  are  being  deceived  as  to  the  amount  of 
food  obtained,  but  are  also  laying  the  foundation  for  some  form  of 
alcoholism,  acute  or  chronic,  in  later  years.  This  must  be  partic- 
ularly so  with  children,  who,  as  a  rule,  among  the  poorer  classes,  use 
pulque  much  as  milk  is  used  in  other  lands. 

The  adulteration  of  the  pulque  which  is  commonly  sold  in  drink- 
ing places  is  another,  some  say,  the  chief,  cause  of  its  bad  effects 
upon  the  health.  Its  volume  is  frequently  augmented  by  additions 
of  water,  often  taken  from  drainage  canals  or  pools  along  the  road- 
side. Almost  no  precautions  are  taken  to  keep  the  liquor  clean.  The 
barrels  into  which  it  is  emptied  in  the  pulquerias.  and  from  which  it 
is  drawn  to  be  sold,  are  seldom,  if  ever,  washed,  since  the  idea  pre- 
vails that  the  dregs  left  in  the  barrel  each  time  add  to  the  flavor  ot 
the  drink.  Furthermore,  as  pulque  ferments  very  rapidly,  and  can 
not  be  kept  more  than  some  48  hours,  various  materials  are  added 
to  delay  the  fermentation.  Some  of  these  are  comparatively  inno- 
cent, some  are  dangerous  to  health,  some  unmentionably  filthy.  Ac- 
cording to  one  writer,  the  pulque  that  is  usually  drunk  in  the  city  of 
Mexico,  consists  of  "a  mixture  of  human  saliva,  dirty  water,  dust, 
filth,  excrement  of  dogs  (purposely  added  during  the  fermentation), 
and,  in  minor  proportion,  the  juice  of  the  maguey,  all  plentifully 
populated  by  every  kind  of  microbe.  Any  one  who  has  seen  the  proc- 
ess of  preparation  of  the  pulque,  its  journey  into  the  city,  and  the 
places  where  it  is  dispensed,  will  not  consider  the  above  description 
at  all  exaggerated. 

Pulque  is  the  prevailing  beverage  of  the  common  Mexican  peo- 
ple. They  consume  an  enormous  quantity  of  it.  They  are  daily  pro- 
vided with  a  new  supply.  What  milk  trains  are  to  New  York,  the 
pulque  trains  are  to  Mexico  City.  Each  day  several  entire  train- 
loads  of  this  adulterated  liquor  are  brought  into  the  city,  from  the 
surrounding  pulque  farms,  just  as  fresh  milk  is  rushed  into  other 
cities  in  the  early  morning.  Every  morning  here  a  multitude  of  two- 
wheeled  carts  may  be  seen,  each  carrying  three  or  four  barrels  of 
this  drink  from  the  railway  stations  to  the  pulque  shops  scattered 
like  milk  stations,  over  the  city.  At  all  hours  of  the  day,  women  and 
children  may  be  seen  bringing  earthenware  jars  of  pulque  from  shops 
to  their  homes.  Each  day  this  enormous  quantity  of  filthy  alcoholic 
liquor  is  consumed  by  men,  women  and  children,  in  the  saloons  and 
at  their  own  tables,  by  those  that  imagine  that  they  are  getting  real 
food,  or  by  those  who  seek  to  forget  the  hardships  of  their  lives  by 
stupefying  themselves  with  this  intoxicant. 

During  the  year  1905-1906,  apparently  an  average  year,  there  was 
brought  into  the  Federal  District  the  enormous  quantity  of  7,175.920 

386 


barrels  of  pulque.  Estimating  the  population  of  the  District  as  about 
1,000,000  people  (1910  census),  that  allows  over  seven  barrels  per 
person  each  year,  for  man,  woman,  and  child.  In  addition  to  this,  a 
large  amount  of  maguey  is  cultivated  in  the  Federal  District  and  its 
product  must  be  added  to  the  above  figures.  None  of  this  pulque  is 
exported.     It  is  all  consumed  here. 

EFFECTS   OF    DRINKING 

According  to  the  best  Mexican  opinion  there  are  several  grave  re- 
sults of  drinking,  particularly  of  drinking  pulque,  aside  from  the  con- 
sequences of  its  unsanitary  preparation  and  handling.  Two  of  the 
leading  physicians  of  Mexico  City  state  that  alcoholism  produces  more 
than  50  per  cent  of  the  cases  of  insanity  recorded.  Dr.  Ponce  says  that 
of  every  100  insane  persons  in  Mexico,  54  are  brought  to  that  state  by 
alcohol.  Another  prominent  doctor  asserts  that  of  the  three  great 
causes  that  send  people  to  the  insane  asylum,  alcoholism  is  the  first  and 
greatest. 

As  to  crime,  judging  from  reports  of  the  crimes  committed  in  the 
city,  it  would  seem  that  intoxication  figures  less  conspicuously  as  a 
cause  .than  in  other  cities  of  the  same  size.  Here  love  afifairs  appear  to 
produce  many  of  the  crimes  of  violence.  The  municipal  records  show 
only  a  small  per  cent  of  the  crimes  as  committed  under  the  influence  of 
liquor.  But  as  these  records  specify  only  those  committed  when  actually 
drunk,  it  is  scarcely  safe  to  conclude  that  drinking  did  not  influence  the 
committing  of  many  more.  In  fact,  as  practically  all  the  people  drink, 
and  as  the  relation  of  even  moderate  drinking  to  crimes  of  violence  is 
well  established,  it  is  reasonable  to  conclude  that  intemperance  plays  an 
important  part,  particularly  in  the  crimes  of  passion  which  are  the  most 
common  in  the  city. 

The  death-rate  of  Mexico  City  is  considerably  augmented  by  alco- 
holism. ^Mortality  statistics  show  the  following  number  of  actual  deaths 
from  alcoholism,  acute  or  chronic,  for  the  specified  years: 


904  .. 

■  ■  194 

1908  . . 

•  ■  531 

1912  .. 

-.  517 

905  .. 

•  •  315 

1909  .. 

••  457 

1917  •• 

. .  120 

906  . . 

•  •  311 

I9I0  .. 

■•  339 

1918  .. 

..  80 

907  .. 

•  ■  463 

191 1  .. 

•■  372 

1919  .. 

..  50 

(Jan.-Oct.) 

An  explanation  of  the  decreasing  number  of  deaths  in  recent  years 
is  rather  difficult  to  find.  It  may  be  due  to  the  epidemics  of  influenza 
which  have  snatched  the  victory  of  conquest  from  the  more  slow- 
moving  alcoholism,  claiming  the  victims  for  itself,  or  it  may  be  due  to 
the  fact  that,  during  revolutionary  times,  the  authorities  have  often  felt 
it  necessary  to  close  the  saloons  or  limit  their  hours,  for  extended 
periods,  so  as  to  prevent  disorders.  The  year  1919  will  probably  show 
an  increase  in  the  number  of  deaths  since,  during  the  past  year,  the  num- 
ber of  places  where  liquor  can  be  sold  has  steadily  increased  from  a  total 
of  1.785  in  January,  to  2..^  18  in  Xovember.    This  increa.se  has  been  most 

387 


notable  in  the  number  of  canlinas  and  in  that  of  fondas.     The  numbei 
of  pulquerias  has  Httle  more  than  held  its  own. 

TEMPERANCE  REFORM 

The  need  of  limiting  consumption  of  alcoholic  beverages,  particu- 
larly among  the  common  people,  is  quite  generally  recognized  by  public- 
spirited  Mexicans.  All  the  evangelical  pastors  and  church-workers 
lend  their  enthusiastic  support  to  the  temperance  cause.  Among  those 
who  are  not  affiliated  with  Protestant  work  there  is  also  a  keen  interest 
in  the  matter.  The  President  of  the  National  University  recently 
stated  that  "Pulque  drinking  is  the  curse  of  the  common  people."  The 
editor  of  the  leading  daily  paper  in  Mexico  City  asserts  that  'Tntem- 
perance  is  the  most  pressing  problem  of  the  nation."  Prominent  Mexi- 
can physicians  are  urging  the  adoption  of  general  temperance  instruc- 
tion in  the  public  schools.  Some  of  the  Catholic  clergy  are  earnestly 
advocating  temperance  and  total  abstinence. 

A  few  governmental  measures  have  been  adopted  for  the  control  of 
the  traffic  in  intoxicants.  In  the  Federal  District  the  liquor  traffic  is 
regulated  by  ordinances  that  are  probably  more  strict  than  at  any  time 
in  the  past.  In  March.  1919,  new  regulations  came  into  effect.  These 
provide  that  the  Federal  Government  shall  receive  a  tax  on  all  liquors 
sold.  In  addition,  the  municipalit}^  requires  the  payment  of  a  license  fee 
from  all  establishments  where  liquor  is  sold,  the  amount  of  the  license 
varying  according  to  the  zone  in  which  the  saloon  is  located. 

Other  regulations  provide  that:  "Saloons  may  not  be  established 
nearer  than  fifty  meters  to  another  saloon,  a  school,  church,  hospital. 
barracks,  asylums,  houses  of  prostitution,  or  on  the  avenues  of 
Francis  I.  Madero,  Cinco  de  Mayo,  or  Juarez."  As  this  provision  has 
no  retroactive  force,  drinking-places  are  now  frequently  found  within 
the  prescribed  areas. 

The  following  persons  shall  neither  own  nor  administer  estab- 
lishments where  alcoholic  beverages  are  sold:  d)  Public  employees 
of  whatever  category ;  (2)  minors ;  (3)  women  of  whatever  age. 
Also  individuals  who  have  undergone  any  punishment  of  the  law  for 
having  had  part  in  such  crimes  as  murder,  brawls,  robbery,  corrup- 
tion of  minors,  etc..  unless  five  years  have  passed  since  such  crimes 
or  since  the  punishment  for  such  crimes  was  completed,  and  those 
who  have  at  any  time  suffered  penalties  as  owners  of  gambling  dens 
or  houses  of  prostitution,  or  who  have  been  punished  or  fined  for 
having  sold   spurious  goods  or  those  dangerous   to  the  public  health. 

The  ordinances  provided  also  that  the  owners  or  managers  of 
saloons  are  responsible  for  the  sanitary  condition,  the  maintenance 
of  order  in  their  establishments,  etc. 

Women  and  children  must  not  enter  saloons  of  any  kind.  A 
notice  must  be  posted  over  the  door  to  this  effect.  fThis  does  not 
apply  to  the  fondas  and  figones.  where  women  are  constantly 
employed  in  preparing  the  food  for  sale,  in  the  same  room  the  liquor 

388 


is  dispensed,  or  separated  with  the  poorest  excuse  of  a  screen.)  The 
owners  or  managers  are  forbidden  to  permit  any  laboring-man  to 
stay  in  their  saloon  for  more  than  fifteen  minutes  during  work-hours. 
They  must  not  give  or  sell  liquors  to  policemen  on  duty,  nor  to  those 
already  intoxicated.  All  games  except  dominoes  and  billiards  (with- 
out betting)  are  forbidden  in  all  saloons. 

Drinking-places  may  open  only  between  the  hours  of  5  o'clock 
in  the  morning  and  9  o'clock  at  night.  On  Sundays  and  holidays 
they  must  close  at  2  p.  m.  However,  additional  hours  may  be 
granted  upon  request,  and  upon  the  payment  of  a  larger  license  fee. 
As  a  matter  of  fact  these  additional  hours  are  frequently  granted. 

PRESENT  STATE  OF  TEMPERANCE  WORK   IN   THE  CITY  OF   MEXICO 

Though  the  missionaries  and  the  evangelical  workers  have 
preached  temperance  constantly  since  such  work  has  begun  in  Mex- 
ico, the  first  extensive  activity  along  that  line  was  commenced  in 
1897;  Mrs.  Helen  Stoddard  came  to  the  country  under  the  auspices 
of  the  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union.  ]\Iany  local  temper- 
ance societies  were  organized  and  hundreds  of  people  were  induced 
to  sign  the  pledge.  She  was  succeeded  by  Mrs.  A.  X.  Fields,  who 
during  the  years  1899  to  1903  carried  on  an  active  campaign  with 
successful  results.  People  of  all  grades  of  society  cooperated  in  the 
temperance  work,  President  Diaz  attending  and  presiding  at  a  "scien- 
tific" temperance  rally.  Other  officials  of  the  nation  and  the  different 
States  also  lent  their  support.  In  1902  a  national  society  was  formed 
in  Mexico  City,  "La  Liga  Anti-Alcoholica  Nacional,"  which  enrolled 
several  thousand  members.  Local  societies  were  organized  also  in 
twenty-four  cities  of  the  republic,  and  the  membership  of  these  must 
have  reached  many  thousands.  Public  programs  were  held  in  the 
theaters,  the  daily  press  carried  articles  in  favor  of  temperance,  and 
a  course  of  temperance  instruction  was  prepared  for  the  schools. 
Such  instruction  was  made  obligatory  in  the  schools  of  the  Federal 
District  and  in  the  territories,  where  federal  control  of  the  school 
systems  existed. 

All  of  this  was  prior  to  the  beginning  of  civil  war  in  1910.  Since 
that  time  most  of  the  temperance  activities  have  ceased,  all  attention 
being  concentrated  on  the  revolution  and  attendant  problems.  Some 
socities  still  exist,  the  local  churches  have  maintained  their  custom 
of  temperance  instruction  in  the  Sunday-school,  and  recently  a 
national  temperance  society  has  been  formed  in  the  City  of  Mexico. 

For  the  past  year  the  Latin-American  Department  of  the  Anti- 
Saloon  League  of  America  has  been  active,  more  especially  in  north- 
ern Mexico  and  along  the  American  border. 

The  Catholic  Total  Abstinence  Union  of  America  is  now  prepar- 
ing to  enter  Mexico.  The  Anti-AlcohoJic  Association  National  is 
active,  maintaining  an  office  at  Mexico  City. 

Among   Protestants  three  temperance  boards  are  now   represented 

389 


by  the  Committee  on  Cooperation  in  Mexico :  The  Board  of  Tem- 
perance of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  the  Presbyterian  Board 
of  Temperance  and  Moral  Welfare,  and  the  Christian  Board  of  Tem- 
perance. There  is  a  sub-committee  of  temperance  in  the  Committee  on 
Cooperation  in  Mexico.  Its  principal  activities,  so  far,  have  been 
in  the  printing  and  distribution  of  literature,  and  the  fomenting  of 
organization  of  temperance  societies.  In  the  last  six  months  some- 
thing over  50,000  pamphlets  have  been  printed.  Within  this  period, 
too,  a  number  of  new  societies  have  been  formed  and  several  old  ones 
resuscitated. 

Tw^o  of  Mexico's  twenty-eight  States  have  had  Prohibition  laws 
for  several  years.  These  two  are  Yucatan  and  Sonora.  However, 
it  has  often  been  impossible  to  enforce  the  Prohibition  laws,  because 
the  public  sentiment  has  not  been  educated  up  to  that  point  as  yet. 
Yucatan  has  now  repealed  the  law.  Before  such  statutes  can  be 
made  efifective,  the  people  of  the  country  must  be  educated  to  the 
evils  attending  drunkenness  and  moderate  drinking.  At  present, 
according  to  leading  Mexicans,  there  is  with  the  average  man  no 
moral  aspect  to  the  intemperance  problem,  nor  do  they  see  the  con- 
nection between  moderate   drinking  and  drunkenness. 

In  order  to  carry  on  any  extensive  educational  work  in  temper- 
ance in  Mexico  there  must  be  provided  a  great  additional  supply  of 
temperance  Hterature.  At  present  there  is  very  little  available  in 
Spanish,  though  something  is  now  being  done  to  supply  this 
deficiency.  The  different  foreign  temperance  societies  have  been 
requested  to  send  any  literature  they  may  have  in  Spanish  and  also 
anything  that  may  be  available  for  translation. 

A  Mexican  physician,  member  of  the  Liga  Nacional  Anti-Alco- 
holica,  is  preparing  a  course  of  instruction  which  it  is  hoped  to  have 
introduced  into  the  public  schools.  Several  of  the  misisonaries  also 
are  getting  out  leaflets  on  temperance  for  circulation  among  their  peo- 
ple. The  League  is  preparing  still  other  literature.  A  page  is  now 
devoted  to  temperance  in  the  union  evangelical  weekly  periodical, 
El  Mundo  Cristiano. 

During  the  early  days  of  the  constitutional  regime,  mainly  under 
the  influence  of  Louis  Cabrera  and  Ignacio  Bonillas  in  the  central 
government  at  Mexico  City,  and  that  of  General  Elias  P.  Calles  in 
the  northwestern  States,  the  cause  of  Prohibition  made  considerable 
progress.  At  this  stage  of  the  movement,  four  States  became  dry 
and  many  restrictions  were  placed  upon  the  liquor  traffic  throughout 
the  republic. 

In  the  State  of  Sonora,  which  comprises  most  of  northwestern 
Mexico,  Prohibition  was  established  during  the  governorship  of  Gen- 
eral Calles,  and  during  the  brief  period  that  he  was  Secretary  of  Com- 
merce in  the  Carranza  Cabinet  our  cause  was  very  favorably  received 
by  that  administration. 

General  Calles  was  followed,  as  Governor  of  Sonora,  by  Governor 

390 


de  la  Huerta,  who  is  now  the  Provisional  President  of  Mexico  City. 
He  put  the  Prohibition  laws  into  very  practical  operation  throughout 
his  administration,  as  can  be  said  also  of  the  present  Governor  of  that 
State,   Sefior   Flavio   A.   Borquez. 

For  some  years  General  Alvaro  Obregon  has  been  seriously  consider- 
ing Prohibition,  especially  from  the  angle  of  its  benefit  to  the  Indian  and 
peon  classes,  and  during  his  tour  of  the  United  States  of  America,  in  the 
early  days  of  the  World  War,  he  was  greatly  impressed  with  the  practical 
working  of  Prohibition  in  the  dry  States,  and  the  very  salutary  efifect  of 
the  prohibited  military  zone  districts  around  American  army  training 
camps,  and  returned  to  Mexico  a  warm  advocate  of  both  Prohibition  and 
American  friendship. 

At  the  present  time  General  Obregon's  influence  is  paramount  in 
Mexico,  and  his  popularity  throughout  the  Republic  was  largely  respon- 
sible for  the  speedy  success  of  the  Liberal  Constitutional  Revolution^ 
and  its  practically  bloodless  consummation  which  has  resulted  in  the 
establishment  of  the  present  government  in  the  Republic  of  Alexico. 
General  Obregon  has  been  elected  the  next  president  of  Mexico. 

General  Alvarado  is  Minister  of  Finance  in  the  de  la  Huerta  govern- 
ment. He  is  the  man  who  put  State-wide  Prohibition  into  efifect  in  the 
State  of  Yucatan  while  governor  of  that  State  during  the  beginning  of 
the  Carranza  administration  and  maintained  a  very  rigid  enforcement  of 
the  law.  He  owned  and  published  the  paper  El  Heraldo  dc  Mexico,  one 
of  the  most  prominent  newspapers  of  Mexico  City.  During  the  period 
that  General  Alvarado  published  this  paper,  it  was  a  strong  advocate 
both  of  the  cause  of  the  Allies  in  the  World  War  and  of  Prohibition. 

Upon  Governor  de  la  Huerta's  assumption  of  the  Presidency,  he 
issued  the  fallowing  as  a  part  of  a  general  manifesto  on  the  policies  of 
the  new  government :  "We  can  not  expect  Prohibition  in  a  day  nor  the 
end  of  gambling  by  a  decree,  but  it  is  an  end  towards  which  we  are 
striving.  It  will  come  in  Mexico  as  it  did  in  the  United  States.  We 
have  ordered  liquor-selling  and  gambling  stopped  in  all  territory  under 
military  control.  It  will  be  most  rigidly  enforced  along  the  national 
boundary  because  of  the  danger  of  the  traffic  to  the  relations  between  our 
country  and  the  United  States  at  this  most  critical  time." 

Referring  to  the  border  traffic.  President  de  la  Huerta  said  :  "]\Texico 
invites  and  enjoys  the  visits  of  foreigners,  but  we  do  not  wish  to  make 
our  country  a  place  of  dissipation." 

The  Provisional  President  is  now  preparing  a  b;ll  to  be  placed  before 
the  Mexican  Congress  for  American  Border  Prohibition.  During  the 
short  period  that  the  Republic  was  under  martial  law,  practically  all  the 
cantinas  in  the  Republic  were  closed.  President  dc  la  Huerta  and  Gen- 
eral Obregon  believe  that  he  will  be  better  to  establish  Prohibition  in 
Mexico  by  legislative  enactments  upon  the  part  of  the  several  State 
Legislatures  anfl  tlie  l'\vlerrd  Congress,  giving  the  strongest  possible 
moral  support  of  the  g(i\crnmcnt  to  the  campaign   for  such  enactment 

391 


rather  than  to  put  it  into  effect  by  military  and  presidential  decrees ;  we 
heartily  agree  with  them  in  this. 

In  a  recent  interview,  Seiior  F.  A.  Pesqueira,  Mexicon  Consul  at 
Douglas,  in  commenting  upon  orders  issued  to  all  law  enforcement  of- 
ficials, wherever  laws,  either  local  or  state-wide,  exist  throughout  the 
Republic  for  the  prohibition  of  the  liquor  traffic  for  their  rigid  enforce- 
ment, said:  "JMexico's  only  hope  for  reconstruction  and  progress  is 
sobriety  and  production.  For  years  peons  have  been  furnished  liquor, 
deceived,  and  chided  into  revolt  against  their  neighbors.  What  wages 
they  have  made  from  work  now  and  then  has  been  taken  by  the  dealers 
at  roulette,  card-tables,  and  saloons.  The  order  abolishing  gambling  and 
strong  drinks  is  not  temporary.  There  will  be  no  shuffling  of  permits  to 
gain  higher  prices  for  gambling  and  saloon  privileges.  In  the  State  of 
Sonora,  war  against  vice  of  all  kinds  is  to  be  permanent.  And  we  expect 
other  States  to  follow  in  rapid  succession." 

We  rejoice  in  the  appointment  of  Mr.  R.  E.  Farley  by  the  Anti- 
Saloon  League  of  America  as  its  superintendent  for  work'  in  the  Span- 
ish-speaking countries  of  the  Americas  and  extend  the  thanks  of  all 
lovers  of  the  cause  in  Mexico  for  the  j^reparations  now  being  made  for 
our  assistance. 

We  congratulate  the  Catholic  Total  Abstinence  Union  of  America 
upon  its  unanimous  decision,  at  its  annual  convention  this  week,  agree- 
ing, at  Mr.  Farley's  invitation,  to  enter  Mexico  with  its  great  work 
for  this  movement  in  Mexico  among  Catholics,  which  will  be  of  great 
help  in  this  holy  cause. 

The  CHAIRMAN:  Now,  we  can  only  have  one  more  speech. 
Unfortunately,  w^e  are  two  speeches  behind.  We  are  going  to  try  to 
work  them  in.  We  must  have  the  speech  of  Air.  Larsen-Ledet.  who  is 
on  the  program,  and  we  must  hear  from  Mr.  W.  W.  Naismith,  of  Scot- 
land, whose  arrival  we  did  not  know  of  at  all.  until  after  he  had  ar- 
rived.   They  must  be  worked  in  some  time  tomorrow. 

Now  we  will  hear  from  Sefior  Ruperto  Algorta,  of  Lima,  Peru,  on 
"The  Movement  Against  Alcoholism  in  South  America." 

THE    MOVEMENT    AGAINST    ALCOHOLISM    IN    SOUTH 

AMERICA 

By  ruperto  ALGORTA 

'  OF    LIMA^    PERU 

Mr.  President,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen :  It  is  a  great  pleasure  to  me 
to  have  the  opportunity  to  return  to  this  great  and  noble  country  bring- 
ing fraternal  greetings  from  my  beloved  country,  Peru.  In  my  country 
they  love  and  admire  the  United  States  not  only  because  of  its  colossal 
material  progress,  but  also  because  of  its  great  interest  in  the  welfare 
and  happiness  of  mankind. 

392 


I  desire  to  express  my  gratitude  for  your  generous  invitation  to  me 
to  attend  this  Congress.  This  invitation  I  consider  as  a  tribute  to  my 
country. 

A  httle  over  a  year  ago,  I  had  the  pleasure  of  telhng  in  one  of  the 
sessions  of  the  Nineteenth  National  Convention  of  the  American  Anti- 
Saloon  League  of  some  of  the  results  of  the  temperance  campaign  of 
the  National  Temperance  Society  of  Peru.  Now  I  wish  to  speak  of  some 
of  the  events  of  this  past  year. 

Temperance  education  by  means  of  public  lectures  has  been  carried 
out  with  great  success.  Frequently  in  different  cities  of  Peru,  1  have 
given  illustrated  lectures  on  temperance  topics,  and  they  have  helped 
much  to  enlighten  public  opinion  with  regard  to  the  harmful  effects  of 
intemperance. 

We  have  also  used  with  good  success  Temperance  Medal  Contests 
in  several  cities.  The  extent  of  this  work  can  be  seen  from  the  fact  that 
this  year  we  have  been  able  to  have  some  contests  for  gold  medals. 
These  contests  have  been  instrumental  in  interesting  many  families  in  the 
temperance  reform. 

In  order  to  make  use  of  the  printed  page,  we  publish  a  magazine 
called  La  Tempcrancia,  and  circulate  it  in  all  the  schools.  Besides,  we 
print  leaflets  and  distribute  them  by  thousands  in  the  factories,  shops, 
barracks  and  public  squares.  In  addition,  we  get  out  temperance  charts, 
and  introduce  them  into  the  schools. 

.  Furthermore,  we  translate  interesting  temperance  articles  and  news 
items  and  secure  their  publication  in  the  leading  dailies,  which  are  very 
willing  to  receive  our  articles. 

We  have  tried  especially  to  help  the  Minister  of  Instruction  in  order 
that  he  might  more  efficiently  apply  the  law  of  temperance  instruction 
in  the  schools.  In  order  to  do  this  we  have  taken  the  necessary  steps  to 
secure  the  publication  of  three  books  for  use  in  temperance  instruction. 
Two  of  these  books  have  been  written  by  Peruvian  professors  who  are 
members  of  our  temperance  society,  and  the  third  is  a  translation  of  a 
notable  book  written  by  Miss  Cora  Frances  Stoddard,  well  known  as 
an  authority  on  temperance  problems;  a  book  that  has  been  very  well 
received  in  Peru.  I  am  pleased  to  state  that  the  Minister  of  Instruction 
has  lent  a  ready  car  to  our  requests. 

Law  No.  2531,  which  prohibits  the  sale  of  liquors  on  Saturdays  and 
Sundays  has  been  better  enforced  this  year  than  ever  before.  In  order 
to  secure  a  better  compliance  with  the  law.  the  Temperance  Society 
asked  the  local  officials  for  written  authorization  to  enter  accusations 
against  violators  of  the  law.  We  not  only  secured  this,  but  also  suc- 
ceeded in  stimulating  the  police  to  more  vigorous  action,  and  they  are 
now  applying  the  law  with  severity. 

We  have  submitted  to  the  Peruvian  Congress  a  bill  to  secure  a  law 
called   Ley   Blanca    ("'\Vhite   Law")    it   has   been    ]iresentc(l — by   J.    A. 

393 


Encinas,   National  Deputy   and   Member  of   the   National   Temperance 
Society — as  follows: 

ARTICLE  I :  The  consumption,  sale,  manufacture,  transportation  and  impor- 
tation of  alcoholic  beverages  is  hereby  prohibited  in  the  entire  country. 

ARTICLE  II :  There  shall  be  established  for  the  country  a  company  under 
government  control  to  provide  alcohol  for  medicinal  purposes.  The  Executive 
shall  have  power  to  carry  out  this  provision,  and  shall  establish  this  government 
monopoly  of  alcohol  in  the  form  considered  most  appropriate. 

ARTICLE  III:  This  law  shall  become  effective  within  two  years  after  the 
proclamation  in  order  to  give  the  manufacturers,  importers,  and  sellers  an  oppor- 
tunity to  go  out  of  business. 

ARTICLE  IV:  During  the  given  length  of  time  stated  in  the  preceding 
article,  it  shall  be  absolutely  forbidden  to  open  new  establishments  for  manu- 
facture of  alcoholic  beverages,  new  distilleries  or  drinking  places  in  the  country. 

ARTICLE  V :  The  violators  of  this  law  shall  be  punished  as  follows : 
Manufacturers  with  a  fine  of  from  ten  to  one  hundred  pounds  according  to  the 
amount  of  capital  invested ;  Importers  with  the  loss  of  all  the  beverages  imported ; 
Sellers  with  a  fine  of  from  one  to  ten  pounds  according  to  the  class  of  license 
held;  Consumers  with  a  fine  of  from  one  to  ten  pounds  according  to  the  judg- 
ment of  the  official  who  imposes  it.  For  second  offense  the  penalties  shall  be 
double  the  foregoing.  For  third  offense  the  Government  shall  seize  the  entire 
stock  with  machinery,  fixtures,  etc.,  and  in  addition,  the  consumers  shall  be 
arrested  for  misdemeanor. 

ARTICLE  \T  :  The  funds  received  from  these  fines  shall  be  used  for  im- 
proving primary  instruction. 

ARTICLE  VII :  The  Executive  shall  dictate  regulations  in  order  that  this 
law  may  be  properly  applied. 

Given  the  great  influence  that  the  example  of  the  United  States  has 
in  Peru,  I  do  not  doubt  that  within  a  short  time  this  bill  will  be  passed 
by  the  Peruvian  Congress. 

One  of  the  most  important  things  done  is  that  of  interesting  the 
students  and  professors  of  the  Normal  School.  They  constitute  what 
we  may  call  an  army  of  officers  who  will  direct  the  people  in  the  bat- 
tles against  the  worst  enemy  of  man,  alcohol. 

As  you  will  easily  comprehend,  there  remains  much  to  be  done  still, 
but  if  we  succeed  in  organizing  systematically  for  the  battle  against 
alcohol,  and  if  we  succeed  in  applying  better  in  Peru  the  methods  that 
have  brought  such  great  success  in  the  United  States,  there  is  no  doubt 
that  we  also  shall  win  out  in  Peru. 

The  temperance  work  began  in  Peru  for  the  ]\Iethodist  Episcopal 
Church  thirty  years  ago.  In  the  beginning,  this  work  was  very  hard. 
Now  it  is  very  hard  yet.  especially  among  the  two  millions  and  a  half 
of  Indians,  but  public  opinion  is  in  favor  of  prohibition.  We  have  faith 
not  only  in  the  Prohibition  law,  but  also  in  the  antialcohohc  teaching  in 
the  school.  We  believe  that  the  complete  victory  depends  upon  two 
things — to  take  away  the  man  of  alcohol  and  to  take  away  the  man 
of  the  canteen. 

Before  I  conclude,  permit  me  to  give  you  in  the  name  of  Peru,  in  the 
name  of  the  National  Temperance  Societ}-,  and  in  my  own  name  the 

394 


enthusiastic  congratulations  for  the  great  success  of  the  Fifteenth  Inter- 
national Congress  Against  Alcoholism. 

With  my  heart  full  of  noble  inspiration  received  in  the  memorable 
sessions  of  this  Congress,  I  make  the  decision  to  go  ahead  in  the  tem- 
perance work  for  the  realization  of  Prohibition  in  my  country. 

The  CHAIRMAN:  Senor  Algorta  did  not  take  all  of  his  time. 
That  gives  us  the  opportunity  to  call  upon  the  Chilean  representative 
who  is  here;  and  I  am  glad  to  do  so,  because  we  have  not  had  the 
pleasure  of  greeting  a  delegate  from  Chile  up  to  this  time.  We  have 
made  the  call  a  number  of  times,  but  they  have  not  been  present  in  the 
body.  Sefior  Tancredo  Pinochet.  We  are  very  glad  to  have  the  Senor 
here. 

Senor  TANCREDO  PINOCHET:  Mr.  Chairman.  Ladies,  and 
Gentlemen :  The  chairman  has  called  on  me  to  speak  in  the  name  of 
Chile,  saying  that  the  voice  of  that  country  has  not  yet  been  heard  here. 
I  am  sorry  that  I  have  only  been  able  to  come  this  morning,  but  I  must 
say  that  the  chairman  is  mistaken  in  his  statement  that  the  voice  of 
Chile  has  not  been  heard.  This  mistake  is  easily  explained,  because  the 
one  who  spoke  in  the  name  of  Chile  did  so  in  Spanish,  and  I  suppose 
most  of  you  did  not  understand  what  he  said.  Since  his  address  will  be 
translated  into  English  and  published  in  the  records  of  the  convention.  I 
want  to  state  that  some  of  his  opinions  should  be  looked  at  as  personal 
impressions.  I  myself  do  not  agree  with  him  when  he  says  that  there 
never  will  be  Prohibition  in  Chile,  stating  that  neither  the  tendency  of  .the 
Government  nor  that  of  the  people  is  leading  to  that  end,  because  there 
are  many  important  interests  connected  with  the  alcohol  industries,  and 
the  sense  of  liberty  of  my  country  would  not  tolerate  the  imposition  of 
Prohibition. 

Let  me.  state  the  facts  very  candidly.  I  am  here  in  a  very  special 
position.  I  represent  both  the  Government  and  the  Anti-Saloon  League 
of  my  country.  It  is  true  that  nly  Government  is  not  looking  forward 
to  total  Prohibition  and  that  important  interests  are  linked  with  the 
manufacture  of  wines.  But  this  attitude  of  the  Government  will  change 
rapidly,  urged  on  by  public  opinion.  The  worst  enemy  of  my  country  is 
alcohol.  We  have  nearly  thirty  thousand  saloons,  one  for  every  three 
industrial  working  men !  Any  superficial  observer  may  come  to  the 
conclusion  that  our  people  are  drinkers  by  nature.  I  visited  once  the 
coal  mines  of  the  south,  and  stopped  at  a  plant  with  five  thousand  miners. 
After  having  been  entertained  by  the  manager  in  his  jialatial  residence, 
I  asked  him  to  let  me  go  and  live  for  a  few  days  in  the  house  of  one  of 
the  miners.  He  said  that  it  would  not  be  possible  for  me  to  go.  as  he 
supposed  all  of  them  would  be  drunk.  It  was  our  Fourth  of  July.  One 
of  the  policemen  was  sent  to  see  if  a  home  could  be  found  where  the 
miner  was  not  drunk.  After  several  hours  the  policeman  returned  and 
said  thnt  there  was  not  one  miner  sober  on  the  whole  ])lant. 

395 


"You  see,"  the  manager  said  to  me,  "the  Chilean  people  have  to 
drink;  that  is  their  second  nature."' 

He  did  not  stop  to  think  that  the  company  itself  had  official  saloons 
on  the  plant  and  that  the  salaries  of  the  miners  were  paid  to  them  in 
wine.  A  liter  of  wine  was  actual  currency  in  the  plant.  Add  to  this 
that  their  living  conditions  were  poor,  their  working  hours  long,  that 
they  had  no  healthy  entertainments,  and  you  will  easily  come  to  the 
conclusion  that  heavy  drinking  was  enforced  there. 

Shortly  afterwards,  I  visited  another  plant,  a  copper  plant,  with  five 
thousand  workers  also.  That  plant  is  run  by  Americans.  Total  Prohi- 
bition is  enforced,  no  one  can  even  drink  a  drop  of  light  beer.  And  the 
workers  are  satisfied. 

The  attitude  of  the  workers  towards  alcohol  is  such  that  they  ask 
for  Prohibition.  Xot  long  ago  the  skilled  and  unskilled  laborers  of  Punta 
Arenas,  our  most  southern  city,  passed  a  resolution,  that  bound  every- 
one, to  refuse  to  handle  or  transport  intoxicating  drinks.  The  worker 
of  the  saltpeter  region  in  the  north  of  Chile  has  officially  asked  the  Gov- 
ernment to  pass  laws  that  would  forbid  the  manufacture,  sale,  and  con- 
sumption of  all  intoxicating  drinks.  Only  two  months  ago — in  July  to 
be  exact — the  convention  of  the  Federation  of  Labor,  which  has  three 
hundred  thousand  members,  took  place  in  Santiago,  Chile.  They  passed 
unanimously  the  following  resolutions : 

First :  To  order  the  executive  committee  to  initiate  a  campaign  of  propa- 
ganda throughout  the  republic  for  the  rapid  solution  of  the  alochol  problem,  bj' 
means  of  antialcoholic  teachings  in  all  schools  and  colleges,  and  the  transforma- 
tion of  this  deadly  production  into  the  production  of  food  and  industrial  alcohol. 

Second :  To  ask  the  Government  to  give  to  the  commission  for  the  control 
of  alcohol  all  the  cooperation  necessar\-  to  carr\-  out  its  plans  consisting  in  educa- 
tion and  the  transformation  of  wine-growing,  of  breweries  and  distilleries,  which 
are  to-daj-  in  their  present  form  the  great  poisoners  of  the  race,  into  big  fountains 
of  vigor  and  nutrition  for  our  race. 

These  facts  and  other  similar  ones,  the  intimate  knowledge  I  have 
of  the  people  of  my  country,  where  I^have  traveled  from  end  to  end, 
studying  social  conditions  and  putting  my  ear  on  the  heart  of  the  people, 
permit  me  to  say  that  there  is  not  only  a  tendency  towards  Prohibition 
in.  the  heart  of  the  people,  but  a  strong,  vehement  desire  for  it.  The 
fact  that  they  drink  is  no  proof  to  the  contrary. 

About  our  conception  of  liberty  being  opposed  to  the  enforcement 
of  such  a  law,  I  also  disagree  with  the  statement  made  by  my  predecessor 
who  spoke  in  the  name  of  my  country.  We  are  a  democratic  country; 
we  believe  in  the  government  of  the  people,  by  the  people,  for  the  people. 
A\'e  believe  in  our  law  that  has  made  public  education  compulsory,  that 
has  made  vaccination  compulsory,  that  has  forbidden  the  traffic  in 
opium.  Why  should  we  not  believe  in  the  authority  of  the  people  to 
pass  laws  that  will  stop  the  gradual  suicide  of  the  country  ? 

The  fact  that  the  wine  producers  have  such  large  interests  invested 
in  this  country  is.  of  course,  one  of  the  causes  that  make  our  progress 
towards  Prohibition  slow.     But  this  country  will  bring  out  the  lesson 

396 


that  their  interests,  the  interests  of  the  growers,  are  not  to  be  forever 
linked  with  the  manufacture  of  intoxicating  drinks.  The  transformation 
of  the  alcohoHc  industry  and  commerce  into  healthy  industries  and  com- 
merce in  this  country  will  be  a  lesson  of  tremendous  importance  for  us. 
And  the  day  will  come  when  every  one  will  be  asking  for  Prohibition  as 
the  only  salvation  of  my  country. 

The  chairman  :  The  Chair  stands  corrected.  I  did  not  notice 
the  check  marks  against  the  names  of  Sefior  Valderio  and  Seiior  Xarreto 
the  other  day.  They  were  heard  in  Spanish.  I  did  not  understand  what 
they  said ;  consequently  it  did  not  make  the  same  impression  on  my  mind 
as  the  speech  of  Sefior  Pinochet  does  this  morning. 

The  chairman  read  cablegrams  from  temperance  workers  in 
Portugal  and  New  Zealand,  and  from  the  Finnish  National  Brothers' 
Temperance  Association  of  America  wishing  the  Congress  success. 

The  CHAIR^NIAN  and  The  SECRETARY  made  several  announce- 
ments. 

The  CHAIRMAN:  Just  one  thing  more:  Tomorrow  afternoon  we 
will  have  brief  addresses  from  representatives  of  national  and  inter- 
national organizations  cooperating  in  the  promotion  of  the  Congress  at 
the  Central  High  School.  If  there  are  any  cooperating  societies  rep- 
resented on  the  Advisory  Committee  to  the  American  Executive  Com- 
mittee that  have  not  notified  Mrs.  Yost,  the  Chairman,  they  will  p^^ase 
do  so  as  soon  as  possible. 

And  I  want  to  pay  Airs.  Yost  a  tribute.  She  has  been  of  invaluable 
serv'ice  to  us,  in  charge  of  women's  activities  for  this  Congress,  and  as 
Secretary  of  the  Advisory  Committee,  she  has  been  receiving  the  desig- 
nations of  speakers  for  the  various  cooperating  organizations.  If  your 
society  or  organization  has  not  designated  a  speaker  for  tomorrow  after- 
noon, please  do  so  at  the  earliest  possible  moment.  The  more  there 
are  designated,  possibly,  the  shorter  the  speakers  can  talk,  but  there  will 
be  time  enough  for  every  organization  to  be  represented, — to  speak  of  its 
program  and  of  its  work,  and  to  set  forth  its  claims. 

The  meeting  tomorrow  afternoon  will  be  at  two-thirty..  Both  of 
the  meetings  tomorrow  will  be  in  the  Central  High  School  Auditorium, 
at  two-thirty  in  the  afternoon,  and  eight  o'clock  at  night. 

The  Congress  will  now  stand  adjourned  until  two-thirty  tomorrow 
afternoon  in  the  Central  High  .'school  Building. 

The  session  was  then  concluded. 


397 


BANQUET  TO  THE  FOREIGN  DELEGATES 


On  Saturday  evening,  September  25,  1920,  a  banquet  was  tendered 
to  the  Delegates  from  abroad  at  the  Raleigh  Hotel,  Dr.  Dinwiddie  acting 
as  toastmaster. 

Dr.  DIXW'IDDIE  welcomed  the  guests  in  a  fehcitous  address,  and 
then  first  called  upon  Dr.  Robert  Hercod,  of  Lausanne,  to  respond. 

RESPONSE  BY  DR.  R.  HERCOD 

Mr.  Toastmaster,  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen:  I  was  sitting  quietly 
at  mv  table,  enjoying  the  conversation  of  my  neighbors,  and  my  din- 
ner, when  !Mr.  Cherrington  came  to  me  and  informed  me  that  I  would 
be  called  on  for  a  speech  in  a  few  minutes.  I  must  say  it  is  a  very 
impleasant  invitation  that  I  must  speak.  If  I  could  speak  in  French 
it  would  not  matter  so  much.  I  know  you  do  not  expect  a  speech  from 
me  in  good  French,  if  possible,  but  in  bad  English.  But  I  know  from 
experience  that  it  is  necessary  in  America  to  obey  such  orders. 

I  feel  it  almost  as  a  duty  to  say  a  few  words  to  the  members  of  the 
American  organization  committee,  because  since  seven  years  I  am  in 
touch  with  this  splendid  group  of  people ;  in  fact,  ever  since,  seven  years 
ago  (1913)  it  was  decided  that  we  should  have  this  Congress  in  America. 

During  the  seven  years  that  have  intervened  the  world  has  been  sub- 
jected to  one  of  the  worst  cataclysms  of  modern  times.  But  even  during 
these  trying  years  the  friends  in  America  did  not  despair  of  the  Congress. 

We  must  say  that  we  have  had  a  very  successful  Congress,  which 
will  leave  long  remembrances  with  us.  and  which  will  be  considered  as 
one  of  the  most  fruitful  we  have  ever  had. 

This  morning,  one  of  the  members  of  this  Congress  in  America  — 
perhaps  he  is  here  —  told  me  that  "in  America  we  are  above  the  stage 
of  science  in  the  Prohibition  movement."  Certainly  scientific  investiga- 
tion is  an  excellent  thing  and  a  necessary  part  of  the  solving  of  our  prob- 
lem of  alcoholism.  We  owe  much  to  science  and  investigation.  But  of 
course  the  j^eople  who  are  always  investigating  without  ever  acting  are 
not  doing  any  very  progressive  work ;  and  we  are  in  a  social  cause  as 
men  and  women  who  want  to  progress.  So  the  great  impression  which 
we  take  back  from  this  Congress  in  America  is  that  you  are  a  people 
-who  know  how  to  act.  We  are  talking  much ;  you  don't  talk  so  much ; 
but  act !  You  have  done  good  work,  and  you  have  known  from  reports, 
you  have  heard  about  the  conditions  of  our  countries  abroad,  but  we 
liope  that  we  will  have  much  better  reports  to  render  later  on.  ^'ou 
have  given  us  a  great  lesson. 

399 


But  we  are  not  here  at  a  meeting  of  the  Congress,  but  at  a  good 
dinner,  and  what  I  want  to  tell  you  at  this  time  is.  how  much  all  we 
foreign  delegates  appreciate  not  only  the  great  world  organization  which 
you  have  assisted  in  bringing  al^out,  but  all  your  kindness  to  us.  As  we 
came  here  to  the  United  States  we  knew  that  we  would  not  l^e  among 
familiar  scenes  or  faces,  but  now  we  feel  that  you  are  our  friends,  and 
by  your  many  acts  of  kindness  and  sympathy  you  have  made  us  feel  at 
home.  We  are  very  sure  that  during  all  our  lives  we  will  think  of  this 
meeting  with  you  as  one  of  the  great  happenings  of  our  lives. 

People  are  thinking  these  days  quite  a  good  deal  about  the  League 
of  Nations,  and  quite  especially  here  in  America ;  but  we  believe,  with- 
out speaking  of  the  political  League  of  Nations,  that  we  are  here  to-night 
a  League  of  Nations!  We  have  fifteen  or  twenty  different  nations  repre- 
sented in  this  Congress,  and  we  are  all  friends.  We  are  co-workers  in 
the  same  cause,  and  we  are  working  hand  in  hand ;  and  it  is  this  feeling 
cf  cooperation  which  I  believe  will  bring  us  success. 

I  consider  it  an  honor  to  be  with  you  in  the  United  States.  We  feel 
very  thankful  to  the  good  people  who  have  received  us  so  kindly,  not 
only  the  members  of  the  American  Committee,  which  has  organized  this 
Congress,  but  all  of  those  whom  we  have  met  and  been  associated  with  in 
the  days  of  the  Fifteenth  International  Congress. 

[The  delegates  all  rose  and  drank  a  toast  in  water  to  "America."] 

The  TOASTMASTER,  Dr.  DINWIDDIE:  I  am  going  to  call 
on  Dr.  August  Ley  for  an  address.  I  am  sure  we  are  deeply  appreciative 
of  the  kind  words  which  have  been  spoken  by  Dr.  Hercod. 

RESPONSE  BY  DR.  AUGUST  LEY 

Mr.  Toastmaster,  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen :  In  spite  of  my  bad 
English,  it  gives  me  great  pleasure  to  express  my  most  sincere  grati- 
tude to  the  committee  of  this  Congress  who  received  us  so  royally. 
I  shall  consider  my  time  spent  in  attending  this  Congress  at  Wash- 
ington as  one  of  the  sweetest  memories  of  my  life.  Let  me  as- 
sure you  that  all  that  we  have  seen,  and  all  that  we  have  learned  in 
America,  will  be  very  useful  for  us  in  Europe,  and  especially  for  me  in 
Belgium.  From  the  bottom  of  my  heart,  allow  me  to  express  my  best 
feelings  to  the  American  Government,  to  the  American  people,  and  to 
the  American  Committee  of  this  Congress. 

May  I  say  just  a  word  more?  We  foreigners  in  this  Congress  owe 
our  best  thanks  to  the  man  who  has  just  spoken.  Dr.  Hercod,  who  has 
been  for  us  a  providence,  I  may  say.  He  has  translated  our  papers ;  he 
has  helped  us  in  every  way;  and  I  think  it  to  be  the  feeling  of  all  the 
foreign  members  of  the  Congress  to  give  our  best  thanks  especially  to 
Dr.  Hercod. 

The  TOASTMASTER,  Dr.  DINWIDDIE:  The  next  speaker  is 
a  gentleman  hard  to  limit.     I  do  not  feel  disposed  to  limit  him.  for  the 

400 


sake  of  the  audience,  except  so  far  as  he  has  to  hmit  himself  in  order 
to  take  a  train.  I  am  going  to  call  on  a  gentleman  under  whose  regime 
as  Secretary  of  State  the  arrangements  for  this  Congress  in  a  sense 
began.  xA.s  I  said  last  evening,  he  does  not  need  any  introduction,  —  Wil- 
liam Jennings  Bryan,  of  the  United  States. 

RESPONSE  BY  THE  HON.  W.  J.  BRYAN 

Mr.  Toastmaster  and  Friends :  I  am  limited,  dear  friends,  by  a 
sense  of  propriety  as  well  as  by  my  train  time.  You  have  been  very 
generous  in  giving  me  time,  and  I  would  not  be  so  impolite  as  to  occupy 
time  to-night  when  there  are  so  many  of  these  guests  who  can  bring  us 
a  thought  that  will  add  to  the  value  of  this  gathering. 

I  want,  in  the  first  place,  to  express  my  profound  appreciation  of 
the  opportunity  of  taking  part  here.  I  think  that  none  of  you  is  more 
in  sympathy  with  such  a  crowd  as  this  than  I  am.  I  have  long  seen  all 
the  moral  forces  of  society  back  of  every  moral  cause,  and  I  do  not  know 
of  any  time  when  we  have  been  more  unified  than  we  have  been  and  are 
being  now  in  the  fight  against  alcoholism.  And  it  rejoices  me  to  see  all 
the  branches  of  the  church  and  those  outside  of  the  great  churches  join- 
ing as  they  are  throughout  the  world  in  this  war  against  the  great  enemy 
of  man  and  the  great  enemy  of  the  home.  And  I  was  especially  interested 
this  morning  when  I  learned  from  one  of  the  speeches  that  one  of  our 
greatest  temperance  societies  in  this  country  was  about  to  undertake  the 
extension  of  its  influence  into  the  republics  to  the  south  of  us.  I  take 
pleasure  in  saying  whenever  it  is  proper  that  the  first  temperance  speech 
that  I  made  in  recent  years  was  made  at  the  invitation  of  Father  O'Cal- 
laghan,  and  under  the  auspices  of  the  Catholic  Total  Abstinence  Society 
of  America.  We  have  been  associated  in  that  work  since,  and  I  rejoiced 
this  morning  to  hear  that  that  great  society  is  going  to  reach  out  to  the 
south  and  attempt  to  extend  its  influence  there,  first  in  Mexico,  and  I 
doubt  not  it  will  be  in  all  those  States.  And  of  course  that  society  is 
the  one  that  will  be  most  sympathetically  received  down  in  those  countries. 
It's  a  great  beginning  of  a  great  work. 

I  want  to  express  my  appreciation,  too,  of  the  honor  conferred  upon 
me  in  making  me  a  member  of  this  international  committee.  I  shall 
prize  fellowship  with  this  group  of  very  earnest  men  and  women  who  have 
a  world  movement  on  their  hearts  and  on  their  minds. 

I  want  to  say  just  one  word  further.  My  good  wife,  who  would 
be  here  if  her  health  permitted,  at  the  suggestion  of  Dr.  Howard  H. 
Russell,  the  founder  of  the  Anti-Saloon  League,  wrote  a  song.  It's  a 
world  temperance  song,  and  can  be  sung  to  one  of  the  familiar  tunes. 
And  I  am  going  to  give  myself  the  pleasure  of  furnishing  to  the  officers 
of  this  committee  enough  copies  for  distribution  among  the  members 
throughout  the  world.  It  contemplates  a  world  movement,  and  T  think 
it  fits  into  the  present  occasion. 

And   now   just  a   word :   I    would   not   want   to   leave   this  gathering 

401 


without  just  suggesting  one  thing.  We  have  found  in  this  country  that 
we  welcome  aid  from  ever>'  source.  I  am  always  interested  in  the 
demonstrations  of  science,  and  I  like  to  see  the  boost  given  our  move- 
ment by  business,  and  we  gather  evidence  everywhere.  But  I  have 
learned  that  the  instinct  is  often  more  speedy  in  its  action  and  more  sure 
in  its  results  than  mathematical  calculations.  If  the  conscience  of 
woman  had  been  trusted  instead  of  the  business  judgment  of  man.  we 
would  have  had  Prohibition  in  the  United  States  many,  many  years  ago. 
Man  started  out  to  figure  whether  it  was  really  wise  from  a  business 
standpoint  to  execute  the  saloon.  And  many  good  men,  men  good  at 
heart,  were  led  to  tolerate  the  saloon  on  the  theory  that  it  was  better  for 
the  business  of  a  communit}'.  The  women,  led  by  conscience,  without 
these  calculations  as  to  money,  put  the  home  above  any  business  that 
could  be  benefited  by  a  saloon.  And  when  we  have  exterminated  the 
saloon,  we  find  that  the  business  of  a  town  is  better,  and  all  over  the 
United  States  there  are  business  men  who  used  to  contribute  their  hun- 
dreds of  dollars  to  prevent  Prohibition,  who  would,  to-day,  under  Prohi- 
bition, contribute  thousands  of  dollars  to  prevent  the  saloons  ever  com- 
ing back. 

And  I  want  to  suggest  to  our  friends,  that  back  of  all  the  arguments 
in  favor  of  Prohibition  is  the  argument  of  conscience;  and  I  believe  the 
most  effective  appeal  that  can  be  made,  when  the  subject  is  understood, 
is  to  the  conscience  of  the  world;  and  I  believe  we  can  look  forward 
to  the  time  when  the  conscience  of  the  world  will  win  for  the  world  such 
a  victor}'  as  the  conscience  of  the  United  States  has  won  for  the  United 
States. 

And  I  want  to  thank  these  good  people  for  the  encouragement  that 
they  give  us  in  showing  us  that  ever}-where  there  is  an  awakening,  and 
that  everywhere  men  and  women  are  rising  up  and  are  willing  to  endure, 
and  if  necessarv'  to  sacrifice  in  order  to  contribute  their  mite  toward  the 
emancipation  of  the  world  from  intoxicating  liquors. 

Pardon  me  for  speaking  even  this  long,  and  allow  me  to  conclude  with 
an  expression  of  deep  regret  that  I  am  not  to  be  permitted  to  hear 
the  words  to  be  spoken  by  those  who  are  to  come  after  me.  I  am  so 
much  interested  in  the  work  that  I  hope  some  day  I  may  have  a  larger 
opportunit\-  to  hear  from  the  people  abroad,  by  visiting  them  when  our 
great  Congress  meets  some  day  under  a  foreign  flag.      I  thank  you. 

The  TOASTMASTER.  Dr.  DIXWIDDIE:  The  gentleman  whom 
I  am  now  about  to  introduce  has  a  very  unique  experience,  I  take  it,  in 
the  history  of  these  international  congresses.  The  ordinary  tenure  of  a 
chairman  and  a  secretary-,  I  think,  is  two  years,  the  Congress  having, 
before  the  war,  met  biennially.  We  have  with  us  a  gentleman  who  has 
occupied  one  of  those  positions  for  nine  years.  By  some  inadvertence, 
the  officers  were  not  properly  elected  for  the  ensuing  biennial  period 
at  Milan,  and  the  Dutch  Committee,  which  officiated  at  The  Hague  in 
1911  were  continued  until  the  meeting  which  was  to  have  been  held  in 

402 


Washington  in  1915;  and  this  is  the  meeting  that  was  to  have  been 
held  in  Washington  in  1915.  So  that  the  Dutch  Committee  have  been 
in  existence,  and  the  officers  have  been  the  officers  of  the  Congress,  for 
nine  years.  I  have  had  the  distinguished  honor  of  succeeding  Baron  de 
Beerenbrouck  as  the  President  of  the  Congress,  and  we  have  Dr.  Slote- 
maker  de  Bruine  of  Holland,  who,  until  the  election  of  Mr.  Cherrington 
the  other  day,  as  his  successor,  has  been  in  this  office  for  nine  long  years. 
That's  a  unique  record,  and  I  have  pleasure  in  introducing  the  very  effi- 
cient, genial  secretary  of  The  Hague  Congress,  Dr.  Slotemaker  de  Bruine, 
of  Holland. 

RESPONSE  BY  DR.  J.  R.  SLOTEMAKER  DE  BRUIXE 

IMr.  Toastmaster,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen:  I  am  very  sorry  that  I  can 
not  say  what  I  am  feeling,  because  it  is  difficult  for  me  to  express  myself 
satisfactorily  in  English.  I  have  more  on  my  heart  just  at  this  moment 
on  behalf  of  all  you  foreign  friends  than  any  of  us  can  express.  I 
think  I  shall  have  to  leave  the  expression  of  our  sentiments  to  Dr.  Saleeby, 
who  can  speak  English ;  for  some  of  us  can  not  say  the  things  we  would 
like  to  say.  We  can  only  try  to  speak  the  best  we  can.  I  am  sure  I 
can  not  say  enough.  You  should  therefore  know  that  I  should  have 
liked  to  express  myself  much  more  satisfactorily,  and  take  my  thoughts 
and  wishes  for  granted,  though  I  do  not  express  them  in  words. 

I  should  like  to  tell  you  a  story.  Last  Sunday  evening  I  was  in  the 
lobby  of  the  hotel.  I  met  our  lady  representative,  whom  you  all  know, 
from  Holland.  She  was  wearing  the  badge  of  the  Congress,  a  very 
nice  badge.  And  yoti  don't  know  how  glad  I  was  to  observe  that  it 
contained  three  colors, — red.  white  and  blue,  which  are  also,  as  you  may 
recall,  the  colors  of  Holland.  So  I  say  to  myself,  "That's  a  fine  people, 
— the  American  people,"  and  I  say,  "We  have  but  two  representatives, 
a  lady  and  a  gentleman  from  Holland,  and  yet  they  give  us  a  badge  in 
our  own  colors !"  Then  I  began  to  feel  at  home  in  a  foreign  land.  But 
the  next  morning  I  saw  in  the  lobby  of  the  hotel  a  gentleman  with  a 
badge, — red,  white  and  blue,  who  was  not  a  Dutchman,  and  a  lady  with 
a  badge  in  the  colors  of  the  red.  white  and  blue,  and  it  was  not  a  Dutch 
lady !  And  I  stopped  and  studied, — Do  you  understand  ? — studied  the 
matter  both  from  a  theoretical  and  a  practical  point  of  view.  There  was 
a  historical  question  to  be  answered,  and  a  psychological  problem  to  be 
solved.  And  all  at  once  I  discovered  that  the  colors  of  the  badges  we 
Dutch  delegates  were  wearing  were  not  the  colors  of  Holland  necessarily, 
but  of  the  United  States  of  America !  In  the  first  moment  of  my  dis- 
covery I  was  a  little  disa|>pointed,  but  afterwards  I  was  so  glad.  ])ecause, 
although  I  had  been  under  a  little  misapprehension,  the  fact  was  that 
from  the  first  moment  you  gave  us  this  badge,  we  Dutch  people  thought 
we  were  not  abroad,  but  that  we  were  at  home;  and  even  after  we  dis- 
covered our  error,  then,  recognizing  the  colors  of  your  flag  as  our  own 
national   colors,   we  have   felt  certainly  that  we  were  among  our  own 

403 


friends.  And  all  during  the  days  of  the  Congress,  not  only  have  we 
Dutch  people,  but  you  other  people  from  the  Continent  of  Europe,  and 
from  England,  have  thought  and  said,  "We  are  not  abroad,  we  are  at 
home !" 

And  you,  Mr.  Chairman,  and  you,  Mr.  Secretary,  the  ladies  and  the 
gentlemen  of  the  Congress  and  all  the  officers,  and  I  can  not  tell  how 
many  of  you,  have  been  so  kind  that  we  can  not  express  what  we  feel, 
and  can  only  say,  "Thank  you  most  and  most  and  most  heartily."  We 
realize  that  we  are  here  so  far  from  our  country,  but  still  we  do  not 
need  to  force  ourselves  to  feel  at  home,  because  you  have  all  done  every- 
thing that  was  possible  for  us  to  make  us  happy  and  contented,  and  to 
feel  that  we  were  really  at  home.      Therefore  I  thank  you  most  heartily. 

I  would  say  one  word  more.  A  few  days  ago,  the  Secretary  of  the 
Navy,  in  the  High  School  Building,  in  concluding  his  very  interesting 
speech,  said,  you  remember,  the  men  of  America  are  concerned  for  the 
welfare  of  men  in  Africa,  and  men  in  Asia,  and  men  in  Europe!  And 
so  this  international  body,  powerless  to  legislate  for  any  government, 
still  has  about  it  the  power  to  educate,  the  power  to  inspire,  and  it  has 
the  purpose  to  say  that  what  is  evil  to  ignorant  people  and  child  races, 
is  evil  to  the  educated  people  of  the  most  advanced  races. 

When  }"OU  ask  me  what  is  the  deepest  impression  I  take  with  me  from 
America  to  Europe,  it  is  very  easy  for  me  to  answer.  I  have  a  lot  of 
impressions  naturally,  being  in  Washington  for  the  first  time  in  my  life, 
but  what  I  never  shall  forget  is  this,  that  you  people  of  America  all 
accomplish  such  seemingly  impossible  things !  When  we  talk  about  Pro- 
hibition in  Europe,  we  are  told  that  it  is  impossible ;  that  a  hotel  without 
alcohol  would  be  very  fine,  but  they  say,  "We  are  sorry,  but  that  is  not 
possible."  A  large  town  where  you  might  do  away  with  alcohol  would 
be  very  fine,  but  they  say,  "Alas,  that  is  not  possible  I"  I  am  told  that 
when  you  go  to  New  York,  if  you  try  to  find  it,  you  can  have  a  glass 
of  wine  or  a  glass  of  beer  or  a  glass  of  whisky.  I  did  not  try  to  find 
it.  but  it  is  possible  for  one  to  find  it.  But  suppose  that  we,  going 
through  New  York  and  going  through  Washington,  do  not  see  a  res- 
taurant or  a  hotel  serving  alcoholic  drinks,  and  the  men,  and  the  boys  and 
girls,  and  the  children,  and  the  people  all  over  the  town,  are  doing  with- 
out alcoholic  beverages,  then  that  proves  that  you  have  a  public  life 
without  alcohol.  And  I  tell  you  that  all  the  people  in  Europe,  and 
possibly  those  of  Canada — I  don't  know  about  them — say  this  thing  is 
not  possible,  and  as  I  come  over  to  America  with  my  certain  knowledge, 
so  it  seems,  that  to  do  without  alcohol  is  not  possible, — and  I  come  here 
and  I  see  things  that  are  not  possible  actually  in  operation, — How's  that? 
How  do  you  do  that?  How  can  you  be  able  to  do  things  that  are  im- 
possible ?     I  do  not  try  to  explain  it ! 

I  do  not  venture  to  say  that  next  year  we  will  have  Prohibition  in 
Europe,  and  I  am  not  saying  that  perhaps  in  one  year  we  will  have 
anything  that  approaches  Prohibition  in  Europe.  H  I  do  not  say  that, 
you  must  not  think  that  I  am  a  friend  of  the  liquor  traffic !      It's  possible 

404 


that  it  will  take  two  years,  or  perhaps  three  years.  But  you  have  shown 
us  what  you  have  done  here  in  Washington,  and  in  your  entire  country, 
and  we  are  going  home  and  tell  our  people  what  America  has  done.  And 
when  we  go  back  to  Europe,  and  people  greet  vis  and  say,  "You  have 
idealized  the  importance  of  these  things,"  we  will  say,  "That's  true,  but 
there  is  one  ideal  that's  possible.  We  saw  it  in  Washington.  It's  ab- 
solute Prohibition  !      I  thank  you. 

The  TOASTMASTER,  Dr.  DINWTDDIE:  I  am  sure  we  were  all 
pleased  the  other  day  when  he  was  called  upon  for  a  reply,  when  the 
responses  to  the  last  addresses  of  welcome  were  being  given  on  the 
opening  day,  that  the  British  Ambassador  graced  the  meeting  with  an 
address  in  person,  and  that  he  responded  in  a  most  felicitous  fashion  to 
the  remarks  of  Secretary  Daniels,  one  of  the  representatives  of  the 
Department  of  State  and  one  of  the  Commissioners  of  the  District,  as 
well  as  the  Director  General  of  the  Pan-American  Union.  We  have  with 
us  to-night  the  First  Secretary  of  the  British  Embassy,  and  I  am  going 
to  ask  Mr.  Craigie,  who  is  the  official  representative  of  the  British  Am- 
bassador, to  speak  to  us  at  this  time. 

RESPONSE  BY  MR.  R.  L.  CRAIGIE 

Mr.  Toastmaster,  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen :  It  is  to  me  a  very  great 
privilege  to  have  an  opportunity  to  express  to  you  in  a  very  few  words, 
strictly  within  the  Chairman's  five  minutes,  my  appreciation  of  the  great 
kindness  that  has  been  extended  to  us  all  during  this  conference.  As 
Dr.  Dinwiddie  reminded  you,  Sir  Auckland  Geddcs  told  you  at  the  open- 
ing meeting  of  the  Congress  what  a  sincere  and  earnest  interest  the 
British  Government  is  taking  in  the  proceedings  of  this  conference.  But 
it  is  not  merely  in  Government  circles,  but  throughout  the  length  and 
breadth  of  our  country  that  this  question  is  receiving  from  it  a  closer  and 
a  closer  attention.  It  is  not  necessary  for  me  to  dwell  on  this  point 
which  has  been  explained  to  you  all  very  fully,  and  I  think  I  may  say 
admirably,  by  the  more  expert  exponents  of  this  question  who  have  come 
from  al)road  and  from  the  British  Dominions.  But  I  perhaps  may  be 
permitted  to  make  a  little  personal  statement  as  representing  my  own 
sentiments  in  regard  to  this  Congress.  I  should  like  to  confess, — perhaps 
confession  is  a  little  dangerous  before  so  large  a  gathering, — but  still 
I  should  like  to  confess  that  I  came  to  this  Congress  without  any  very 
violent  prejudice  in  favor  of  Prohibition !  Now,  ladies  and  gentlemen, 
this  Congress  has  made  me  think  very  deeply.  And  I  believe  that  there 
must  be  throughout  the  world  millions  of  pcojile  who  arc  in  just  that 
.=tate  of  nn'nd  in  which  I  was  at  the  opening  of  this  Congress.  To  them 
will  go  the  results  of  your  work,  and  on  them.  T  think,  the  sarnc  impres- 
sion will  be  made  as  has  been  made  on  me.  It  will  make  men  think, 
and  in  this  great  problem  which  you  are  investigating,  you  have  nothing 
to  lose ;  you  have  everything  to  gain  from  people  thinking. 

40S 


The  TOASTMASTER,  Dr.  DIXWIDDIE:  The  next  gentleman 
has  been  crowded  off  the  main  Congress  program  until  this  hour.  We 
all  want  to  hear  a  few  words  from  our  distinguished  friend  from  Den- 
mark, Larsen-Ledet. 

RESPONSE  BY  MR.  LARS  LARSEX-LEDET 

Mr.  Toastmaster,  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen :  I  never  make  table  talks. 
In  Europe  we  have  no  toastmasters.  Everybody  who  wants  to  speak 
rises  in  his  place  and  starts  talking !  And  until  I  came  over  here,  being 
a  modest  part  of  mankind,  I  had  never  risen  to  make  a  spech. 

A  VOICE  :  That  is  not  true  ! 

Mr.  LARSEX-LEDET  [continuing]:  Yes,  it  is,  indeed!  You 
have  never  heard  me  make  any  table  speech,  but  I  understand  that  here 
in  America,  you  have  no  personal  liberty.  You  have  a  toastmaster  and  he 
is  privileged  to  force  people  who  do  not  want  to  do  so,  to  speak  for  five 
minutes !  That's  why  I  am  obliged  to  speak,  when  I  have  not  prepared 
any  speech  for  this  occasion !  I  have  a  nice  paper  in  my  room  prepared 
for  the  Congress,  but  the  gentlemen  have  not  permitted  me  to  read  it ! 
But  for  this  occasion,  I  have  not  prepared  any  speech.  So  you  will 
excuse  the  words  as  coming  from  my  heart  in  the  bad  English  which 
I  speak. 

In  the  last  days,  we  have  heard  much  about  the  Eighteenth  Amend- 
ment, and  we  all  agree  to  the  importance  of  that  great  reform ;  but  we 
have  not  heard  much — only  a  very  little — about  the  X^ineteenth  Amend- 
ment! And  yet  I  may  say  that  I  consider  this  reform  just  as  important 
as  the  Eighteenth  Amendment.  There  is  only  one  thing  I  do  not  under- 
stand. I  do  not  understand  why  it  should  take  so  long  for  progressive 
Americans  to  give  the  women  the  right  to  vote !  I  understand  it  takes 
a  long  time  in  Europe  because  there  we  go  on  the  slow  trains,  so  to 
speak,  but  here  in  America  where  you  make  more  rapid  progress,  I  do 
not  understand  why  it  should  take  a  hundred  years  to  give  the  women 
the  right  to  vote !  It  has  always  seemed  to  me  that  a  man  who  would 
not  give  his  mother  the  right  to  vote, — he  was  not  really  the  right  kind 
of  a  man!  And  it  always  seemed  to  me  that  a  country  which  would 
not  give  its  women  the  right  to  vote  was  not  entitled  to  be  called  a  civilized 
country!  When,  many  years  ago,  we  voted  for  woman  suffrage  in 
Denmark. — for  in  Denmark  the  women  have  had  the  right  to  vote  for 
many  years — ^Ijut  when  we  voted  for  that  cause,  and  I  was  one  of  the 
»^rst  men  who  advocated  the  women's  right  to  vote  in  Denmark,  when 
we  were  told  that  the  world  would  not  be  better  when  the  women  got  suf- 
trage,  we  said,  "\'ery  likely  it  will  not  be  better.''  but  I  felt  certain  in  my 
conviction  that  it  could  not  be  very  much  worse  than  it  already  was ! 
The  men  have  ruled  the  world  a  thousand  }-ears,  and  they  have  ruled 

406 


awfully  bad  !  I  am  sure  the  women  cannot  do  it  worse  than  the  men 
have  done ! 

We  were  told  in  Denmark  that  when  the  women  got  the  right  to  vote, 
they  would  vote  as  fools.  But  we  replied,  "Well,  the  men  have  voted — 
the  majority  of  the  men  have  voted — as  fools  for  several  hundred  years. 
Why  should  we  not  give  the  women  the  same  right?" 

And  it  was  also  predicted  that  when  the  women  got  the  right  to  vote, 
they  would  not  ask  for  the  principles  of  a  candidate,  but  they  would 
only  ask  whether  a  candidate  was  nice,  and  the  nicest  candidate  would 
get  the  vote!  If  it  would  have  been  true,  I  would  have  been  very  sorry, 
because  I  am  the  least  nice  of  the  five  candidates  in  my  parliamentary 
district !     That  is  not  true,  for  many  of  the  women  voted  for  me ! 

But  to  speak  more  in  earnest,  I  would  say  that  I  am  sure  the  world 
will  be  better  when  the  women  get  the  vote  in  all  countries.  I  am  sure 
it  will.  I  know  what  a  splendid  work  the  women  have  done  in  the 
United  States  of  America  for  Prohibition.  I  feel  sure  the  women  will 
continue  that  work. 

And  I  am  certain  they  will  do  what  they  can  to  eliminate  from  public 
position  all  the  men  who  are  connected  with  the  liquor  traffic  or  who 
are  in  favor  of  the  liquor  traffic.  I  am  sure  that  the  women  will  sweep 
out  all  the  corruption  and  all  the  dishonesty  we  find  in  politics  in  every 
land. 

A  wise  man  has  said,  several  years  ago,  that  a  politician  is  a  man 
who  is  looking  for  votes  to  carry  an  election,  but  a  statesman  is  one  who 
is  looking  for  an  opportunity  to  better  his  country  and  the  world.  I 
hope  the  women  of  America  will  weed  out  the  politicians  from  public 
positions,  and  put  good  statesmen  in  their  places.  I  congratulate  the 
United  States  of  America  upon  the  adoption  of  the  Nineteenth  Amend- 
ment ! 

The  TOASTMASTER,  Dr.  DINWIDDIE:  It  is  proper  to  intro- 
duce a  lady  to  the  audience.  I  have  great  pleasure  in  introducing  one  of 
our  vigorous,  active,  militant,  effective  workers  in  this  reform,  and 
in  the  suffrage  reform,  for  I  think  on  that  question  she  has  not  at  all 
been  backward  in  going  forward,  Mrs.  Deborah  Livingston. 

RESPONSE  BY  MRS.  DEBORAH  LRINGSTON 

Mr.  Toastmaster  and  Eriends :  The  speech  of  the  distinguished  guest 
previous  makes  me  think  of  a  story  of  a  few  years  ago.  A  very  dis- 
tinguished and  active  mother  accompanied  by  her  small-sized  son  of 
seven  was  attending  a  convention  where  the  mother  was  to  speak.  Dur- 
ing the  period  preceding  the  hoin-  in  which  she  was  to  make  her  ad- 
dress, the  lad  was  curious  to  know  what  kind  of  meeting  it  was,  and 
whv  men  and  women  came  together  for  such  a  ]iurposc.  When  tiie 
mother  was  introduced,  the  good  presiding  officer,  out  of  the  generosity 

407 


of  his  great  heart,  told  of  the  many  reforms  in  which  the  mother  was 
identihed  and  she  looked,  as  mothers  do,  down  into  the  face  of  her 
lad  in  the  front  seat,  to  see  how  that  lad  was  taking  this  description  of 
his  mother.  On  her  way  home,  she  found  out,  as  mothers  usually  do. 
The  lad  looked  up  out  of  his  great  soul  and  said,  "Alother,  which  of  all 
those  things  that  man  said  you  are,  do  you  like  the  best?"  The  mother 
puzzled  for  a  moment,  said,  "Which  things,  my  son?''  He  said,  "Would 
you  rather  be  a  suffrage  woman  or  a  temperance  woman,  or  a  missionary 
woman,  or  a  Sunday-school  woman?"  And  then  he  paused,  and  looked 
again,  and  said,  "Or  now,  just  dead  honest,  wcmldn't  you  rather  be 
father's  sweetheart  and  my  mother?"  And  of  course  there  could  be 
only  one  answer  from  every  true  mother's  heart  to  that  question. 

But  the  extraordinary  thing,  my  friends,  is  this,  that  we  have  come 
upon  a  time  when,  because  a  woman  is  interested  in  suffrage,  is  interested 
in  government,  is  interested  in  the  great  moral  issues  of  her  generation, 
she  is  no  less  a  wife  and  no  less  a  mother.  And  I  think  it  is  because 
primarily  the  element  of  motherhood  and  the  element  of  wifehood  are 
so  strong  in  the  hearts  of  true  women  everywhere,  that  women  were 
forced  out  into  the  arena  of  public  service,  not  only  to  pray,  but  to 
seek  to  crystallize  that  prayer  in  the  power  of  the  ballot,  to  put  an  end 
to  those  things  which  destroy  fatherhood  and  destroy  manhood.  And 
for  that  reason  the  great  temperance  organizations  of  women  came  into 
being,  and  today  these  organizations  are  found  in  every- land  under  the 
sun.  Hand  to  hand  the  women  of  the  world  have  come  to  see,  without 
respect  to  what  flag  they  live  under,  or  what  tongue  they  speak,  or  what 
secret  creed  they  hold  within  their  breast,  that  they  are,  after  all,  the 
mothers  of  the  race,  and  that  thejr  problems  are  common.  And  because 
we  realized  long  years  ago  that  there  was  no  great  form  of  concrete 
sin  which  struck  so  deeply  at  the  heart  of  the  life  of  the  home  as  did 
this  great  evil  of  intemperance,  the  women  of  America  and  the  women 
of  the  world  bound  themselves  in  bonds  of  holy  sisterhood  to  see  that 
this  blighting,  blasting  curse  of  drink  shall  be  forever  driven  from  out 
the  land — not  only  this  land,  but  the  lands  of  the  earth. 

And  so  I  want  to  say  to  my  distinguished  friend  from  Denmark 
that  the  women  of  the  United  States  of  America  have  not  only  asked 
and  gotten  the  ballot,  many  of  them,  primarily  that  they  might  use  it  as  a 
moral  weapon,  but  that  perhaps  as  temperance  women  in  this  republic, 
it  is  the  efficient  means  for  the  enforcement  of  our  laws.  And  I  do  not 
think  I  need  to  remind  either  my  friends  of  this  land  or  the  gentlemen 
of  other  lands  that  the  enforcing  power  of  the  average  wife  and  mother 
is  well  known  by  all.  We  are  very  willing  to  introduce  that  enforcing 
power  into  the  realm  of  government. 

And  so  the  women  of  the  world  strike  hands  with  the  men  of  the 
world,  and  they  will  march  together  until  Prohibition  shall  be  a  fact  in 
the  constitution  of  every  nation  under  the  sun. 

408 


The  TOASTMASTER,  Dr.  DINWTDDIE:  Since  Mrs.  Livingston 
did  not  give  us  her  Scotch  ancestry,  I  think  I  am  at  Hberty  to  introduce 
a  genuine  Scotchman  at  this  time,  and  I  have  pleasure  in  calling  upon 
our  friend,  Air.  Rea,  of  Glasgow,  Scotland,  and  we  are  going  to  hear 
from  another  Scot  tomorrow  night. 

RESPONSE  BY  MR.  THOMAS  REA 

Mr.  Toastmaster,  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen :  Our  friend  over  here  who 
spoke  first  said  that  he  labored  under  some  considerable  difficulty,  be- 
cause Mr.  Cherrington  had  come  around  and  given  notice  when  he 
was  at  dinner  that  in  half  an  hour  he  was  to  make  a  speech.  If  there- 
fore he  had  cause  for  complaint,  I  think,  Mr.  Chairman,  I  have  a  much 
greater  cause,  because  that  intimation  you  yourselves  received  a  moment 
ago  that  a  Scotchman  was  to  speak,  was  the  very  first  intimation  I  have 
received  of  the  fact ! 

I  have  noticed  to-night  that  the  speechmaking  has  all  been  with  refer- 
ence to  the  Nineteenth  Amendment.  Evidently  the  Eighteenth  Amend- 
ment is  now  past  history !  And  I  think  any  remarks  I  would  make 
would  also  be  inspired  by  the  Nineteenth  Amendment. 

Now  a  Scotchman  very  seldom  says  anything  or  does  anything  un- 
less there  is  some  good  reason  for  it !  It  does  not  always  appear  on  the 
surface,  but  generally  there  is  some  good  reason  for  anything  he  does, 
that  is  to  say,  when  he  is  sober !  After  all,  although  Scotchmen  get 
the  name  of  taking  too  much  whisky  at  times,  on  the  whole  the  Scotch- 
man acts  very  fairly  and  squarely.  But  this  year  we  are  having,  as  I 
hope  Mr.  Naismith  will  be  able  to  tell  you  to-morrow, — we  are  going 
to  put  into  operation,  riot  so  quickly  perhaps  as  America  has  done  it, 
but  we  are  going  to  put  into  operation  at  least  in  a  considerable  part  of 
Scotland  a  local-option  law,  so  that  the  people  themselves  will  say 
whether  or  not  they  want  the  drink  traffic  in  their  midst.  W'hen  we 
get  that  opportunity.  I  have  no  hesitation  in  saying  that  it  will  be  used 
in  the  direction. — I  will  say,  just  as  America  would  like  it  done. 

And  we  are,  and  have  been,  dependent  on  the  women  in  this  matter  to 
an  extent  which  at  the  present  moment  I  would  like  to  acknowledge 
from  the  bottom  of  my  heart.  The  lady  who  has  just  preceded  me 
to-night  is  one  of  many,  both  ladies  and  gentlemen,  we  have  had  from 
the  United  States  of  America,  and  from  Canada.  We  have  had  numer- 
ous speakers,  but  Mrs.  Knox  Livingston,  being  a  Scotchwoman  herself, 
has  spoken  with  peculiar  strength  and  peculiar  interest  and  peculiar 
success  in  .Scotland.  To  her,  therefore,  if  you  will  allow  me.  Mr. 
Chairman,  I  would  like  to  give  my  special  thanks  at  this  moment. 

And  T  will  close  my  remarks  merely  by  expressing  the  personal 
feeling  we  have  in  coming  to  this  Congress.  I  have  never  been  at  a 
Congress  before,  but  last  year,  on  the  invitation  of  the  .'\nti-Saloon 
League,  T  had  the  pleasure,  along  with  some  other  folks  from  Scot- 
land and  England,  of  coming  to  the  United  States,  ^■isiting  a  number  of 

409 


the  States,  wet  and  dry,  and  I  left  the  United  States  just  a  week  before 
war-time  Prohibition  came  in.  I  watched  the  papers  carefully,  when 
I  landed,  because  we  were  sure  that  when  Prohibition  came  Xew  York 
would  be  in  anarchy,  the  place  would  be  fired,  and  I  don't  know  all 
that  would  take  place ;  but  I  do  not  know  that  I  saw  a  single  notice 
of  any  such  thing  occurring.  The  same  untoward  predictions  were 
made  when  the  Temperance  Act  was  passed  in  1913.  One  of  the  acts 
that  was  passed  and  came  into  force  at  the  moment  was  one  providing  for 
a  later  opening  of  the  saloons.  The  public  houses  used  to  open  at  eight 
o'clock.  The  opening  hour  was  made  ten  o'clock  all  over  the  country. 
That  partly  interfered  with  the  workers'  hours.  The  daily  newspapers, 
or  the  most  influential,  prophesied  there  would  be  riots;  that  the 
workmen  would  lay  down  their  tools,  and  that  a  great  many  other 
things  would  happen.  But  nothing  untoward  occurred.  I  am  sure 
nothing  will  happen  when  we  get  the  local-option  law.  But  everything 
will  be  for  the  good. 

I  see  Mr.  Spence  over  there  from  Canada,  who  is  responsible  for 
much  help  to  us.  and  Bishop  Cannon ;  and  I  can  point  out  others  all 
around  the  room  who  have  helped  us  exceedingly ;  and  to  these  I  would 
like  again  to  give  my  tribute  from  Scotland,  and  to  wish  them  well, 
and  to  thank  them  for  what  they  have  done.  And  I  prophesy  that  in 
X^ovember  of  this  year  we  can  give  them  a  vote  which  they  will  appre- 
ciate as  our  thanksgiving  in  true  Scotch  fashion,  for  the  interest  they  have 
taken  in  us,  and  for  the  help  they  have  given  to  us  in  our  country. 

The  TOASTMASTER.  Dr.  DIXWIDDIE:  We  have  had  several 
friends  from  Scandinavia,  who  have  been  particularly  modest  through- 
out the  entire  Congress,  and  we  have  rarely  heard  from  them.  I  want 
at  this  time  to  call  upon  the  official  delegate  from  X'^orway,  and  I  am 
sure  we  all  will  like  to  hear  from  Dr.  A  ogt,  of  X'^orway. 

RESPOXSE  BY  DR.  RAGXAR  VOGT 

]\Ir.  Toastmaster,  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen :  I  can  not  speak  English, 
save  with  difficulty.  I  can  not  make  much  of  a  speech  for  you.  As  I 
came  to  this  country,  I  had  many  'thoughts  about  the  principle  of 
liberty,  and  about  the  principle  of  the  preservation  of  liberty,  which 
has  always  interested  me  very  much.  And  I  dare  say  none  of  us 
would  like  to  do  anything  that  would  be  against  the  true  principle 
of  liberty  and  its  preservation.  The  question  arises.  How  can  the 
principles  of  personal  liberty  and  Prohibition  be  reconciled?  I  think 
the  expression  "personal  liberty"  is  a  general  phrase,  a  term  without 
any  clear  sense.  But  there  is  a  lot  of  idea  that  liberty  is  personal. 
I  think  that  liberty  is  personal,  and  that  it  means  freedom  for  the 
highest  forces  in  human  life.  I  consider,  like  Dr.  Stockard.  that 
alcohol  is  not  poison  to  any  great  extent,  but  I  think  that  alcohol  is  n 

410 


poison  to  the  personality.  I  believe  that  is  the  true  point,  and  that 
practically  all  the  evil  effects  of  alcohol  comes  through  the  influence 
of  alcohol  upon  the  personality.  I  think  that  is  the  psychological 
aspect,  and  that  is  the  character  of  it;  and  I  believe  firmly  that  alco- 
hol has  an  especial  effect  upon  what  we  psychologists  call  person- 
ality, but  religious  people  call  the  human  soul;  and  the  liberty  of 
those  higher  faculties,  I  think,  will  be  conserved  through  the  abolition  of 
alcoholism. 

Of  course  I  can  say  out  of  my  heart  and  out  of  my  best  thought 
on  the  matter,  "Here  is  a  work,  a  great  task,  to  give  humanity  the  lib- 
erty of  personality."  I  have  found  that  America  is  a  great  country 
where  real  liberty  will  be  enforced. 

The  TOASTMASTER,  Dr.  DINWIDDIE  :  It  is  a  long  distance 
from  Norway  to  China,  but  I  am  going  to  ask  you  to  travel  it,  and  we 
will  have  a  few  words  from  Mr.  Wei,  who  is  from  the  Chinese  Lega- 
tion at  Washington. 

RESPONSE  BY  MR.  W.  P.  WEI 

Mr.  Toastmaster,  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen :  I  thought  I  was  not 
going  to  be  asked  to  speak  this  evening.  I  have  been  wondering  why 
the  Toastmaster  asked  me  to  speak  during  the  Congress  at  all.  T 
have  spoken  twice  at  this  Congress.  But  I  think  there  must  be  a 
good  reason,  as  I  remember  I  spoke  three  minutes  on  the  opening 
meeting  on  the  first  day,  and  ten  minutes  on  Thursday.  That  made 
it  thirteen,  all  together.  I  suppose,  therefore,  that  the  Toastmaster 
thought  probably  thirteen  would  be  an  unlucky  number,  and  he 
would  give  me  a  couple  of  minutes  additional  this  evening. 

The  Prohibition  movement  in  China  is  a  new  one.  To  show  you 
how  new  the  movement  is,  I  may  say  that  I  have  been  a  member  of 
the  Intercollegiate  Prohibition  League  only  a  little  over  three  weeks. 
And  here  I  am  asked  to  represent  the  Chinese  Government !  And 
when  I  called  at  the  Department  of  State  to  see  about  this  matter, 
one  of  the  officials  asked  me  whether  I  didn't  have,  therefore,  a 
guilty  conscience  in  representing  the  Government  at  this  confer- 
ence. Personally  I  am.  to  use  an  American  expression,  a  teetotaler. 
The  Chinese  Government  is  very  much  in  earnest  al)out  the  results 
of  this  Congress,  and  cabled  over  instructions  asking  me  to  report 
in  detail  the  results  of  the  meetings,  and  I  think  it  will  take  some 
time  to  get  the  reports  of  the  proceedings  translated  into  Chinese. 
I  understand  there  are  to  be  five  or  six  hundred  pages.  However, 
that's  the  work  I  have  ahead  of  me. 

I  just  want  to  say  one  word  in  conclusion.  I  want  to  thank  the 
American  representatives,  on  behalf  of  my  colleague  and  myself,  for 
your  courtesies  to  us ;  and  we  want  to  assure  you  we  have  greatly 

411 


enjoyed  this  conference,  and  also  we  have  been  greatly  benefited  by 
this  exchange  of  views  during  the  last  few  days. 

The  TOASTMASTER,  Dr.  DIXWIDDIE:  And  now  we  are 
coming  back  to  America.  And  I  have  great  pleasure  in  introducing 
the  Rev.  Ben  H.  Spence,  the  active  Secretary  of  the  Dominion  Tem- 
perance Alliance,  of  Toronto,  Canada. 

RESPONSE  BY  THE  REV.  BEX  H.  SPEXCE 

Air.  Toastmaster  and  Friends :  I  think  I  occupy  perhaps  as 
unique  a  position  as  any  one  here,  being  a  foreigner  and  at  the  same 
time  being  an  American.  But  coming  as  I  do  from  the  largest  nation 
in  all  the  Americas — the  Dominion  of  Canada — and  coming  as  a 
stranger  to  this  conference,  and  yet  one  who,  for  a  foreigner,  I  sup- 
pose, knows  the  temperance  workers  of  the  United  States  as  well 
as  most  foreigners  do,  may  I  say  that  it  has  been  a  growing,  increas- 
ing pleasure  and  profit  to  associate  with  men  and  women  who  are 
doing  things,  who  are  accomplishing  things,  who  are  putting  thing" 
over,  as  the  men  and  women  in  this  part  of  America  are  doing. 

What  has  been  said  here  about  doing  the  impossible  applies  also 
to  Canada,  for  we  have  done  that  in  Canada,  as  it  has  been  done  ir. 
the  United  States.  For  years  we  did  lead  even  the  United  States, 
and  the  other  nations  of  the  world,  along  temperance  lines.  But  we 
have  had  temporarily  to  surrender  leadership  to  this  great  nation. 
When  it  takes  it  into  its  head  to  do  anything,  it  goes  right  on  through 
with  it.  You  know  that  Canadians  have  a  very  high  opinion  of  the 
Americans. 

I  am  reminded  of  a  story  of  the  Canadian  soldier  overseas  who  made 
a  capture  of  a  German,  and  on  the  belt  of  the  German  he  found  these 
words,  "Gott  mit  uns!"  He  asked  the  German  what  that  meant.  The 
German  replied,  "That  means  God  with  us."  "Oh,"  the  Canadian 
said.  "Oh,  well,  we  should  worry ;  we've  got  the  Yanks !"  That  rep- 
resents the  gratitude  and  the  good  feeling  that  exist  between  these 
two  nations.  And  along  that  international  boundary  line  of  nearly 
four  thousand  miles  there  isn't  a  fortification.  There  has  not  been  in 
over  a  hundred  years  a  hostile  shot  fired,  although  lately  we  have 
had  to  have  armored  patrol  boats  along  the  streams  to  protect  your 
own  shores  and  our  shores  against  the  rum-runners. 

But  we  have  learned  this,  we  have  found  it  to  be  the  case  in  our 
own  campaign,  that  when  we  worked  for  local  Prohibition,  then 
rounded  that  out  with  county  Prohibition,  and  State-wide  Prohi 
bition,  and  nation-wide  Prohibition,  we  found  in  the  first  place  Pro- 
hibition was  not  safe  in  any  locality  where  liquor  was  made  and  sold 
in  any  adjoining  locality  or  province.  And  we  are  finding  now  that 
Prohibition  can  not  be  made  safe  and  effective  in  any  nation  so  long 
as   liquor   is   made   and   sold   in   any   other   nation.      And   we   must 

412 


enlarge  our  scope  of  operations,  as  we  are  doing  in  this  world  con- 
ference, and  realize  that  God  has  given  us  on  this  continent  a  great 
opportunity  among  the  nations  of  the  earth  in  leading  this  fight. 

After  all,  we  Canadians  and  Americans — who  are  we?  We  are 
none  of  us  Americans,  and  none  of  us  Canadians.  There  is  not  a 
native  xA.merican  or  Canadian  in  this  room  to-night.  There  is  not  an 
aboriginal.  I  think  I  come  as  near  that  as  any  one.  I  have  an  Indian 
name !  But  we  are  of  the  same  stock.  We  are  all  of  European  stock. 
We  are  all  one.  And  the  ideals  that  we  have  here  are  those  that 
dominate  and  obtain  in  the  nations  of  the  world,  in  the  older  coun- 
tries, as  we  call  them,  of  Europe.  It  may  be  that  in  transplanting 
these  new  ideals  here  in  this  new  ground,  unsurrounded  by  the  preju- 
dices of  the  Old  World,  they  have  had  greater  fruition,  and  yielded  a 
greater  crop,  but  the  same  stock  that  has  done  the  thing  here  exists 
in  the  old  land ;  it  is  not  the  impossible  over  there  any  more  than  it 
was  the  impossible  here.  And  if  we  have  achieved  anything  here, 
we  owe  it  to  the  old  lands  of  Europe.  And  I  say  we  have  a  debt  to 
pay  to  these  other  nations  that  we  ought  to  liquidate. 

And  now.  when  we  see  what  can  be  done  here,  it  gives  us  encour- 
agement to  anticipate  the  great  results  that  will  be  achieved  abroad. 
We  cannot  prophesy  ahead.  There  is  not  a  person  here  to-night  who 
would  be  bold  enough  to  say  to  a  pessimist  of  ten  years  ago,  "I  told 
you  so !"  Who,  ten  years  ago,  could  have  foretold  this  day  in  the 
world's  history?  Who  now  dares  foretell  what  can  or  will  be  ten 
years  from  now?  But  the  present  we  have.  It  is  all  ours.  It's  all 
that  we  have — ours  to  take  and  use,  this  marvelous  present,  this 
bewildering  present,  with  all  these  strange  fevers  in  our  blood ;  and 
yet  this  plastic  present  that  we  can  mold  into  definite  ideals. 

The  thought   of  the  world  is   waking 

Out  of   slumber  deep  and  long. 

And  the  race  is  beginning  to  understand 

How  right  can  master  wrong. 

The  eyes  of  the  world  are  opening  wide. 

And  great  are  the  truths  they  see ; 

And  the  heart  of  the  world  is  singing  a  song; 

Its  burden  is — "Be  free!" 
And  the  thought  of  the  world  and  the  wisli  of  the  world  and  the 
song  of  the  world  shall  make  a  force  so  strong  that  the  fetters  forged 
for  a  million  years  will  break. 

The  TOASTMASTER,  Dr.  DIXWIDDIE:  If  Prof.  Thunberg. 
of  the  University  of  Lund,  Sweden,  will  give  us  a  few  words  at  this 
time,  I  am  sure  we  will  be  delighted  to  hear  from  him. 

RESPONSE  BY  PROP.  TORSTEN  TITUNRERG 

Mr.  Toastmaster,  Ladies,  and  Cientlcmcn  :  \\'c  arc  hearing  a 
great  deal  about  the  wonderful  Eighteenth  and  Nineteenth  Amend- 

413 


merits.  And  we  are  left  to  wonder  what  will  be  the  Twentieth 
Amendment  I  I  have  not  found  the  answer  to  this  question,  and  per- 
haps the  answer  is  that  when  the  Nineteenth  Amendment  is  put  into 
full  force  and  effect,  there  will  be  no  use  of  another  amendment. 
Then,  when  the  great  victory  is  realized,  when  the  men  and  women 
mixing  together  in  this  voting  matter,  all  will  be  so  fine  and  peaceful 
that  there  will  be  no  use  for  a  further  amendment. 

This  is  the  first  time  that  I  have  crossed  the  ocean,  and  this  week 
has  been  so  full  of  new  experiences  and  new  impressions,  that  it  is 
quite  impossible  to  put  it  all  into  a  few  words.  With  my  limited 
command  of  English,  I  have  none  that  will  completely  express  my 
thoughts.  But  there  has  been  such  a  bewildering  succession  of 
events  and  pleasures  and  joys,  that,  may  I  say,  it  has  been  almost 
painful.     "We  can  not  bear  so  much  at  one  time. 

First,  after  getting  acquainted  with  the  great  American  public. 
one  can  feel  better  educated  than  he  was  before.  I  will  teach  that 
to  my  students  in  Sweden.  I  will  say  to  them,  "You  must  go  at  once 
to  America  and  visit  their  institutions.  It  is  quite  necessary  to  go  to 
America  to  be  an  educated  man." 

Oh,  you  learn  so  much  here  in  America — among  other  things, 
smoking  and  drinking!  I  have  learned  also  how  to  pronounce  the 
word  "sarsaparilla,"  that  Mr.  Bryan  told  us  about  the  other  night. 

My  greatest  profit  will  be  the  impression  I  have  got  of  the  real 
spirit  of  America,  the  pure,  sincere,  human,  energetic  spirit  of  Amer- 
ica. In  the  silence  beneath  the  pure  white  of  the  dome  of  your  Capi- 
tol, during  the  marvelous  pageant  of  the  first  day,  I  have  the  impres- 
sion of  the  voices  from  the  choir  invisible  of  your  great  heroes,  a 
Washington,  a  Lincoln.  And  from  Mount  Vernon  I  have  also  got 
the  impression  of  a  spirit  which  will  be  the  blessing  of  the  whole  world. 

My  sincere  thanks. 

The  TOASTMASTER,  Dr.  DIXWIDDIE:  On  account  of  the 
peculiar  character  of  the  work  with  which  she  has  been  so  long 
identified,  I  believe  that  our  friends  from  abroad  will  excuse  us  if 
we  ask  another  American  speaker  to  appear,  and  I  want  to  introduce 
at  this  time  -Miss  Cora  Frances  Stoddard,  Secretary  of  the  Scientific 
Temperance  Federation,  Boston. 

RESPONSE  BY  MISS  CORA  FRANCES  STODDARD 

Mr.  Toastmaster  and  Friends :  It  has  been  a  very  happy  week, 
I  am  sure,  for  us  here  in  America  to  have  had  you  from  so  many 
nations  with  us.  We  have  looked  forward  a  long  time  to  your  com- 
ing. It  has  been  said  in  Holy  Writ  that  "Hope  deferred  maketh  the 
heart  sick."     We  had  begun  almost  to  think  that  we   were  never 

414 


going  to  see  you.  But  you  have  come;  you  have  been  here;  you  are 
here !    And  we  are  glad  that  it  is  so. 

I  have  been  wondering  a  little  all  this  week,  during  the  discussions 
of  our  Congress,  during  the  speeches  that  have  been  made  on  Ameri- 
can temperance  conditions,  whether  it  is  possible  that  what  is  said  to 
be  an  American  characteristic  was  cropping  out.  We  have  been  told 
that  the  United  States  is  a  nation  of  boasters.  Now  I  do  hope  you 
do  not  think  that  that  is  what  we  have  been  doing  about  Prohibition 
in  the  United  States.  We  have  not  meant  to  do  it.  But  you  know 
when  a  child  gets  a  new  toy  or  a  new  possession,  which  it  prizes  very 
much  and  for  which  it  has  striven  very  long,  that  is  the  thing  that  is 
uppermost  in  his  mind.  And  necessarily  Prohibition  is  the  thing 
that  is  uppermost  in  our  minds,  with  all  the  new  problems  it  presents 
to  us ;  because  the  problems  are  new,  we  have  not  had  national  Pro- 
hibition before ;  the  conditions  are  a  little  different,  in  most  respects, 
from  State  Prohibition.  And  so,  of  course,  naturally  that  thing  is 
uppermost  with  us.  I  do  not  think  we  have  brought  it  before  you  in 
a  spirit  of  boasting,  but  simply  for  the  reason  that  it  is  the  thing  that 
is  uppermost  with  us. 

I  hope  that  you  feel,  too,  that  we  understand  more  or  less  inti- 
mately the  conditions  in  your  countries.  We  are  glad  for  the  pic- 
tures that  you  have  brought  us  of  those  conditions  this  week,  that 
have  helped  us  to  understand  just  what  they  are  now. 

But  if  you  seem  to  be  at  a  different  stage  from  that  at  which  we 
have  arrived,  just  remember  that  we  have  been  through  all  those 
stages.  There  is  no  stage  of  the  Prohibition  movement  in  any  coun- 
try of  the  world,  I  think,  to-day,  that  America  has  not  seen.  We  can 
look  hack  to  more  than  a  hundred  years  ago  at  the  problems  of  the 
use  of  liquor  by  all  sorts  of  people.  We  began  first  by  securing  local 
option  in  certain  localities,  then  we  went  to  total  abstinence  in  some 
of  the  States,  and  later  to  total  abstinence  in  an  increasing  number 
of  the  States,  and  with  regard  to  all  forms  of  liquor,  and  then  pro- 
ceeded to  control  the  liquor  traffic,  and  by  and  by  w^e  came  to  the  idea 
of  Prohibition.  And  it  has  been  for  a  great  many  years  that  we  have 
been  trying  to  achieve  Prohibition.  And  so,  if  in  other  countries  you 
are  dealing  with  the  j^roblcm  in  other  stages,  if  you  can  not  jump  at 
once  to  the  stage  which  we  believe  is  the  ultimately  sensible  stage, 
be  assured  that  we  understand  that  you  must  go  each  in  your  OAvn 
way  toward  the  goal  which  you  desire. 

Though  as  our  friend  Mr.  Spence  has  said,  we  are  living  in  a  time 
of  international  interest,  we  are  learning  that  no  nation  can  live  to 
itself,  that  our  problems  are  your  problems  and  that  your  problems 
arc  our  problems.  And  so.  as  we  separate  in  these  last  hours  of  the 
Congress — which  I  am  sure  we  all  regret  are  the  last  hours — I  feel 
confident  that  we  shall  all  go  to  our  ow^n  homes  and  our  ow^n  tasks 
with  the  feeling  that  these  days  have  given  us  a  greater  sense  of 
comradeship,  that  it  has  been  a  good  augury  for  the  future,  that  we 

415 


have  come  together  for  these  constructive  purposes,  for  the  uplift  of 
humanity,  and  we  are  each  going  back  to  our  own  tasks  with  a  better 
knowledge  of  each  other's  problems,  with  a  greater  sense  of  kinship 
and- companionship  in  our  struggle  toward  the  great  end  for  the 
whole  world.     I  thank  you. 

The  TOASTMASTER,  Dr.  DIXWIDDIE:  I  am  sure  we  will 
all  be  glad  to  have  a  few  words  from  our  genial  friend  from  Paris, 
Pastor  Gallienne. 

RESPONSE   BY   PASTOR   G.   GALLIENNE 

Mr.  Toastmaster,  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen :  I  feel  like  a  certain 
rickety  old  fellow  who  lives  at  one  end  of  my  street,  who  was  sitting 
out  in  front  of  his  shabby  little  store  one  day.  A  chair-mender  came 
along,  singing  out.  "Chairs  to  mend!  Chairs!  Broken  chairs! 
Ready  to  mend !"  And  the  poor  old  rickety  man  called  back  to  him, 
"And  so  am  I !"'  Well,  after  so  many  fine  speeches  I  can  only  say, 
"And  so  am  L" 

1  am  very  thankful,  my  friends,  for  your  kind  hospitality  here. 
We  have  been  going  about  your  streets  and  enjoying  your  parks  and 
your  magnificent  buildings,  and  all  the  while  I  was  obliged  to  remind 
myself  of  the  tenth  commandment,  "Thou  shalt  not  covet !  Thou 
shalt  not  covet !" — your  big  temperance  forces  that  have  done  such 
splendid  things  in  your  land.  You  have  attained  a  great  victory. 
And  now  we  are  going  back  to  our  lands,  where  battles  have  been 
fought,  long  battles  and  bloody  battles,  and  the  battle  for  temper- 
ance has  been,  I  can  not  say  as  bloody  a  battle,  but  the  most  difficvtlt 
battle  to  win.  We  could  not  do  it  alone.  We  have  not  been  able  to. 
Nobody  has  been  able  to  win  the  war  alone.  W^e  are  bound  to  ask 
for  help.  And  so  to-night  we  are  asking — all  the  foreign  delegates 
of  Europe  are  asking  your  help. 

I  wish  we  could  take  back  to  Paris  all  the  big  organizations  that 
are  at  work  in  Washington.  I  wish  I  could  take  away  with  me  some 
of  the  woman  speakers  who  have  been  so  eloquently  and  strongly 
speaking,  not  only  to-night,  but  for  many  long  years  in  the  past. 
Yes,  we  need  your  kind  help  and  sympathy. 

And  before  sitting  down  I  should  like  you  to  remember  that,  if 
the  battle  is  to  be  won.  it  will  be  only  with  the  help  of  those  who 
give  us  our  largest  visions,  and  on  those  visions  of  Prohibition  not 
for  America  alone,  but  for  the  world — the  whole  w^orld,  by  1925. 
Well.  I  say  this  is  marching  onward  by  faith  ;  and  we  need  faith  now ; 
and  we  come  here  and  we  are  taking  back  a  great  amount  of  faith 
to  go  on  with  our  work  in  France. 

To  America.  I  wish  on  behalf  of  all  the  forces  that  are  working  in 
France,  to  thank  you  most  heartily  for  what  you  have  done  already, 
and  for  what  you  are  going  to  do  in  the  future. 

416 


'J'liE  TOASTMASTER,  Dr.  DINWIDDIE:  I  am  sure  we  would 
like  to  have  a  word  from  our  genial  friend  from  Japan,  Dr.  Yamaguchi. 

RESPONSE  BY  DR.  YAMAGUCHI.  OF  JAPAN 

Mr.  Toastmaster  and  Friends  :  \Vhen  I  ■was  quite  young  I  saw 
a  beautiful  young  lady,  now  a  bride,  so  attractive  and  so  talented, 
that  I  was  very  much  struck.  And  the  feeling  of  that  night  is  some- 
thing I  never  forget,  even  to  this  old  age.  That  same  feeling  is  some- 
thing I  am  experiencing  to-night.  How  much  I  envy  to  be  one  of 
you  I  Japan,  as  you  know,  is  trying  hard,  but  we  are  so  behind.  We 
are  marching  on,  but  so  many  things  have  combined  to  prevent  our 
progress  along  the  lines  of  Prohibition.  I  feel  just  as  I  did  on  my 
wedding  night,  when  I  felt  that  now  I  have  to  work  harder  to  build 
up  my  business,  so  I  will  be  able  to  provide  for  such  a  beautiftil 
woman,  my  bride !  And  so  I  am  determined  to  do  my  best,  that  in 
time  we  may  be  able  to  welcome  Prohibition  in  Japan. 

The  Japanese,  as  you  know,  are  said  to  be  great  imitators,  and 
I  think  in  this  connection  the  Japanese  will  show  greater  powers  of 
imitation  of  your  country  on  the  question  of  Prohibition.  When 
they  learn  more  of  the  great  work,  the  Japanese  will  show  you  with- 
out doubt  that  they  will  imitate  quickly  and  certainly  the  splendid 
things  along  the  lines  of  Prohibition  that  you  have  accomplished 
in  this  country,  and  we  feel  that  in  that  imitation  we  will  have  a  great 
people  to  emulate.  And  I  am  sure  you  will  rejoice  when  the  time 
comes  in  Japan  that  we  have  national  Prohil)ition,  a;id  I  sincerely 
beg  of  you  that  you  remember  Japan  in  your  earnest  prayers. 

I  thank  you  very  much  for  your  courtesy  and  kindness,  and  a 
great  many  things  which  you  have  done.  I  thank  you  most  heartily 
on  behalf  of  my  country,  Japan. 

The  toastmaster.  Dr.  DINWIDDIE:  I  doubt  not  that 
ever}-1)ody  present  feels,  as  does  your  toastmaster.  that  it  is  too  bad 
indeed  that  we  shall  not  be  able  to  hear  from  all  of  our  friends  from 
abroad  and  many  of  our  other  friends  in  this  country  ;  but  we  have 
heard  from  Europe,  we  have  heard  "from  ujiper  North  America;  we 
have  heard  from  Asia,  and  I  want  you  to  hear  a  voice  from  South 
America.     I  am  going  to  call  on  Senor  Tancredo  Piutjchet.  of  Chile. 

RESPONSl':  \\y  SEXOR  TANCREDO  PINOCHET 

Mr.  Toastmaster.  Ladies  and  Centlemen:  One  of  the  delegates 
from  the  Scandinavian  countries  said  that  "this  country  would  not 
need  a  Twentieth  Amendment."  I  think  that  the  country  does  need 
one,  and  I  dare  make  a  suggestion  that  that  amendment  should  be 
that  no  foreigner  should  be  asked  to  s])eak  in  an  audience  like  this 

417 


without  being  told  beforehand.  I  happened  to  come  to  Washington 
just  this  morning,  and  the  first  thing  when  I  came  in  they  called  me 
to  the  platform,  and  I  had  to  speak  without  one  minute  of  warning. 
And  now  again!  But  in  spite  of  all  I  am  glad  to  be  here,  because 
I  think  I  may  say  from  the  very  bottom,  of  my  heart,  speaking  not 
only  in  my  name  but  trying  to  speak  also  in  the  name  of  my  country 
' — and  I  am  even  going  far  beyond  that  in  trying  to  speak  in  the  name 
of  the  whole  of  Latin  America — that  you  are  teaching  us  the  most 
important  lesson  that  you  could  ever  teach  another  country. 

And  we  caught  also  a  reflected  message  from  the  ringing  of  your 
Liberty  Bell  in  Philadelphia,  that  we  have  also  got  to  be  rid  of  a 
government  that  would  be  our  master;  and  so  we  got  our  liberty,  and 
we  perfected  our  constitution,  copying  them  from  yours. 

But  it  seems  to  me  that  the  lesson  that  you  are  teaching  us  now 
is  just  as  important,  if  not  much  more  important,  than  the  lesson  you 
gave  us  when  we  obtained  our  political  independence,  because  now 
it  is  not  a  question  of  political  independence,  it  is  a  question  of  being 
born,  of  being  awakened,  of  our  conscience  sleeping,  and  novv^ 
we  are  really  being  born  again.  You  can  not  fully  understand  me 
because  you  do  not  know  the  conditions  of  our  countries.  But  it  is  a 
fact  that  I  myself  have  put  my  ear  on  the  very  heart  of  the  people 
in  my  country.  I  have  worked  as  a  laborer  there.  I  went  disguised 
as  a  laborer  to  work  on  the  farm  of  the  President  of  the  republic.  I 
worked  for  fifteen  days  as  a  laborer,  just  to  see  what  the  problem 
was,  and  to  hear  the  cry  of  the  people  down  there.  So  we  know  that 
we  need   Prohibition. 

And  furthermore,  we  have  just  one  place  in  Chile — it  is  a  plant 
run  by  the  corporate  interests  of  this  country — that  is  the  only  place 
in  Chile  where  we  have  got  Prohibition.  There  are  five  thousand 
men  working  there,  and  they  are  the  very  happiest  in  my  country. 

And  there  is  another  plant  further  north  where  the  American 
interests  want  to  have  Prohibition,  and  they  have  not  been  able  to 
enforce  it  yet.  not  because  they  would  not,  but  because  they  could 
not.  In  the  place  where  we  have  Prohibition  in  Chile,  it  is  so  high 
up  in  the  mountains  that  they  can  not  very  well  stop  it  from  coming 
in,  and  in  the  other  place  they  have  a  saloon  just  outside  of  their 
plant. 

Now,  you  are  teaching  us  this  lesson  with  what  you  are  doing 
here,  and  with  what  you  are  actually  doing  there,  and  in  fact  that  is 
why  I  am  glad  to  say  that  we  are  going  to  owe  America  really  for 
the  second  independence  of  our  country.     I  thank  you. 

The  TOASTMASTER,  Dr.  DINWIDDIE:  I  know  you  will 
all  agree  that  Dr.  Saleeby  should  say  a  word  now.  He  does  not 
need  any  introduction  to  this  Congress.     Dr.  Saleeby,  of  England. 

418 


RESPONSE  BY  DR.  C.  W.  SALEEBY,  F.  R.  S.  E. 

]\Ir.  Toastmaster,  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen :  It  is  frightfully  late, 
and  I  must  not  detain  you  with  any  extended  remarks.  I  will  merely 
say  that  we  are  all  deeply  grateful  to  your  officers  and  the  members 
of  the  American  Committee  for  what  you  have  done  for  us  delegates 
from  abroad.  We  have  been  in  attendance  upon  some  great  occa- 
sions before,  but  this  is  colossal.  It's  tremendous.  It  has  world- 
wide significance.  And  its  eternal  significance  almost  overwhelms 
us.  We  are  deeply  grateful  to  you,  Mr.  President,  and  the  members 
of  the  American  delegation,  for  all  your  courtesies  and  kindness  to 
us ;  and  for  this  gracious  occasion,  when  we  have  been  privileged  to 
meet  around  a  feast  of  good  things  and  to  hear  these  pleasant  and 
inspiring  words,  we  are  particularly  thankful  to  you. 

Going  about  your  wonderful  capital,  we  are  told  that  such  and 
such  is  a  shaft  to  Washington,  and  another  to  Lincoln,  etc.  These 
monuments  are  monuments  of  great  height  and  expanse,  but  they  are 
ridiculously  inadequate  when  you  realize  what  a  nation  those  men 
have  helped  to  make.  We  have  honored  the  names  of  some  of  your 
great  men  in  our  public  inscriptions  in  Great  Britain,  but  for  their  real 
monuments  we  will  look  around  us  in  this  wonderful  country. 

We  have  been  talking  this  week  a  great  deal  about  how  Prohi- 
bition will  make  America  a  great  country.  But  what  a  wonderful 
land  you  already  have  to  make  such  a  splendid  start  in  nation-wide 
Prohibition  !  What  a  conception  of  real  liberty,  what  a  conception 
of  patriotism,  to  deny  itself  something  that  has  been  the  enemy  and 
the  bane  of  mankind  all  over  the  world,  wherever  there  is  any  record, 
since  time  began.  Why,  your  country  has  made  itself  so  great  that 
it  proposes  to  make  itself  even  greater  by  means  of  Prohibition ! 
That's  the  really  astonishing  thing.  It's  the  causes  that  led  to  Pro- 
hibition as  much  as  the  results  that  are  remarkable. 

One  of  the  things  that  are  said  in  my  country  about  yours  is  that 
there  has  been  a  most  deplorable  result  of  nation-wide  Prohibition  in 
America;  that  since  Prohibition  came  in  one  of  the  most  delightful 
arts  of  civilized  life  has  disappeared  under  the  influence  of  your 
fanatics.  Well,  I  think  it  will  be  agreed  here  to-night  that  the  art 
of  oratory  is  very  much  alive.  And  when  I  consider  how  many  of  the 
speakers  this  evening  have  not  been  speaking  in  their  native  tongues, 
and  when  I  think  of  the  excellent  English  that  our  friends  from 
foreign  countries  use,  I  really  feel  very  guilty  that  we  English-speak- 
ing people  are  unable  to  emulate  them  by  speaking  also  in  tongues 
other  than  our  own.  The  spirit  of  oratory  indeed  is  not  dead  under  a 
dry  regime,  and  a  very  high  standard  has  been  set  here  this  evening. 
We  have  to  persuade  the  world  that  we  are  not  "kill-joys,"  that  we 
know  how  to  have  a  good  time,  that  we  have  solved  the  problem 
that  they  say  can  not  be  sohed — how  to  be  happy,  though  sober! 

41Q 


A  distinguished  friend  of  mine  was  a  little  bit  anxious  lest  the 
problem  of  being  really  happy  though  sober  would  fail  to  be  solved 
m  the  future  under  absolute  Prohibition  ;  and  that  was  really  his 
trouble,  when  he  misinterpreted  his  own  results  this  morning.  We 
had  a  Scotchman  on  the  steamer  coming  across,  a  man  of  marvelous 
education.  A  wonderful  history  these  Scotch  people  have  of  learning 
on  all  matters  except  one.  They  spend  their  money  with  judgment 
and  pre-vision,  but  on  the  matter  of  whisky  nine  Scotchmen  out  of 
ten  are  babes  and  fatuous  simpletons.  Scotchmen  are  as  wise  as  you 
like  in  other  matters — but  I  forget  what  I  was  going  to  say.  Oh.  yes 
— a  Scotchman  will  drink  real  champagne  in  the  evening,  and  have 
a  real  pain  in  the  morning.  Some  time  the  whole  thing  is  going  to 
give  him  a  noxious  pain,  and  he  will  wdpe  the  evil  from  his  country. 

We  have  had  the  real  cream  of  life  in  your  beautiful  capital  this 
week,  without  any  boasting  of  the  membership  of  the  Congress.  It's 
a  demonstration  that  is  worthy  of  the  note  of  all  men.  And  you  have 
demonstrated  to  the  world  that  you  Americans  know  how  to  be 
joyful  and  happy,  without  resorting  to  alcoholic  intoxicants  and  other 
forms  of  sham  happiness.  (Dr.  Saleeby  concluded  by  reading  a  poem 
by  Walt  Whitman.) 

The  TOASTMASTER.  Dr.  DINWIDDIE  :  I  presume  it  is  get- 
ting around  toward  the  time  when  we  might  well  close.  There  have 
been  many  nice  things  said  about  America  and  about  the  American 
Committee,  one  of  whom  I  have  been.  I  have  had  to  be  before  the 
Congress  a  great  deal.  It  has  been  a  pleasure,  but  it  has  brought  its 
trials  and — its  perspiration  !  I  do  not  think  it  is  "up  to  me."  to  use  an 
American  expression  which  I  think  you  all  understand,  to  let  the 
impression  go  forw^ard  that  any  of  us  or  any  number  of  us,  except 
all  of  us,  have  done  what  we  have  meant  to  do  in  a  very  short  space 
of  time,  in  arranging  for  this  Congress.  I  have  been  associated  with 
a  very  loyal  bunch  of  people  in  this  work.  Brother  Cherrington  is 
going  to  have  a  chance  to  talk  to  you  to-morrow.  He  asked  me  not 
to  call  upon  him  to-night.  He-is  inherently  modest  anyway !  Father 
O'Callaghan,  however,  is  the  third  member  of  the  sub-committee 
which  was  charged  by  the  Executive  Committee  with  the  detailed 
arrangements  for  plans  for  the  Congress,  and  I  am  going  to  ask 
Father  O'Callaghan,  on  behalf  of  the  sub-committee  and  of  the  full  com- 
mittee, to  say  a  few  words  at  his  time. 

RESPONSE  BY  THE  VERY  REV.  P.  J.  O'CALLAGHAN,  C.S.P. 

Mr.  Toastmaster  and  Friends :  "That's  the  unkindest  cut  of  all !" 
I  hadn't  honestly  any  idea^of  speaking  for  the  Committee  to-night. 
but  it  cerainly  is  a  very  great  honor  to  speak  for  the  Committee,  as  it 
has  been  a  very  great  honor  to  work  wdth  the  Committee.  We  have 
been  together  a  great  deal.  Most  of  the  Committee  traveled  to 
Europe  twice,  and  so  we  were  well  acquainted  with  one  another. 

420 


And  we  were  all  stirred  by  a  common  love  for  the  great  cavise  of 
temperance,  and  we  welcomed  the  opportunity  that  was  given  to  us 
by  our  great  leader,  and  one  that  our  nation  calls  the  great  Com- 
moner, to  serve  on  this  Committee.  Dr.  Dinwiddie  has  told  of  our 
many  labors.  We  have  had  a  great  deal  to  do,  bvit  it  has  been  a  labor 
of  love,  and  it  has  been  crowned  and  blessed  with  such  v\-ords  of 
appreciation  that  we  are  entirely  and  more  than  repaid  for  all  any 
one  or  all  together  have  done. 

I  am  sure  that  it  is  a- very  great  honor  for  us  to  express  our 
thanks  to  those  who  have  been  so  lavish  in  their  praise,  who  have 
been  so  generous  in  their  expressions  of  appreciation  for  the  hos- 
pitality that  we  were  enabled  to  offer  in  the  name  of  our  country. 

By  our  service  in  this  cause  we  have  been  made  not  only  proud 
of  the  fact  that  we  have  been  associated  with  it  for  manv  years, 
through  which  many  of  us  have  had  to  bear  the  stigma  or  at  least 
the  attempted  stigma  of  those  v^-ho  would  not  understand,  who 
counted  us  as  fanatics,  to  whom  we  had  to  say  that  only  the  future 
shall  tell  whether  we  were  or  have  been  fanatics  or  farseeing.  And 
we  have  rejoiced  that  we  were  privileged  to  see  this  day. 

And  we  have  been  very  proud  of  our  country.  We  recognize  and 
talk  about  our  country  gladly,  because  it  is  our  country  that  you  have 
praised,  and  are  glad  to  tell  you  that  we  think  our  country  is  worthy 
of  your  admiration.  We  are  sensible,  those  of  us  who  have  been 
born  and  bred  here,  that  American  patriotism  is  an  idealism,  that  it 
is  not  a  love  of  any  particular  corner  of  the  earth,  though  it  includes 
that ;  it  is  not  a  mere  love  of  the  home  where  we  were  raised ;  it  is  not 
a  love  of  birthplace ;  but  it  is  a  love  of  those  ideals  that  are  in  our 
Constitution,  and  in  our  sense  of  what  our  country  stands  for,  and 
in  our  Constitution,  because  our  Constitution  is  not  a  ]\Iagna  Charta. 
a  concession  of  ancient  traditions  to  us,  but  a  living  thing  that  has 
thus  far  expressed  itself  up  to  the  Nineteenth  Amendment,  and  that  is 
admitted  as  attributing  to  the  sovereign  people  of  this  age  the  same 
authority  that  was  vested  in  those  that  wrote  the  first  draft  of  that 
Constitution.  And  we  are  glad  to  think  that  you  have  paid  tribute  to 
our  country  in  glorifying  us,  for  adding  these  amendments  to  our 
Constitution. 

In  the  name  of  the  Committee  we  therefore  thank  all  who  have 
honored  our  country  by  coming,  and  we  are  deeply  grateful  for  the 
many  words  that  have  been  uttered  in  praise  of  this  land  of  ])rogress. 

TiiK  TOASTMASTER.  Dr.  DIX\\'I]:)DIE  :  T  am  going  to  take 
a  liberty  which  I  think  the  Committee  will  thoroughlv  approve.  We 
cannot  have  long  s])ecches.  We  have  not  had  long  speeches  to-night. 
I  do  not  know  whether  they  have  come  to  be  afraid  of  the  Chair  or 
not.  T  d.id  not  reveal  the  fact  that  T  did  not  have  a  gavel  here  to- 
night, but  we  have  done  admirably,  and  we  have  gotten  along  really 
well.     Rut  T  think  the  Committee  will  say  that  we  can  have  a  word 

421 


from  several  of  those  who,  while  not  members  of  the  Committee, 
have  nevertheless  been  the  most  loyal  sort  of  helpers  of  the  Commit- 
tee, and  without  whom  the  Committee's  work  had  not  been  possible 
I  never  did  beheve,  and  I  do  not  believe  yet,  that  generals  alone  win 
battles.  And  I  believe  in  letting  people  know  that  we  appreciate  the 
colonels  and  the  majors  and  the  captains  in  line  of  service.  The  Com- 
mittee has  had  the  services  of  several  whose  labors  have  been  in- 
valuable. You  have  had  this  exhibition  on  the  tenth  floor  of  the 
Raleigh  Hotel,  which  was  put  over,  and  many  other  things  con- 
nected with  arrangements  for  the  Congress  were  put  over,  by  the 
young  man  I  am  going  to  introduce  now.  to  whom  in  this  way  I 
want  to  offer  a  proper  meed  of  praise,  2\Ir.  T.  Q.  Beesley,  the  assist- 
ant to  the  General  Committee. 

RESPONSE  BY  MR.  T.  O.  BEESLEY 

Mr.  Toastmaster,  Ladies,  and  Gentlemen. :  I  can  say,  I  think 
with  all  honesty,  that  there  is  no  need  of  public  praise  to  any  of  us 
who  have  had  the  privilege  of  assisting  in  any  way  toward  the  suc- 
cess of  this  Congress.  There  is  such  a  thing  as  the  joy  of  being 
permitted  to  do  a  thing  in  which  your  heart  is  interested,  and  with 
which  your  soul  is  deeply  moved.  There  is  such  a  thing  as  a  satis- 
faction in  doing  a  job  to  the  best  of  your  ability,  and  with  all  the 
strength  and  force  and  devotion  that  you  can  muster. 

For  my  own  part,  and  I  am  sure  that  my  faithful  co-workers  out- 
side of  the  comittee  proper  agree  with  me  in  this,  the  satisfaction 
that  we  have  had  in  contributing  in  any  way  toward  making  the 
world  to  realize  where  America  stood,  and  where  other  nations  can 
stand  on  this  issue,  was  praise  enough  and  glory  enough,  and  satis- 
faction enough. 

I  want  to  say  just  a  word  on  one  aspect  of  the  Congress  that 
appeals  to  me  very  much  indeed.  I  have  emphasized  it  on  the  two 
occasions  in  which  I  have  been  associated  with  you  publicly,  the 
reception  on  Tuesday  night,  and  this  occasion  to-night,  emphasized 
it  by  wearing  the  uniform  that  I  wore  during  the  war.  Those  of  us 
who  had  the  privilege  of  being  associated  with  the  Red  Cross, 
whether  at  headquarters  or  in  the  hospitals,  or  with  the  troops,  or 
with  the  sailors  at  sea — and  by  some  strange  grace  I  had  all  four  of 
those  experiences — come  to  realize  that,  regardless  of  differences  of 
color,  regardless  of  differences  of  condition,  regardless  of  differences 
of  nationality  and  creed,  there  is  at  the  bottom  a  fundamental  factor 
between  all  peoples  and  all  nations — the  bond  of  a  common  desire  for 
justice  and  decency  and  moral  truth.  We  found  in  the  Red  Cross 
that  there  was  one  protecting  thing  which  every  man  and  every 
woman  had.  no  matter  between  what  contending  forces  he  or  she 
might  find  himself  or  herself — the  protecting,  all-embracing  force  of 
mercy,  humanity  and  justice.     Where  you  have  those  three,  where 

422 


you  are  working  for  your  fellow  man  under  the  guidance  of  those 
three,  there  is  no  force  that  dare  lay  a  hand  on  you  and  no  force  that 
can  stop  you.  That,  it  seems  to  me,  should  be  one  of  tke  great  en- 
couragements to  those  who  are  fighting  alcoholism  throughout  the 
world.  Not  only  that,  but  it  should  be  an  encouragement  to  come 
closer  to  each  other.  It  is  hardly  necessary  to  emphasize  the  inter- 
national aspect  of  the  Congress,  for  thirty-one  nations  have  sent  offi- 
cial delegations.  But  it  is  necessary,  I  think,  to  keep  before  the 
Congress,  always  burning  bright,  the  light  of  the  knowledge  that 
with  a  united  moral  principle,  and  working  together  for  a  united 
moral  principle,  there  is  nothing  that  can  stop  the  United  States  and 
the  world  from  moving  forward. 

I  appeal  to  you  to  exercise  in  all  your  congresses  more  and  more, 
by  every  outward  symbol  and  every  inward  device  that  you  can 
fashion,  the  international  aspect.  It's  the  only  aspect  on  which  this 
Congress  can  ultimately  complete  its  work  of  making  the  world  free 
from  alcoholism. 

And  one  last  note  which  I  hope  will  not  be  a  jarring  note  in  com- 
parison with  what  I  have  just  said — I  do  not  want  Dr.  Saleeby  to  go 
back  to  England  without  meeting  some  one  who  has  read  Walt 
\\'hitman.  Dr.  Saleeby,  permit  me  to  introduce  m5^self.  You 
Englishmen  have  the  habit  of  coming  over  here  and  discovering  our 
poets  for  us.  You  discover  them  as  you  discover  the  Woolworth 
Building.  We  pass  it  a  thousand  times  a  day  on  Broadway  and  do 
not  recognize  it.  We  need  to  be  taught  to  recognize  our  own  things. 
I  think  we  have  discovered  ourselves  in  this  Congress.  I  think  we 
have  discovered  one  thing  more,  that  at  the  bottom  of  a  movement 
like  the  League  of  Nations  there  is  a  fundamental  reaching  up  for 
the  ct)mmon  truth,  the  truth  of  brotherhood,  the  truth  that  one  of 
your  great  English  poets  set  forth  in  a  phrase  that  some  day  will  be 
fully  realized  in  the  principles  of  morality,  the  well-known  phrase  of  the 
famous  Tennyson — "The  Parliament  of  man.  the  Federation  of  the 
world." 

The  TOAST.MASTER,  Dr.  DINWIDDIE:  Now  I  still  think 
we  are  going  to  be  through  by  midnight.  I  know  you  want  to  hear 
a  word  from  a  very  efficient  member  of  the  Committee  who  has 
directed  the  activities  of  the  women,  the  loyal,  faithful,  indefatigable 
Legislative  Superintendent  of  the  National  Woman's  Christian  Tem- 
perance L'nion,  Mrs.  Lenna  Yost. 

RESPONSE   BY   MPS.   LENNA  YOST 

Mr.  Toastmaster  and  Friends:  .Since  no  one  has  boasted  of  what 
we  have  done,  may  I  say  the  fact  that  our  Government  has  been  host 
and  hostess,  since  the  Nineteenth  .\iuendment,  to  this  great  Inter- 
national Congress,  to  otir  distinguished  guests  from  other  lands,  has 

423 


made  me  very  happy.  Wt  have  longed  for  your  coming ;  we  wanted 
you  to  see  what  we  have  done.  We  wanted  you  to  know  what  we 
want  vou  t9  do.  You  have  been  an  inspiration  to  the  United  States, 
as  has  been  testified  by  the  representatives  from  every  State  in  this 
Union.  We  are  sorry  to  see  you  go,  but  we  say  goodby  and  hope 
you  will  come  again. 

The  TOASTMASTER,  Dr.  DIXWIDDIE:  The  regular  work 
of  the  Committee,  the  direction  of  the  necessary  and  splendid  helpful 
activities  of  the  women  altogether  would  not  accomplish  much  if 
we  did  not  have  a  pocket-book  in  this  country,  some  way,  some  how. 
with  which  to  pay  the  bills.  Father  O'Callaghan  has  an  assistant  in 
that  line,  and  the  Committee  has  an  office  director,  whom  I  want  to 
introduce  to  you.  who  for  over  twenty  years  has  been  laboring  faith- 
tullv,  industrioush",  efficiently,  in  behalf  of  national  Prohibiiton.  I 
know,  for  most  of  that  time  she  has  been  my  own  secretary.  Shj 
has  temporarily  been  loaned  to  this  Congress  Committee  in  order  to 
help  put  this  work  over  at  this  time.     Miss  Laura  R.  Church. 

RESPONSE  BY  .AIISS  LAURA  R.   CHURCH 

Mr.  Toastmaster.  our  honored  guests,  ladies  and  gentlemen:  This 
IS  indeed  unexpected !  I  had  no  idea  the  Chairman  would  call  on  me 
at  ail.  It  is  very  pleasant,  though,  to  look  at  you  all  collectively.  Some- 
how or  other,  in  these  busy  days  this  week,  I  have  not  been  in  very 
many  of  the  sessions.  T  have  seen  you  individually.  Some  of  you 
have  wanted  to  see  me  awfully  bad  at  times,  and  perhaps  could  not  find 
me  quite  as  quickly  as  you  wanted  to ;  and  sometimes,  when  I  have  gone 
to  see  one  person  to  accomplish  one  thing,  perhaps  I  have  been  so  anxious 
to  get  to  some  one  who  was  expecting  me  quickly,  that  I  have  not  had 
time  to  stop  and  chat  as  I  would  have  liked,  and  as  perhaps  you  may 
have  expected. 

It  has  been  a  very  great  joy.  though,  to  be  in  what  some  of  us 
have  said  to  be  the  treasury  of  the  Congress.  It  has  been  a  very  great 
pleasure.  The  pleasure  of  service  has  been  very  great  to  us.  We  have 
been  delighted  to  have  you  here,  to  have  met  you.  to  have  done  any  little 
thing  for  you  that  we  could  do.  We  hope  you  will  come  soon  again  and 
hold  another  Congress,  and  nothing  Avould  make  me  happier,  and  I  am 
sure  the  rest  of  the  office  force,  than  to  be  just  able  to  do  all  over  again 
the  things  that  we  have  done ;  and  we  could  do  them  much  better  another 
time.      I  hope  you  will  come  soon  again. 

The  TOASTMASTER.  Dr.  DIXWIDDIE:  We  are  very  glad  that 
you  have  been  here.  The  Chair  has  already  expressed  himself  along  this 
liae.  The  pleasure  has  been  ours.  We  wish  you  God-speed.  We  wish 
you  a  pleasant  time  during  the  remainder  of  your  sojourn  in  the  L'nited 
States,  a  safe  journey  home,  when  }0u  must  go.  and  an  early  return, 

424 


and  if  God  so  wills,  a  success  in  your  line  of  service  wherever  you  are. 
We  bid  you  good-night,  and  we  will  sfee  you  to-morrow. 

Dr.  a.  J.  COOK  :  Just  as  our  meeting  is  adjourned,  may  I  not  say 
n  word  on  behalf  of  the  delegates  in  appreciation  of  the  splendid  leader- 
ship and  courtesies  of  our  Chairman  throughout  the  week  and  of  our 
toastmaster  of  this  evening,  Dr.  Dinwiddie.  We  have  watched  \our 
tired  expression,  Doctor,  and  have  marveled  at  your  wonderful  power 
of  geniality  and  sensible  power  of  control  which  you  have  exercised,  and 
we  have  admired  from  afar,  and  wondered  where  all  the  power  came 
from.  We  all  want,  I  am  sure,  Mr.  Chairman,  to  thank  you  for  the 
way  in  which  you  have  presided. 

The  banqueters  arose  and  sang,  ''For  he's  a  jolly  good  fellow,"  where- 
upon three  rousing  cheers  were  given  for  Dr.  Dinwiddie. 

The  toastmaster.  Dr.  DINWIDDIE:  you  are  very  kind. 
I  certainly  thank  you  all. 

Dr.  CHARLES  SCAXLOX  at  this  point  stated  that  he  felt  that  he 
could  reply  to  Mr.  Cook's  wonderment  as  to  where  Dr.  Dinwiddie  de- 
rived all  his  power  for  the  tasks  he  accomplishes.  He  thereupon  asked 
that  the  mother  of  the  Chairman  of  the  Congress.  Mrs.  Dinwiddie,  should 
rise  in  her  place,  in  order  that  the  delegates  might  see  her  as  the  "source 
of  the  power"  of  her  son.  Dr.  Dinwiddie,  the  Chairman  of  the  Congress. 

[Mrs.  Dinwiddie  rose,  and  the  delegates  all  rose  in  trilmte  to  ^Irs. 
Dinwiddie.] 

Dr.  SCANLOX  thereupon  called  attention  also  to  the  presence  of 
the  wife  of  the  Chairman,  who  also  deserved  her  share  of  the  honors. 
Dr.  Scanlon  said :  "These  are  the  sources  of  power  behind  the  Chair- 
man!" 

The  meeting  then  dispersed. 


425 


AFTERNOON  SESSION 

SUNDAY,  SEPTEMBER  26,  1920 


The  Sunday  afternoon  session  was  convened  at  the  Central  High 
School,  Dr.  Dinwiddie,  presiding. 

The  Rev.  CHARLES  SCANLON,  D.D.,  offered  the  invocation. 

The  chairman  :  I  have  in  my  hand  the  program  as  far  as  given 
to  me  by  Mrs.  Yost,  Secretary  of  the  Advisory  Committee  to  the  Amer- 
ican Executive  Committee  of  the  Congresss.  Now  it  may  be  that  other, 
organizations  have  appointed  representatives  to  speak  for  them  briefly 
this  afternoon,  and  that  we  have  not  received  the  notice,  and  I  am  saying 
this  now  so  that  no  organization  will  be  intentionally  omitted.  If  you 
are  not  in  the  list. — if  there  is  an  organization  that  is  to  be  officially  rep- 
resented by  some  speaker  this  afternoon,  and  the  name  is  not  read,  will 
you  please  immediately  send  it  to  the  platform. 

[Mr.  Charles  S.  Wengerd  led  the  singing,  with  Miss  Edith  x^they 
at  the  pipe  organ.  The  "Battle  Hymn  of  the  Republic"  and  "Onward, 
Christian  Soldiers"  were  sung.] 

The  CHAIR]\1AX  :  Although  editor  of  a  paper  and  manager  of  a 
large  publishing  plant.  Mr  .Cherrington  is  a  very. modest  man,  and  says 
very  little  about  himself.  His  name  goes  into  his  papers  very  much  less 
frequently  than  the  names  of  others  identified  with  the  reform.  But 
those  of  us  who  know  him  know  that  Mr.  Cherrington  has  had  a  very 
large  part  in  the  progress  and  success  of  the  movement  against  the  saloon 
in  the  United  States;  and  those  of  us  who  know  him  most  intimately 
know  he  is  a  valuable  and  valued  and  trusted  helper  in  all  of  these  things; 
and  I  want  you  to  remain  this  afternoon  in  this  Congress  meeting  under 
the  chairmanshiji  of  the  secretary  of  our  committee,  whom  I  have  the 
pleasure  of  introducing.  Mr.  Ernest  ?T.  Cherrington. 

[Mr.  Cherrington  thereu])on  assumed  the  chair.] 

Mr.  CPIERRINGTON  :  The  words  of  the  permanent  chairman  are 
very  gracious. — I  could  say  extravagant.  As  I  understand  it.  the  after- 
noon's program  has  to  do  entirely  with  the  representatives  of  temperance 
organizations  and  church  committees. 

Captain  RICHMOND  PEARSON  HOBSON :  Before  the  pro- 
gram is  definitely  decided,  I  request  three  minutes  or  five  in  which  to 
make  an  announcement. 

427 


The  presiding  OFFICER,  Mr.  CHERRIXGTOX:  All  right 
Captain.      Will  you  make  it  now? 

Captain  HOBSON  :  I  shall  l)e  very  glad  to. 

jNIr.  Chairman,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen :  We  are  all  aware  that  this 
Congress  marks  a  new  era  in  the  reform  of  the  world.  The  suggestion 
T  am  making  here  has  for  its  object  the  opening  up  of  the  hearts  and 
resources  of  the  American  people  in  a  new  and  larger  way  to  the  whole 
world  movement.  Organizations  have  particular  functions  and  their 
work  to  do.  But  all  agree  in  the  educational  road  to  the  final  goal. 
And  this  has  for  its  purpose  the  enabling  of  the  great  cause  in  the  world 
to  tap  the  resources  of  America,  in  harmony,  all  organizations  cooperat- 
ing, so  that  there  will  be  no  new  organization  created.  It  will  draw  on 
the  funds  of  no  organiatzion,  just  merely  opening  the  way  for  the  world 
to  reach  the  heart  and  the  purse  strings  of  America.  The  suggestion  is 
an  American  Anti- Alcoholism  Education  Fund  to  be  raised  under  fed- 
erated auspices.  The  conception  is  the  National  Temperance  Council  to  be 
allotted  by  the  same — by  this  council,  or  whatever  federated  organization 
is  created,  to  the  foreign  lands  for  educational  purposes  only,  to  be  ex- 
tended in  the  foreign'lands  by  some  form  of  federated  council  or  agency, 
each  land  working  out  its  own  channels  of  expenditure,  to  be  raised  by 
meetings,  say,  yearly, — perhaps  in  April  or  Alay.  when  the  organiza- 
tions themselves,  are  least  busy  in  this  country ;  all  organizations,  church 
boards,  etc.  cooperating  to  make  the  meetings  great  and  successful,  or- 
ganizations from  abroad  sending  speakers  to  join  wnth  American  speak- 
ers, the  practical,  tangible  agency  a  ten-year  pledge-card,  the  expenses 
to  be  met  out  of  the  first  funds  raised.  As  a  practical  lecturer,  I  know 
that  the  cash  collections  would  more  than  cover  all  expenses,  and  I  am 
confident  that  the  heart  of  America  would  open  up  with  no  division  at 
all  in  its  response.  All  good  people  agree  on  that  road,  and  no  new 
organization  being  created,  and  drawing  on  the  funds  of  no  organiza- 
tion, it  will  deepen  the  interest  of  the  American  people  in  this  great  new 
field,  and  at  the  same  time  permit  them  to  draw  on  the  resources  of  the 
nation. 

Mr.  Chairman,  of  course  no  legislative  action  can  be  taken  on  this 
occasion  or  in  this  Congress.  This  is  only  a  suggestion  about  which  the 
constructive  thought,  particularly  of  the  committee  of  the  organizations 
in  America,  may  begin  to  revolve  and  work  out.  I  hope  and  trust,  by  next 
Spring,  perhaps,  the  means  and  the  agencies  needed  to  found  this  fund 

Now  I  am  a  practical  man  in  these  matters.  I  believe  a  single  lec- 
turer could  easily  raise  a  million  a  year.  That's  a  very  conservative 
.estimate.  I  believe  if  this  is  properly  done,  we  could  build  a  mighty 
fund  that  would  reduce  enormously  the  time  period  necessary  to  make 
the  whole  world  dry. 

428 


The  presiding  OFFICER,  Mr.  CHERRINGTUX  :- The  first 
number  on  the  program  this  afternoon  is  an  address  by  the  Rev.  Lyman 
V.  Rutledge,  of  Boston,  who  is  the  representative  of  the  Unitarian  Tem- 
perance Society,  but  he  does  not  seem  to  be  present.  I  see  a  gentle- 
man sitting  here  below  at  my  right,  who  is  not  a  novice  at  any  sort  of 
moral  reform, — the  Rev.  Dr.  Wilbur  F.  Crafts,  of  the  International 
Reform  Bureau.     Dr.  Crafts  is  recognized  for  five  minutes. 

REMARKS  BY  DR.  WILBUR  F.  CRAFTS 

REPRESEXTIXG    THE    IXTERXATIONAL    REFORM    BUREAU 

^Ir.  Chairman  and  fellow  helpers  to  the  truth:  We  meet  as  allies  at 
a  camp  fire.  In  street  campaigning  for  war  Prohibition,  the  Interna- 
tional Reform  Bureau  decorated  its  auto  with  flags  of  the  27  allies  that 
won  the  World  War.  All  the  Allies  helped.  Seven  of  them  had  an 
essential  part,  namely.  Serbia.  Belgium.  France,  Britain.  Italy.  Japan  and 
the  United  States.  \Ve  cannot  conceive  that  any  one  would  speak  of 
the  \Vorld  War  as  wholl\-  won  by  France  and  Britain. 

That  strangers  may  not  inaccurately  and  unfairly  ascribe  Prohibi- 
tion victories  in  the  United  States  wholly  to  the  two  chief  Allies,  some 
of  their  own  leaders  have  arranged  that  this  whole  session  shall  be  a 
roll  call  and  war  council  of  the  41  national  organizations  that  fought  as 
Allies  in  securing  national  Prohibition. 

All  of  these  Allies  have  helped  to  win  the  Prohibition  victories,  and 
there  is  glory  enough  for  all.  As  there  were  seven  national  Allies  in 
the  World  War  that  were  privileged  to  render  preeminent  service,  seven 
Prohibition  Allies  were  more  active  than  others  in  our  final  drive  for 
national  Prohibition ;  and  at  least  four  of  them  can  be  shown  to  have 
taken  an  absolutely  essential  part.  One  of  these  is  the  International 
Reform  Bur.eau,  which  is  content  to  be  the  little  Belgium  in  this  holy  war. 
It  is  in  no  sense  a  rival  of  other  organizations.  Indeed  its  lioard  of 
directors  includes  leaders  from  nearly  all  of  the  41  Allies  mobilized  here 
to-day,  together  with  15  Prohibition  leaders  of  Congress. 

The  Reform  Bureau  is  a  bureau  of  lectures  and  literature,  for  enact- 
ment and  enforcement  of  laws  against  all  moral  evils.  esi)ecially  the  big 
five:  intoxicants,  sex  abu.ses.  gambling,  ])ugilism.  and  commercialization 
of  Sunday.  Bitt  our  chief  objective  during  the  zi'hole  -'5  years  of  our 
history  has  been  national  Prohibition,  which  has  been  won  by  three  score 
anti-alcohol  votes  in  Congress,  in  three  stages :  ( 1 )  Prohibition  of  liquor 
selling   in   Government   ])uildings.   which   the   Reform    Bureau    initiated. 

(2)  Prohibition  of  interstate    shipment    of    liquors    to    "speak-easies." 

(3)  National  Constitutional  Prohibition.  In  both  the  second  and  third 
stages  a  national  convention  of  Prohibition  forces  appointed  a  commis- 
sion to  draft  the  law.  also  a  Washington  lobby  of  three  to  promote  them, 
and  on  all  these  the  Reform  Piureau  was  represented.  (4)  War  Prohi- 
bition, in  which  the  Reform  Bureau's  part  was  decisive,  as  shown  in  a 
signed  statement  f)f  .Senator  Norris.  that  after  the  hearings  in  Time.  P^18. 

429 


before  Senate  Committee  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  a  bill  was  favor- 
ably reported  in  which  the  making  of  malt  liquors  was  prohibited  after 
three  months,  to  conserve  grain ;  the  sale  of  distilled  liquors  was  prohib- 
ited after  one  year,  and  no  restrictions  were  put  on  the  sale  of  wine. 
Whereupon  he  says  that  the  Superintendent  of  the  Reform  Bureau  imme- 
diately came  to  him  to  urge  that  such  a  bill  would  not  be  regarded  as 
adequate  by  the  people  who  had  thought  on  war  Prohibition.  He  had 
received  a  similar  intimation  from  people  in  his  own  State  whose  opin- 
ions he  valued,  and  so  consented  to  make  an  effort  to  report  a  stronger 
bill,  on  which  he  collaborated  with  the  representative  of  the  Reform  Bu- 
reau. The  bill  prohibited  the  making  of  any  kind  of  liquors  after  Nov. 
1,  1918,  and  the  sale  of  any  after  Jan.  1,  1919,  for  the  period  of  the  war 
and  demobilization.  Exportation  was  also  forbidden.  The  bill  was 
immediately  taken  up  by  the  Committee  and  reported  as  drawn,  except 
that  the  Committee  struck  out  demobilization  and  prohibition  of  export. 
When  the  President  interposed  a  request  that  date  of  Prohibition  should 
be  postponed  for  a  year,  this  bill  was  revised  by  Senator  Sheppard,  with 
demobilization  restored,  and  date  of  prohibition  of  sale  of  all  intoxicating 
liquors  was  set  at  July  1.  1919,  and  it  was  so  passed. 

This  certified  statement  means  that  a  bill  reported  by  Senate  Com- 
mittee on  June  27,  1918.  which  would  have  allowed  whisky-selling  for  a 
year  and  wine-sel'ing  ndefinitely,  cutting  oft"  beer-making  nine  months 
earlier,  was  set  aside  in  less  than  a  week  through  interviews  of  the  Re- 
form Bureau's  representative  with  meml)ers  of  the  Committee,  and  full 
war  Prohibition  as  finally  passed,  except  in  two  weakened  provisions, 
was  reported  on  July  3,  with  the  result  that  16  wet  States,  containing 
two  fifths  of  the  nation's  population,  were  put  under  Prohibition  six  and 
a  half  months  before  Constitutional  Prohibition  took  effect. 

If  an  organization  which  you  represent  had  worked  night  and  day 
for  a  year  and  a  quarter  to  achieve  that,  and  almost  everybody  carelessly 
added  it  to  the  laurels  of  other  organizations,  would  you  think  it  strange, 
good  people,  did  not  take  more  pains  to  be  accurate  and  fair. 

War  Prohibition  is  but  one  of  nine  legislative  Prohibition  victories 
in  which  the  Reform  Bureau  had  an  initiative  and  essential  part.  One 
of  these  was  the  Johnson  Anti-Canteen  law ;  another,  the  Bowersock 
Prohibition  law  for  immigrant  stations;  another,  the  Gallinger  Prohibi- 
tion law  for  Old  Soldiers'  Homes.  Others  were  prohibitions  of  sale  of 
liquors  and  opium  by  Americans  to  native  races.  Our  allies  will  re- 
joice with  us  that  we  have  had  these  opportunities  for  patriotic  service. 

As  to  our  program  for  present  and  future,  three  Prohibition  auto 
teams  have  already  gone  back  from  a  short  furlough  at  this  Congress  to 
help  elect  dry  Congressional  candidates :  the  Nicholls-Reid  Atito  Team  in 
Massachusetts;  the  Watson-Ackerly  Team  in  New  Jersey,  Connecticut, 
and  New  York;  and  the  Empringham-Ackerly  Team  in  Pennsylvania. 
They  represent  the  argument  of  loyalty  to  the  Prohibition  amendment 
in  its  true  intent  by  music  and  speaking  and  by  giving  away  a  thousand 
illustrated  Auto  Heralds  daily,  in  which  the  antibeer  aignment  is  printed 

4.30 


in  English,  Italian  and  German.  All  this  is  done  to  win  voters  on  the 
streets,  many  of  them  immigrants.  To  convert  the  other  "neglected 
classes,"  the  university  men — only  one  American  University  professor 
of  eminence  having  been  enlisted  for  Prohibition — we  are  giving  the  schol- 
arly antialcohol  books  of  Ernest  Gordon,  with  the  help  of  other  societies, 
to  colleges  and  public  libraries,  also  books  of  Superintendent  Dr.  Wilbur 
F.  Crafts. 

The  churches  and  business  men  have  won  Prohibition.  We  need  re- 
enforcement  from  colleges  and  industrial  classes  for  the  final  enforce- 
ment battle.     In  the  words  of  the  poet-laureate  of  the  W.  C.  T.  U. : 

Did  they  finish  the  fight  that  day 
When  the  Liberty  Bell  was  rung? 
Did  they  silence  the  noise  of  war 
When  Liberty's  triumph  was  sung?- 
Was    freedom   made   sovereign   indeed 
When  the  old  bell  pealed  to  the  world 
That  the  reign   of  oppression  had  ceased, 
And  the  banner  of  freedom  unfurled? 
A  battle  has  waged  since  the  world  was  new, 
The  Battle  is  On,  God  Calleth  for  You. 
I  thank  you. 

The  presiding  OFFICER.  Mr.  CHERRINGTOX  :  I  suppose 
you  all  know  that  the  first  official  declaration  for  national  Constitutional 
Prohibition  by  any  temperance  organization  in  this  cotmtry  was  made 
in  1856  by  the  Sons  of  Temperance.  We  have  this  afternoon  a  most 
worthy  patriarch  of  the  national  division  of  the  Sons  of  Temperance.  Mr. 
Hohenthal,  of  Connecticut,  and  we  will  be  glad  to  hear  from  him  for 
five  minutes. 

REMARKS  BY  MR.  E.  L.  G.  HOHENTHAL 

OF    MANCHESTER,    CONNECTICUT 
REPRESENTING   THE   SONS  OF  TEMPERANCE 

Mr.  Chairman.  Ladies  and  Gentlemen :  Seventy-eight  years  ago  next 
Wednesday  saw  the  birth  of  this  organization  in  North  America,  the 
jurisdiction  of  which  reaches  from  the  North  Pole  to  the  Panama  Canal. 
That's  the  territory  I  am  supposed  to  look  after.  It  has  now  approxi- 
mately five  hundred  to  six  hundred  thousand  members,  scattered  in 
Great  Britain,  Australia,  New  South  Wales,  the  Dominion  of  Canada, 
the  United  States,  and  the  islands  of  the  sea.  In  that  organization 
with  that  number  of  members  are  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  chil- 
dren under  sixteen  years  of  age,  who  are  receiving  definite  scientific 
instruction,  monthly  at  least,  and  oftener  in  many  localities.  It  has  stood 
for  Constitutional  Prohibition  from  the  date  that  the  chairman  mentioned, 
— national  and  erstwhile.  Its  pledge  can  never  be  altered.  The  fathers 
of  the  organization  were  wise  enough  to  foresee  the  light  wine  and  beer 
theory,  and  so  in  its  original  form  the  pledge  has  stood,  and  it  is  that  "I 

431 


will  neither  make,  buy,  sell,  nor  use,  as  a  beverage,  any  spirituous  or 
malt  liquors,  wine  or  whisky."  No-  member  of  our  organization  can 
drink  one-half  of  one  per  cent  cider  or  beer.  Anything  that  has  an 
alcoholic  content  in  it  to  our  knowledge  is  barred. 

In  view  of  some  of  the  successes  that  have  come  upon  the  North 
American  continent,  we  propose  to  follow  Mr.  Bryan's  suggestion  last 
night  to  educate  the  children,  because  of  the  influx  of  the  foreign  born, 
and  those  of  foreign  parentage,  and  many  of  homes  continue  to  make 
their  home  brew  under  our  national  Prohil)ition  law,  which  is  permitted 
I  am  cjuite  in  agreement  with  Dr.  Rosewater  who  said  that  if  alcohol  is 
dangerous  sold  in  a  saloon,  it  is  equally  dangerous  in  a  home.  Hence, 
scientific  instruction  that  alcohol  is  a  dangerous  substance  to  meddle 
with  needs  to  be  emphasized  through  our  public  school  system,  and  Mrs. 
Hunt's  work  needs  to  be  more  etTectually  carried  on  than  ever  before. 

Second,  .law  enforcement  can  be  carried  on  through  the  organiza- 
tion with  less  revulsion  of  feeling  or  opposition  than  in  an  organiza- 
tion that  is  named  a  law  enforcement  organization. 

These  two  principal  purposes  will  be  emphasized  in  the  North  Amer- 
ican jurisdiction. 

Now  our  friends  in  Great  Britain  are  actively  at  work.  It  was  my 
good  fortune  to  be  present  at  their  national  division  session,  and  they 
have  continued  their  work  along  the  health  and  sick  benefit  insurance 
features,  which  they  have  never  given  up  from  the  day  that  they  were 
organized  in  1855.  Seven  millions  of  money  at  their  disposal  makes 
them  one  of  the  great  organizations  of  the  British  Empire  to  carry  on  the 
work  of  total  abstinence  and  Prohibition. 

I  am  glad  to  have  the  opportunity  of  saying  this  word  this  afternoon, 
and  I  am  honored  by  that  opportunity  by  reason  of  the  office  which  I 
have   been   elected  to  hold  again   for  the  next  two  years. 

The  presiding  OFFICER,  Mr.  CHERRINGTON:  We  have 
with  us  this  afternoon  the  Supreme  President  of  the  Ladies'  xA-uxiliary  to 
the  Knights  of  Father  Mathew — Miss  Sallie  Hickson.  Let  me  say, 
while  Miss  Hickson  is  coming  to  the  platform,  that  just  about  seventy 
years  ago, — seventy-one  years  ago,  in  fact,  in  this  city  of  \\  ashington, 
the  greatest  honor  that  has  been  shown  by  the  Government  of  the  United 
States  to  the  representative  of  any  temperance  organization  was  given  to 
Father  Mathew,  when  the  halls  of  Congress  were  thrown  open  to  him, 
and  he  was  invited  to  sit  in  the  United  States  Senate.  That  was  in 
1849,  and  the  Father  Mathew  Knights  and  the  Auxiliary  of  the  Knights 
of  Father  Mathew  have  been  doing  business  for  the  temperance  cause 
in  this  country  ever  since.      We  are  glad  to  hear  from  Miss  Hickson. 

Miss  SALLIE  HICKSON,  Supreme  President  of  the  Ladies'  Aux- 
iliary to  the  Knights  of  Father  Mathew.  read  a  short  paper  on  the  work 
of  the  Auxiliary. 

432 


THE  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  Mr.  CHERRINGTOX:  As  you  all 
know,  one  of  the  strongest  temperance  boards  or  temperance  committees 
— church  temperance  committees, — is  the  Presbyterian  Board  of  which 
Dr.  Scanlon  is  the  Secretary.  Miss  Aldrich,  representing  that  Board, 
will  speak  to  us  briefly  this  afternoon. 

REMARKS  BY  MISS  ALDRICH 

REPRESENTING    THE    PRESBYTERIAN    BOARD    OF   TEMPERANCE 

Mr.  Chairman  and  ladies  and  gentlemen:  You  heard  Mr.  Bryan 
tell  from  this  platform  the  other  night  that  the  first  resolution  from 
the  Presbyterian  Church  relative  to  temperance  was  that  the  Presby- 
terian ministers  were  not  to  get  dnmk  in  pu]:)lic !  But  the  Presbyterian 
Board  of  Temperance  has  progressed  so  far  beyond  that  day  that  you 
do  not  need  to  worry  at  all  about  the  Presbyterian  Church  ar^y  more,  for 
you  will  find  us  always  in  the  bone-dry  column,  for  a  bone-dry  United 
States  of  America,  and  for  the  enforcement  of  our  own  laws,  and  reach- 
ing out  to  help  our  foreign  friends,  our  friends  from  across  the  sea, 
in  every  movement,  every  advanced  movement,  that  they  make  toward 
that  same  end. 

We  know  for  our  own  land,  as  has  been  expressed  for  us.  by  those 
who  have  come  into  this  International  Congress,  that  nothing  is  more 
vital  than  the  enforcement  of  our  law ;  and  not  only  to  gain  in  our  Con- 
gress and  our  legislatures  dry  candidates  that  the  present  emergency 
may  be  met,  but  we  are  already  reaching  further  than  that,  continuing 
the  scientific  temperance  instruction  of  the  children,  and  deeper  even  than 
that,  trying  in  our  United  States  of  America  to  plant  a  new, — if  I  may 
express  it  so  in  this  age,  when  law  enforcement  has  become  so  diffi- 
cult,— a  new  reverence  for  law  in  the  hearts  of  the  children  of  the  land. 

But  we  are  not  only  striving  for  these  things  in  our  own  land,  but 
before  even  the  call  came  from  abroad  relative  to  our  missionaries,  our 
mission  countries,  such  as  we  heard  the  other  day  on  the  platform  from 
Japan,  when  their  representative  declared  that  our  brewers  and  dis- 
tillers should  not  be  jjermitted  to  cross  the  ocean  and  establish  them- 
selves in  Japan  and  China,  and  overthrow  the  work  of  those  lands, — 
even  before  their  representatives  could  reach  us,  already  we  are  agitat- 
ing that  it  was  not  fair  for  the  brewers  of  this  land  to  go  from  our  land 
as  outlaws,  and  plant  themselves  under  the  American  flag  in  other  lands. 
We  will  not  only  continue  the  effort  that  we  have  already  made  to  stop 
this  going  abroad  of  our  brewers,  but  we  will  treble  our  efforts  that  this 
illicit  traffic  which  we  have  outlawed  shall  not  spread  itself  out  and  be- 
come a  menace  to  other  countries. 

We  have  been  working  in  connection  with  other  organizations  in  the 
jjast,  in  Chile,  Brazil,  Guatemala,  Costa  Rica,  three  places  in  China,  three 
in  India,  Siam.  Korea,  in  a  number  of  places  in  Europe,  trying  in  every 
possible  way  to  assist  our   friends  al)road ;   so   I   can  say  only  that  we 

433 


shall  continue  the  work  which  we  are  already  doing,  reaching  out  to 
make  stable  Prohibition  in  our  own  land,  and  establishing  it  so  deeply, 
true  to  its  purpose  that  we  shall  never  consent  and  shall  always  work 
steadfastly  against  every  effort  to  increase  the  alcoholic  content  of  soft 
drinks,  and  that  we  will  reach  out  with  our  foreign  friends,  those  who 
have  come  to  us  with  the  plea  from  abroad  to  do  more  and  more,  that 
you  and  the  children  that  follow  after  you  may  enjoy  the  same  privileges 
that  are  coming  to  the  United  States  under  the  new  regime  of  Prohibi- 
tion that  is  ours.     I  thank  you. 

The  presiding  OFFICER,  Mr.  CHERRINGTON:  Miss 
Aldrich  speaks  of  the  great  advance  that  has  been  made  along  temperance 
lines  in  the  last  century,  and  Mr.  Bryan  spoke  of  the  same  thing.  Some 
time  ago  here  in  the  Congressional  Library  I  ran  across  the  constitution 
and  by-laws  of  what  is  recognized  as  the  first  temperance  organization 
in  this  country, — the  Billy  Clark  society,  which  was  organized  in  1908 ; 
and  the  by-laws  of  that  society  provide  simply  this,  that  members  of  the 
society  shall  not  drink  to  excess  except  at  a  public  dinner ;  that  any  mem- 
ber of  the  society  who  drinks  to  excess  except  at  a  public  dinner,  shall 
be  fined  twenty-five  cents !  And  that  if  he  drinks  so  to  excess  that  he 
has  to  be  carried  to  his  home  he  shall  be  fined  fifty  cents!  That  was 
the  beginning  of  temperance  agitation  in  this  country  one  hundred  and 
twelve  years  ago.  I  want  to  introduce  now  a  representative  of  the  Board 
of  Temperance,  Prohibition  and  Public  Morals  of  the  M.  E.  Church, 
the  Research  Secretary  of  that  Board, — Mr.  Deets  Pickett. 

RESPONSE  BY  MR.  DEETS  PICKETT 

RESEARCH    SECRETARY   OF  THE   BOARD  0/    TEMPERANCE.    PROHIBITION    AND 
PUBLIC    MORALS    OF   THE    METHODIST    EPISCOPAL    CHURCH 

Mr.  Chairman,  ladies  and  gentlemen :  We  have  so  far  progressed 
in  this  last  hundred  years  that  the  secretaries  of  the  Board  of  Tem- 
perance of  the  Methodist  Church  are  not  even  now  allowed  to  get  drunk 
in  private!  The  Methodist  Church,  doubtless  all  of  you  know,  unless 
perhaps  there  is  some  one  here  from  such  country  in  which  the  Methodist 
Church  is  not  now  represented,  is  not  an  American  Church.  In  theory 
and  largely  in  fact,  it  is  a  world  church.  It  has  in  this  country  about 
twenty  thousand  pastors  and  about  ten  million  adherents.  You  will  find 
it  represented  by  great  piles  of  stone  in  our  great  cities  and  by  little 
shacks  in  the  desert  country,  and  it  is  equally  honored  in  both  places. 

The  Board  of  Temperance  of  the  Methodist  Church  was  established 
as  one  of  the  seven  communicational  boards.  The  communicationalism 
of  our  church  is  very  strong.  They  wanted  a  board  that  should  be 
intimately  and  officially  related  to  the  management  of  the  Church  under 
the  presidency  of  a  bishop  and  under  the  executive  authority  of  a  gen- 

434 


eral  secretary  named  by  the  Church's  highest  governing  body ;  in  this 
case  it  is  Dr.  Clarence  True  Wilson,  whom  I  represent  here  today. 

Now  the  work  of  that  board  is,  of  course,  of  a  somewhat  peculiar 
nature.  It  has  represented  the  Church  at  hearings  before  Congress,  but 
its  work  is  not  really  legislative;  its  work  is  limited  to  some  extent  by 
the  dignity  and  the  proper  usages  of  church  influence.  It  has  principally 
occupied  itself  with  educational  work,  particularly  with  the  preparation 
and  the  circulation  of  literature,  which,  in  the  name  of  our  church,  we 
would  call,  without  fear  of  contradiction,  authoritative  literature.  And 
today  we  are  issuing  millions  of  pages  of  that  kind  of  literature,  based 
upon  exact,  careful  research  made  in  person  by  the  Board's  repre- 
sentatives. 

Its  work  also  extends  into  other  lands,  and  will  increasingly  extend 
mto  other  lands.  Not  only  have  we  some  jurisdiction  over  matters  that 
are  not  particularly  the  concern  of  this  Congress,  but  we  feel  it  our 
high  privilege  to  see  that  everywhere  the  Methodist  Church  is  repre- 
sented there  shall  be  one  man  who  shall  devote  his  entire  time  on  salary 
and  expenses  provided  by  the  Board  of  Temperance  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church  to  the  education  of  the  people  in  the  facts  with  regard 
to  alcoholism  and  in  the  facts  in  regard  to  the  Prohibition  experiment 
that  is  being  made  in  the  United  States,  and  in  British  colonies  and  else- 
where in  the  world.  I  do  not  think  that  I  am  unsafe  in  saying  that 
the  time  will  come,  and  we  intend  to  advance  that  time  as  rapidly  as  pos- 
sible, when  we  will  have  a  representative  in  every  country  where  the 
Methodist  Church  is  established.  . 

We  are  also  trying  to  place  representatives  in  some  countries  where 
the  Methodist  Church  is  not  established,  or  is  weak.  For  instance,  we 
have  at  the  present  time  two  representatives  in  France  who  are  under 
the  direction  of  a  man  named  by  the  ^lethodist  Church  authorities,  so 
that  an  effort  is  made  to  avoid  seeming  in  any  way  to  come  in  as  an  out- 
sider, or  seeming  in  any  way  to  disregard  the  experience  and  the  feelings 
of  our  temperance  co-workers  in  the  lands  we  are  trying  to  help. 

I  want  to  say  particularly  to  those  from  other  countries  who  may 
be  present  that  I  think  you  can  count  upon  the  l>oard  of  Temperance 
of  the  Methodist  Church  i:)roviding  you  with  any  literature  that  you  may 
think  valuable,  translated  or  otherwise,  in  your  countries,  and  in  prac- 
tically any  quantities;  and  I  think  you  will  be  perfectly  safe  in  mak- 
ing any  suggestions  as  to  local  representation  of  our  work  in  your  lands, 
either  in  cooperation  with  your  own  bodies,  or  under  the  authority  of 
our  church  officials  in  those  countries. 

The  presiding  OFFICER.  Mr.  CHERRINGTON  :  The  next 
numl)er  on  the  program  is  a  gentleman  that  you  have  .seen  once  or  twice 
in  connection  with  the  ])rogram  of  this  Congress,  the  representative  of 
the  Temperance  Committee  of  the  United  Lutheran  Church,  Dr.  Edward 
C.  Dinwiddie,  who  is  the  general  secretary. 

435 


RESPONSE  BY  THE  REV.  EDWIN  C.  DINWIDDIE,  D.D., 

REPRESEXTIXG  THE   UNITED  LUTHERAN   CHURCH 

Mr.  Chairman  and  Friends :  I  take  it  upon  myself  to  inflict  my- 
self in  this  way  upon  you,  because  I  felt  I  did  not  want  my  com- 
munion to  be  unrepresented  upon  an  occasion  of  this  kind.  We  have 
had  a  distinct  committee  on  temperance  since  1899  in  the  General 
Synod  of  the  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church.  I  will  say  that  almost 
from  the  beginning  of  the  temperance  agitation  in  this  country,  my 
particular  branch  of  the  Lutheran  Church  has  stood  four-square  upon 
the  principle  of  total  abstinence  and  the  abolition  and  suppression 
of  the  legalized  liquor  trafiEic.  Our  church  has  had  very  much  to 
contend  with  along  this  line  also,  and  its  difficulties  have  sometimes 
been  misunderstood  and  unappreciated  because  of  the  fact  that  we 
have  had  so  large  a  membership  of  foreign — and  particularly,  in  sec- 
tions, of  Germanic  origin;  but  nevertheless,  notwithstanding  the  fact 
that  we  had  four  distinct  German  synods,  I  think  I  am  safe  in  saying 
that  we  have  passed  the  strongest  sort  of  total  abstinence  and  Prohi- 
bition resolutions,  year  after  year,  by  a  unanimous  vote  in  the  gen- 
eral body.  If  our  German  brethren  did  not  believe  in  the  resolutions 
entirely,  they  at  least  were  generous  enough  to  keep  still  and  let 
them  go  through  with  practical  unanimity. 

Two  years  ago,  after  an  effort  we  had  been  making  for  some 
years,  we  succeeded  in  uniting  three  branches  of  the  Evangelical 
Lutheran  Churches — the  General  Synod,  the  parent  body,  but  not  the 
largest,  the  General  Council,  almost  twice  as  large  as  the  General 
Synod,  and  composed  of  a  number  of  foreign  synods — foreign-speak- 
ing synods,  and  the  United  Synod  of  the  South ;  so  that  today  the 
membership  of  the  United  Lutheran  Church  of  America  is  practically 
one  million,  or  two-fifths  of  the  membership  of  all  the  various 
branches  of  the  Lutheran  churches  in  America.  Our  Norwegian 
friends  had  just  succeeded,  a  year  or  two  before,  in  uniting  three  sep- 
arate branches  of  the  Norwegian  Lutheran  Church  in  America,  so 
that  with  these  unions  we  have  two  general  bodies  now  where  we 
used  to  have  six.  It  is  the  hope  of  Lutherans  generally  in  the  coun- 
try that,  with  a  few  more  unions  of  this  kind,  we  can  get  into  a  very 
much  smaller  number  of  bodies  the  sixteen  or  seventeen  different 
brands  of  Lutherans  which  we  have  in  general  bodies  today ;  and 
since  the  union  we  have  established  again  a  standing  committee  on 
temperance  that  stands  thoroughly  and  vigorously  behind  the  Eight- 
eenth Amendment,  and  for  the  enforcement  of  the  law. 

The  presiding  OFFICER,  Mr.  CHERRINGTON  :  The  next 
number  on  the  program  is  the  President  of  the  Women's  Christian 
Temperance  Union.  I  take  great  pleasure  in  introducing  Miss 
Gordon. 

436 


RESPONSE  BY  MISS  ANNA  GORDON 

PRESIDENT   OF  THE    NATIONAL   WOMAn's    CHRISTIAN    TEMPERANCE   UNION 

Mr.  Chairman  and  Friends :  In  the  official  program  of  the  Wom- 
an's Christian  Temperance  Union,  we  plan  to  do  everything,  and  go 
everywhere  in  our  antialcoholism  fight  in  this  country  and  abroad, 
just  so  long  as  the  work  can  be  characterized  by  one  of  our  favorite 
mottoes,  "Womanliness  first — afterward  what  you  will !"  And  we 
are  organized  in  twenty  thousand  localities  in  the  United  States. 
These  local  units  in  a  State  are  organized  in  county  units,  meeting 
once  a  year  in  county  conventions,  and  meeting  in  county  institutes, 
to  understand  the  program  of  the  world  and  the  nation  and  the  State ; 
and  all  the  counties  in  the  State  are  federated  in  a  State  Woman's 
Christian  Temperance  Union  in  all  our  forty-eight  States;  and  then 
our  forty-eight  States  and  one  or  two  over,  because  they  are  big  States 
and  are  divided,  are  federated  in  a  National  Woman's  Christian  Tem- 
perance Union. 

We  feel  that  in  our  country  the  greatest  contribution  we  can  make 
to  the  antialcoholism  sentirnent  of  the  world  in  an  educational  and 
law  enforcement  campaign  here,  is  for  all  these  blessed  women,  en- 
franchised by  the  Nineteenth  Amendment,  to  work  so  wonderfully 
this  year  that  they  shall  help  uphold  our  law. 

And  we  are  helping  to  rear  the  children  so  that  not  only  do  they 
get  the  scientific  temperance  instruction  in  the  schools  and  in  the 
Sunday-schools,  but  they  feel  they  are  really  helping  to  uphold  the 
Prohibition  law  and  are  helping  to  bring  about  its  best  possible  en- 
forcement. 

And  may  I  say,  they  understand  how  to  do  this.  I  just  turn  back 
in  thought  to  Illinois,  and  the  local  option  fights  long  ago,  when  we 
were  working  on  the  nation-wide  Prohibition  problem,  and  I  went  to 
Bloomington,  Illinois,  to  speak  for  the  Woman's  Christian  Temper- 
ance Union,  and  they  were  in  a  campaign  for  Prohibition  in  that 
township ;  and  I  was  met  at  the  station  by  a  great  regiment  of  boys 
and  girls,  young  campaigners  for  Prohibition;  and  they  told  me,  as 
I  heard  their  rallying  cry,  that  a  young  boy  wrote  it.  We  women  at 
the  head  of  it  had  the  sense  to  say,  "Boys,  yovi  write  our  rallying 
cries.  You  know  how  to  express  the  economic  argument  in  this 
campaign  !"  And  here  was  the  rallying  cry  they  gave  in  front  of 
every  one  of  the  saloons  of  the  town  on  the  way  to  my  hotel.  They 
stopped,  and  all  got  together,  as  the  college  boys  do,  and  at  the  di- 
rection of  their  leader,  they  gave  their  rallying  yells  in  front  of  all ' 
the  saloons  in  Bloomington  !  They  showed  that  they  understood  the 
business  before  them. 

And  now  we  are  almost  fifty  years  old.  As  a  national  organiza- 
tion we  are  going  on  with  our  program  for  the  boys  and  the  girls  and 
the  young  people,  and  rallying  them  as  guards  for  our  prohibitory 
law  for  our  educational  campaign.     We  also  are  raising  a  fund  of  a 

437 


million  dollars  to  give  during  our  jubilee  year  as  a  thank  offering  to 
God  for  nation-wide  Prohibition,  and  we  are  helping  the  child  welfare 
work  with  that  money.  We  are  helping  the  great  work  in  the  public 
schools,  upholding  the  law  and  keeping  up  the  sentiment  through 
others,  and  so  on.  We  are  working  for  publicity,  Americanization, 
health,  social  morality,  women's  care  in  industry,  and  world  Prohibi- 
tion, asking  our  friends  overseas  where  we  can  best  put  in  a  little 
money  to  help  in  their  great  educational  campaign,  for  which  we  feel 
such  a  mighty  sympathy. 

We  are  just  trying,  dear  friends,  we  are  half  way,  and  we  couldn't 
tell  it  all  if  we  had  all  the  afternoon  for  one  organization,  we  are  try- 
ing to  make  the  world  whiter  for  women  and  more  homelike  for 
humanity. 

And  we  have  a  band  of  children  representing  the  countries  where 
our  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union  is  organized.  I  do  not 
know  whether  you  will  recognize  all  of  these  costumes.  Some  of 
them  are  not  on  quite  correctly,  but  the  children  are  all  right,  and 
the  costumes  are  all  right,  and  they  are  going  to  sing  a  song  for  us. 

[Whereupon,  a  group  of  children,  dressed  in  the  costumes  of  chil- 
dren of  foreign  lands,  appeared  on  the  platform,  and  sang,  "In  1920 
there  is  Prohibition  plenty,"  and  "When  Columbia  drove  the  drink 
away."] 

Miss  GORDON:  ]\Ir.  Chairman:  ]\Iay  I  have  the  pleasure  of 
publicly  thanking  ]\Irs.  Pollock,  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  her 
assistants,  and  our  Miss  Lindsay,  of  the  National  Department  of  Ex- 
hibits, for  the  help  they  have  rendered  for  this -program  of  the 
children? 

The  presiding  OFFICER.  Mr.  CHERRINGTON:  The 
Committee  on  Temperance  and  Social  Service  of  the  Southern  Bap- 
tist Convention  is  represented  by  the  Chairman,  Dr.  A.  J.  Barton,  of 
Louisiana.    Dr.  Barton. 

RESPONSE  BY  THE  REV.  A.  J.  BARTON,  D.  D. 

OF  LOUISIANA,  REPRESEXTING  THE  COMMITTEE  ON  TEMPERANCE  AND 
SOCIAL  SERVICE  OF  THE  SOUTHERN  BAPTIST  CHURCH 

Mr.  Chairman,  Fellow  Members  of  the  Congress,  Ladies  and  Gen 
tlemen :  I  observe  that  my  co-laborer.  Dr.  Wilcox,  of  the  Social 
Service  Department  of  the  Northern  Baptist  Convention  is  not  pres- 
ent. I  hope,  therefore,  I  may  not  be  considered  out  of  place  if  I  ask 
you  to  consider  me  as  speaking  somewhat  broadly  as  representing 
the  whole  Baptist  family,  North  and  South.  Perhaps  I  ought  to  say. 
having  said  that  word,  perhaps  I  ought  to  say  that  Baptists  are  un- 
like all  other  religious  people  in  this  country ;  they  are  a  peculiar  lot. 
Now  there  are  no  Northern  Baptists  and  Southern  Baptists.    In  one 

438 


sense  a  man  is  a  Southern  Baptist  simply  because  he  lives  in  the 
South,  and  he  is  a  Northern  Baptist  simply  because  he  lives  in  the 
North.  Our  Baptist  people  are  a  great  aggressive  people  in  their  de- 
votion to  the  ideals  of  temperance  and  Prohibition,  and  the  ideals  of 
the  whole  social  service  program.  They  have  labored  under  some 
disadvantages.  One  disadvantage  under  which  they  have  labored 
was  that  some  wag  away  back  a  long  while  ago  started  a  canard 
about  the  Baptist  saying  that  they  were  fond  of  liquor.  Now,  he 
did  that  because  they,  of  all  the  people,  abstained  from  liquor,  and 
he  was  a  typical  humorist  from  London.  But  somebody  misunder- 
stood him  and  took  him  seriously,  and  they  have  been  telling  stories 
about  the  Baptists  ever  since. 

I  remember  when  I  was  a  boy  I  heard  a  story  abovit  a  Baptist 
minister  who  went  home  with  a  Baptist  deacon  for  dinner,  and  the 
deacon  had  a  fine  watermelon  for  dinner.  The  deacon,  however,  had 
some  mischievous  boys.  One  of  these  boys  surreptitiously  cut  open 
the  watermelon  before  meal-time  and  injected  some  rum  within.  The 
good  deacon  served  the  melon  and  gave  a  generous  slice  to  the  min- 
ister. Taking  a  piece  for  himself,  he  discovered  what  was  on  the 
interior  of  the  melon.  He  was  scandalized.  He  looked  over  across 
the  table  at  the  minister,  to  make  his  apology,  and  what  was  his 
amazement  to  observe  that  the  minister  was  surreptitiously  placing 
some  of  the  seeds  from  the  melon  in  his  pocket ! 

The  Baptists  have  been  at  another  disadvantage,  and  that  is  that 
they  are  so  thoroughly  committed  to  the  spirituality  of  religion  and 
to  the  spiritual  program  of  Christianity  that  sometimes  they  have  not 
gone  as  far  as  they  might  have  gone  in  the  work  of  social  service 
and  related  questions,  which  border  on  civic  and  political  matters, 
because  they  put  great  emphasis  always  and  everywhere  upon  the 
absolute  separation  of  church  and  State.  It  has  not  been  so  very 
many  years  ago  since  in  the  Southern  Baptist  Convention  which  is 
the  largest  and  the  most  representative  religious  convention  in  Amer- 
ica, which  had  present  in  this  city  last  spring  8,400  registered  dele- 
gates or  messengers,  and  there  were  several  thousand  that  did  not 
register,  representing  a  constituency  of  white  Baptists  of  more  than 
three  million  in  the  South,  and  representing  sympathetically  a  negro 
constituency  of  nearly  three  million,  I  say  that  it  has  not  been  so 
very  many  years  since  in  that  convention,  one  of  the  greatest  Amer- 
icans that  ever  lived,  presiding  over  the  convention,  ruled  out  of 
order  a  simple  resolution  on  temperance  because  he  did  not  think 
that  was  a  matter  that  had  a  place  in  a  religious  convention,  not  that 
he  was  not  temperate.  He  was  a  temperance  man  and  stood  for  the 
absolute  suppression  of  the  liquor  trafific,  but  he  did  not  think  it  be- 
longed in  a  religious  convention.  But  as  we  have  gone  along,  we 
have  learned  better  about  things  like  that,  and  for  many  years  the 
convention  has  kept  on  its  regular  register  of  temperance  commit- 
tees an  active  social  service  committee.     I  have  had  the  distinguished 

439 


honor  of  being  the  chairman  of  that  committee  ahiiost  since  its  or- 
ganization. I  have  written,  I  believe,  every  report  that  has  ever  been 
submitted  to  the  convention,  except  two,  and  I  think  I  may  mod- 
estly claim  that  no  religious  body  in  America  has  taken  any  more 
advanced  and  aggressive  position  for  the  temperance  reform  and  for 
Prohibition  and  all  related  subjects  than  the  Southern  Baptist  Con- 
vention. We  have  considered  for  the  most  part  that  it  was  better 
for  us  to  give  our  time  and  energy  to  cooperation  through  the  Wom- 
an's Christian  Temperance  Union  and  the  Anti-Saloon  League  rather 
than  to  maintain  a  work  separately  financed ;  and  in  that  we  have 
challenged  and  disproved  a  statement  which  is  sometimes  made  about 
the  Baptists,  that  they  are  illiberal  and  non-cooperative.  They  are 
the  most  cooperative  people  in  the  world  and  they  do  not  desire  to 
maintain  separate  organizations  if  they  can  find  an  organization  rep- 
resenting all  their  Christian  brethren  through  which  they  can  work. 
They  feel  in  matters  of  this  kind,  as  Kipling  does,  when  he  says : 

O,  East  is  East  and  West  is  West, 

And   never  the  twain   shall   meet; 

'Till  presently  earth,  sky  and  sea 

Shall   stand  before  God's  great  judgment  seat. 

But  there  is  neither  East  nor  West,  nor  depth  nor  breadth  when 
two  strong  men  stand  face  to  face.  They  have  come  from  the  ends 
of  the  earth.  And  the  Baptist  spirit  is  that  wherever  I  can  find  a 
brother  in  the  world  who  agrees  with  me  in  the  common  task  to  be 
done,  I  unite  hand  and  heart  with  him,  and  march  forward  with  him 
in  the  doing  of  that  common  task. 

Last  May  in  this  city  our  Commission  on  Social  Service  took  up 
a  number  of  other  lines  of  activity.  Among  other  things  we  sub- 
mitted a  special  report  on  marriage  and  divorce,  having  had  the  sub- 
ject under  advisement  for  two  years,  and  having  compiled  data,  and 
I  believe  if  you  will  read  the  report  that  you  will  see  that  we  take 
an  advanced  ground  on  that  subject.  We  stand  heart  to  heart  and 
shoulder  to  shoulder  and  hand  to  hand  with  the  united  temperance 
and  Prohibition  forces  for  every  moral  reform  until  indeed  "the  world 
shall  be  made  safe  for  democracy,"  and  until  democracy  shall  be 
made  safe  for  the  world ;  and  if  I  may  add  to  that,  until  the  world 
may  be  made  safe  for  practical  applied  Christianity,  and  until  Chris- 
tianity, taken  from  the  cloister  and  put  upon  the  practical  basis,  shall 
be  made  safe  for  the  world,  and  the  one  hope  of  sufifering  and  sin- 
ning humanity. 

I  greet  you  in  the  name  of  the  whole  Baptist  family,  North  and 
South,  one  of  the  largest  religious  communions  of  America,  and  one 
whom  I  believe  is  as  sincerely  devoted  to  this  reform  in  which  I  greet 
you  as  any  of  their  fellow  Christians.  We  are  very  glad  to  unite  hand 
and  hand  with  you  in  these  common  tasks  in  the  Kingdom  of  our 
common  Lord. 

440 


The  presiding  OFFICER,  Mr.  CHERRINGTON.  Before 
introducing  another  representative  from  the  South,  I  am  reminded 
by  Dr.  Barton's  words  that  not  only  have  the  churches  of  the  South 
made  great  progress  in  recent  years,  but  great  progress  has  been 
made  in  connection  with  legislation  in  the  several  Southern  States. 
In  1774  the  movement  for  temperance  legislation  started  in  the  South, 
and  the  colonies  of  Virginia  and  North  Carolina  passed  that  year  the 
same  law  in  each  colony,  and  that  law  provided  simply  this,  that 
ministers  of  the  gospel  shall  not  drink  to  excess  or  spend  their  time 
in  riotous  conduct,  playing  at  games  of  chance  to  the  neglect  of  their 
duties  as  ministers !  I  now  have  the  pleasure  of  introducing  Bishop 
Jamea  Cannon,  Jr.,  who  represents  the  Southern  Methodist  Church  as 
the  chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Temperance  and  Social  Service. 

REMARKS  BY  BISHOP  JAMES  CANNON,  JR., 

CHAIRMAN    OF    THE    COMMITTEE    ON    TEMPERANCE    AND    SOCIAL    SERVICE, 
OF   THE    METHODIST    EPISCOPAL    CHURCH    SOUTH 

Mr.  Chairman  and  Friends :  I  was  very  much  surprised  at  Mr. 
Bryan  the  other  night,  and  I  am  equally  surprised  at  the  Chairman 
this  afternoon.  I  had  supposed  that  both  of  those  gentlemen,  in 
talking  about  the  Methodist  Church  and  its  activities  in  temperance 
reform,  and  its  relation  to  temperance  reform,  would  remember  that 
nearly  two  hundred  years  ago  the  founder  of  Methodism  wrote  in 
the  constitution  of  the  Methodist  Church  in  the  general  rules  this, 
that  members  of  the  authorities  must  do  no  harm,  such  as  the  buying 
or  selling  of  spirituous  liquors  for  beverage  purposes  or  the  use  of 
.the  same  except  in  cases  of  extreme  necessity.  With  that  remark- 
able foresight  which  characterized  John  Wesley,  he  recognized  the 
inherent  antagonism  between  the  liquor  traffic  and  the  Church  of 
Jesus  Christ,  and  two  hundred  years  ago,  nearly,  in  1739,  he  put  in 
the  constitution  of  that  church,  the  general  rule  which  is  a  part  of 
the  constitution  today  of  your  church.  As  I  remember,  at  the  last 
general  conference  it  was  put  in  the  constitution  so  that  every  Meth- 
odist is  bound,  and  has  been  bound  ever  since  the  American  church 
was  established  in  1784  in  this  country  by  those  general  rules,  and 
I  think  it  is  not  unfair  for  anyb'ody  else  to  say  that  the  fact  that  that 
rule  has  been  read  either  monthly  or  quarterly  for  over  a  hundred 
years  in  every  congregation  in  Methodism,  has  held  aloft  a  standard 
of  conduct  for  Methodist  people  which  has  been  as  a  great  leaven, 
leavening  the  lump  of  our  American  life.  I  say  Mr.  Bryan  did  not 
seem  to  know  there  was  a  Methodist  Discipline  to  find  that  in ;  and 
Mr.  Cherrington,  I  suppose,  although  he  introduced  me  right  after 
that,  will  remember  that  that  was  passed  with  reference — with  all 
due  respect  to  my  Episcopal  brethren — largely  with  reference  to  the 
brethren  of  the  Established  Church  in  \'irginia  at  tliat  time. 

I  am  going  to  emphasize  one  other  fact  wliich  Dr.  Barton  touched 

441 


upon.  Dr.  Crafts  spoke  of  the  "Great  Seven."  I  do  not  know 
whether  he  included  the  Methodist  Church  South  in  that  "Great 
Seven"  or  not,  but  I  do  not  think  he  did,  but  we  think  that  we  are 
one  of  the  "Great  Seven,"  and  perhaps  the  third  of  the  "Great  Seven  :" 
The  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  the  Southern  Baptist  Church,  and 
then  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  South — they  are  the  three 
greatest  of  the  temperance  organizations  in  the  United  States.  But 
in  the  South,  as  Dr.  Barton  says,  after  deliberation,  not  accidentally, 
but  after  the  most  careful  deliberation,  both  of  the  great  leading  de- 
nominations of  the  South  decided  that  it  was  better  for  the  advance- 
ment of  Prohibition  in  our  country,  regardless  of  what  it  might  be 
in  the  North — better  for  us  to  join  our  forces  under  the  leadership 
of  the  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union  and  the  Anti-Saloon 
League  of  America ;  and  I  rather  think  that  if  you  were  to  remove 
from  those  two  organizations  in  the  South  the  Southern  Baptists 
and  the  Southern  Methodists,  there  would  hardly  be  a  skeleton  left 
of  either  of  those  organizations.  And  we  think  it  has  worked  splen- 
didly, for  we  believe  that  the  South  has  really  led,  after  Kansas  and 
Maine ;  the  Prohibition  victories  in  this  country  have  monotonously 
almost,  for  quite  a  while,  been  south  of  Mason  and  Dixon  Line.  And 
the  leadership  in  this  matter  has  been  largely — and  I  want  to  em- 
phasize it  for  our  foreign  delegates — has  been  largely  because  of  the 
church  of  Jesus  Christ,  through  those  two  great  denominations,  ably 
helped  by  the  Southern  Presbyterians  and  workers  in  other  bodies ; 
and  those  two  great  churches  have  stood  four-square,  in  their  pulpits 
and  in  their  church  bodies,  by  resolution,  by  every  form  of  activity, 
except  an  organization  for  active  legislative  work,  have  stood  square- 
ly for  the  Prohibition  movement  in  our  country.  And  we  rejoice  to- 
day to  say  to  you  that  we  believe  that  the  Christian  sentiment  of 
the  Southern  people  is  by  an  overwhelming  majority  in  favor  of  our 
prohibitory  law,  and  that  there  is  no  chance,  not  the  slightest,  that 
there  will  be  any  backward  step  among  our  people,  because  there  is 
no  chance,  not  the  slightest,  that  the  ministry  and  the  membership 
of  the  great  churches  of  our  Southern  country,  will  ever  go  backward 
m  this  matter. 

The  presiding  officer.  Mr.  CHERRINGTON  :  We  have 
the  representative  of  the  Committee  on  Native  Races,  and  the  Liquor 
Traffic,  of  the  Northern  Baptist  Convention,  the  Rev.  Hervey  Wood. 
D.  D.   We  will  be  glad  to  hear  from  him  at  this  time. 

REMARKS  OF  THE  REV.  HERVEY  WOOD.  D.  D. 

REPRESENTATIVE    OF    THE    COMMITTEE    OX     NATIVE    RACES    AXD    THE 
LIQUOR  TRAFFIC,   OF   THE   NORTHERN   BAPTIST    CONVENTION 

Mr.  Chairman,  ladies  and  gentlemen :  I  am  glad  you  brought  the 
fact  out  that  the  Northern  Convention,  sir,  is  in  harmon}'  with  this  work. 
A  message  was  carried   to   the  general  meetings  here   saying  that  we 

442 


were.  I  happen  to  be  a  Baptist  minister  when  I  am  at  home,  and  I 
know  that  the  Baptist  Church  is  as  square  as  a  brick  on  the  temperance 
question  in  the  North  as  well  as  in  the  South. 

I  am  not  going  to  take  a  great  deal  of  your  time  this  afternoon.  I 
have  not  brought  any  manuscript  to  read.  I  might  tell  you  of  one  bitter 
experience  I  had  in  reading  manuscript.  It  will  be  fifty-four  years  on 
the  first  Sunday  in  November  that  I  made,  my  first  attempt  to  preach. 
It  was  in  the  North  of  England  and  I  had  written  out  my  sermon.  When 
I  got  to  the  chucrh.  there  was  a  spiral  staircase  and  a  pulpit  on  the  top. 
Just  as  I  arrived  in  the  pulpit,  the  choir  filed  in,  and  I  noticed  to  my 
left  was  a  man  with  no  more  hair  on  his  head  than  a  wax  floor.  I  gave 
out  my  text, — "What  think  ye  of  Christ?"  Just  as  I  began  to  warm 
into  my  sermon,  however,  I  made  a  vigorous  gesture  and  hit  the  manu- 
script before  me,  which  flew  down  from  the  pulpit  and  hit  the  bald 
headed  man  squarely  on  the  head !  After  the  meeting  was  over,  I  sought 
out  the  gentleman  and  apologized  for  the  accident.  He  smiled  and  said, 
"Oh,  that's  all  right,  brother ;  never  mind  that ;  there  was  nothing  in  it 
anyway  !"     And  that  let  me  down  easily ! 

Now  I  am  quite  glad  to  report  to  you  today  another  organization  that 
is  world-wide.  When  the  speaker  was  a  very  small  boy  in  the  old 
country,  over  sixty  years  ago,  an  old  native  chieftain  used  to  come  to 
England,  begging  that  the  English  people  would  stop  sending  liquor  to 
Africa — Khama.  by  name.  He  became  so  persistent  that  the  churches 
of  Europe  got  together  in  London  in  1887,  thirty-three  years  ago.  and 
formed  what  they  called  the  United  Native  Races'  Anti-Liquor  Traffic 
Committee.  One  of  the  strangest  things  to  me  has  been  this,  that  the 
great  missionary  country  of  America  was  not  in  the  organization. 

I  remember  in  1900  and  I  think  some  of  the  brethren  will  recall  it, 
that  John  G.  Paten,  of  the  New  Hebrides,  and  Dr.  Hartford  of  London, 
came  here  as  delegates  to  the  Council  in  New  York,  and  they  told  their 
story,  and  they  asked  that  we  go  in  with  them  on  the  work.  W^ell.  we 
did  the  next  best  thing;  we  did  what  we  always  do. — we  put  a  bill  in 
Congress,  and  it's  there  yet !  There  was  no  organization  formed  to  push 
it.  The  result  was  that  what  was  everybody's  business  was  nobody's 
business. 

Dr.  WILBUR  F.  CRAFTS:     That  1)111  passed  the  next  year,  1901. 

Dr.  WOOD :  It  did  ?  Well,  I  am  glad  to  hear  it.  When  I  was  in 
London  in  1902,  the  Archbishop  of  Canada  sent  for  me  and  asked  if 
I  would  do  some  work  in  connection  with  their  organization.  I  was  then 
employed  1)y  the  National  Temperance  Society.  Now,  a  little  over  four 
years  ago.  our  Christian  churches  of  New  York,  our  missionary  so- 
cieties, got  together  and  organized  what  they  called  the  American  branch 
of  the  Native  Races'  Anti-Liquor  Traffic  Committee.  Its  objects  are 
two-fold:  First  of  all.  legislation.  W^e  arc  seeking  to  secure  legislation 
that  will  stop  the  ship])ing  of  li(|Uor  to  missionary  fields.     We  are  very 

443 


anxious  to  protect  Africa,  and  if  you  knew  all  the  facts  that  I  have  in 
my  possession  you  would  not  be  at  all  surprised  at  it.  Then  we  are  doing 
another  thing.  We  are  doing  educational  work.  Will  you  pardon  a 
personal  allusion?  Forty-two  years  ago,  the  National  Temperance  So- 
ciety employed  the  speaker  to  get  its  text-book  into  the  public  schools. 
We  did  not  call  it  a  temperance  text-book;  we  called  it  "Physiology  and 
Hygiene."  And  the  National  Society  paid  Dr.  Richardson,  of  London, 
a  thousand  dollars  for  writing  the  text-book.  Now,  your  humble  servant 
spent  four  years  in  getting  the  text-book  introduced  into  the  public 
schools. 

We  are  doing  the  same  things,  if  you  please,  in  the  foreign  mission 
field.  We  are  not  only  working  on  legislative  lines,  but  we  are  sending 
out  literature  all  over  the  world. 

I  think  it  was  four  years  ago  last  June  I  got  a  letter  from  Dr.  Pat- 
terson of  China,  asking  for  literature  on  the  temperance  question.  I 
sent  him  out  everything  I  could  lay  hands  on,  scientific,  temperance  and 
everything — text-books,  Sir  Victor  Horsley's  "Alcohol  and  the  Human 
Body",  and  Sir  Joseph  Croker's  text-book  on  "Shall  I  Drink?"  and 
illustrations  showing  the  organs  of  the  body  and  how  they  are  afifected 
by  alcohol.  The  result  has  been  that  in  China  we  have  an  organizatior 
of  650  leading  men  and  women.  We  have  got  the  text-books  introduced 
into  China  in  the  public  schools.  We  have  got  them  into  St.  John's 
University  in  Shanghai.  We  have  got  them  in  India.  W^e  are  busy 
at  work  in  India,  and  we  are  doing  the  same  work  in  Africa,  and  all 
over  the  globe.  We  are  sending  funds  out  and  we  ask  your  prayers  and 
cooperation  in  saving  the  people.  We  have  got  to  have  an  intelligent 
people,  and  we  are  supplying  the  missionaries  with  all  the  ammunition 
they  want  on  the  temperance  question.     I  thank  you. 

The  PRESIDING  OFFICER,  Mr.  CHERRINGTON  :  Now  we 
are  going  to  hear  from  the  Prohibition  party,  that  for  fifty  years  has  held 
the  standard  of  Prohibition  in  every  campaign — presidential  campaign  in 
this  country.  I  am  glad  to  have  the  pleasure  of  introducing  to  you  Dr. 
D.  Leigh  Colvin,  of  the  Prohibition  Party. 

REMARKS  OF  DR.  D.  LEIGH  COLVIN 

REPRESENTATIVE   OF  THE   PROHIBITION    PARTY 

Mr.  Chairman.  Ladies  and  Gentlemen :  Prohibition  is  a  matter  for 
governmental  solution.  One  of  the  greatest  problems  is  how  to  apply 
the  public  sentiment  of  a  nation  to  the  government  in  such  a  way  as 
to  make  that  public  sentiment  controlling  both  in  legislation  and  in  ad- 
ministration, particularly  under  our  governmental  system,  where  we 
have  made  prominent  the  separation  of  powers  between  the  legislative 
and  judicial  and  executive  departments  of  the  government.  And  other 
features  of  our  national  government  are  to  be  taken  into  consideration, 
including  the  method  of  electing  the  President,  particularly  our  method 

444 


of  the  State  electoral  system,  on  which  the  point  is  to  get  the  majority  of 
the  electoral  votes  of  the  States  of  the  country  in  which  the  States  vote 
by  units;  and  then  our  political  party  system.  All  of  these  are  involved 
in  this  question,  and  the  liquor  traffic  has  for  years  debauched  and  de- 
graded such  a  large  percenage  of  the  voters  in  many  of  our  states.  And 
then  it  has  been  the  one  interest  which  has  been  able  to  control  both 
money  in  large  quantities  and  votes  in  large  numbers.  And  one  of  the 
reasons  why  it  has  wielded  such  power  is  because  it  has  wielded  the 
balance  of  power  between  the  two  political  parties,  and  the  two  political 
parties,  having  been  largely  solidified,  that  is.  a  great  majority  of  the 
voting  for  the  two  great  parties  and  the  wet  votes  going  from  one  party 
to  another,  they  wielded  an  influence  far  out  of  proportion  to  their 
numbers. 

Between  1907  and  1916  all  but  two  of  the  States  were  one-party  States, 
or  initiative  and  referendum  States,  and  Idaho,  of  those,  was  a  State 
in  which  a  particular  problem  existed,  and  so  our  problem  is  to  get 
political  parties  committed  to  this  question  to  bring  about  its  enforce- 
ment. We  have  got  laws,  but  our  main  problem,  and  what  the  Prohibi- 
tion Party  has  emphasized,  has  been  first,  the  importance  of  legislation, 
— and  our  party  has  stood  for  national  Prohibition  for  half  a  century ; 
and  the  other  thing  is  the  importance  of  administration  to  enforce  the 
law. 

I  was  recently  in  Wyoming,  which  gave  the  largest  percentage  of 
Prohibition  votes  in  support  of  the  principle  of  Prohibition,  and  yet  I 
was  informed  the  majority  party  is  wet  in  that  State.  And  so  the  Pro- 
hibition Party  has  been  urging  and  insisting  that  we  need  a  political  party 
that  is  not  dependent  upon  the  liquor  traffic  for  votes,  which  can  main- 
tain power  in  the  country  by  union  of  their  forces,  who  are  in  favor 
of  Prohibition,  and  will  not  fear  if  the  liquor  traffic  swings  the  votes  to 
an  opposite  party.  And  it  has  emphasized  the  importance  of  a  political 
party  united  for  the  establishment  of  the  Prohibition  principle  not  only 
in  legislation,  but  also  in  administration. 

Our  first  platform  stated  in  1872 — "There  can  be  no  greater  peril  to 
the  nation  than  the  existing  party  competition  for  the  liquor  vote.  Any 
party  not  committed  against  the  traffic  will  engage  in  this  competition, 
and  court  the  favor  of  the  criminal  classes,  and  drive  away  the  purity 
of  the  ballot." 

And  then  in  its  platform  this  year,  it  repeats  it,  and  says  notwith- 
standing the  traffic  is  now  outlawed  by  the  Constitution,  this  describes 
the  attitude  of  the  larger  political  parties;  and  so  this  year  we  thought 
with  Prohibition  in  the  Constitution  all  parties  should  naturally  put  a 
Prohibition  plank  in  their  platforms ;  and  I  will  say  that  the  National 
Committee  of  the  Prohibition  Party  spent  thousands  of  dollars  getting 
the  jX'ople  of  this  country  to  petition  to  put  Prohibition  planks  in  the 
platforms  of  the  larger  parties,  and  to  nominate  candidates  in  svmpathy 
therewith.  We  were  willing  to  commit  party  suicide  if  the  cause  could 
be  advanced.     Neither  of  them  did  so.  however,  and  in  both  cases  they 

44.S 


nominated  the  wettest  man  in  their  respective  parties,  with  the  exception 
of  Governor  Edwards,  of  New  Jersey,  who  was  not  seriously  considered. 
And  the  Prohibition  Party  was  compelled  to  emphasize  that  there  should 
be  an  organization  whic  hstood  for  prohibition  in  law  and  in  administra- 
tion. We  wanted  that  the  presidency  of  the  United  States,  the  greatest 
office  in  the  whole  world,  should  be  arrayed  on  the  side  of  Prohibition, 
not  that  our  men  should  be  nominated  by  political  parties  which  were 
competing  for  the  liquor  vote.  And  the  Prohibition  Party  now  is  going 
forward,  and  will  continue  to  go  forward  to  make  a  crusade  to  arouse 
the  nation  to  the  importance  of  Prohibition  supported  by  a  president  and 
supported  by  an  administration  in  sympathy  with  Prohil^ition.  And 
we  are  calling  attention  to  the  fact  that  a  vote  this  year  will  count  as  never 
before  as  an  expression  of  a  conviction  upon  this  question,  that  our 
Government  shall  be  arrayed  in  all  its  departments  on  the  side  of  Pro- 
hibition, and  that  the  people  may  show  l)y  their  votes  that  they  will  not 
permit  the  liquor  traffic  to  nullify  our  Constitution.     I  thank  you. 

The  presiding  OFFICER,  Mr.  CHERRINGTON:  Now  we 
are  going  to  get  though  on  time.  We  are  a  little  ahead  of  schedule.  We 
have  been  trying  to  get  an  opportunity  in  these  meetings  to  hear  a  song 
from  a  sweet  Spanish  singer,  a  Mexican.  Mr.  Velasco  has  consented  to 
sing  for  us  and  we  will  have  that  song  in  Spanish  now. 

[Whereupon  Sefior  Velasco,  the  Mexican  delegate,  sang  the  "Holy 
City"  in  Spanish.] 

The  presiding  OFFICER,  Mr.  CHERRINGTON:  We  hope 
to  have  another  opportunity  by  and  l)y  of  hearing  Mr.  Velasco  before  this 
meeting  closes  tonight.  I  want  to  introduce  now  Mr.  Mark  R.  Shaw, 
General  Secretary  of  the  Intercollegiate  Prohibition  Association. 

ADDRESS  BY  MR.  MARK  R.  SHAW 

GENERAL  SECRETARY  OF  THE  INTERCOLLEGIATE  PROHIBITION   ASSOCIATION 

Mr.  Chairman  and  friends :  "Training  for  service,  and  then  service" 
expresses  in  l)rief  the  purpose  of  the  Intercollegiate  Prohibition  Asso- 
ciation. Some  twenty  years  ago,  two  young  men,  just  graduating  from 
college  in  Ohio,  looked  out  over  the  colleges  of  this  country,  and  seeing 
some  hundred  thousand  young  men  and  women  coming  out  of  colleges 
each  year,  to  mold  public  sentiment  and  take  places  of  leadership,  had 
a  vision  of  bringing  into  a  coherent  and  aggressive  mass  this  wonderful 
group  of  young  people,  and  of  training  those  young  men  and  women 
for  consecrated  leadership  and  service  in  this  great  reform.  That  was 
the  beginning  of  the  Intercollegiate  Prohibition  Association,  and  during 
these  twenty  years  it  has  been  working  in  three  hundred  colleges  in  this 
country  to  train  the  college  men  and  women,  those  who  are  going  out 
to  be  preachers  and  professional  men  and  women  and  business  men  and 
women  in  this  country,  for  leadership,  that  the  college  men  might  take 

446 


the  part  they  ought  to  take  in  this  reform,  that  the  young  men  and  women 
who  have  had  the  opportunity  of  an  education  might  also  feel  their 
lesponsibihty  to  society. 

The  method  has  been  to  get  the  college  men  and  women  to  secure  the 
facts.  First,  unique  as  it  may  seem,  the  association  has  never  required 
a  total-abstinence  pledge.  It  has  said  to  the  college  men  and  women : 
"Study  the  facts,  the  moral  facts,  the  scientific  facts,  the  sociological  facts, 
the  economic  facts,  the  governmental  facts,  on  the  alcohol  question.  Make 
your  decision,  not  on  previous  prejudice,  but  on  knowledge  of  the  ques- 
tion, and  then  give  vourself  to  service  to  solve  this  problem  as  vou  see 
fit." 

One  hundred  per  cent  of  its  members  have  stood  for  total  abstinence, 
because  the  facts  lead  to  no  other  conclusion. 

In  this  work  of  getting  the  facts  we  have  used  two  or  three  different 
methods.  The  first  was  the  public  speaking  contests,  encouraging  the 
students  to  study  the  question,  and  then  write  their  own  original  oration 
on  it, — some  aspect  of  the  alcoholism  question.  We  have  had  the  local, 
the  State,  the  interstate  and  the  national  contests,  enlisting  as  many  as 
seven  hundred  different  students  in  one  year,  and  ten  thousand  different 
students  in  twenty  years  have  written  their  addresses  on  some  aspect  of 
the  alcoholism  problem. 

In  addition  to  that  we  have  secured  in  the  curriculum  in  over  one 
hundred  of  our  institutions  a  course  receiving  college  credit,  on  the 
alcoholism  problem,  taught  by  the  professor  of  economics  or  of 
sociology. 

In  addition  to  that  we  have  had  in  one  hundred  other  classes, 
voluntary  study  classes,  where  the  students  were  credited  with  study- 
ing this  problem.  But  these  classes  and  contests  have  not  been  in- 
cidents themselves,  but  merely  the  means  to  an  end ;  and  even  while 
in  college  the  students  have  elected  to  take  the  study  from  the  text- 
book and  laboratory  work  in  connection.  The  laboratory  is  taken, 
first,  in  the  form  of  working  against  drinking  customs  in  the  college, 
and  in  more  than  one  institution  the  association  has  been  the  means 
of  leading  the  unanimous  vote  against  drinking  customs,  and  in  many 
cases  doing  away  wnth  the  use  of  liquor  in  college,  especially  in  our 
eastern  universities.  As  an  example.  T  might  say  that  at  a  gathering 
of  university  men  from  coast  to  coast  in  an  eastern  city  the  question 
was  up  for  the  abolition  of  drinking  at  reunions,  and  one  of  the  pro- 
fessors said  he  did  not  believe  it  was  in  harmony  with  the  long  es- 
tablished tradition  to  do  away  with  this  feature  of  the  entertainment, 
whereupon,  a  man  from  a  progressive  western  university  said :  "We 
found  out  at  our  university,  whether  the  alumni  will  or  no.  the  under- 
graduates will  not  stand  for  it !" 

Rut  not  content  only  to  work  in  the  university,  the  students, 
while  still  in  college,  have  had  a  very  diff'erent  part  in  the  various 
campaigns  in  the  country,  in  .State-wide  campaigns  apd  international 
campaigns.     In  one  year  as  many  as  1730  students,  during  their  col- 

447 


lege  work,  had  a  definite  active  service  in  the  State  campaigns  in 
1916  in  the  State  of  Ohio,  that  has  been  the  battleground  of  the  ques- 
tion over  and  over  again.  In  one  year  we  had  over  one  thousand 
men  and  women  at  work  to  put  Ohio  dry  that  fall.  That  is  the  Avork 
we  have  done  while  in  college. 

What  have  been  the  results  since  coming  out  of  college?  Already 
several  of  the  leaders  of  the  movement  have  assumed  national  prom- 
inence. The  president  of  the  National  Temperance  Council  is  himself 
a  very  definite  production  of  the  Intercollegiate  Prohibition  Asso- 
ciation. 

But  not  only  have  we  already  furnished  several  of  the  national 
leaders.  The  creed  of  our  work  has  been  that  there  are  today  through- 
out the  United  States  125,000  men  and  women,  who,  during  their  col- 
lege days,  were  trained  for  definite  service  on  this  question,  and  the 
way  that  works  out  may  be  given  by  an  example :  During  the  rati- 
fication fight  in  Massachusetts,  the  general  secretary  of  our  associa- 
tion, not  being  as  well  acquainted  in  the  East  as  I  was,  said,  "We 
can  not  expect  Massachusetts  to  ratify."  I  said.  "Yes,  it  will."  But 
he  did  not  think  so.  During  that  ratification  fight  in  Massachusetts, 
one  legislator  who  was  very  wet.  who  was  expected  to  vote  wet, 
found  himself  confronted  by  the  situation — a  pastor  in  his  community 
came  to  him  one  evening  and  sat  down  in  the  library  and  said,  "We 
want  you  to  vote  for  ratification."  He  said  he  could  not  do  it.  He 
said,  "Here  are  cards  signed  by  a  majority  of  your  voters  insisting 
that  you  vote  for  ratification,  and  if  you  don't,  you  know  what  will 
happen  to  you  at  the  time  of  your  next  trial  for  re-election  I"  He 
voted  for  ratification.  That  young  pastor  three  years  before  had  been 
an  Intercollegiate  Prohibition  Association  man  in  an  Ohio  college, 
and  when  the  opportunity  came,  he  was  trained  and  ready  for  service. 

So  much  for  the  work,  the  method,  and  the  results  of  the  Inter- 
collegiate Association. 

What  of  the  future?  We  are  glad  to  have  had  a  part  in  this  work 
which  we  are  celebrating  today.  As  we  look  back,  we  are  glad  that 
we  have  been  one  of  the  forty-one,  if  not  one  of  the  seven,  organiza- 
tions that  have  helped  to  bring  about  absolute  Prohibition  in  our  be- 
loved country.  But  we  realize  that  we  must  have  not  only  constitu- 
tional Prohibition,  but  in  the  constitution  of  every  citizen  must  be 
rooted  the  principle  of  Prohibition.  Our  work  is  not  through.  And 
then,  even  after  we  have  won  our  victory  here,  we  have  a  larger  work 
to  do.  As  the  world  is  larger  than  the  United  States,  we  have  an  ob- 
ligation to  our  fellow  countries,  and  especially  do  we  have  that  ob- 
ligation because  in  many  cases  we  have  shipped  liquor  into  those 
countries  and  are  responsible  to  a  degree  for  conditions  there. 

And  so  today  we  are  looking  out  to  be  of  what  service  we  can, 
not  only  in  continuing  the  fundamental  educational  work  in  this 
country,  but  to  help  as  best  we  can  to  bring  our  message  to  the  stu- 

448 


dents  of  the  other  countries  of  the  world,  that  they,  too,  may  train 
themselves  for  intelligent  service  in  getting  a  dry  world. 

Our  slogan  today  is,  "Let  us  take  off  our  hats  to  the  past,  but 
our  eyes  are  to  the  future !" 

The  presiding  OFFICER,  Mr.  CHERRINGTOX  :    The  Anti 
Saloon  League  of  America  will  be  represented  by  Dr.  Wayne  B.  W'heelei . 
the  national  Attorney  of  the  League. 

ADDRESS  OF  THE  HON.  WAYNE  B.  WHEELER,  LL.  D. 

GENERAL  COUNSEL  AND   HEAD  OF  THE  LEGISLATIVE  DEPARTMENT  OF 
ANTI-SALOON    LEAGUE   OF   AMERICA 

Mr.  Chairman  and  Delegates  of  the  Congress :  The  Anti-Saloon 
League  of  America  came  into  the  kingdom  twenty-seven  years  ago 
to  unite,  organize  and  utilize  all  of  the  Anti-Saloon  League  forces 
of  the  nation.  In  order  to  do  this  it  was  and  is  omni-partizan.  About 
an  equal  number  of  Prohibitionists  are  found  in  the  dominant  polit- 
ical parties  in  this  country.  Almost  the  same  number  of  Democrats 
and  Republicans  in  Congress  support  Prohibition  measures.  The 
league  is  inter-denominational.  Practically  all  of  the  churches  give 
their  moral  and  financial  support  to  the  League.  In  this  way  it  has 
been  possible  to  keep  more  than  one  thousand  experts  and  efficient 
workers  at  the  task  from  one  year's  end  to  the  other.  The  League 
has  been  characterized  as  "The  Church  in  .Action  Against  the  Sa- 
loon." Without  that  loyal  support  the  liquor  traffic  would  still  be 
flourishing  in  this  nation. 

METHODS    OF    OPERATION 

The  plan  of  operation  has  been  to :  ( 1 )  Build  a  public  sentiment 
powerful  enough  to  accomplish  results. 

(2)  Crystallize  that  sentiment  into  Prohibition  legislation  either 
by  direct  action  through  legislative  bodies,  or  by  referendum  votes. 

(3)  Build  the  law  enforcement  machinery  so  that  we  can  secure 
the  full  fruits  of  our  victory. 

We  soon  learned  that  men  in  public  life,  as  a  rule,  would 
rather  do  right  than  wrong.  The  liquor  interests  in  the  past  have 
been  so  well  organized  that  they  prevented  public  officials  from 
standing  right  on  this  question,  even  though  the  majority  of  the  peo- 
ple were  ready  for  advanced  Prohibition  measures  and  for  their  en- 
forcement. It  was  our  task  to  see  to  it  that  courageous  public  offi- 
cials who  stood  right  on  this  question  were  sustained,  and  that  those 
who  were  wrong  should  be  relieved  of  further  responsibility  in  fu- 
ture primaries  and  elections.  To  do  this  we  had  to  ask  patriotic 
voters  to  vote  for  a  good  man  on  an  opposite  party  ticket  rather  than 
a  bad  one  on  their  own.  In  this  way  we  proved  that  it  was  not  only 
as  safe  to  do  right  as  wrong,  but  that  it  was  much  safer.     From  that 

449 


time  on.  Prohibition  legislation  made  progress.  Of  course,  when  we 
asked  dry  Democrats  to  support  a  dry  Republican,  wet  Democrats 
called  us  "A  Republican  Aid  Society;"  when  we  asked  dry  Republic- 
ans to  yote  for  a  dry  Democrat,  we  were  characterized  by  the  wets  as 
"A  Democratic  Side  Show."  We  have  persistently  carried  out  the 
program,  however,  to  make  it  safe  for  men  in  responsible  public  po- 
sitions to  do  their  duty,  and  by  the  application  of  this  omni-partizan 
method  this  national  Prohibition  victory  has  been  won. 

In  securing  the  legislation,  we  began  with  the  small  units  of  gov- 
ernment, because  this  was  the  point  of  least  resistance.  We  asked 
legislative  bodies  to  give  the  people  the  opportunity  to  vote  out  sa- 
loons wherever  a  majority  wanted  that  done.  By  this  method  we 
increased  the  local  dry  units  from  townships  to  municipalities,  to  the 
county,  then  to  the  State,  and  finally  to  the  entire  nation.  We  were 
aided  in  doing  this,  by  the  liquor  interests  who  constantly  tried  to 
defy  the  law  and  repeal  it  in  the  dry  units  where  the  people  by  ma- 
jority vote  had  adopted  it. 

LEGAL  PRINCIPLES  INVOLVED 

The  United  States  won  national  Prohibition  by  the  application 
of  two  well-established  legal  principles:  (1)  It  is  now  well  estab- 
lished in  the  United  States  that  the  people  have  an  inherent  right 
to  better  their  conditions  in  any  unit  of  government,  small  or  large, 
when  they  proceed  in  a  legal  and  orderly  manner  and  in  harmony 
with  the  Constitution.  This  right  to  protect  one's  morals,  health  and 
safety  was  an  inherent  right  of  the  individual  before  government  was 
established.  After  the  government  was  established,  it  was  called  the 
police  power  of  the  States.  Inasmuch  as  the  Federal  Government  is 
one  of  delegated  powers,  in  order  to  give  the  United  States  the  right 
to  proh'ibit  the  beverage  liquor  traffic,  we  were  compelled  to  amend 
the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  by  securing  a  two-thirds  vote 
of  each  branch  of  Congress,  to  submit  the  question  and  favorable  ac- 
tion to  the  legislatures  of  three  fourths  of  the  states.  This  method  is 
the  most  dif^cult  of  any  provided  by  the  great  nations  of  the  world. 

FIGHT  WON   WITH   THE  ODDS  AGAINST  PROHIBITION 

National  Prohibition  was  won  with  the  odds  all  against  us.  The 
procedure  was  difficult.  The  liquor  traffic  was  well  organized  and 
lavishly  financed.  In  order  to  reveal  the  corrupt  methods  of  our  op- 
ponents, in  the  midst  of  this  fight  we  secured  an  official  investigation 
of  their  corrupt  and  unpatriotic  practises  through  a  sub-committee 
of  the  Judiciary  of  the  United  States  Senate.  More  than  six  thou- 
sand pages  of  sworn  testimony  were  taken. 

THE   WORK   NOT  YET  DONE 

While  the  Eighteenth  Amendment  is  a  fixture  in  the  Constitu- 
tion, it  may  be  nullified  in  one  of  two  ways:  (1)  By  the  executive 
and  judicial  officers.  (2)  By  legislative  officials.  The  President  of 
the  United  States  chooses  the  Attorney  General,  who  has  charge  of 

450 


the  prosecution  of  liquor  cases  under  Federal  laws.  The  President 
chooses  the  member  of  the  Cabinet,  who  in  turn  appoints  the  head 
of  the  law-enforcement  division,  which  in  turn  enforces  national  Pro- 
hibition. He  also  appoints  the  judges  on  the  bench.  Practically  all 
of  the  judges  now  on  the  bench  are  doing  their  duty  fearlessly.  Some 
of  them  are  hamstringing  law  enforcement  by  imposing  ridiculously 
low  fines  and  construing  the  law  in  a  way  which  makes  it  practically 
impossible  to  enforce.  The  second  method  of  nullifying  national  Pro- 
hibition is  for  Congress  and  the  State  Legislature  to  so  weaken  the 
law-enforcement  code  as  to  make  it  non-enforceable. 

A  great  victory  has  been  won,  but  the  task  is  not  completed.  The 
following  is  our  program  for  the  future  as  an  Anti-Saloon  League  of 
America : 

We  must,  first  of  all,  defend  the  law  in  the  courts,  to  see  to  it 
that  it  is  sustained  and  fairly  construed.  As  head  of  the  legal  as  well 
as  the  Legislative  Department,  this  has  been  my  special  task.  Thus 
far  the  courts  of  the  States  and  the  United  States  Supreme  Court 
have  sustained  the  Prohibition  laws  for  which  we  have  worked  and 
given  a  fair  construction  to  their  meaning.  We  have  no  reason  to 
believe  that  the  courts,  w'hich  have  stood  as  a  great  bulwark  against 
lawlessness  and  for  law  and  order  will  take  any  backward  step  from 
the  high  standards  which  they  have  set  on  this  question. 

Our  next  great  task  is  to  sustain  the  National  Prohibition  law  in 
effective  form.  More  than  one  hundred  Congressmen  who  voted  for 
an  effective  National  Prohibition  law  were  opposed  in  the  primaries 
by  candidates  favorable  to  a  beer  and  wine  exemption  under  the  Pro- 
hibition law.  The  Anti-Saloon  League  and  the  allied  temperance 
forces  have  gone  into  these  districts  and  sustained  practically  all  of 
the  men  who  stood  right.  We  were  fighting  on  the  defensive  for  the 
first  time,  and  in  many  ways  it  was  a  more  difficult  task  than  to  fight 
on  the  aggressive.  The  standard  in  the  National  Prohibition  code 
defining  intoxicating  liquor  to  include  alcoholic  beverages  containing 
one  half  of  1  per  cent  of  alcohol  by  volume  is  the  storm-center  of  the 
contest.  We  have  won  our  fights  for  this  standard  in  the  courts,  be- 
fore legislative  bodies,  and  on  referendum  votes,  not  on  the  theory 
that  this  amount  of  alcohol  will  visibly  intoxicate  those  who  drink 
it,  but  because  this  standard  is  necessary  for  law  enforcement.  In 
the  war  Prohibition  act,  because  a  less  effective  wording  was  used  to 
define  the  term,  the  court  held  that,  if  we  were  to  secure  convictions, 
we  must  prove  that  the  liciuor  in  question  was  actually  intoxicating. 
Fortunately,  before  this  decision  was  rendered,  we  had  defined  the 
term  definitely  under  the  National  Prohibition  code,  and  the  liquor 
interests  got  no  benefit  from  the  decision. 

It  is  sometimes  questioned  why  we  did  not  write  into  our  Consti- 
tution a  prohibition  of  all  alcoholic  beverages.  The  reason  for  it  is 
manifest.  This  would  have  j^rohibited  all  well-recognized  soft  drinks 
that  have  the  slightest  trace  of  alcohol  in  tliem.     It  would  have  been 

451 


impossible  to  secure  even  the  submission  or  the  ratitication  of  such  a 
constitutional  amendment  by  the  legislatures  of  three-fourths  of  the 
States.  Those  who  contend  that  National  Prohibition  should  pro- 
hibit all  alcoholic  beverages  or  none  would  have  been  the  means  of 
defeating  National  Prohibition  if  their  theory  had  been  adopted. 

The  Anti-Saloon  League  and  most  other  temperance  organiza- 
tions are  committed  to  several  important  measures  which  are  to  come 
before  the  next  Congress.  The  united  temperance  forces  will  ask 
Congress  to  prohibit  American  citizens  from  engaging  in  the  bev- 
erage liquor  traffic  in  China  and  in  other  nations  where  our  treaty 
relations  permit  us  to  enact  such  laws.  We  will  present  a  solid  front 
for  the  passage  of  the  bill  to  prohibit  peyote.  or  dry  whisky,  which 
is  used  especially  among  the  Indians  as  a  substitute  for  liquor.  Sev- 
eral other  legislative  problems,  such  as  the  taking  over  by  the  Gov- 
ernment of  the  liquors  in  bond  and  disposing  of  them  for  non-bev- 
erage purposes,  the  placing  of  Federal  liquor  inspectors  under  civil 
service,  the  defining  of  misconduct  in  office  of  Federal  officials,  and 
other  questions  will  have  to  be  met  and  solved  by  the  next  Congress 
or  some  Congress  that  succeeds  it. 

The  Anti-Saloon  League,  through  its  far-seeing  originator  and 
founder,  Dr.  Howard  Hyde  Russell,  early  saw  the  necessity  of  edu- 
cating an  army  of  total  abstainers  to  uphold  Prohibition.  He  out- 
lined the  plan  of  the  Lincoln  Lee  Legion  to  enlist  and  enroll  espe- 
cially the  young  to  the  total-abstinence  standard.  Practically  five 
million  have  signed  this  pledge  and  we  are  increasing  that  number 
every  year  at  the  annual  rally  day  for  securing  new  recruits  in  the 
total-abstinence  army. 

Our  fight  for  Prohibition  in  the  United  States  has  resolved  itself 
into  a  question  of  law  and  order.  We  have  demonstrated  that  the 
law  enacted  is  necessary  in  order  to  have  effective  law  enforcement. 
Those  who  stand  for  its  repeal  or  modification  by  weakening  amend- 
ments are  encouraging  lawlessness.  If  a  few  outlawed  liquor  dealers 
can  successfully  defy  the  Eighteenth  Amendment,  it  will  be  used  as 
a  precedent  by  those  opposed  to  other  laws,  and  soon  the  Govern- 
ment itself  will  be  in  jeopardy.  When  law  and  its  enforcement  are 
gone  all  is  gone  in  orderly  government.  W^hen  the  American  people 
meet  this  issue,  there  will  be  no  uncertainty  in  their  verdict,  be- 
cause they  know  that  the  enforcement  of  law  is  the  foundation  of  all 
of  our  prosperity  and  our  hope  for  maintaining  a  great  and  patriotic 
nation. 

The  Anti-Saloon  League  program  is  not  a  selfish  one.  We  want 
to  help  the  other  nations  of  the  world  in  any  way  we  can  in  order 
that  they  may  enjoy  the  same  freedom  and  blessings  which  we  have. 
We  do  not  propose  to  tell  other  nations  what  to  do,  but  rather  bear 
testimony  of  the  good  results  which  this  policy  of  government  is 
bringing  to  this  nation.     W'hen  the  truth  is  told  honestly,  fearlessly 

452 


and  persistently,   it  will   destroy  the  liquor  traffic    in    any    nation    in 
the  world. 

Never  has  there  been  such  an  opportunity  for  deep-convictioned, 
broad-visioned,  patriotic  men  and  women  to  serve  their  fellow  men 
throughout  the  world  as  we  now  face,  and  the  people  of  this  nation 
will  respond  to  that  opportunity. 

The  presiding  OFFICER,  Mr.  CHERRINGTON:  This 
meeting  will  not  be  complete  without  a  representation  from  the  In- 
dependent Order  of  Good  Templars,  which  for  almost  seventy  years 
has  been  doing  effective  temperance  work  in  various  parts  of  the 
country.  The  Chairman  of  the  Congress,  I  think,  is  the  highest  of- 
ficer present  of  that  organization.  I  will  ask  him  to  represent  that 
organization,  or  call  on  some  one  to  do  so. 

Dr.  E.  C.  DINWIDDIE:  Is  Mr.  Shumaker  in  the  audience?  Mr. 
Shumaker  is  the  national  counselor.  If  not,  is  Miss  Church  in  the 
audience?  Miss  Church  is  the  superintendent  of  Temperance  Educa- 
tion. Miss  Church,  will  you  respond  in  a  moment  or  two  for  Good 
Templary  ? 

RESPONSE  BY  MISS  LAURA  CHURCH 

REPRESENTING  THE   INTERNATIONAL  ORDER  OF  GOOD  TEMPLARS 

Mr.  Chairman,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen.  I  hardly  know  what  to 
say  without  preparation,  but  I  could  not  resist  the  opportunity  to 
say  something  for  the  order  that  has  meant  so  much  to  so  many.  It 
is  perhaps  one  of  the  oldest  of  the  orders.  I  often  think  today,  and 
if  I  had  the  eloquence  of  our  dear  friend,  ]\Ir.  Woolley,  sitting  in  the 
back  part  of  the  audience,  I  would  paint  for  you  a  picture,  I  would 
make  you  see  an  Illinois  mother,  one  of  the  old.  old  type  of  Illinois 
mothers,  sitting  today,  quietly  knitting,  resting  from  her  labors.  Then 
I  would  paint  her  hands ;  I  would  show  you  the  hands  scarred  and 
seamed  with  the  hardest  of  work,  for  Templary  came  into  being,  and 
Good  Templary  did  its  work  when  the  going  was  mighty  hard,  when 
the  others  who  were  active  did  not  have  the  ready  ear  of  the  public, 
when  the  churches  were  not  open,  the  preachers  were  not  cooperative, 
and  when  the  going  was  mighty  hard. 

We  speak  of  Good  Templary  usually  in  the  past  tense,  regarding 
her  activities.  Well,  this  mother  has  reared  her  family,  and  the  fam- 
ily, the  boys  and  girls,  have  gone  out  and  are  doing  the  work  in  the 
world  today,  for  if  you  will  take  almost  any  public  assembly  of  Pro- 
hibition workers  and  call  the  roll  of  Good  Templars,  those  who  had 
ever  belonged.  I  fancy  half  or  more  than  half  the  audience  would 
rise.  But  the  dear  old  lady  is  resting  now.  but  if  danger  threatened. 
if  the  children  revolted,  believe  me  she  would  prove  mighty  active ! 

The  Good  Templar  ])latform  was  written  so  many  years  ago,  but 

453 


it  has  the  planks  that  today  are  just  as  etfective  as  the  most  advanced 
statement  that  could  be  written  without  the  change  of  a  single  word. 
The  platform  is  up  to  date,  and  in  advance  in  every  single  respect. 

The  present  most  conspicuous  work,  I  think,  is  the  legislative  end 
and  the  educational  work.  I  say  that  because  at  the  last  three  ses- 
sions of  the  National  Lodge  these  two  departments  were  emphasized. 

And  I  wish  I  had  with  me  one  of  the  diplomas  of  the  educational 
course,  a  very  beautiful  diploma  given  to  every  graduate  of  the 
course.  There  are  not  so  many,  but  we  intend  this  year  to  enlist 
the  hearts  of  the  other  organizations,  and  see  if  we  can  not  advance 
the  cause  in  numbers. 

It  offers  the  most  complete  up-to-date  course  of  preparation  for 
service  through  study. 

I  wish  that  some  one  who  has  been  in  the  work  longer  than  I  in 
the  Good  Templar  order  could  tell  you  more  effectively  what  the  or- 
der has  done,  and  what  the  order  is  and  has  been ;  but  I  just  wanted 
to  pay  my  tribute. 

The  presiding  OFFICER,  Mr.  CHERRINGTON  :  The 
Committee  on  Promotion  of  Temperance  Legislation  in  Congress  is 
represented  today  by  a  man  who  had  a  good  deal  to  do  with  the  orig- 
inating of  that  committee,  and  who,  as  a  member  of  Congress,  always 
worked  heartily  in  favor  of  temperance  legislation.  I  am  glad  to  in- 
troduce to  you  the  Honorable  William  S.  Bennet. 

RESPONSE  BY  THE  HON.  WILLIAM  S.  BENNET 

COMMITTEE   OX    PROMOTION    OF   TEMPERANCE   LEGISLATION    IN 
NATIONAL  CONGRESS 

Mr.  Chairman  and  Fellow  Voters  and  Friends  from  Foreign 
Lands :  I  represent  probably  the  smallest  organization  represented 
here.  There  was  a  time,  eight  or  ten  years  ago,  when  a  sort  of  semi- 
congressional  committee  was  necessary,  and  the  late  Charles  E.  Lit- 
tlefield,  of  Maine,  was  the  first  chairman  of  the  committee  of  which 
I  am  now  chairman.  He  retired  from  Congress,  and  I  succeeded  him. 
We  functioned  up  to  the  extent  that  was  necessary.  Congress  has 
acted,  and  we  are  like  Good  Templars,  we  are  still  on  deck,  but  with 
nothing  very  much  to  do  at  present. 

I  can  make  a  brief  report  from  Illinois,  that  wall  be  interesting, 
about  Congressmen.  I  now  live  in  Chicago.  When  I  was  in  Con- 
gress I  lived  in  New  York.  There  were  only  two  representatives 
from  Chicago.  Cook  County,  that  voted  for  the  Volstead  Act,  and 
everybody  predicted  that  they  would  be  defeated  for  nomination — 
William  W'arfield  Wilson  and  Carl  Richard  Chindbloom.  Both  were 
renominated.  Carl  Chindblom  squeezed  through  by  thirteen  thou- 
sand majority,  and  Wilson  with  less.  I  think  that's  about  the  ratio  in 
which  the  Congressmen  have  been  supported. 

454 


And  I  want  to  say,  as  a  practical  politician,  that  one  of  the  things 
that  has  brought  about  this  Eighteenth  Amendment  has  been  the 
fact  that  the  members  of  Congress  always  desiring  to  do  right,  found 
out  from  practical  experience  that  the  dry  people  stood  by  them 
better  than  the  wets.  I  think  we  can  thank  the  temperance  organiza- 
tions for  that. 

I  cannot  resist  saying  that  there  is  one  man  here  on  the  platform 
today,  and  at  other  sessions,  that  ought  to  be  having  twice  the  fun 
that  most  of  the  rest  of  us  are  having,  and  that  is  my  good  friend, 
the  Very  Rev.  P.  J.  O'Callaghan.  He's  as  thorough  a  temperance 
man  as  the  rest  of  us,  and  then  he  has  had  the  fun  of  listening  for 
several  days  to  us  Protestants  confess  our  past  misdeeds ! 

I  represent  an  industry  in  general  counsel  that  has  a  problem  that 
you  must  take  up  some  time,  and  that's  the  lumber  industry.  We 
are  one  of  the  few  industries  that's  been  injured  by  Prohibition;  and 
it's  a  kind  of  joke  on  us,  because  the  president,  Mr.  Edward  Hines, 
is  a  temperance  man  and  a  contributor  to  the  Anti-Saloon  League, 
and  if  he  isn't  a  contributor  to  the  Catholic  Total  Abstinence  Union, 
it's  because  Father  O'Callaghan  has  not  been  on  the  job!  We  found 
after  Prohibition  in  Wisconsin,  in  the  lumber  camps,  we  had  dry 
towns  in  every  lumber  camp.  We  had,  before  we  got  national  Pro- 
hibition. Now  here's  the  curious  condition ;  it  used  to  be  that  when 
there  was  liquor  we  never  had  any  trouble  about  having  enough  men 
in  the  woods.  Why?  Because,  unfortunately,  they  would  go  down 
to  Duluth  and  Virginia  City  and  get  drunk  and  spend  their  money  in 
about  three  days,  and  be  back  up  in  the  woods.  Now  they  do  not. 
They  go  to  Duluth,  they  have  enough  money  to  live  two  or  three 
months,  and  stay  there,  and  our  own  companies  up  there  in  Min- 
nesota and  Wisconsin  are  twenty-five  hundred  men  short  now  be- 
cause of  Prohibition  ! 

You  have  got  to  do  two  things.  It's  a  great  job  for  the  churches. 
They  have  got  to  inculcate  in  those  people  a  higher  order  of  thought 
so  they  will  have  some  needs  and  desires. 

I  wish  we  had  as  easy  a  time  with  the  white  men  in  the  North 
as  with  the  colored  people  in  the  South.  We  have  not  had  any  trou- 
ble there.  They  said  the  colored  men  would  not  work,  but  the  min- 
ute the  colored  women  commenced  to  wear  silk  stockings,  the  col- 
ored men  worked  six  days  a  week.    They  had  to ! 

I  think  that's  about  all  I  have  to  say,  except  really  while  you  may 
think  that  it  w^as  entirely  fun  about  that  situation  in  the  North,  it 
absolutely  is  not ;  and  I  am  not  talking  about  our  particular  city. 
We  will  get  through  some  way,  and  we  would  rather  lose  money  than 
to  have  the  old  bad  conditions  as  they  were  when  we  could  get  men. 

But  it's  a  challenge  to  the  churches.  Catholic  and  Protestant,  to 
go  after  those  individual  men  and  put  them  on  a  higher  plane  than 
they  are  now.  They  are  human  beings  with  souls,  good,  stalwart, 
sturdy  men,  who  just  simply  have  no  needs  or  desires,  and  they  come 

455 


out  of  the  woods  with  a  couple  of  hundred  dollars,  and  until  that's 
spent,  why  should  they  work?  They  have  a  mackinaw  and  two  flan- 
nel shirts  and  a  pair  of  boots  and  one  suit  of  clothes  and  a  hat ;  and 
what  more  does  a  man  desire? 

And  we  have  got  to  make  them  better  members  of  society,  got 
to  make  them  get  married,  for  one  thing.  We  are  great  advocates  of 
matrimony  up  there.  These  people  are  most  of  them  bachelors  and 
do  not  have  to  work  up  there.  When  a  man  marries,  especially  in 
these  days  of  the  high  cost  of  living,  he  has  to  work,  believe  me! 
So  that's  another  thing  you  can  do,  teach  them  to  get  married. 

I  don't  think  I  really  need  my  one  minute  extra.  I  am  glad  to  be 
here.  I  am  frank  to  say,  I  am  not  here  wholly  by  reason  of  interest 
for  the  Congress,  although  I  have  been  much  interested  in  it.  I  was 
a  member  of  the  Foreign  Relations  Committee  of  the  Sixty-first  Con- 
gress that  put  into  the  bill  of  that  year  an  appropriation  for  the  Amer- 
ican representation  in  that  meeting  of  the  Congress  at  The  Hague. 
But  we  appropriated  for  it  all  right,  and  kept  the  Congress  going, 
and  I  hope  that  wherever  they  meet  next  year  they  will  have  as  good 
a  meeting  as  they  have  here. 

And  do  not  think  that  the  work  is  over.  Wayne  Wheeler  was 
right  when  he  said :  "You  have  got  to  rivet  the  enforcement  because 
we  have  never  passed  a  law  3^et  that  enforced  itself.  You  have  got 
the  law,  but  you  can  not  afTord  to  go  to  sleep  on  it." 

Just  one  word  in  my  thirty  seconds  that  are  left.  I  am  sorry,  very 
sorry,  that  the  man  whose  name  is  attached  to  the  enforcement  law, 
Volstead,  a  thorough  temperance  man,  was  defeated  for  renomination. 

Mr.  WAYNE  B.  WHEELER:    He  goes  on  the  ticket  again. 

Mr.  BENNET  (continuing)  :  I  am  sorry  he  even  got  a  bump. 
But  whether  he  did  or  not,  I  just  want  to  say  that  those  conditions 
up  there  had  absolutely  nothing  to  do  with  temperance.  The  man 
who  ran  against  him  is  a  temperance  man  and  ought  not  to  have  run 
against  Volstead,  but  it  was  a  local  condition,  having  something  to 
do  with  matters  entirely  outside  of  temperance.  Of  course  every  wet 
in  the  district  voted  against  him,  and  gloried  in  the  fact  that  he  was 
beaten.  But  if  it  had  been  just  a  wet  and  dry  fight  in  the  primary, 
Volstead  would  have  been  renominated  overwhelmingly.  He  stubbed 
his  toe  on  something  else,  and  is  not  to  be  blamed,  for  the  temperance 
cause  and  the  temperance  people  up  there  stood  by  him ;  but  it  was 
just  one  of  those  unfortunate  things  like  getting  struck  by  light- 
ning.    It  will  happen  you  know. 

I  thank  you  very  much,  Mr.  Chairman. 

The  presiding  OFFICER,  Mr.  CHERRINGTON  :  Now  we 
have  two  brief  speeches  that  you  will  all  want  to  hear,  one  by  Miss 
Stoddard  and  one  by   Father  O'Callaghan.      I   am  going  to  introduce 

456 


Miss  Stoddard  of  the  Scientific  Temperance  Federation — the  Execu- 
tive Secretary,  and  for  that  matter  a  big  part  of  the  Scientific  Tem- 
perance Federation,  of  Boston. 

RESPONSE  BY  MISS  CORA  F.  STODDARD 

OF  BOSTON,  REPRESENTATIVE  OF  THE  SCIENTIFIC  TEMPERANCE  FEDERATION 

Mr.  Chairman,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen :  I  have  been  listening  to 
all  these  addresses  this  afternoon.  I  realized  that  when  I  came  Defore 
you  it  would  not  be  with  the  support  of  millions  of  adherents,  of  mil- 
lions of  workers  in  Scientific  Temperance  Federation.  It's  not  a  sup- 
port of  might  or  of  power  of  numbers.  What  the  Scientific  Temper- 
ance Federation  has  endeavored  to  do  and  to  be,  is  to  serve  the  great 
temperance  cause  of  the  world  through  all  possible  existing  educa- 
tional agencies.  When  it  came  into  existence,  there  was  in  this  coun- 
try no  one  central  place  where  the  scientific  facts  on  the  alcohol  ques- 
tion were  being  gathered  together,  compiled  and  put  into  form  for 
popular  use.  Mrs.  Hunt,  in  her  work  in  connection  with  temperance 
education  in  the  public  schools,  has  done  some  of  this  for  the  sake 
of  the  temperance  text-books.  It  was  started  to  serve  all  the  or- 
ganizations. Necessarily,  it  is  not  a  work  that  shows  much  on  the 
surface.  What  we  have  done  is  to  collect  in  our  library  in  Boston 
not  only  information  as  to  the  scientific  material,  many  original  doc- 
uments, but  also  references  and  indexes  to  this  scientific  material, 
wherever  else  it  may  be  foundy  in  form  convenient  for  use.  Then  we 
have  attempted  to  do  this,  to  make  those  facts  known  to  the  people. 
As  I  said  to  one  audience  in  this  city  this  week,  as  a  rule,  our  scien- 
tific friends  like  to  do  their  facts  up  in  very  technical  language,  and 
in  very  technical,  sober,  scientific  looking  volumes  that  are  very  apt 
to  get  stood  upon  the  shelves  of  the  libraries  somewhere ;  and  the 
people  needed  these  facts,  and  so  we  have  tried  to  popularize  the 
facts,  to  put  them  into  form  that  the  people  could  understand,  to  vis- 
ualize them. 

Now  we  took  a  lesson  in  that  from  our  friends  across  the  sea,  for 
the  first  of  this  illustrative  material  that  we  used  came  to  us  from 
material  from  the  European  countries. 

We  have  adopted  in  these  later  years  this  slogan,  "Go  out  and 
reach  the  people  where  they  are !"  We  do  not  get  them  in  temper- 
ance meetings — all  the  people.  We  do  not  get  them  always  all  in 
the  schools.  We  do  not  get  the  adults  there.  We  do  not  get  them 
through  our  temperance  literature.  And  so  we  have  tried  to  organize 
the  material  which  we  prepare  in  such  a  way  that  it  could  be  used, 
and  put  where  the  people  are,  on  the  street,  in  the  waiting  rooms,  in 
the  great  exhibitions  of  all  sorts. 

The  Scientific  Temperance  Federation  was,  I  think,  the  first  or- 
ganization to  introduce  into  this  country  the  idea  of  the  traveling 

457 


antialcoholism  exhibit.  It  has  been  taken  up  and  developed.  We 
have  used  it,  and  we  have  made  a  point  of  using  it  in  connection  with 
great  exhibits  on  other  subjects,  with  tuberculosis  expositions,  with 
great  missionary  expositions.  We  have  put  it  into  the  great  safety- 
first  exhibitions,  where  thousands  of  employers  and  employes  come 
together  to  consider  industrial  questions.  We  put  it  into  the  great 
general  expositions,  like  of  course  the  Panama-Pacific  Exposition. 
The  point  of  course  is  this :  People  who  are  interested  in  these  other 
subjects  go  there  to  see  the  material,  to  hear  the  papers,  to  hear  the 
discussions,  on  these  other  subjects,  and  when  they  are  there,  we  get 
a  chance  to  reach  them  with  the  antialcoholism  material.  We  have 
put  our  messages  into  store  windows,  where  the  people  congregate 
around.  Sometimes  they  won't  even  go  in,  but  they  will  stand  in 
front  of  the  windows  and  look,  and  they  grow  serious  as  they  look. 
Over  and  over  again,  people  have  come  to  us  months  perhaps  after 
some  of  these  exhibits  have  been  shown  in  the  city,  and  said,  "I  got 
my  first  arrest  of  thought  from  the  facts  which  I  saw  there  pre- 
sented." Young  men  come  to  us  and  say,  "Well,  I  knew  that  a  fel- 
low did  not  get  as  good  a  job  if  he  drank,  but  I  didn't  know  why, 
until  I  saw  this  material."  We  try  to  make  it  appeal  to  the  eye,  to 
the  intelligence,  to  reach  the  thinking  people,  and  the  people  who 
do  not  think  very  much  about  these  things,  to  catch  their  attention, 
so  they  will  look  to  see  what  is  there,  and  seeing,  become  convinced. 

We  have  used  the  stereopticon  slide.  When  the  War  Work  Com- 
mittee was  ready  to  do  its  work  in  the  army,  it  turned  to  the  Scienti- 
fic Temperance  Federation  for  most  of  its  stereopticon  slides.  Those 
slides  went  out  bearing  the  approval  of  the  proper  governmental  au- 
thorities, and  served  in  the  camps  for  millions  of  soldiers  in  this  coun- 
try and  over-seas. 

We  have  provided  material  for  other  organizations.  As  I  said 
at  one  of  our  meetings  the  other  day,  we  are  trying  to  serve  them  all. 

And  so,  from  time  to  time,  different  organizations  asked  us  for 
special  material  on  special  phases  of  the  alcohol  question,  to  serve 
special  purposes.  A  few  years  ago  one  of  our  great  insurance  com- 
panies that  has  millions  of  industrial  poHcy-holders.  asked  us  to  pre- 
pare a  bulletin  on  the  effect  of  alcohol.  I  mention  this  because  it's 
an  illustration  of  one  other  policy  of  ours,  which  is  to  work  through 
these  various  existing  agencies.  They  published  this  bulletin,  not  as 
a  bulletin  of  the  Scientific  Temperance  Federation.  We  did  not  ap- 
pear in  it  at  all.  They  published  the  bulletin  containing  the  facts  in 
ten  languages.  They  sent  it  to  five  milHon  policy-holders,  and  reach- 
ing seven  million  people !  Now,  no  temperance  organization  in  the 
country-  could  have  done  that  job.  They  could  not  have  aiTorded  it. 
Neither  could  those  people  have  been  reached  from  the  temperance 
organization  with  the  same  force  that  it  came  from  the  great  in- 
surance company. 

458 


We  have  therefore  not  confined  our  efforts  and  our  lines  of  work 
to  the  temperance  organizations,  but  we  prepared  material,  and 
helped  in  the  preparation  of  material  by  other  educational  agencies, 
in  the  hope  of  bringing  all  possible  educational  agencies  to  a  focus 
upon  the  problem  of  teaching  the  people  the  facts  about  alcoholism. 

Somebody  said  to  us  the  other  day,  "Are  you  going  to  stop  now?"' 
Of  course  not !  You  all  know  from  the  problems  which  have  been 
discussed  at  this  Congress  that  we  can  not  stop  now.  Our  people 
yet  do  not  know  all  the  facts  about  alcoholism.  The  scientific  men 
themselves  say  they  do  not  know  them  all,  and  I  rather  think  it's 
right!  And  so,  as  the  new  facts  become  available,  there  must  be 
some  place  where  these  facts  can  be  brought  together,  where  they 
can  be  weighed  in  relation  to  other  facts. 

I  confess  that  some  of  our  temperance  friends  sometimes  have 
been  disposed  to  think  that  the  Scientific  Temperance  Federation  has 
leaned  over  backwards  in  being  conservative  in  the  presentation  of 
its  facts.  That's  the  reason,  friends.  I  think  that  most  of  you,  after 
all.  have  come  to  trust  us,  because  we  have  tried  to  be  honest  in  the 
presentation  of  the  facts  as  we  know  them  in  relation  to  the  whole 
body  of  known  facts ;  and  while  we  are  fallible,  we  do  not  intend  to 
mislead  the  temperance  workers  of  the  nation  in  this  respect.  And 
so,  if  we  seem  at  times  too  conservative,  remember  this,  that  we  be- 
lieve it  is  better  to  be  conservative  where  we  have  not  the  actual 
proven  facts,  than  to  lay  ourselves  open  to  criticism,  or  to  encourage 
you  to  go  ahead  with  facts  which  can  not  be  thoroughly  backed  up 
by  the  best  scientific  evidence.  And  so,  for  the  future,  we  must  go 
on  in  the  same  way. 

Our  school  work  must  be  safeguarded.  There  are  millions  of  our 
people  who  still  do  not  know  the  facts  about  alcohol,  particularly  the 
alcohol  in  the  lighter  alcohol  drinks,  and  the  use  of  moderate  quan- 
tities. 

So  I  bespeak  your  cooperation  in  that  way  to  allow  us  to  serve 
you  in  so  far  as  we  can,  in  doing  this  great  work  of  reaching  all  the 
people  wherever  they  are  with  all  the  possible  available  truth  about 
alcoholism  and  its  effects.     I  thank  you. 

The  presiding  OFFICER,  Mr.  CHERRINGTON:  Now,  be- 
fore the  last  speaker,  I  want  to  announce  the  fact  that  Mr.  Percy  S. 
Foster  will  speak  for  five  minutes  tonight,  representing  the  Christian  En- 
deavor organization.  We  are  going  to  have  a  treat  to-night — four  short 
speeches,  but  every  one  of  them  will  be  to  the  point.  Mr.  Naismith.  of 
Scotland,  Mr.  Larsen-Ledet,  of  Denmark,  Governor  ]\Iilliken  of  Maine, 
and  the  Honoralile  John  G.  Wool  ley. 

It  gives  me  peculiar  pleasure  to  introduce  as  the  last  speaker  a  man 
with  whom  we  have  worked  in  connection  with  the  preparation  of  this 
Congress,  and  who,  along  with  Dr.  Dinwiddie.  has  been  more  responsible 
for  the  success  of  this  Congress  than  any  other  two  men.     I  am  glad  to 

459 


introduce  to  you  Father  P.  J.  O'Callaghan,  who  will  represent  the  Catholic 
Total  Abstinence  Union. 

RESPONSE  BY  THE  VERY  REV.  P.  J.  O'CALLAGHAN,  C,  S.  P., 

OF    WASHINGTON,    D.    C,    REPRESENTATIVE    OF    THE    CATHOLIC    TOTAL 
ABSTINENCE    UNION 

Mr.  Chairman,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen:  The  liquor  interests  of  this 
country  have  been  frightfully  shocked  that  the  American  people  have 
been  tampering  with  their  Constitution.  I  hinted  at  last  night,  and  I  wish 
to  emphasize  to-day,  the  contempt  that  that  very  word  expresses  for  that 
which  is  the  very  source  of  the  Constitution.  I  think  there  has  been  too 
much  talk  of  the  amendments  to  the  Constitution,  as  if  they  were  bits 
of  verbiage  added  to  a  larger  section  of  verbiage.  The  Constitution  of 
the  United  States  is  not,  as  I  said  last  night,  a  Magna  Charta,  giving 
concessions  of  ancient  traditions  and  rights.  It  is  not  a  statement  of  all 
the  rights  of  the  people.  It  is  not  the  last  word  of  the  nation.  But  it 
is  the  utterance  of  the  inmost  mind  of  the  sovereign  people  who  reserve 
for  themselves  the  right  to  speak  in  this  age,  and  in  every  age,  until  the 
very  end  of  our  history.  And  the  last  utterance  of  the  sovereign  people 
is  just  as  sacred  as  the  first  utterance  that  was  embodied  in  our  Constitu- 
tion. And  those  who  talk  of  the  sovereign  people  of  America  tampering 
with  the  Constitution  believe  that  that  Constitution  is  a  kind  of  shackle  to 
hold  a  people  a  race  of  slaves.  We  are  not  making  a  fetish  of  the  past. 
We  are  a  living  race,  and  the  Constitution  is  a  vital  thing,  and  as  soon 
as  we  shall  have  ceased  to  think  and  incorporate  our  latest  thought,  our 
deepest  convictions,  in  our  Constitution,  we  shall  have  begun  to  die. 

I  say,  therefore,  that  the  liquor  people  have  not  the  first  principle  of 
Americanism,  and  have  no  reverence  for  that  great  sovereign  people 
whose  authority  is  of  God,  because  all  authority  is  of  God. 

The  safety  of  the  present  Constitution  and  of  the  completed  Con- 
stitution, when  our  race  is  done  and  of  the  years  that  are  to  come,  will 
depend  upon  the  mind  of  the  American  people.  There  is  nothing  real 
or  great  in  the  world  but  ideals ;  the  rest  of  the  world  dies.  All  institu- 
tions die  except  the  truth  and  ideals.  They  are  the  only  things  that  live. 
And,  interpreting  the  great  idea  of  America  and  building  up  the  genius 
of  our  country,  and  sustaining  it  and  perfecting  it,  we  hope  to  grow 
different  from  our  fathers  and  better  than  our  fathers  unto  the  end. 
In  the  development  of  the  genius  of  America,  I  am  sure  there  is  no 
greater  service  rendered  than  that  Miss  Stoddard  has  spoken  of,  the 
contribution  to  the  intellect  of  America  on  the  temperance  question.  It  is 
the  mind  of  America  that  has  made  itself  sober,  that  will  keep  the  nation 
sober,  and  that  will  establish  and  further  reforms  in  the  future. 

We  do  that,  and  for  the  past  fifty  years  the  Catholic  Total  Abstinence 
Union  of  America  has  rendered  a  great,  big  service.  It  has  been  the 
service  of  the  ancient  church  that  has  felt  the  hesitancy  that  Dr.  Barton 

460 


speaks  of,  because  we  are  a  little  more  ancient  than  the  Baptist  Church; 
we  are  the  Baptist  church  of  very  early  times ;  and  we  have  had  that 
ancient  hesitancy  which  has  been  manifest,  particularly  in  America,  be- 
cause it  is  true  that  the  Catholic  Church  has  hesitated  to  mingle  in  poli- 
tics for  many  reasons,  because  her  enemies  have  said  that  she  has  some 
great,  big  conspiracy  to  be  not  only  the  great  old  church,  but  to  dominate 
all  the  nations  and  to  seize  all  the  governments  in  some  mysterious  way ! 
But,  dear  friends,  it  is  utterly  impossible  to  bring  Catholics  into  one 
mind.  They  are  most  discordant.  They  are  the  most  discordant  people 
in  all  the  world,  except  in  one  thing.  Just  try  to  imagine  driving  together 
the  Irish  and  the  English  and  the  French  and  the  Germans  and  the 
Czecho-Slovakians  and  the  Greeks — and  I  can't  name  them  all !  In  the 
city  of  Chicago. — -twenty-five  different  languages  spoken  in  the  common 
church,  in  the  ancient  church — -twenty-five  nationalities  under  the  Arch- 
bishop of  Chicago.  That  church  cannot  be  anything  else  except  loyal 
to  what  she  thinks  essential  to  the  Gospel,  and  indiflferent  to  the  rest, 
asking  not  whether  we  are  Republicans  or  Monarchists,  Democrats  or 
Republicans  in  our  own  land,  whether  we  are  Prohibitionists  or  Suf- 
fragists, or  anything  else,  or  whatsoever  thing  in  this  bishop-  or  priest  or 
people  it  may  be  in  that  church. 

They  taught  us  in  that  church  that  the  only  service  that  the  church 
could  render  as  a  church  was  the  building  up  in  Catholic  hearts  of  that 
ancient  reverence  for  total  abstinence  which  is  as  old  as  the  church.  The 
father  of  monasticism,  St.  Benedict,  said  that  drink  was  for  maniacs. 
And  that  has  been  inculcated  in  the  highest  teachings  of  the  church 
down  through  the  ages.  And  so  the  church  in  these  d^ys.  with  nothing 
new.  has  educated  her  people,  for  the  sake  of  example,  to  practise  total 
abstinence,  and  the  Catholic  Total  Abstinence  Union,  through  this  half 
century,  has  trained  thousands  and  hundreds  of  thousands  of  Catholics 
to  be  total  abstainers;  and  they  have  had  the  cooperation,  as  Miss  Hick- 
son  has  well  said,  of  most  of  the  bishops  at  confirmations,  and  many 
of  the  pastors  of  Holy  Communion,  who  have  compelled  or  urged  their 
children  to  take  the  pledge  of  total  abstinence. 

I  wish  to  say  in  this  presence  that  I  believe  that  has  been  a  tre- 
mendous contribution  to  public  opinion,  and  a  contribution  when 
it  was  most  needed ;  and  I  am  sure  that  contribution  will  continue,  be- 
cause it  is  a  contribution  of  the  ancient  church,  built  on  its  ancient  prin- 
ciples;  and  as  Mr.  Bryan  said  night  before  last,  there  is  no  service  we 
need  more  than  to  stir  up  in  individual  hearts  a  love  of  temperance  by 
the  practise  of  total  abstinence. 

The  presiding  OFFICER,  Mr.  CHERRINGTON:  We  have 
two  hours  until  the  next  session  of  the  Congress,  and  we  will  let  you  go 
now  if  you  will  all  j^romise  to  be  back  to-night ! 

The  session  was  then  concluded. 

461 


EVENING  SESSION 

SUNDAY,    SEPT.    26,    1920 


The  Sunday  evening  session  was  convened  in  the  auditorium  of  the 
Central  High  School,  v^ith  the  Chairman  of  the  Congress,  Dr.  E.  C. 
Dinv^iddie  presidmg. 

The  chairman  :  I  will  ask  you  to  stand  and  sing  a  verse  of 
the  Old  Hundredth  "Praise  God  from  Whom  all  Blessings  Flow."  While 
we  are  standing  we  will  be  led  in  prayer  by  the  Rev.  F.  E.  Bigelow, 
pastor  of  the  Cleveland  Park  Congregational  Church. 

The  rev.  F.  E.  BIGELOW,  Pastor  of  the  Cleveland  Park  Con- 
gregational Church,  offered  the  invocation. 

["America,"  "Onward  Christian  Soldiers,"  and  "The  Battle  Hymn 
of  the  Republic"  were  then  sung.] 

The  chairman  :  We  have  been  trying  to  give  to  the  members 
of  the  Congress,  and  the  people  of  Washington  who  are  wise  enough  to 
come  to  these  meetings  in  the  Central  High  School,  the  most  of  the  best 
that  is  available.  Some  of  our  good  friends  have  been  "put  over"  until 
the  present  time,  because  our  program  was  so  full,  and  we  have  got  to 
work  pretty  closely  to  the  schedule  to-night  to  get  through,  because  when 
the  gavel  falls  to-night  when  the  meeting  is  over,  the  gavel  will  fall 
finally  upon  the  last  session  of  the  Fifteenth  International  Congress 
against  Alcoholism. 

Announcement  will  he  made  of  the  action  of  the  permanent  commit- 
tee with  reference  to  the  next  meeting  before  we  adjourn  to-night.  I 
am  now  going  to  call  the  first  speaker  of  the  evening  to  the  platform, 
Mr.  Larsen-Ledet,  from  Denmark. 

ADDRESS  OF  MR.  LARSEN-LEDET 

OF   DENMARK 

Mr.  Chairman,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen :  I  see  I  am  supposed  to  speak 
to  you  to-night  on  the  subject  of  the  results  of  Prohibition.  During 
the  early  days  that  brandy  had  been  under  Prohibition  in  Denmark,  I 
asked  the  deputy  police  master  of  my  town  what  effect  the  police  of  the 
town  found  in  the  new  system.  The  deputy  put  on  a  grave  face,  I  guess. 
I  couldn't  see  it  for  sure,  because  it  was  in  the  night  that  I  spoke  to  him. 
"Ledet,"  he  said,  "you  and  your  fellow  workers  must  have  a  conscience 
now,  for  you  are  responsible  for  the  fact  that  several  of  our  policemen 

462 


are  put  out  of  work.  Realize,  contemplate,  my  dear  Sir,  all  the  dear 
guests  that  used  to  be  brought  in  at  the  police  station,  and  rest  there  for 
a  certain  time,  and  then  go  their  way, — why  now  they  are  gone;  all  of 
them  are  gone,  and  nobody  knows  where  they  have  gone !  Where  have 
they  disappeared  ?  Nobody  knows  where  they  are,  and  if  this  condition 
continues,  much  as  I  hate  to  see  it,  we  will  be  obliged  to  close  our  doors, 
and  stop  business,  because  there  is  nothing  for  us  to  do !"  So  spoke  the 
deputy  police  master  of  the  great  city  of  Copenhagen. 

Other  policemen  used  other  words  in  a  more  serious  and  less  humor- 
ous vein ;  they  spoke  to  a  different  tune ;  but  the  meaning  was  the  same, 
that  the  police,  on  account  of  Prohibition,  were  nearly  all  out  of  work 
in  the  territory  in  which  they  had  no  brandy.  The  official  reports  of  the 
police  departments,  which  have  been  collected  and  published,  show  too 
that  the  Government  arrests  for  drunkenness  had  decreased  from  one 
third  to  one  fifth  in  amount  compared  to  what  they  used  to  be;  the  ar- 
rests for  crimes  of  violence  decreased  two  thirds,  and  the  arrests  for 
moral  crimes  were  reduced  to  less  than  half  of  what  they  used  to  be. 

Further,  in  the  hospitals  the  number  of  cases  of  delirium  tremens 
decreased  quickly  to  one  sixteenth  of  their  former  figure ;  the  rescue 
homes  and  charitable  institutions  decreased  in  their  quota,  where  before 
they  were  filled  often  to  capacity,  and  they  finally  closed,  empty,  and 
were  sold  or  devoted  to  other  worthy  enterprises.  More  than  half  of 
the  charitable  institutions  closed  their  doors.  The  hospitals  reported  less 
sickness.  For  instance,  the  numl:)er  of  venereal  disease  cases  diminished 
to  the  half,  and  the  mortality  de:reased  to  thirty  per  cent  for  men  and 
fifteen  per  cent  for  women.  And  the  poor-houses,  the  Salvation  Army, 
and  the  missions  for  homeless  people  and  the  missions  for  persons  in  the 
"slums"  sent  reports  to  the  Government  that,  contrary  to  the  slogan  of 
some  people  here  in  America  "No  beer,  no  work."  their  guests  had  vastly 
diminished.  They  said  that  even  the  ones  that  did  come  were  not  in 
such  condition  as  the  ones  who  formerly  came.  They  were  better 
clothed ;  they  were  not  half -starved. 

From  every  township  in  the  country  came  reports  that  many  families 
which  had  theretofore  looked  to  the  state  for  aid  were  now  able  to  stand 
for  themselves  because  of  the  fact  that  the  head  of  the  family  was  now 
sober  and-  began  to  feel  inclined  to  work,  an  inclination  he  had  not 
felt  before;  and  consequently  every  one  was  better  off. 

Home  life  was  more  happy  on  account  of  Prohibition.  We  were  told 
in  the  report  of  the  missionaries  who  called  in  the  homes  of  the  poor 
that  many  of  the  women  said  that  in  the  space  of  twenty  or  thirty  years 
they  had  seen  only  a  few  happy  days  prior  to  the  coming  of  Prohibition. 
"We  are  so  happy !"  say  the  children.  "We  get  better  food. — cheese  with 
our  bread — and  then,  too,  we  know  that  father  will  come  home  at  night." 

Food  dealers  have  also  reported  that  their  sales  have  increased  greatly, 
especially  Friday  and  Saturday  nights,  which  used  to  be  the  worst  nights 
for  carousing,  and  that  the  women  dispose  of  more  money  and  buy  a 
better  quality  of  things  to  eat  than  ever  before. 

463 


But  it  wasn't  necessary  to  make  many  inquiries,  or  to  look  for  official 
statistics  or  things  like  that.  All  you  had  to  do  was  to  keep  your  eyes 
open  and  you  could  see  the  effects  of  Prohibition.  Everybody  could  see 
that,  as  a  result  of  Prohibition,  drunkenness  was  a  rare  thing;  strong 
drink  was  not  much  in  favor.  Everybody  could  convince  himself  that 
Mr.  So-and-So  had  a  better  complexion  than  before;  that  his  nose  was 
smaller  and  its  color  more  white  and  natural, — less  of  a  red  and  blue  than 
before.  Prohibition  increased  widely,  and  its  benefits  were  democratic. 
It  reached  all  classes  of  society-,  from  the  upper  to  the  lower. 

Ladies  and  Gentlemen,  in  these  few  words  I  have  only  dwelt  upon 
the  appearance  made  by  Prohibition  in  my  own  country.  Other  lecturers 
from  other  parts  of  Europe  have  told  us  that  which  they  have  learned 
about  this  system  in  their  own  lands.  I  do  not  wish  to  make  my  address 
unnecessarily  long,  and  I  will  not  do  so  by  repeating  all  these  details. 
I  will  only  state  that  these  experiences  which  we  have  felt  in  our  own 
country  have  been  felt  and  experienced  all  over  Europe.  In  England, 
Germany.  France.  Austria.  Switzerland.  Finland, — everywhere  where 
thev  have  reduced  the  liquor  traffic,  or  throttled  it  altogether,  there  is 
a  corresponding  decrease  in  crime,  a  corresponding  decrease  in  sickness, 
a  corresponding  increase  in  industriousness  and  happiness.  And  many 
had  to  have  that  forced  upon  them  during  the  war.  Dr.  Rosencrans,  a 
prominent  Danish  orator,  was  a  prisoner  in  Russia,  and  he  wrote,  after 
Prohibition  went  into  effect,  that  he  looked  upon  water  with  great  dis- 
trust. That  he  would  never  have  thought  of  drinking  water  until  he  left 
Denmark  and  went  to  Russia.  He  said  that  he  went  out  to  a  fine 
restaurant  in  Petrograd  and  ate  a  beautiful  dinner,  and  after  he  had 
drank  some  water  he  swore  that  he  was  through  with  wine  forever,  if 
he  could  only  return  and  tell  the  rest  of  mankind  how  much  better  water 
was  to  drink  than  wine.  Dr.  Rosencrans  was  obliged  to  go  all  the  way 
from  Copenhagen  to  Petrograd  to  find  out  that  water  was  an  excellent 
drink !  In  Copenhagen  at  the  time  that  was  written  nobody  drank  water 
except  officers,  mules  and  temperance  people.  It  seems  almost  pathetic. 
Since  Prohibition  came  into  effect  millions  of  people  who  never  thought 
it  possible  to  drink  water,  have  found  out  that  it  was  not  only  possible. 
but  have  further  found  that  good  spirits  and  humor  are  found  sparkling 
more  in  the  water  glass  in  a  larger  proportion  than  they  are  in  any  other 
glass. 

All  these  experiences  in  the  different  countries  of  Europe  have  created 

-a  strong  public  opinion  for  Prohibition;  and  in  my  country  sixt>-  per 

.  cent  of  the  electors,  having  tried  the  benefits  of  Prohibition,  signed  a 

petition  to  the  Government  asking  for  the  maintenance  of  war  measures ; 

and  in  other  countries  they  have  done  similarly,  asking  their  government 

to  maintain  these  measures. 

Men  and  women  who  hitherto  had  no  interest  in  the  alcoholic  ques- 
tion whatever,  have  added  their  opinion  in  favor  of  the  temperance  re- 
form.    And  they  have  acted  accordingly,  since  that. 

The  same  was  the  case  with  the  press.     The  leading  papers  of  my 

464 


country  mostly  stated  that  Prohibition  was  a  success,  and  war  Prohibi- 
tion has  certainly  worked  as  a  mighty  factor  for  the  success  of  the  Pro- 
hibition cause.  It  cannot  be  denied  the  people  for  long  now.  The  people 
have  seen  with  their  own  eyes  and  heard  with  their  own  ears  the  results 
of  Prohibition.  And  then  in  some  not  far  distant  day  the  women  will 
be  able  to  vote  on  the  question  of  this  reform.  It  was  our  opportunity 
in  Denmark  and  we  took  it.  Greater  and  greater  help  it  was  to  us, 
and  I  think  we  have  accomplished  more  just  in  these  last  few  weeks 
than  we  would  have  accomplished  by  years  and  years  of  speech-making 
and  agitating  in  the  public  press,  though  we  did  that,  too.  We  have  been 
carefully  spreading  our  propaganda,  just  the  same  as  our  opposers  did, 
we  compared  their  platforms  with  ours  and  then  we  went  after  the  sup- 
port of  the  people.  The  people  had  just  seen  what  the  results  of  Pro- 
hibition were  and  they  were  compelled  to  admit  something  which  they 
never  had  admitted  before,  and  that  was  that  restriction  of  liquor  brings 
very  good  results.  They  are  strengthening  our  side  in  this  matter;  be- 
cause they  have  found  that  Prohibition  exceeded  in  its  good  results  all 
their  expectations.  I  myself,  while  I  was  always  strongly  in  favor  of 
Prohibition,  never  dreamed  that  it  would  have  any  such  effect  as  it 
did  have. 

Yet  in  spite  of  all  these  good  effects  the  war  measures  will  be  repealed 
and  alcohol  will  overflow  the  country  again.  It  seems  strange,  yet,  un- 
fortunately it  is  true,  and  there  are  several  reasons.  First:  the  liquor 
traffic  has  more  power  just  now  than  we  have,  and  then  it  has  money, 
and  men  to  stand  for  it  in  the  Government  and  in  Parliament;  second, 
there  is  a  strong  public  sentiment  in  favor  of  liquor,  notwithstanding 
all  its  good  effects ;  third,  we  have  an  increase  among  certain  classes  of 
people  in  the  craving  for  alcohol,  because  money  is  plentiful,  and  drink- 
ing always  increases  when  the  times  are  good. 

Then,  the  habitual  drunkards  never  do  get  reconciled  to  it.  They 
will  risk  their  lives  to  get  it,  and  nothing  in  the  whole  animal  kingdom 
is  viler  than  a  brewer  when  he  is  robbed  of  his  drink.  The  war  measures 
have  touched  the  pocketbooks  of  the  brewers,  and  they  are  now  furious. 
They  are  foaming  with  rage.  They  cannot  continue  forever,  however, 
to  hold  the  balance  of  the  power,  and  some  time  our  day  of  power  will 
come.     We  will  take  it  away  from  them  then,  finally  mid  forever. 

The  war  has  made  Prohibition  possible.  The  experiences  formed 
from  that  Prohiljition  will  stand  as  rocks  in  the  ocean.  One  fact  is  worth 
more  than  a  thousand  fanciful  dreams.  Alcohol  is  coming  back,  but 
the  people  will  remember  the  fact  that  during  war-time  Prohibition  they 
were  happy  and  more  comfortable  and  every  one  was  better  off.  and  thus 
remembering  they  will  have  the  wish  to  drive  it  way.  and  they  will  have 
our  help  in  doing  it.  P>eforc  the  war.  a  dry  Europe  was  a  nice  dream, 
but  not  a  possibility.  But  now  it  has  become  a  high  probaliility  within 
the  range  of  a  few  years.  That  is  one  of  the  greatest  miracles  of  our  age. 
In  the  month  of  Julv.  1*^14,  if  some  good  prophet  had  stood  up  and  told 

465 


us  that  in  1920  dry  Europe  would  be  a  possibility,  and  not  only  that,  but 
better  still,  a  probability,  we  would  have  shaken  our  heads,  and  said  to 
him,  in  a  worldly-wise  fashion:  "Aly  good  friend,  you  better  go  to  bed; 
there  must  be  something  wrong  with  your  upper  story!"  If  the  prophet 
then  had  said  that  one  of  the  greatest  wars  the  world  has  ever  known 
would  start  out  on  a  career  of  destruction  to  clear  the  way  for  Prohibi- 
tion, we  would  probably  once  more  have  shaken  our  thoughtful  heads, 
and  said,  "No,  the  stamp  of  sobriety  has  not  been  placed  so  deeply  within 
the  mind  of  man."  But  the  war  came,  and  brought  about  the  period  of 
sobriety,  which  rooted  the  principle  of  sobriety  so  deeply  in  the  minds 
of  mankind,  and  they  were  strongly  in  favor  of  it.  I  say  that  that  is 
the  great  miracle  of  our  age,  and  the  historians  of  the  future  will  describe 
it  to  our  children's  children,  how  mankind  was  forever  emancipated  from 
the  curse  of  rum. 

The  CHAIRAIAN  :  The  chair  was  caught  unprepared.  Mr.  Ledet 
has  surprised  the  chair,  and  established  a  precedent.  He  has  taken  almost 
ten  minutes  less  with  this  speech  than  he  thought  he  would  require.  That 
helps  out  considerably,  as  we  had  a  full  evening.  We  are  very  glad  in- 
deed to  have  a  friend  present  to-night  from  "bonnie  Scotland."  We  had 
no  notice  of  the  arrival  of  Mr.  Naismith  of  Glasgow,  Scotland,  until 
he  came  here  to-night.  We  were  informed  that  our  Scotch  friends  were 
so  busy  in  the  campaign  work  there  in  Scotland  that  the  sending  of  a 
representative  to  the  Congress  was  impossible;  and  then  we  got  word 
that  they  could  send  a  delegate,  and  that  he  was  coming ;  and  then  that 
was  quickly  followed  by  word  that  he  would  not  come,  and  we  had  no 
contrary  advice  until  much  to  our  gratification,  the  other  day,  Mr.  Nai- 
smith walked  in,  and  we  are  going  to  have  an  opportunity  to  listen  to 
him,  and  he  will  give  us  a  few  words  about  the  great  temperance  cam- 
]")aign  that  is  going  on  in  Scotland.  They  are  working  just  now  to  get 
the  instrument  which  drives  it  from  the  cities  and  towns — local  option — 
the  entering  wedge,  but  as  the  Solicitor-General  said  the  other  night  we 
have  gotten  a  long  way  aheard  of  that  in  this  country,  but  it  is  a  great  im- 
provement for  Scotland,  a  great  thing!  We  will  hear  Mr.  W.  W.  Nai- 
smith, of  Glasgow,  Scotland,  for  fifteen  minutes,  about  the  campaign 
in  that  country. 

ADDRESS  OF  MR.  W.  W.  NAISMITH 

OF    GLASGOW,    SCOTLAND,    REPRESENTATIVE    OF   THE    SCOTCH    PROHIBITION 
PARTY  AND  TEMPERANCE  ASSOCIATIONS 

Mr.  President,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen :  In  response  to  your  gracious 
invitation,  I  have  the  honor  of  representing  at  this  conference  the  Scotch 
Prohibition  Party  and  Temperance  Associations,  and  I  bring  to  you  not 
only  their  greetings,  but  also  the  hearty  congratulations  of  all  good  peo- 
ple in  Scotland.  They  watched  with  eager  interest  the  progress  of  your 
fight  for  Prohibition,  and  probably  nowhere  across  the  seas  was  the 

466 


news  of  your  victory  received  with  greater  thankfulness  to  God  tlian  in 
my  country.  It  was  a  happy  coincidence  that  on  the  16th  day  oi  Janu- 
ary, 1920,  when  your  country  went  "dry,"  the  first  meeting  of  the 
League  of  Nations  was  held  and  took  place  in  Paris.  For  I  believe  that 
those  two  outstanding  events  in  the  history  of  your  great  nation  are  going 
to  work  together  for  the  fulfillment  of  the  saying:  "Glory  to  God  in  the 
Highest,  on  earth  peace  and  good-will  towards  men." 

There  has  been  considerable  stated  in  this  Congress  about  our  peo- 
ple in  Scotland  becoming  local  option  advocates.  And  we  are.  I  suppose 
you  would  like  to  hear  something  about  what  we  are  doing  in  our  coun- 
try and  about  the  prospects.  I  sincerely  wish  your  informant  had  been 
what  most  of  you  have  been, — all  of  his  life  a  temperance  worker  and 
a  Christian  man,  but  like  Gallio.  I  cared  for  none  of  these  things,  until 
in  God's  mercy,  the  religion  of  Jesus  Christ  was  made  mine  indeed. 

The  Scottish  fight  for  Prohibition  dates  back  as  far  as  1858,  and  I 
believe  it  was  largely  through  the  good  influence  and  example  of  the 
organization  begun  at  that  time  that  the  Scottish  Temperance  Society  was 
organized  in  the  same  year.  These  people  were  anxious  to  decide  and 
say.  for  themselves  whether  or  not  licensed  houses  were  needed  in  their 
midst,  in  those  localities.  More  than  sixty  years  have  passed  since  then, 
but  we  in  Scotland  are  very  conservative  and  cautious.  We  go  about  a 
thing  carefully,  and  we  are  deliberate  in  our  habits  of  action.  For  in- 
stance, it  took  us  twenty  years  to  create  public  opinion  in  favor  of  the 
people's  right  to  charter;  and  the  next  twenty  years  was  spent  in  pledg- 
ing the  people's  support  in  various  ways,  and  the  last  twenty  years  have 
passed  preparing  for  this  campaign. 

During  that  long  period  of  sixty  years  several  incidents  have  oc- 
curred which  helped  our  cause  considerably.  For  instance,  because  of 
our  activities  the  magistrates  reduced  the  licenses  of  public  houses 
throughout  the  country  in  startling  proportion.  Then  a  great  many 
large  landowners  closed  up  public  houses  on  their  lands,  because  they 
found  they  received  their  rents  more  promptly  by  so  doing !  More  than 
two  hundred  of  these  places  were  closed  on  private  estates  in  less  than 
a  year.  For  instance,  the  Duke  of  Argyll,  a  relative  of  Queen  Victoria, 
closed  up  all  the  saloons  on  the  Island  of  lona  (the  island  from  which 
the  Light  of  the  Gospel  of  Jesus  Christ  first  flashed  upon  the  darkness 
of  the  pagan  natives  of  Scotland,  in  the  sixth  century).  This  is  to  every 
real  Scotchman  a  sacred  spot,  and  the  history  of  this  island  is  so  closely 
linked  up  with  that  of  our  country  and  religion  that  it  is  part  of  your 
history  as  well  as  ours.  And  when  you  visit  the  Cathedral  there — and 
I  hope  you  will  some  day — you  will  find  Prohibition  there,  and  you  will 
find  it  enforced,  too.  It  has  been  said  by  some  one  in  this  Congress  that 
it  would  take  at  least  ten  years  to  establish  Prohibition  in  Europe.  It 
took  not  ten  years  in  lona,  but  ten  mitintes!  Lady  \^ictoria  Campbell, 
the  daughter  of  the  late  Duke,  visited  the  island,  and  saw  for  herself 
the  evils  of  the  liquor  trade,  and  she  wrote  a  letter  to  her  father — and 

467 


the  deed  was  done.  That  method  of  gaining  Prohibition  may  not  be  the 
most  approved  form,  but  it  certainly  was  a  very  effective  one  in  thai 
case.  It  was  not  a  gradual  step  from  local  option,  but  it  worked  all  i  ight. 
Some  of  the  old  topers  there  grumbled  a  little  about  it  at  first,  as  they 
always  will,  and  some  of  them  threatened  to  leave  the  island.  I  guess 
maybe  one  or  two  of  them  actually  did  go,  but  no  one  missed  them.  But 
the  rest  of  the  people  soon  became  reconciled  to  the  new  condition  of 
things,  and  when  they  realized  how  good  it  was  for  their  children  they 
were  indignant  to  think  they  had  ever  tolerated  it  even  for  a  minute.  I 
was  told  that  one  of  the  former  hard  drinkers  was  now  very  strict  in 
legard  to  the  temperance  question. 

A  w^eek  before  I  sailed  for  America  a  great  demonstration  took  place 
in  Glasgow  in  support  of  the  no-license  campaign.  It  was  the  largest 
that  had  even  been  seen  in  Scotland,  and  it  showed  how  well  our  people 
appreciated  and  used  the  first  good  chance  they  had  to  fight  this  evil,  the 
first  big  chance  that  has  come  to  them  to  fight  the  drink  evil. 

The  drinking  habits  of  the  educated  classes  in  Scotland  are  surpris- 
ing. And  though  in  many  places  alcohol  is  not  allowed  to  be  sold  or 
carried  about,  a  great  deal  of  drunkenness  still  exists.  The  police  ar- 
rests for  drunkenness,  which  had  fallen  down  to  a  fraction  of  their 
former  number  have  begun  to  rise  again  since  the  demobilization  of  the 
soldiers,  \^'hisky  is  the  drink  they  use.  It  has  been  well  said  that  after 
the  first  glass  of  whisky  a  man's  drinking  is  more  or  less  involuntary 
His  will  becomes  weaker.  In  spite  of  my  country's  poor  reputation  in 
regard  to  this  matter  of  sobriety,  it  is  interesting  to  know  that  the  amount 
of  alcohol  per  head  in  Scotland  is  much  less  than  the  amount  per  head 
in  England.  I  also  believe  that  the  experience  of  the  life  insurance 
offices  shows  a  smaller  percentage  of  deaths  from  cirrhosis  of  the  liver, 
and  similar  diseases.  There  is  less  drinking  in  Scotland.  That's  what 
that  show^s.  I  suppose  the  explanation  is  that  a  man  who  loads  beer  into 
his  body  day  after  day  does  more  harm  to  his  tissues  than  the  man  who 
walks  into  a  saloon  once  in  a  while,  maybe  once  a  week,  and  drinks  a 
little  too  much  whisky,  and  then  is  a  teetotaler  for  the  rest  of  the  week. 
For  a  country,  comparatively,  it  seems  as  though  Scotland  has  a  greater 
number  of  total  abstainers  than  any  other  countr\^  in  Europe.  And  the 
reason  for  it  I  fancy  is  because  the  women  and  men  of  that  country 
realize  that  it  is  the  greatest  hindrance  to  the  cause  of  Jesus  Christ  that 
ever  existed.  That  is  the  main  motive  behind  our  no-license  campaign. 
We  have  no  desire  to  curtail  anyone's  liberty  so  long  as  the  Act  of  Parlia- 
ment gives  us  local  option,  but  when  we  get  an  absolutely  dry  Scotland, 
then  everything  will  go  perfectly  smooth.  \\'hen  some  other  part  of 
the  British  Isles  gets  up  and  demands  Prohibition  we  will  help  put  it 
through  with  them,  the  same  as  we  got  it  through  in  Glasgow,  then 
through  the  smaller  towms,  until  we  have  quite  a  number  of  dry  cities. 
We  will  do  that  same  way  with  Prohibition  as  we  have  done  with  local 
option. 

468 


The  first  poll  on  the  question  will  take  place  in  the  city  of  Glasgow 
in  November  and  December  next.  It  will  take  place  not  only  in  Glasgow 
but  in  many  other  cities.  The  second  day  of  November  has  been  fixed, 
by  a  strange  chance  the  same  day  that  you  elect  your  President  here.  We 
are  going  to  try  to  make  the  whole  country  go  dry  at  that  time  on  a 
no-license  basis.  In  order  to  carry  local  option  by  this  necessary  ma- 
jority vote  we  have  got  to  have  45  per  cent  of  the  votes,  including  the 
persons  who  have  died,  etc.  You  may  say  that  we  have  got  a  big  handi- 
cap to  work  under.  We  don't  consider  it  such.  We  are  not  doing  any 
complaining.  Because  when  a  town  or  district  goes  dry  there  is  such 
a  volume  of  public  sentiment  behind  it  to  support  it  that  there  will  be 
no  going  back  on  its  decision.  To  undo  it  the  same  formality  and  the 
same  work  and  efforts  would  be  required. 

Last  year  the  National  Citizens'  Council  was  formed,  and  with  the 
idea  of  bringing  out  to  the  polls  the  persons  who  had  not  been  voting, 
especially  the  members  of  the  Scotch  Temperance  organizations  and 
women's  relief  organizations,  and  the  two  organizations  have  linked 
together  as  one,  and  all  are  putting  forth  the  greatest  efforts  in  regard 
to  the  coming  polls  on  this  question  to  be  held  at  Glasgow.  This  work 
has  been  so  well  carried  on  that  there  seems  at  the  present  time  a  good 
possibility  of  our  carrying  this  matter. 

During  this  whole  campaign  we  have  been  receiving  very  generous 
help  from  the  United  States.  We  called  to  you  to  "come  over  into  Mace- 
donia and  help  us,"  and  you  came.  You  were  very  kind  here  in  America 
about  placing  all  available  truths  and  statistics  at  our  disposal.  You 
have  shown  a  spirit  of  good  sense  and  'fair  play,  and  you  have  placed  at 
our  disposal  money  and  service.  You  have  also  helped  our  Canadian 
friends  to  agitate  Prohibition  both  in  public  and  in  private  and  you  have 
shown  much  appreciation  and  sympathy  for  our  work,  and  we  are  greatly 
indebted  for  your  help,  and  for  the  help  of  Mr.  W.  E.  (Pussyfoot) 
Johnson,  who  got  such  a  warm  reception  at  the  hands  of  those  students! 
That  incident  down  there  gave  us  a  good  bit  of  free  advertising,  and 
the  very  sportsman-like  and  gallant  way  in  which  he  treated  it  suc- 
ceeded only  in  making  him  a  hero.  Like  Oliver  Twist  in  Charles  Dickens' 
tale,  who  was  not  easily  satisfied,  we  are  looking  forward  to  having  Mr. 
Johnson's  genial  presence  and  most  valued  help  again  in  Scotland  during 
the  remaining  weeks  of  the  campaign.  Some  of  the  newspapers  were 
very  much  concerned  about  the  presence  of  an  American  Prohibition 
man.  and  finally  the  liquor  interests  invoked  the  aid  of  a  Mr.  Windle 
who  is  wandering  over  the  country  and  trying  to  tell  us  that  American 
Prohibition  is  a  complete  failure,  because  it  doesn't  prohibit.  Mr. 
Windle.  I  understand,  was  a  former  American  preacher  who  afterwards 
changed  his  profession,  radically.  I  think  that  in  view  of  these  facts  the 
Prohibition  Party  is  well  entitled  to  accept  the  help  of  "Pussyfoot" 
Johnson. 

Now  as  regards  the  general  prospects  of  getting  Prohil)ition,  from 

469 


all  the  prospects  and  indications,  and  judging  from  the  past  experience 
of  the  United  States  and  Canada,  where  you  started  in  by  first  getting 
local  option,  I  anticipate  that  our  success  is  going  to  begin  just  like 
yours  did,  in  the  towns  and  cities,  and  spread  to  the  country  districts,  and 
residential  districts.  Several  years  ago  the  opponents  of  the  Temperance 
Act,  before  it  was  passed,  said  that  it  would  only  be  enforced  in  the 
residential  and  country  districts,  but  not  in  the  cities.  However,  when 
it  was  passed,  we  had  less  trouble  enforcing  it  in  the  crowded  city  wards, 
and  the  people  seemed  more  willing  to  obey  it  than  they  were  in  the 
residential  districts,  so-called.  After  some  weeks  of  observation  in 
Glasgow  my  opinion  is  what  I  have  just  stated.  However  I  think  that 
the  residential  sections  will  also  carry  Prohibition  by  a  large  majority. 

]Mr.  Bryan  spoke  very  hopefully  on  the  subject  of  Prohibition,  and  I 
wish  I  could  say  the  same  of  Scotland.  If  a  fellow  or  girl  declines  a 
glass  of  champagne  at  a  party,  he  or  she  is  looked  upon  as  snobbish  and 
has  to  stand  a  great  deal  of  criticism.  We  have  got  one  promise  anyway, 
that  wherever  local  option  or  no-license  is  granted  the  laws  will  be  en- 
forced by  the  courts.  We  do  not  expect  that  any  further  enforcement 
clause  than  that  will  be  needed. 

All  in  all  it  looks  pretty  much  as  though  the  people  in  Scotland  would 
vote  dry.  I  am  hoping  that  at  least  one  half  or  one  third  of  them  will, 
anyway,  ^^'hen  I  say  that  I  must  guard  myself,  for  should  these  hopes, 
unhappily,  not  be  realized,  I  think  that  many  of  us  would  have  to  leave 
Scotland.  I  myself  might  come  to  the  "New  World"  to  stay,  but  I  am 
persuaded  that  this  principle  will  be  carried  in  Scotland,  among  the 
great  people  who  live  there,  because  I  think  that  our  hard-headed,  canny 
Scottish  men  and  women  will  vote  against  liquor. 

Of  one  thing  you  may  be  absolutely  certain.  Under  no  circumstances, 
whatever,  will  Scotland  ever  have  anything  to  do  with  state  ownership 
or  municipal  control.  Even  the  Scotch  Labor  Party  is  opposed  to  any- 
thing like  that,  and  are  advising  their  members  to  vote  on  the  right  side 
of  the  ticket. 

It  looks  as  if  Scotland  held  the  key  to  the  position  in  the  British 
isles,  in  this  matter  of  strong  drink ;  and  what  Scotland  does  today  it  is 
by  no  means  unlikely  that  England,  Wales  and  Ireland  will  be  compelled 
in  self-defense  to  do  tomorrow,  or  the  day  after. 

We  go  forward  to  the  future  therefore  with  a  great  hope  and  confi- 
dence, in  the  sure  trust  that  He  who  has  led  His  people  thus  far  will 
guide  them  to  the  end.  IMay  I  ask  for  your  prayers  during  the  next  tzco 
very  critical  months? 

On  the  monument  to  John  Wesley  and  his  brother  in  Westminster 
Abbey,  these  words  appear:  "The  best  of  all  is  that  God  is  zvith  us!"  In 
the  great  fight  against  alcoholism,  and  its  consequent  sin  and  misen,',  in 
which  you  and  we  are  all  engaged,  we  are  on  the  side  of  the  angels,  and 
the  ultimate  victory  is  sure. 

470 


Let  us  adopt  the  words,  which  adorn  and  ennoble  the  coinage  of  the 
United  States,  "In  God  We  Trust!" 

The  CHAIRMAN:  I  take  great  pleasure  in  introducing  the  next 
speaker  of  the  evening  to  you.  He  is  a  man  who  just  arrived  from  Spain 
in  Washington  this  afternoon.  It  seems  that  the  Spanish  Government 
was  late  in  receiving  its  note  to  send  a  delegate  to  the  Congress,  and  the 
boat  on  which  he  sailed  was  delayed  in  arriving,  and  so  he  has  just 
reached  Washington.  I  want  to  introduce  to  you  the  official  delegate 
from  the  Government  of  Spain,  Senor  Duran. 

RESPONSE  BY  SENOR  JERMAN  ROYO  DURAN 

REPRESENTATIVE  OF  THE  SPANISH  GOVERNMENT 

(Senor  Duran  spoke  in  Spanish  and  Senor  Velasco  kindly  interpreted 
for  the  audience.) 

I  represent  the  Spanish  Government  and  I  am  sorry  because  I  could 
not  be  here  before  this  time ;  but  there  was  some  trouble  as  to  the  time 
I  was  to  come  to  the  United  States. 

I  come  with  a  commission — I  mean  a  petition — to  the  Congress,  and 
to  the  American  Government  and  to  the  President  of  the  Congress,  in 
indication  of  the  fact  that  my  Government  has  received  the  invitation 
to  send  a  delegate  to  this  Congress.  I  come  late,  but  I  am  going  to  try 
to  secure  all  the  information  possible  about  the  proceedings  we  have 
had  in  all  the  days  of  this  great  Congress.  I  am  going  to  try  and  take 
with  me  all  this  information,  and  try  to  inform  my  Government  about 
the  solution  of  this  great  matter. 

I  am  very  much  impressed  by  the  large  size  of  the  audience  which 
you  have  here.  I  am  very  happy  to  be  with  you  today,  and  wish  to  get 
all  the  information  possible  relative  to  this  Congress. 

The  CHAIRMAN:  We  are  all  very  much  obliged  to  Senor  Velasco 
for  this  interpretation  of  the  speech  of  the  delegate  from  Spain.  Now, 
we  just  have  time  left  to  do  one  thing  which  I  am  sure  you  will  all  feel 
is  the  greatest  thing.  I  wish  we  could  do  more,  and  we  would  like  to  hear 
from  her  at  length,  and  I  think  we  should  be  derelict  if  we  do  not  invite 
her  to  speak.  She  is  a  member  of  the  American  Committee  on  Arrange- 
ments for  the  Fifteenth  International  Congress  Against  Alcoholism,  was 
a  delegate  to  the  convention  at  Milan,  Italy,  and  is  the  authoress  of  the 
great  pageant  which  we  witnessed  on  the  steps  of  the  Capitol  the  other 
night.  She  is  a  lady  who  can  not  only  write  pageants,  and  dream  dreams, 
and  visualize  the  great  work  of  the  Congress,  but  those  of  us  who  have 
had  the  pleasure  of  hearing  her  know  that  she  can  speak,  and  do  other 
things  that  are  worth  while.  I  want  to  present  Mrs.  Suessa  Baldridge 
Blaine,  to  this  audience. 

471 


REMARKS  OF  MRS.  SUESSA  B.  BLAINE 

REPRESENTATIVE  OF  THE  AMERICAN  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 
OF  THE   CONGRESS 

Mr.  Chairman,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen :  It  has  been  indeed  a  great 
pleasure  and  a  great  honor  to  be  associated  with  six  very  important 
and  distinguished  men  as  we  have  on  our  American  Committee,  and  I 
am  very  sorry  that  they  are  not  all  on  the  platform.  I  have  been  taking 
lessons  from  j\Iiss  Agnes  Slack,  who  told  us  the  other  night  how  a 
woman  could  manage  a  man.  I  didn't  know  that,  and  so  I  didn't  try 
to  manage  that  committee — the  American  Committee.  However,  I  was 
able  to  cast  my  vote,  and  a  woman  can  often  manage  a  man  that  way. 

I  felt  all  the  while  in  presenting  my  pageant  to  the  American  Com- 
mittee, which  was  enacted  on  the  steps  of  the  Capitol  and  especially 
in  honor  of  our  friends  from  across  the  sea,  that  there  was  a  deep  lesson 
intended.  It  is  supposed  to  bring  out  a  distinct  lesson  and  that  is,  that 
education  is  not  enough!  Education!  We  have  heard  so  much  about 
education  here  in  our  country,  and  it  has  been  widely  discussed  at  the 
Congress.  Education  is  a  great  thing  because  education  means  light, 
and  nothing  foul  can  prosper  under  the  shining  sun.  Light — the  symbol 
of  purity.  Light  is  the  symbol  of  knowledge,  while  darkness  is  the 
symbol  of  ignorance.  Abraham  Lincoln  once  said  that  if  one  should 
turn  a  searchlight  on  a  rat-hole  it  would  spoil  the  hole  for  the  rat's 
purposes.  So  it  is  with  us.  If  we  have  not  seen  the  light  of  education 
shine  upon  this  awful  maze  of  liquor,  soon  it  will  be  shown  to  the  world 
in  all  its  hideousness,  and  then  in  a  very  short  while  we  will  be  able  to 
turn  the  lights  on  something  better  and  more  tender. 

Now  after  that  what  else  do  we  need?  Well,  after  education  we 
need  organization  of  the  different  moral  forces ;  and  we  have  had  that 
in  our  great  country  for  many  years,  wonderful  organizations  working 
for  total  abstinence,  and  working  for  Prohibition ;  but  if  we  had  not  had 
the  cooperation  of  all  those  forces  we  could  not  celebrate  the  victory 
that  we  are  celebrating  this  year.  It  was  the  cooperation  of  organiza- 
tion that  brought  up  this  great  victory. 

Not  mere  cooperation,  but  unity.  Unity  has  brought  us  our  vic- 
tory. It  was  in  1913,  just  after  the  last  International  Congress,  the 
Fourteenth  International  Congress  against  Alcoholism,  had  adjourned, 
that  the  temperance  and  religious  forces  of  this  country  got  together 
and  united  on  one  proposition,  and  that  was  to  win  national  Prohibition  ; 
and  all  the  forces  hung  together  on  that  one  platform  in  the  National 
Temperance  Council.  Then  there  was  an  organization  of  the  National 
Legislative  Commission,  so  that  all  legislative  efifort  was  combined,  and 
when  any  action  was  taken  in  a  legislative  way,  or  when  any  action  was 
taken  on  the  part  of  the  legislative  forces,  all  of  them  worked  together. 
It  did  not  mean  just  the  eflfort  of  one  society.  It  meant  the  effort  of 
them  all. 

472 


You  all  saw  for  yourselves  what  cooperation  will  do  in  a  military- 
way.  When  there  was  a  French  army,  and  a  British  army,  and  an 
American  army,  and  all  separated,  the  cause  did  not  prosper,  but  when 
they  came  together  in  one  effort,  they  won  the  victory.  And  that  is 
the  thought  I  want  to  say  to  our  dear  friends  from  overseas,  that  if 
you  unite  your  forces  and  form  a  more  perfect  union,  in  that  way,  with 
God's  blessing  and  in  God's  own  time,  you  shall  win  your  cause. 

The  chairman  :  I  understand  that  in  a  few  moments  the  regu- 
lar organist  here  will  be  present,  and  when  she  does  come  we  are  to  be 
favored,  as  those  of  us  who  attended  the  meeting  this  afternoon  were 
favored  with  a  solo,  from  a  sweet  singer  from  Mexico.  I  have  come 
to  believe  in  the  past  few  years  that  the  people  of  the  Latin  countries 
can  certainly  "'put  it  over"  with  songs. 

I  now  have  a  great  pleasure.  I  have  known  the  present  Governor 
of  the  State  of  Maine  for  a  great  many  years.  We  all  admire  him  and 
love  him  for  what  he  stands  for  and  for  what  he  has  done  in  our  behalf 
in  our  recent  judicial  contest  over  Prohibition. 

Governor  Milliken  said  that  he  did  not  think  that  such  .States  as 
Rhode  Island,  New  Jersey  and  one  or  two  others  of  similar  nature 
should  be  permitted  to  antagonize  all  of  the  ratifying  States  of  the 
Union  without  a  protest  from  the  States  which  had  exercised  their  con- 
stitutional right  and  duty  by  ratifying  the  proposed  Prohibition  amend- 
ment to  the  Constitution,  and  so  he  took  this  matter  up  and  engaged 
the  Hon.  Charles  Evans  Hughes  of  New  York  to  represent  the  State 
of  Maine,  and  the  other  States  that  might  wish  to  join  with  them  in 
that  effort,  to  bring  a  brief  before  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States  in  defense  of  the  Eighteenth  Amendment  and  the  Volstead  Act. 
The  time  for  doing  it  was  very  short,  and  it  had  to  be  done  very  rapidly, 
but  when  the  brief  was  filed  in  the  Supreme  Court  in  two  cases  by  the 
twenty-four  States  which  had  joined  forces  in  this  fight,  to  defend 
the  right  of  the  sovereign  States  of  the  Union  to  govern  this  matter  for 
themselves,  the  Supreme  Court  upheld  the  contention.  I  have  great 
pleasure  in  introducing  to  you  the  Hon.  Carle  E.  Milliken,  the  Governor 
of  Maine. 

ADDRESS  BY  GOVERNOR  CARL  E.  MILLIKEN 

OF  MAINE 

Mr.  Chairman,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen:  Somebody  has  called  the 
adoption  of  National  Prohibition  by  the  United  States  the  greatest 
national  and  moral  venture  since  Israel  crossed  the  Red  Sea  and 
passed  out  of  Eg^'-pt,  or  since  the  Pilgrims  came  to  Plymouth  Rock. 
Now,  I  take  it  for  granted  that  in  gathering  here  as  you  have  in 
Washington,  and  representing,  I  am  told,  more  than  thirty  nations 
besides  the  United  States,  you  are  interested  in  Prohibition. 

I  also  take  it  for  granted  that  you  are  not  only  interested  in  the 
question  of  Prohibition,  but  also  in  hearing  how  it  works — applied 

473 


Prohibition;  that  you  are  not  only  interested  in  the  scientific  prob- 
lems which  confront  these  scientific  investigators  of  the  question  of 
alcoholism  and  its  effects,  and  that  sort  of  thing;  not  only  in  the  in- 
fluences that  are  working  for  and  against  it  throughout  our  land, 
but  I  believe  you  are  also  interested,  in  a  large  measure,  in  the  ob- 
servation of  the  effects  of  Prohibition,  in  a  great,  self-governed 
democracy.  So  I  am  here  tonight  to  bear  testimony,  briefly  and  in  a 
very  sketchy  way.  I  am  here  to  speak  both  on  the  subject  of  pro- 
curing legislations  and  on  the  second  and  very  important  subject  of 
enforcing  laws  already  made.  And  you  need  not  be  surprised  if  at 
times  I  speak  quickly  and  if  I  go  right  from  one  subject  to  the  other 
and  without  any  apparent  connection  between  the  two,  sliding  across 
maybe  to  your  own  countr\',  and  then  from  there  back  home  again. 

Let  us  first  consider  the  subject  of  Prohibition  in  the  United 
States.  And  in  that  case  I  would  adopt  as  the  motto  of  this  nation 
on  Prohibition,  the  motto  suggested  by  the  old  laborer.  It  seems 
that  in  some  little  town  or  other  they  had  been  fixing  up  the  cem- 
etery and  getting  everything  looking  nice  and  prosperous,  and  so 
on,  when  somebody  suggested  that  the  graveyard  would  better  have 
a  motto.  Xo  one  could  think  of  a  really  satisfactory  motto,  until 
finally  this  old  laborer  who  had  been  there  doing  some  of  the  work 
on  this  cemeter\-  improvement,  hearing  the  discussion,  and  under- 
standing the  situation,  said  to  someone  in  charge:  "Sir,  I  would  like  to 
suggest  a  motto." 

"Good !"  answered  the  person  whom  he  had  addressed,  "And 
what's-  that  motto,  my  man  ?" 

"  'We  are  here  to  stay,'  Sir !" 

And  I  think  that  we  should  adopt  the  motto  of  that  good  old  son 
of  Erin,  for  such  he  was.  That  motto  can  well  be  put  over  the  cem- 
etery and  on  the  tombstone  in  which  "John  Barleycorn"  has  been 
interred  in  the  United  States.  He  is  there  to  stay.  I  am  perfectly 
well  aware  that  his  ghost  will  walk,  and  there  will  be  questions  of 
enforcement  of  the  law  which  will  come  up,  and  that  there  will  be  a 
great  deal  of  hostility  on  the  part  of  the  "wets"  that  they  will  try  to 
force  against  the  law,  and  all  that  sort  of  thing.  But  Prohibition  in 
this  country  has  come  to  stay,  and  if  there  is  no  other  reason  why 
we  should  be  thankful  for  this  convention,  it  is  that. 

There  has  been  a  great  deal  of  gray  matter  used,  and  a  great  deal 
of  anxiety  has  been  experienced  by  some  people,  in  the  past  few 
weeks,  in  interpreting  the  vote  in  the  Maine  election.  Let  me  give 
you  one  side  light  on  that.  The  women  in  ]Maine  voted  for  the  first 
time  just  a  few  days  ago,  and  so  a  great  many  politicians  have  been 
wondering  as  to  why  those  results  were  brought  about.  As  near  as 
I  can  find  out,  and  as  closely  as  students  of  political  economy  can 
judge,  however,  where  the  men  divided  on  issues  at  about  four  to 
three,  the  women  divided  about  four  to  one.  That  is  as  closelv  as  I 
can  analyze  it,  and  as  closely  as  anybody  can  determine.     And  the 

474 


reason  the  vote  went  to  this  particular  party  is  because  the  women 
would  vote  for  only  the  party  which  they  thought  could  be  trusted 
on  just  such  questions  as  these.  There  is  the  answer  for  anybody 
who  thinks  this  country  is  going  to  go  back  on  this  proposition  of 
Prohibition.  The  fact  that  women  now  have  the  right  to  vote  clinches 
the  proposition.  I  am  saying  that  of  course  without  any  thought  of 
suggesting  to  anybody  that  we  should  relax  our  vigilance,  for  we 
should  not. 

I  ^so  know  that  you  are  very  interested  to  know,  coming  here 
as  you  do  from  other  lands,  how  this  thing  works  out.  You  want  to 
know  how  it  will  work  from  the  point  of  view  of  government.  You 
want  to  know  whether  it  is  on  a  practical,  workable  basis  from  the 
point  of  view  of  government.  You  ask  us,  "Does  it  make  govern- 
ment easier?"  "Does  it  make  it  easier  to  keep  order?"  "Does  it 
make  it  easier  to  keep  the  people  happy?"  "Does  it  guarantee  to  us 
the  opportunity  to  keep  men  endowed  with  those  inalienable  rights 
of  life,  liberty,  and  the  pursuit  of  happiness?"  That  is  the  question  I 
am  here  to  speak  of  quickly,  of  the  problem  of  government,  as  a  prob- 
lem both  here  and  elsewhere  in  the  world. 

The  problem  of  government  was  never  more  keen,  never  more 
vital,  never  more  perplexing,  than  it  is  in  this  country,  in  the  year 
1920.  It  is  the  problem  of  existence,  isn't  it?  And  then  too  we  have 
to  avoid,  not  only  the  tyranny  of  the  brutal  undisciplined  mob  which 
would  rule  us.  What  has  become  of  security  of  life  and  development 
of  the  mind?  Let  us  ask  that  question  quickly  so  that  we  can  con- 
sider the  situation  in  the  world  today.  In  the  last  century  the  theory 
w^as  announced  by  scientific  men  that  in  the  animal  kingdom  the  law 
of  survival  and  life  was  the  survival  of  the  fittest,  that  the  weak  and 
defenseless  must,  die  and  the  strong  and  powerful  must  live  and  win 
and  triumph.  That  was  the  law,  said  they,  of  the  animal  kingdom. 
And  in  such  manner  they  claimed  that  the  animal  life  of  the  world 
had  through  all  the  long,  tedious,  remote  ages  down  to  the  present 
day,  progressed  and  developed  and  bettered  itself.  But  One  had 
walked  and  talked  in  Israel  more  than  1900  years  before  that  was 
said  about  the  animal  kingdom,  and  He  had  announced  what  was 
also  a  theory  of  growth,  but  it  was  a  theory  or  principle  of  spiritual 
growth  and  development,  and  said  somethnig  like  this:  "He  that 
loveth  his  life  shall  lose  it;  but  he  that  hateth  his  life  shall  find  it"; 
and  "He  that  loseth  his  life  for  my  sake,  the  same  will  I  reward 
richly  in  Heaven." 

There  have  been  those  who  denied  that  theory,  but  now  those  of 
us  who  have  investigated  the  subject  know  that  the  life  of  the  gov- 
ernment depends  as  much  upon  the  self-sacrifice  and  service  which 
it  performs  as  does  that  of  the  soul  or  spirit.  To  see  the  result  of 
not  regarding  this,  we  do  not  have  to  go  so  very  far  into  the  books 
to  understand  it.  In  fact,  all  we  have  to  do  is  to  look  around  us.  A 
few  vears  ago  I  had  the  good  fortune  to  make  a  visit  to  Eg}'pt,  and 

475 


as  we  sailed  in  the  little  steamer,  up  the  Nile,  a  small  party  of  us, 
we  saw  this  same  old  Nile,  just  the  same  as  it  was  4,000  years  ago, 
and  we  watched  these  quaint  people,  these  people  of  the  so-called 
modern  Egypt,  but  what  is  in  reality  ancient  Egypt  to  this  day,  be- 
cause the  people  make  it  so.  We  saw  them  dip  up  their  water  slowly 
and  painfully  out  of  the  Nile,  raise  it  carefully  and  painstakingly  to 
the  surface  in  order  that  it  might  there  run  around  in  their  -little 
ditches,  and  irrigate  their  fields.  They  were  doing  it  just  exactly 
the  same  way  that  their  ancestors  did  as  they  tilled  their  little*feandy 
farms,  though  perhaps  at  that  time,  in  that  remote  age,  they  were 
slightly  more  fertile  and  easy  to  develop  than  are  the  farms  in  these 
same  locations  at  the  present  day,  on  the  banks  of  that  same  Nile, 
more  than  four  thousand  years  later.  They  hadn't  advanced  at  all. 
The  world  has  gone  on  and  left  them  behind.  Why?  At  the  time 
when  Abraham  was  tending  his  flocks  in  Palestine  they  were  a  very 
powerful  nation.  We  saw  them  plowing  with  crooked  sticks.  This 
great  nation  of  Abraham's  day,  then  the  most  civilized  nation  of  peo- 
ple in  the  world,  what  happened  to  them,  to  make  this  wonderful 
civilization  stand  still  for  practically  thirty  centuries  or  more?  It 
has  stopped  forever,  and  made  no  advance  except  as  it  has  been  in- 
fluenced from  the  outside  world.  You  can  find  the  answer  very 
briefly,  that  this  civilization  was  entirely  pagan  in  its  form  and  in  its 
philosophy,  and  absolutely  selfish  and  cruel.  They  tried  this  "sur- 
vival of  the  fittest"  idea.  There  was  no  thought  for  children,  no  care 
for  the  weak,  no  provision  for  the  sick.  The  progress  of  civilization 
from  that  ancient  day  down  to  the  present  has  been  a  gradual  triumph 
over  selfishness  in  the  life  of  man.  the  triumph  of  unselfishness  in  the 
life  of  man,  the  triumph  of  unselfishness  over  the  theory  of  one-man 
government  and  of  selfishness.  That  was  what  the  fighting  overseas 
Avas  all  about ;  on  the  western  front  you  saw  it,  that  age-old  animal, 
or  beast,  of  selfishness  struggling  against  justice,  incarnate  in  that 
brutal  theory  of  government,  which  eliminated  the  individual. 

I  have  said  that  as  a  background  to  bring  my  case  down  to  this 
point,  where  I  can  say  that  the  life  of  a  self-governing  democracy, 
the  permanency  of  the  existence  of  that  kind  of  government,  is  as- 
sured against  overthrow.  It  depends  upon  the  capacity  and  regard 
which  its  citizens  have  for  it.  You  and  I  think  it  worth  while.  It  is 
the  same  with  Prohibition.  It  depends  upon  the  capacity  of  the  citi- 
zens of  the  nation  for  self-sacrifice  and  self-denial  and  self-control, 
and  for  their  willingness  to  serve  the  state.  It  depends,  in  other 
words,  upon  the  character  of  the  citizens,  and  upon  nothing  else. 
You  need  to  consider  the  effect  upon  the  government  of  these  vital 
questions,  and  that  is  in  turn  the  efifect  upon  the  character  of  the 
people.  If  you  can  make  the  people  see  that  Prohibition  is  just  as 
necessary  in  the  emergency  of  peace  as  in  the  emergency  of  war,  and 
that  it  is  just  as  necessary  in  peace  to  the  welfare  of  your  government 

476 


as  it  was  in  war,  then  your  case  is  won,  for  the  people  are  patriotic. 
You  found  that  out  during  the  war. 

Let  me  mention  two  or  three  outstanding  things  about  the  effects 
already  apparent  in  this  land  from  the  adoption  of  the  policy  of  Pro- 
hibition. 

In  the  first  place  there  has  been  a  really  tremendous  economic 
effect  in  the  saving  of  cash  expenditures.  I  am  not  going  into  that, 
for  figures  would  weary  you,  but  in  a  general  way,  about  two  billion 
dollars  expenditure  has  been  saved  annually  in  the  United  States,  and 
that  is  diverted  into  channels  of  trade,  where  it  formerly  went  for 
intoxicants.  For  instance,  too,  I  am  informed  that  those  who  dealt 
in  intoxicants  have  without  these  intoxicants  adjusted  themselves  to 
new  conditions  and  are  getting  by  far  the  better  end  of  the  bargain. 
One  example :  I  understand  that  the  grape  growers  are  now  getting 
$125  a  ton  for  their  grapes,  as  against  $75  a  ton  \yhich  they  used  to 
get  from  the  breweries,  for  use  in  alcohol.  Right  here  in  Washington 
you  have  a  certain  industry  which  used  to  be  a  brewery,  but  they  re- 
adjusted themselves  to  Prohibition,  and  they  are  now  employing 
twice  as  much  labor  and  paying  their  stockholders  larger  dividends 
and  making  more  money  all  around,  than  they  were  ever  able  to  do 
in  their  old  business.  Prohibition  in  this  country  or  any  other  coun- 
try won't  hurt  any  legitimate  business  except  that  of  an  undertaker, 
or,  as  Mr.  Ledet  told  us  tonight,  that  of  a  policeman. 

In  the  next  place,  the  effect  of  Prohibition  in  the  United  States 
has  been  tremendously  to  increase  the  efficiency  of  labor.  I  don't 
need  to  argue  that.  I  have  some  figures  here  which  ^vould  show 
that,  but  I  don't  mean  to  use  them  tonight.  It  is  easy  enough  to  see 
how  that  has  come  about.  In  the  first  place,  the  laboring  man  works 
more  steadily,  and  he  is  worth  more  as  a  steady  ^yorker,  and  then, 
too,  his  brain  isn't  addled,  and  his  hand  isn't  shaking. 

Throughout  the  country  there  has  come  from  different  localities 
and  in  various  degrees,  testimony  to  the  effect  that  a  vast  saving  has 
been  effected  by  Prohibition.  In  the  first  place,  a  saving  of  money 
going  into  the  channels  of  trade  which  formerly  went  for  that  which 
is  worse  than  useless.  In  the  second  place,  production  is  increased 
by  it.  It  is  stimulated  and  strengthened  by  the  help  of  Prohibition. 
Both  of  these  benefits  which  I  have  mentioned  are  important  eco- 
nomic factors  in  the  position  of  the  nation  among  the  other  nations, 
and  this  ])osition  which  is  just  now  held  by  this  country  right  here, 
we  believe,  will  eventually  compel  all  of  our  competitors  to  adopt  this 
system  in  sort  of  self  defense. 

But  these  great  economic  lessons,  important  as  they  are,  in  favor 
of  Prohibition,  will  not  be  enough  to  convince  many  of  the  value  of 
Prohibition.  I  want  to  emphasize  that  tonight,  because  it  is  per- 
fectly evident  to  every  one  of  you  that  there  is  a  great  increase  in 
the  efficiency  of  labor,  and  that  is  important;  also  to  some  money  is 
important,  very  much  so.     Rut  neither  one  of  those  bears  directly 

477 


upon  what  I  have  suggested,  as  being  of  vital  importance,  namely, 
the  character  of  the  people.  The  third  effect  does  bear  more  directly 
upon  the  question,  1  think.  The  third  effect  is  the  startling,  almost 
stupendous,  decrease  in  crime.  In  arrests  for  all  causes  there  ha? 
been  an  astonishing  decrease,  and  in  the  necessity  for  poor  relief,  hos- 
pital cases,  misery,  poverty,  ill-feeling  and  crime,  social  vices  and  all 
that  sort  of  thing. 

1  have  figures  here  that  are  interesting  on  this  subject,  and  cyclo- 
paedias could  be  compiled  from  figures  of  that  kind,  and  the  testi- 
mony varies  only  in  degree  and  intensity.  In  this  connection,  my 
friend  from  Denmark  has  outlined  the  same  sort  of  situation,  and 
that  is  universal  wherever  Prohibition  has  gone  into  effect.  That  is 
more  important  because  it  bears  more  directly  upon  the  issue.  It  is 
connected  more  intimately  with  the  life  and  attitude  of  the  people 
toward  this  question,  upon  w^hich  hinges  the  safety  of  the  govern- 
ment. It  is  that  principle,  in  fact,  entirely  upon  which  the  govern- 
ment must  rest ;  but  after  all  it  isn't  of  such  very  vital  importance. 
It  has  been  argued,  and  perhaps  with  some  degree  of  force,  that  you 
could  make  all  the  laws  in  the  world  and  try  your  best  to  enforce 
them,  but  that,  for  instance  in  the  case  of  a  man  forty-five  or  fifty, 
or  beyond  middle  life,  who  has  always  been  accustomed  to  the  use 
of  alcohol  either  moderately  or  immoderately,  he  will  still  manage  to 
get  it  some  way ;  and  that  if  he  can't,  he  will  use  some  substitute 
or  try  to  use  it,  which  he  can  get.  You  can  not  legislate  it  out  of 
a  man's  system ;  but,  furthermore,  you  should  bear  in  mind  this,  that 
if  the  law  is  once  passed,  it  matters  very  little  from  the  point  of  view 
of  the  State  itself  what  happens  to  the  poor  fellow  who  is  over  forty- 
five  and  who  insists  upon  drinking  substitutes  for  the  liquor  or  drink- 
ing himself  into  a  drunkard's  grave.  That  is  a  matter  of  very  little 
importance  to  the  State  itself  except  in  this  one  point,  of  the  influence 
for  good  or  evil  which  it  may  have  upon  the  people. 

Then  this  brings  me  to  my  last  point,  that  is,  that  Prohibition  is 
important  in  the  effect  which  it  will  have  upon  the  rising  generation. 
That  is  the  one  thing  which  has  more  bearing  upon  the  nation  than 
anything  else,  the  effect  of  Prohibition  upon  the  children  w'ho  are  to 
be  the  men  and  women  of  the  nation  within  a  few  years.  The  wel- 
fare of  the  children  is  a  very  important  point  for  us  to  consider.  I 
sat  in  conference  the  other  night  and  listened  to  a  thrilling  and  heart- 
breaking account  from  John  R.  Mott,  connected  with  European  re- 
lief work,  on  his  investigations  conducted  through  the  war-stricken 
portion  of  Europe  ranging  from  the  Baltic  Sea  down  through  to 
Turkey,  and  that  brought  out  what  can  happen  to  a  nation  when  the 
people  rise  against  it.  But  the  future  of  any  nation  depends  upon 
the  character  of  its  people.  The  significant  point  of  that  message  to 
my  mind  was  that  after  months  and  months  of  patient  investigation 
he  had  found  that  in  many  of  the  towns  in  these  lands  there  were  no 
children  less  than  six  years  of  age.    Second,  that  of  the  hundreds  and 

478 


hundreds  of  school  age  whom  he  did  see  in  the  schools,  testimony  was 
borne  out  by  the  lackluster  eyes  and  the  stooping  forms,  and  stunted 
physical  development,  and  retreating  foreheads,  to  the  fact  that  those 
children  had  not  known  for  a  long  time  what  it  was  to  have  a  square 
meal.  That  is  an  awful  handicap  of  stunted  and  dwarfed  physical 
life.  And  the  third  appalling  fact  is  the  enormous  increase  in  juvenile 
delinquency  in  all  those  lands. 

Now,  as  I  said,  the  future  of  any  nation  depends  upon  the  char- 
acter of  its  citizens,  and  here  is  the  future  citizenship  of  the  nation 
growing  up  now  in  the  child  life  of  every  community,  and  yet  we 
haven't  given  half  enough  attention  and  emphasis  to  these  problems, 
the  economic  problems  that  •  press  upon  us ;  and  too  much  emphasis 
can  not  be  given  to  this  fact  that  the  future  of  America  or  of  any 
other  country  depends  absolutely  upon  the  character  of  its  boys  and 
girls,  for  they  are  the  future  citizens,  these  boys  and  girls  growing  up 
among  us.  It  is  as  true  as  any  other  of  the  essential  physical  facts 
in  science. 

What  is  the  great  benefit,  now,  of  Prohibition  to  America  or  to 
any  other  land?  Say  what  you  will  about  the  economic  factors;  say 
what  vou  will  about  the  increased  efficiency  of  labor ;  say  w^iat  you 
will  about  the  increase  in  crime,  and  all  that  sort  of  thing,  but  that 
isn't  vital  in  any  great  degree  to  the  issue  except  to  aid  in  putting 
legislation  through.  Give  the  boys  and  girls  a  better  chance.  That  is 
what  we  have  been  trying  to  do  in  America  all  along.  Literature 
won't  do  it ;  art  won't  do  it ;  pleading  certainly  will  not  do  it ;  money 
won't  do  it,  and  so  the  only  thing  that  we  can  do  is  to  give  that  new 
generation  a  wholesome,  clean,  upstanding,  God-fearing,  American 
citizenship  that  will  be  capable  of  self-government,  and. self-control ; 
and  if  Prohibition  is  enforced  it  will  help  enormously  to  this  end  both 
in  America  or  in  any  other  self-governing  democracy. 

[Thereupon  Sefior  Velasco,  of  Mexico,  by  request  repeated  his 
songs  of  the  afternoon,  being  encored  a  number  of  times.] 

The  chairman  :  This  afternoon  we  were  not  able  to  have  a 
response  from  the  Christian  Endeavor  Societies  of  America,  but  Mr. 
Percy  S.  Foster  is  here  tonight  and  will  say  just  a  few  words  on  behalf 
of  the  young  people  of  the  United  Society  of  Christian  Endeavor  on 
their  attitude  towards  Prohibition.  After  that  we  will  hear  from  one 
of  our  old  friends,  whose  name  I  will  not  give  out  until  Mr.  Foster 
gets  through.  I  take  great  pleasure  in  introducing  to  you  tonight  Percy 
S.  Foster. 

REMARKS  BY  MR.  PERCY  S.  FOSTER 

I  was  not  told  until  I  came  here  tonight  that  I  would  be  called  upon 
to  represent  the  Christian  Endeavor  organizations  with  a  brief  state- 
ment concerning  their  attitude  towards  the  great  cause  of  Prohibition. 

479 


'j  he  reason  for  my  invitation  is  probably  two-fold.  First,  I  am  at  this 
time  President  of  the  Christian  Endeavor  Alumni  Association  of  the 
District  of  Columbia,  and,  secondly,  have  been  actively  identified  with 
the  organization  for  many  years.  Christian  Endeavor  has  meant  so 
much  to  me  that  it  would  take  more  than  the  five  minutes  which  I  shall 
consume  to  tell  the  whole  story. 

Organized  by  Dr.  F.  E.  Clark  on  the  second  day  of  February,  1881, 
the  Christian  Endeavor  Society  was  introduced  into  my  life  the  fol- 
lowing year  when,  as  a  lad  in  Baltimore  city,  a  pastor  coming  from 
Portland,  Maine,  organized  a  Y.  P.  S.  C.  E.  in  my  own  church  and  I 
united  with  it. 

During  all  of  these  intervening  years  I  have  been  thrown  into 
close  contact  with  the  leaders  in  this  organization,  and  have  attended 
many,  of  the  international  conventions,  beginning  in  the  City  of  New 
York  in  the  year  1892,  when  I  assisted  in  the  music,  and  from  1894 
have  been  one  of  the  official  musical  directors  until  the  present  time. 
I  have  already  been  invited  to  serve  as  musical  director  at  the  New 
York  Convention  in  July,  1921,  in  celebration  of  Christian  Endeavor's 
fortieth  anniversary. 

These  great  conventions  have  thrown  me  into  contact  with  the  great 
temperance  leaders,  such  as  the  late  Frances  Willard.  and  many  others, 
who  have  been  prominent  speakers  upon  our  platforms. 

During  all  of  these  years  Christian  Endeavor  has  stood  "four- 
square" on  the  liquor  question — as  evidenced  by  its  frequent  resolu- 
tions on  this  subject.  The  very  language  of  the  Christian  Endeavor 
pledge  presupposes  total  abstinence  in  that  it  states :  "Trusting  in 
the  Lord  Jesus  Christ  for  strength,  I  promise  Him  that  I  will  strive 
to  do  whatever  He  would  have  me  do,"  etc. 

It  was  at  the  Atlantic  City  Convention  in  1913  that  the  slogan  was 
introduced.  "A  saloonless  Nation  in  1920."  Few  of  us  fully  appre- 
ciated the  fullness  of  this  prophecy,  but  it  has  come  to  pass.  We  little 
realized  that  we  would  live  to  see  this  victory,  but  under  the  bless- 
ings of  our  God,  it  has  been  accomplished. 

Some  years  ago  a  young  girl  was  drowned  from  a  Potomac  River 
steamer,  and  they  did  not  find  her  body  for  a  few  days.  One  day  a 
friend  of  mine  dropped  into  a  barber  shop  where  the  old  colored  barber 
was  in  the  habit  of  telling  his  customers  the  latest  news  while  per- 
forming the  tonsorial  act.  This  morning  he  w^as  greeted  as  follows : 
"Marse  Tom,  dey  has  done  found  dat  woman."  "What  woman."  was 
asked.  "Why  dat  woman  dat  fell  ofif  de  boat,  and,  will  you  believe  me, 
de  crabs  done  disguised  her  so  you  can  hardly  'realize'  her !"  That 
W'as  the  darkey's  way  of  saying  that  she  had  been  disfigured  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  be  hardly  recognizable. 

Now  that  is  just  wdiat  has  happened  to  "John  Barleycorn."  Through 
no  accident,  and  surely  not  with  any  suicidal  intent.  "Old  John" 
finds  himself  in  the  great  flood  of  pure  waters  of  National  Prohibition 

480 


and  gradually  are  the  crab-claws  on  the  enforcement  laws  going  to 
knaw  at  his  vitals  until  his  best  friends  will  not  be  able  to  recognize 
him. 

The  CHAIRAIAN  :  In  pursuance  of  the  authority  granted  by  the 
Congress  the  other  day  I  am  pleased  to  announce  that  the  permanent 
International  Committee  of  the  Congress  have  decided  that  the  Six- 
teenth International  Congress  against  Alcoholism  shall  meet  at  Lau- 
sanne, Switzerland,  and  in  order  that  we  may  get  back  to  meeting  in 
the  odd  years,  and  meeting  bienially,  as  soon  as  possible,  Europe  not 
having  had  a  Congress  for  nine  years,  when  next  year  arrives,  we  have 
decided  to  have  the  next  Congress  in  Lausanne,  Switzerland,  next 
year,  192L  I  have  pleasure  in  introducing  to  you  the  representative  of 
that  city,  who  has  been  a  very  good  superintendent  of  the  International 
Temperance  Bureau's  work,  Dr.  R.  Hercod,  of  Switzerland. 

REMARKS  BY  DR.  R.  HERCOD 

OF  LAUSANNE,   SWITZERLAND 

]\Ir.  Chairman,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen:  The  ready  courtesy  with 
which  the  Permanent  International  Committee  of  the  International 
Congress  against  Alcoholism  accepted  my  invitation  to  hold  the  next 
International  Congress  at  Lausanne,  Switzerland,  fills  me  with  joy  both  as 
a  Swiss  and  as  a  citizen  of  Lausanne,  and  I  feel  deeply  the  great  honor 
which  has  been  deigned  to  my  country  and  my  people;  but  I  also  feel 
entirely  the  great  responsibility  which  we  are  assuming,  for  I  consider 
that  we  could  scarcely  hope  to  compete  with  such  a  great  nation  as  the 
United  States,  with  all  its  possibilities  and  resources. 

But  nevertheless,  all  this  cordiality  which  you  find  here  in  the 
United  States  you  will  find  again  repeated  and  duplicated  in  Switzer- 
land ;  you  will  meet  with  the  same  cordiahty  of  reception  with  which  you 
have  met  in  the  United  States  this  time.  You  will  find  there  the  same 
earnest  desire  to  do  the  utmost  that  we  can  for  all  these  foreign 
guests  whom  we  will  have  there,  and  we  will  try  to  make  you  all  feel 
at  home,  you  American  people  as  well  as  the  rest.  You  may  all  be 
assured  of  special  welcome  from  every  one,  because  we  are  not  unthank- 
ful, and  we  don't  forget  that  you  helped  us  in  our  necessity  during  the 
war ;  and  not  only  .that  but  as  delegates,  having  been  your  guests  for  a 
few  days,  we  have  found  you  so  kind  that  we  hardly  know  how  it  will 
be  possible  for  us  to  repay  you  even  in  a  small  part  for  our  debt  to 
you  for  the  many  tokens  of  esteem  and  good  feeling. 

Come  therefore  to  Switzerland  next  year  and  attend  the  Sixteenth 
International  Congress  against  Alcoholism,  at  Lausanne,  and  see  a 
little  of  our  Old-World  friendship,  courtesy  and  love,  and  the  beauty  of 
our  snow-covered  mountains  and  peaks,  and  our  green  vallevs  and 
quaintly   carved    houses,   <^ur   beautiful    silvery   mountain    streams   and 

481 


lakes,  our  old  castles  watching  from  the  tops  of  the  hills,  and  you  will 
be  welcome,  welcome,  welcome. 

The  chairman  :  I  now  have  great  pleasure  in  introducing  to 
you  one  of  the  Xestors  of  our  cause,  whose  silvery  voice  has  been  very 
enthusiastic  in  our  favor.  His  devotion  to  this  cause  has  helped  us  to 
win  the  victory,  and  he  doesn't  need  any  word  of  praise  from  me  or  any 
introduction.     I  am  glad  to  present  to  you  the  Hon.  John  G.  Woolley. 

ADDRESS  BY  THE  HON.  JOHN  G.  WOOLLEY 

OF  MADISON,  WISCONSIN 

Mr.  Chairman,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen :  I  take  it  that  I  need  not 
concern  myself  greatly  about  being  diplomatic  in  an  address  to  this 
convention,  although  the  delegates  hail  from  so  many  different  countries, 
and  perhaps  also  they  may  consequently  have  many  conflicting  views. 
I  speak,  at  any  rate,  as  an  American  citizen,  who  for  more  than  half 
a  century  has  been  at  death  grips  with  the  liquor  traffic.  I  have  a 
right  to  speak  of  it,  therefore.  I  have  a  right  to  rejoice  at  the  victory 
which  is  almost  here.  I  have  never  expected  to  live  to  see  this  time,  but 
I  am  still  here  and  alive,  and  nearly  everybody  who  has  met  me,  out 
of  the  old  times,  has  remarked,  like  Percy  Foster,  for  instance,  that  I 
look  quite  young! 

You  need  have  no  fear  that  I  shall  detain  you  tonight  with  any 
old-fashioned  or  high-sounding  argument  to  prove  to  anybody  the  bad 
character  of  the  liquor  traffic.  That  would  be  a  waste  of  your  time 
and  an  affront  to  your  intelligence,  to  try  to  elaborate  on  the  demerits 
of  that  very  ancient,  sneaking,  stinking,  blighting,  mocking  enemy  of 
all  mankind,  that  in  the  course  of  centuries  of  ignorance  and  neglect, 
selfishness  and  recklessness,  was  permitted  to  crawl,  malignantly,  diaboli- 
cally, slowly,  yet  surely,  from  the  condition  of  a  mere  poisonous  snake 
in  the  grass  up  to  the  dignity  of  a  dominating  place  in  American  busi- 
ness, and  to  a  stronghold  in  American  politics,  which  has  at  last  been 
taken  in  its  own  devices,  and  brought  to  trial  at  the  bar  of  American 
sentiment.  And  it  has  had  a  more  than  fair  trial.  It  has  employed  the 
most  able  counsel  that  money  could  buy.  It  has  reduced  bribery  and 
perjury  and  subornation  of  perjury  almost  to  a  science.  The  advance 
against  it  was  quick  but  steady.  Town  after  town,  county  after  county, 
by  the  thousands,  State  after  State,  until  now  it  has  no  refuge  in  our 
land. 

Of  the  3,000  counties  in  the  United  States,  nearly  2600  took  Prohi- 
bition action  independent  of  the  rest  of  the  counties  long  before  the 
ratification  of  the  amendment.  The  reason  they  did  it,  was  because  they 
denounced  it  as  a  nuisance.  They  have  tried  it  on  numerous  counts, 
and  they  have  given  it  the  benefit  of  a  reasonable  doubt.  They  have 
found  it  guilty  upon  every  count,  upon  every  charge,  and  it  has  been 
condemned  to  death  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  the  country  at  large.    Forty 

482 


five  states  in  forty-eight  ratified  the  new  amendment.  They  have 
promptly  ratified  in  favor  of  the  amendment  in  every  instance,  and 
the  Federal  Government  has  amended  its  Constitution  and  formally 
and  regularly,  with  no  flaws  to  pick  in  its  announcement,  proclaimed 
the  liquor  traffic  a  public  enemy  and  an  outlaw.  A  drastic,  but  never- 
theless reasonable  and  necessary  enforcement  act  has  been  written  into 
this  amendment  or  statute,  and  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States 
has  put  the  seal  of  legality  on  every  step  of  the  procedure;  and  for 
us  that  settles  that  part  of  it. 

Then  again  our  respect  and  love  for  our  country  make  it  necessary 
for  us  to  carry  the  law.  We  must  vindicate  the  majesty  of  the  law.  We 
must  not  weaken.  We  must  execute  judgement  which  was  placed  in  the 
Constitution  upon  this  tried  and  convicted  criminal.  We  can  do  it.  We 
dare  not  fail  to  do  it.  We  zcill  do  it !  But  we  will  not  do  it  easily.  We 
shall  not  be  able  to  do  it  quickly.  We  must  not  be  satisfied  with  the 
sentimental  and  moral  victory  which  we  have  already  scored.  This 
victory  which  we  have  achieved  is  simply  an  opportunity  to  wipe  out 
this  age-old  curse.  We  have  battled  for  years  to  win  this  victory,  and 
the  advantage  at  last  lies  with  us.  Always  heretofore  the  liquor  traffic 
had  the  advantage.  The  law  recognized  it  as  a  "legitimate"  business; 
the  officers  of  the  law  belonged  to  it,  or  many  of  them  did.  They  had 
their  money  invested  in  it,  very  largely.  The  politicians  were  afraid 
of  it.  It  was  intrenched  in  unlimited  capital  and  greed,  and  in  the 
age-long  habit  of  man.  But  now  its  fortune  is  changing.  The  Chris- 
tian people  of  this  country  now  have  the  whip-hand  over  the  liquor 
traffic,  and  what  we  are  going  to  do  with  it  in  the  difficult  days  that 
are  now  upon  us,  will  be  the  supreme  test  of  our  quality  as  Christian 
American  citizens. 

Now  our  fight  for  Prohibition  has  been  won  in  the  letter  of  the  law. 
so  far,  with  fair  success,  Init  if  it  were  lost  in  the  spirit  of  the  law,  and 
no  enforcement  be  carried  out,  that  might  happen  again,  and  we  might 
lose  all  this  result  of  this  fight  again,  and  if  we  did  it  would  take  us  a 
hundred  years  to  get  back  to  where  we  are  to-night.  l>ut  it  within 
the  first  five  or  ten  years  of  its  existence  we  make  this  law  more  workable 
and  efficient,  we  shall  not  only  kill  forever  the  liquor  traffic  in  our  coun- 
try but  we  shall  also  draw  the  competing  nations  across  the  sea  into 
prohibitory  legislation  regarding  the  use  of  intoxicants.  We  will  bring 
a  livelier,  larger,  nobler,  finer  brotherhood  to  pass,  throughout  the  entire 
world  of  mankind. 

What  we  have  to  do  now  is  to  carry  out  in  the  matter  of  practical, 
political  action  that  judgment  against  the  liquor  traffic  which  we  have 
written  into  our  fundamental  law.  We  have  come  to  a  critical  moment 
m  this  long  fight  for  a  clean,  sober  America,  but  it  needs  somebody  who 
is  willing  to  do  things  which  are  disagreeable.  We  seek  naturally  to 
avoid  anything  which  promises  to  be  hard  or  disagreeable.  That  is  our 
great  vice  in  this  great  democracy.      It  is  characteristic  of  the  average 

483 


decent  American  Christian  man  or  woman  to  do  all  they  can  to  shirk 
the  disagreeable  things.  We  mind  the  brass-band  things ;  we  mind  the 
drum-major  things;  we  mind  the  Liberty-bond  things;  we  mind  the 
rally  round  the  flag  things ;  with  Patrick  Henry  we  say,  with  tremendous 
enthusiasm,  "Give  me  liberty,  or  give  me  death !"  And  of  course  those 
things  are  all  right.  But  when  it  comes  to  tackling,  a  crowd  of  loafers, 
ragamuffins,  lizards,  and  mobs,  and  grog-chasers,  especially  when  they 
are  in  your  own  party  of  politics,  we  flunk.  We  draw  back.  We  hate 
to  touch  it  or  even  contemplate  it  at  close  range.  But  the  truly  Christian 
citizens  of  America  who  would  well  and  truly  serve  their  country  in  the 
difficult  days  that  are  to  come  now,  must  realize  from  now  on  that  if 
they  would  do  the  most  for  their  country  they  must  be  willing  to  tackle 
some  of  the  disagreeable  problems,  the  unpleasant  problems  of  this  great 
international  disease  of  alcoholism. 

It  is  something  like  political  housekeeping,  and  indeed  so  it  is.  You 
know  sometimes  you  go  to  a  house  where  it  is  all  very  fine  in  front, 
and  very  pleasing  to  the  eye, — because  both  individually  and  in  politics 
we  Americans  are  strong  on  fine  things,  and  every  picture  will  be  straight 
on  the  wall,  and  in  its  proper  position,  and  bric-a-brac  in  order,  and  furni- 
ture all  dusted  nicely;  but  you  go  out  into  the  kitchen  by  accident,  and 
what  condition  do  you  find?  The  hall  may  be  scrupulously  clean,  bvit 
the  kitchen  looks  as  though  it  hadn't  been  swept  for  a  long  time ;  the 
rug  on  the  floor  in  the  dining  room  may  be  straight,  but  the  pots  and 
kettles, — O  my !  We  keep  everything  in  order,  dontcha-know,  but  the 
cellar  smells, — well,  very  bad !  But  you  say  that  has  got  to  be  cleaned  up 
by  the  man  a  little  later.  You  smile,  but  that  is  all  right,  for  that  is  an 
exact  picture,  a  perfect  picture,  of  our  political  condition  in  this  country, 
and  we  are  from  now  on  up  against  an  adventure  of  sheer  intensive, 
fateful  drudgery,  in  political  housekeeping.  We  are  handicapped  in  it 
to  some  extent  by  the  fact  that  it  is  firmly  instilled  in  the  minds  of  many 
of  our  persons  as  a  personal  habit.  We  have  had  to  do  everything 
slowly,  and  by  degrees.  That  has  been  the  history  of  Prohibition  in 
America. 

There  would  be  a  revival  of  religion  in  some  town,  and  they  would 
go  to  work  in  the  excitement  and  vote  the  town  dry ;  or  some  man  would 
get  drunk  and  beat  his  wife  up,  or  may  be  his  whole  family,  possibly 
killing  them ;  or  some  boy  would  get  drunk  and  kick  his  aged  mother 
downstairs,  and  the  cry  would  be,  "Pulverize  the  grog-shops  !  Banish  the 
saloon !"  They  would  get  the  people  excited  and  indignant  over  it,  and 
generally  make  the  town  dry.  Then  they  would  very  promptly  and 
calmly  go  to  sleep  in  politics,  take  a  sort  of  a  political  nap,  and  leave  the 
law  to  enforce  itself.  The  result  was  they  had  to  fight  the  same  battle 
over  again,  in  a  little  while.  That  is  something  that  no  difficult  or  ini- 
popular  law  ever  had  done,  enforce  itself. 

While  those  poeple  were  taking  this  political  nap,  these  ill-smelling 
politicians,  without  anybody  watching  them  so  as  to  keep  an  eye  on  them, 
with  their  patrons  and  friends,  would  be  particularly  active.     They  didn't 

484 


sleep  upon  their  opportunities  to  defend  what  they  called  their  rights. 
They  were  particularly  active.  They  worked  like  beavers.  They  would 
carry  the  town  "wet"  at  the  next  election.  And  of  course,  it  was  thus 
that  we  had  the  decent  Christian  people  and  the  booze  interests  on  a  sort 
of  see-saw,  by  this  pusillanimous  behavior.  The  town  would  be  dry  this 
year;  wet  next  year;  dry  the  next  year;  wet  the  next.  This  condition 
can  not  and  must  not  overtake  us  the  next  time. 

The  Christian  people  of  the  nation  are  wide  awake  on  this  matter, 
and  they  will  not  be  allowed  to  go  to  sleep  again,  for  there  is  work  for 
them  to  do.  The  temperature  of  the  enthusiasm  of  these  people  is  very 
high  in  this  matter  now,  and  it  must  not  be  allowed  to  cool  down.  The 
liquor  traffic  is  waiting.  Certainly  it  is  waiting.  It  is  that  kind  of  a 
thing  that  we  must  whip  it  again,  and  then  whip  it  some  more.  It  is 
this  big  job  of  everlastingly  whipping  the  liquor  traffic  that  we  have  got 
on  our  hands.  Too  many  Prohibitionists  of  the  kind  that  are  easily 
satisfied  are  throwing  up  their  hats  in  the  air  in  these  days,  and  celebrating 
the  overthrow  of  the  liquor  traffic.  That  is  interesting,  but  premature, 
indeed. 

Some  master  lecturers  that  I  know,  for  instance — some  of  them 
preachers,  too — are  advertising  funeral  sermons  to  be  pronounced  over 
the  remains  of  John  Barleycorn,  but  they  amount  to  nothing,  for  the 
fact  is  that  any  funeral  without  a  corpse  is  rather  an  incomplete  affair. 
The  liquor  traffic  is  not  dead.  It  is  not  asleep.  It  is  as  active  as  ever, — 
it  is  as  vicious  as  ever,  and  even  more  determined  than  ever,  in  spite  of 
all  these  exploits.  We  still  have  them  with  us.  They  are  not  poor;  they 
are  not  stingy ;  they  are  not  weak ;  they  are  desperately  determined  that 
this  law  shall  fail  of  enforcement. 

The  time  has  come  when  the  blackest  crime  of  the  ages,  the  liquor 
traffic,  has  moved  up  in  this  country  from  the  fortress  of  State  politics, 
its  former  stronghold  and  habitat,  to  invasion  of  the  very  citadel  of  the 
nation's  life;  and  they  are  campaigning  now,  this  vast  body  of  trained, 
resourceful,  determined  hoodlums,  to  capture  the  next  Congress,  or  maybe 
the  next  two  Congresses,  and  institute  beer  and  wine,  thus  managing 
to  draw  the  teeth  of  the  Volstead  Act,  and,  as  I  said,  reinstate  beer  and 
wine  as  non-intoxicants,  beverages  which  will  not  make  a  man  drunk, 
but  nearly  so.  Thus  they  would  bring  back  nearly  ninety  per  cent,  at 
least,  if  not  all,  the  evils  of  the  liquor  traffic  which  the  Eighteenth  Amend- 
ment was  intended  to  prevent  and  meant  to  prohibit,  and  will  prohibit  if 
it  has  a  fair  chance. 

That  movement  of  the  lif|uor  interests  has  got  to  be  stopped.  It  has 
got  to  be  beaten,  and  it  will  be  beaten,  and  the  time  has  come  when  the 
good  men  and  women  of  this  country  must  honor  this  country  and  serve 
it.  They  love  their  country  well.  Will  they  serve  it?  They  were  will- 
ing to  lay  down  their  money  and  their  lives  for  it ;  thev  were  ready 
to  fight  for  it,  as  they  always  will  be.  in  the  great  emergency ;  but  the 
time  has  come  now  when  the  good  men  and  women  of  this  country  must 
take  the  reins  and  drive  in  the  common  politics  of  the  country,  in  the 

485 


city,  county,  State  and  nation.  This  is  a  democracy.  There  isn't  any 
government  here  except  by  the  people.  But  there  isn't  anything  hke 
popular  government  nor  any  resemblance  to  it,  unless  the  good  people 
of  the  countr}-  take  the  reins  and  drive. 

But  they  never  did  do  it  before.  They  never  tried  to  do  it.  They 
always  could  have  done  it;  they  always  ought  to  have  done  it.  Now 
the  conditions  absolutely  force  them  to  run  State  affairs  and  do  the 
things  they  are  not  accustomed  to.  They  must  rule  this  countn.-.  This 
is  a  democrac}',  as  I  say,  and  a  better  law  means  better  representatives; 
better  representatives  mean  better  politics;  better  politics  means  better 
enforcement  laws;  better  enforcement  laws  mean  better  judges,  better 
executive  officers;  better  officers  mean  better  politics,  and  consequently 
better  government.  I  venture  to  say  that  right  at  this  moment  we  have 
got  a  drunken  United  States  marshal  chasing  sober  moonshiners  around 
somewhere  in  the  mountains  of  this  country,  right  now,  to-night,  ^^'hy  ? 
Well,  because  heretofore  we  have  always  been  just  the  slipshod  kind 
of  people  that  would  put  up  with  that  kind  of  officers;  just  the  kind 
vv'ho  would  stand  for  it.  Xo  administration  would  dare  appoint  that 
kind  of  officials  to  do  that  kind  of  work  if  they  knew  that  it  would  be 
political  ruin  and  black  disaster  for  them  to  do  so. 

The  Christian  citizens  of  this  countr}-  must  make  good  in  politics. 
That  is  the  answer  to  the  liquor  problem  in  this  countr}-  from  now  on. 
The  Chrisiiun  ciiiscn  must  make  good  in  politics.  He  must  stop  dream- 
ing in  the  Book  of  Revelation,  and  viohilize  in  the  Book  of  Acts!  Not 
he  good;  that  goes  without  saying;  make  good.  Not  feel  good,  but 
make  good. 

One  thing  that  makes  trouble  here  is  that  we  have  been  Christians 
theoretically,  but  now  we  are  to  become  Christians  practically,  doing, 
as  a  body  composed  of  a  lot  of  Christian  people,  the  work  of  God. 

You  know  we  mustn't  get  to  feeling  so  good  over  Prohibition  that 
we  will  be  just  like  a  lot  of  little  toy  balloons  and  go  all  to  pieces  when 
we  strike  something.  You  know  when  they  bump  against  an\-thing  solid 
there  isn't  an}-  more  balloon!  They  are  just  a  kind  of  shiny,  hollow, 
human  soap-bubble  with  no  real  amount  of  substance  about  them.  Of 
course  the  trouble  caused  by  this  liquor  traffic  is  chargeable  primarily, 
and  in  a  large  degree,  to  the  activities  of  the  bad  people  who  have  ex- 
ploited this  trade;  but  the  good  people  who  have  been  asleep  politically 
and  economically  are  also  somewhat  to  blame  for  it,  for  they  have  acted 
something  like  the  man  in  Christ's  parable  who.  like  those  good  men 
here  in  America,  while  they  slept,  their  enemies  were  busy  sowing  tares. 

Xow  let  us  see  who  some  of  these  people  are  that  have  been  sowing 
the  tares  during  our  nice  little  nap.  Well,  the  crooked  la%\yers,  they 
have  had  something  to  do  with  this  planting;  the  dirt}-  politicians  w-ho, 
when  sent  out  to  represent  a  decent  constituency,  did  just  the  opposite 
thing,  and  tried  to  put  the  liquor  trade  into  a  dry  town ! 

The  problem  is  not  so  much  for  America  to  delve  in  the  doings  of 
the  malignant,  vicious  class  of  persons,  as  it  is  in  the  activities  of  virtuous, 

486 


Christian  men  and  women.     This  country  must  engage  in  pohtics.    Chris- 
tian men  and  women  must  concern  themselves  with  pohtics. 

Some  of  you  perhaps  remember  the  various  campaigns  which  we 
carried  out  in  favor  of  Prohibition.  One  of  the  things  which  affected 
the  pubHc  mind  favorably  toward  the  Woman  Suffrage  bill  was  that 
orderly  parade  up  Broadway  recently.  I  am  very  much  in  favor  of 
woman  suffrage  myself. 

In  that  connection  I  will  emulate  my  friend  Percy  Foster,  and  tell 
you  a  little  story.  I  have  a  very  distinguished  friend  in  New  York  City, 
whose  wife  was  a  very  earnest  woman  suffragist.  He  was  convinced  in 
favor  of  woman  suffrage  on  philosophical  grounds.  Of  course  I  sup- 
pose the  reason  for  that  was  because  his  wife  was  such  an  earnest  worker. 
Then  one  day  there  was  a  procession  planned  for  New  York  suffragists, 
and  he  was  asked  if  he  would  be  willing  to  march  in  the  procession  along 
with  other  men,  thus  showing  that  the  men  would  be  willing  to  give  their 
countenance  to  the  movement,  and  this  would  help  their  cause.  He 
was,  of  course,  very  glad  to  accept,  and  on  the  appointed  day  he  reported 
at  the  suffrage  headquarters  from  which  the  parade  or  procession  was 
to  start,  to  receive  with  the  other  men  who  were  to  march,  their  buttons, 
badges,  etc.  He  stepped  into  the  line,  and  then  they  distributed  the  ban- 
ners which  the  men  were  to  carry.  Our  friend's  banner  was  turned  from 
him  slightly,  and  it  is  likely  that  the  woman  suffrage  leader  did  not  notice 
what  she  was  handing  him,  but  he  took  it  and  stepped  back  into  the  line, 
and  waited  for  the  command  to  march  which  was  given,  in  time.  His 
wife  was  one  of  the  ones  appointed  to  review  the  marchers  as  they  went 
past  the  reviewing  stand,  and  to  report  to  the  mass  meeting  which  was 
to  follow.  Our  friend  came  along  with  his  banner,  and  for  the  first  time 
in  all  her  married  life  this  lady  was  disgraced  by  her  husband  through 
the  shabby  fashion  in  which  he  was  carrying  the  banner,  and  moving 
along.  It  was  draped  over  his  shoulder  to  the  rear  in  such  a  position 
that  no])ody  could  read  the  inscription.  He  seemed  to  be  purposely  carry- 
ing it  in  such  a  way  that  the  inscription  could  not  be  read.  She  was 
surprised  and  mortified,  and  I  suppose,  somewhat  angry.  But  there  wasn't 
very  much  that  she  could  do  just  at  the  moment.  She  could  not  go  down 
and  order  him  to  carry  it  as  it  was  intended  to  be  carried,  or  to  march 
along  more  becomingly,  nor  she  couldn't  signal  him  from  there,  and  so, 
being  a  prudent  woman,  she  possessed  her  soul  with  such  patience  as  she 
could.  Then  she  laid  for  him  after  the  parade  was  over.  She  said  to 
him,  when  she  met  him:  "John,  why  on  earth  did  you  carry  that  ban- 
ner in  that  way?  What  made  you  walk  like  that?  Why  did  you  carry 
that  banner  so  that  nobody  could  read  it?  Why.  I  am  disgraced  because 
of  you  !  The  very  purpose  for  which  you  had  that  banner  placed  in  your 
hand  was  because  you  are  so  well-known  as  a  good,  conservative  busi- 
ness-man, and  you  would  have  helped  our  cause  a  great  deal.  But  you 
carried  it  so  that  nobody  could  read  it!" 

"But."  he  said,  "you  could  read  it,  couldn't  you?     You  knew  what 
was  on  it?" 

487 


"No,"  was  the  reply.  "I  did  my  best.  I  watched  you  as  far  as  I 
could  see,  and  was  in  hopes  that  you  would  get  it  straight  enough  so  that 
1  could  read  it.  I  couldn't  read  it,  and  indeed  I  know  I  could  have  read 
it  if  you  had  carried  it  anyways  decently." 

"Well,  I'll  tell  you  what  was  on  it.  It  said  on  that  fool  thing, — '^len 
can  vote ;  why  should  not  I  ?'  " 

We  don't  want  to  be  in  the  same  kind  of  a  trap  that  that  man  was ! 
The  Christian  citizens  of  this  country  must  refuse  to  carry  or  accept  a 
banner  in  politics  without  knowing  what  is  on  it,  or  anything  which  they 
may  be  ashamed  of,  as  is  done  so  very,  very  often  by  many  persons,  and 
they  don't  know  of  it  until  too  late. 

Christian  citizens  must  make  good  in  politics.  We  are  going  to  make 
good  in  politics.  This  thing  hasn't  come  with  a  "spurt."  It  has  been 
growing  on  us  for  more  than  112  years,  and  there  are  more  people  doing 
more  Christian  things  to-day  than  ever  before,  in  the  whole  history  of 
the  Christian  republic.  This  fight  is  won  at  last,  and  now  all  we  have 
got  to  do  is  to  carry  forward  this  work,  and  be  true  to  ourselves,  and 
diligent  in  the  business  of  serving  our  country  in  the  greatest  enterprise 
that  the  church  of  Jesus  Christ  ever  had  upon  its  hands.  And  with  the 
country  dry  by  the  official  declaration  of  the  Secretar}^  of  State,  with 
thirty-five  States  dry  by  their  own  political  volition,  and  with  all  of  the 
Christian  people  of  the  country  lined  up  in  a  solid  mass  against  the  liquor 
traffic,  to  exterminate  this  enemy  of  the  public,  and  with  capital  back  of 
us,  and  with  splendid  talent  arrayed  on  our  side,  and  with  labor  begin- 
ning to  come  in  our  direction,  and  the  scientists  of  the  world,  of  any 
repute,  in  our  camp,  anrl  with  woman  suffrage  looming  up  large  all  over 
the  country,  and  all  over  the  world,  for  that  matter,  and  with  the  voice 
of  civilization  cheering  us  on,  we  simply  cannot  lose  this  fight  imless  we 
turn  tail  and  prove  poltroons  in  the  greatest  opportunity  that  the  Church 
has  ever  had  upon  her  hands. 

I  thank  you,  ever  so  much. 

The  CHAIRMAX  :  Just  2^  moment ;  let  us  adjourn  to-night  in 
order.  W'e  have  come  to  the  closing  hour  and  the  closing  moment  of 
this  Congress.  I  wish  that  I  could  say  what  it  is  in  my  heart  to  say, 
but  I  dare  not  try  it ;  I  will  not  attempt  it  at  this  hour.  The  Chair  has 
had  some  hard  duties  during  the  week  that  has  passed.  He  has  had  a 
lot  of  pleasant  ones,  too.  But  I  venture  the  assertion  that  none  of  you 
know  the  hardest  job  of  the  chairman  during  the  whole  life  of  the  con- 
vention or  Congress,  and  that  was  to  be  in  the  Congress,  and  be  in  the 
chair,  and  unable  to  make  a  speech !  I  dare  not  try  it  to-night.  I  will 
say  at  the  last  to  our  friends  from  abroad  that  we  are  glad,  more  than 
glad,  more  than  we  can  adequately  express,  that  you  have  come  to  us  and 
have  been  our  guests.  We  bid  you  an  affectionate  farewell  for  the  time, 
and  we  wish  you  a  safe  journey  to  your  several  countries  and  homes. 
We  hope  to  meet  you  in  the  next  Congress,  and  we  bid  you  Godspeed 
in  the  work  which  you  go  to  do,  and  we  hope  that  great  success  will  at- 

488 


tend  your  efforts  in  the  promotion  of  this  reform.  We  shall  think  of 
the  pleasant  times  which  we  have  had  together  here  both  now  and  in 
the  past.    And  so,  we  can  only  say  to  you — "God  bless  you  till  we  meet 


agam  \ 

The  Fifteenth  International  Congress  Against  Alcoholism  is  ad- 
journed and  we  hope  to  meet  you  again  at  Lausanne,  Switzerland,  in 
the  Sixteenth  Congress  next  year.     Good  night! 


489 


REPRESENTATIVES  OF  FOREIGN  GOVERNMENTS 

AT  THE  FIFTEENTH  INTERNATIONAL 

CONGRESS  AGAINST  ALCOHOLISM 


ARGENTINE  REPUBLIC 

Le  Breton,  Dr.  Thomas  A.  (Ambassador) 

BELGIUM 

Symon,  C.   (Counselor) 
Silvercruys,  Robert  (Attache) 
Ley,  Dr.  August 

BOLIVIA 

Calcleron,  Don  Ignatio  (Mviister) 
Cortadellas,  Alberto  (Charge  d' Affaires) 

BULGARIA 

Panaretoff,  Stephen   (Minister) 

CANADA 

Lemieux,  Sir  Frangois 
Grant,  Dr.  Andrew 

CHILE 

del  Rio,  Felix  Nieto 
Montenegro,  Ernesto 
Pinochet,  Tancredo 
Salcedo,  Severe 
Urbina,  Vicente  Valdivia 

CHINA 

Koo,  Vi  Kyuin  Wellington  (Minister) 
Wei,  Wen  Pin  (Secretary) 

CUBA 

Cespedes,  Dr.  Carlos  Manuel  de  (Minister) 

CZECHO-SLOVAKIA 

Driinc,  Karcl 
Zmrhal,  Professor 

DENMARK 

Rrun,  C.   (Minister) 
Ottosen,  Dr.  Carl  Surmullet 

ECUADOR 

Klizalde,  Dr.  Don  Rafael  H.  (Minister) 

ENGLAND 

Ccdfles,  Sir  Auckland  (Ambassador) 
Craigie,  R.  L.  (First  Secretary) 

FINLAND 

lives,  Judge  E.   (Counselor) 
Helenius-Seppala,  Dr.  Matti 

491 


FRANCE 

Aleteil,  Dr.  Jean 

GREECE 

Tsamados,  M. 

GUATEMALA 

Mendez,  Don  Joaquin  (Minister) 

HOLLAND 

Slotemaker  de  Bruine,  Dr.  J.  R. 

HONDURAS 

Guitcrrez,  Don  J.  Antonio  Lopez  (Minister) 

NICARAGUA 

Zavala,  Don  r^Ianuel  (Charge  d' Affaires) 

NORWAY 

Bryn,  H.  H.   (Minister) 
Vogt,  Dr.  Ragnar 

PANAMA 

Le  Fevre,  Don  J.  E.  (Secretary) 

PERSIA 

Abdul  Ali  Khan  Sadigh-es-Saltaneh   (Minister) 

PERU 

Gibson,  Carlos  D. 

POLAND 

Kwapeszenski,  M.  (Counselor) 

SALVADOR 

Sol,  Dr.  Don  Salvador  (Minister) 

SERBS,  CROATS  AND  SLOVENES 

Growitch.  Dr.  Slavko  Y.  (Minister) 
Staitch,  Georges  K.   (Secretary) 

SIAM 

James,  Eldon  R.  (Minister) 

SPAIN 

Riano  y  Gayangos,  Don  Juan  {Ambassador) 
Duran,  Jerman  Royo 

SWEDEN 

Ekengren,  W.  A.  F.  (Minister)    ' 
Thunberg.  Dr.  Torsten  Ludwig 

SWITZERLAND 

Jenny,  Conrad  (Charge  d' Affaires) 
Hercod,  Dr.  Robert 
Aling,  Dr.  Peter  A. 

URUGUAY 

Dulio,  Vicente  Mines 

VENEZUELA 

Dominici,  Dr.  Don  Santos  A.  (Minister) 
Requena,  Dr.  Rafael 


492 


LIST  OF  DELEGATES 

TO  THE  FIFTEENTH  INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS 

AGAINST  ALCOHOLISM 


AUSTRALIA 

Sheldon,  Mark. 

AUSTRIA 

Ude,  Professor,  University  of  Gratz,  Gratz. 

BELGIUM 

Vullings,  Rev.  Father. 

CANADA 

REPRESENTING   THE   DOMINION    ALLI.\NCE 

Bengough,  John  Wilson,  Toronto,  Ontario. 
Flumerfelt,  Miss  Myrtle,  Toronto,  Ontario. 
MacPherson,  Rev.  Donald,  Port  Hood,  Nova  Scotia. 
More,  Rev.  Dr.  T.  Albert,  Toronto,  Ontario. 
Spence,  Miss  Ruth  E.,  Toronto,  Ontario. 
Williamson,  I.  W.,  Toronto,  Ontario. 

REPRESENTING   OTHER   ORGANIZATIONS 

Jamieson,  ]\Irs.  W.  A.    (Sous  of  Temperance),  Thornton,  Ontario. 
McLeod,  Rev.  Archibald  A.  (Sons  of  Teinpce.),  Dundas,  New  Brunswick. 
MacPherson,  Rev.  Donald   (Priests'  Total  Abst.  League),  Port  Hood,  N.  i 
Spence,  Rev.  Ben  H.    (World's  Prohibition  League),  Toronto. 
Stavert,  Rev.  R.  Hensley  (Sons  of  Temperance),  Hunter  River,  P.  E.  I. 
Thomas,  Rev.  B.  H.   (Sons  of  Temperance),  Dorchester,  New  Brunswick. 
Trice,  William  A.   (Sons  of  Temperance),  Toronto. 
Yokes,  Miles  (World  League  Against  Alcoholism),  Toronto. 

CHILE 

Valdivia,  Lucila.  Chilean  Embassy. 

Valdivia,  Maria  Mumoz,  Chilean  Embassy. 

Valdivia,  Vicente,  Colierno  de  Chile. 

CHINA 

Chau  Eu  Lin,  Herman,  Honyang,  HuPeh. 
Tsiany,  Ley,  Human. 

COLOMBIA 

I'etancourt,  Hon.  Julio. 

DENMARK 

Larsen-Ledet,  Lars,  Copenhagen,  Denmark. 

DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC 

(jalvan.  Dr.  Luis. 

493 


LIST  OF  DELEGATES  ] 

ENGLAND 

Xeild,  Theodore,  J.  P.,  Grange  Court,  Leorxiinster,  England. 

Saleeby,  Dr.  C.  W.,  lo  Campden  Mansions,  Kensington,  London,  W8. 

Slack,  Miss  Agnes,  Ripley,  Derbyshire,  England. 

FRANCE 

Gallienne,  Pastor  Georges,  53  Bis,  Rue  Saint-Lazare,  Paris. 
Legrain,  Dr.  Paul  Maurice,  Asile  de  Villejuif,  Paris. 

HOLLAND 

Crommelin.  ^liss  Henriette  \V.,  Kersbergen,  Holland. 

HONDURAS 

Bonilla,  Dr.  P.,  Xew  York  City. 

Valle,  Rafael  Heliodoro,  3028  Xeward  St.,  Cleveland  Park,  D.  C. 

ITALY 

Amaldi,  Dr.  P. 

JAPAN 

Yamaguchi,  Dr.  Minosuke  (National  Temp.  League  of  Japan),  100  Prescott 
Ave.,  Xew  York  City. 

KOREA 

Roe,    Chungil    Yhan,    Chimampo,    Korea. 

MEXICO 

Velasco,  Rev.  Epigmenio,  Gante  X'o.  5,  Mexico  Cit}-. 

NEW  ZEALAND 

Fowlds,  Hon.  Geo.,  Greystonknowe,  Auckland,  X'ew  Zealand. 
Fowlds,  Miss  A.,  Greystonknowe,  Auckland,  Xew  Zeanland. 

NORV/AY 

Solnordal,  Advocate  Ole  S..  Christiania,  Xorway. 

PERU 

Algorto,  Rev.  Ruperto,  Lima,  Peru. 

POLAND 

Glass,  ^L 

Golinska,  Dr.   Mme.  Dazj-nska. 

Praybyneurki,  Wattes  S.,  1930  California  Ave.  X.  W.,  Washington. 

RUSSIA 

Bakhmeteff,  Boris. 

SCOTLAND 

Xaisniith,  Wm.  W.,  57  Hamilton  Drive,  Glasgow. 
Rea,  Thomas,  Mount  Pleasant,  Bothwell,  Scotland. 

SOUTH  AFRICA 

Cook,  Dr.  A.  J.,  Muizenberg,  South  Africa. 

SWEDEN 

Bjorkman,  Senator  Alexis,   Stockholm,   Sweden. 

URUGUAY 

Acevedo,  Dr.  \^arela,  Montevideo,  Uruguay. 
Pusci,   Francisco  M.,   Montevideo.   Uruguay. 

UNITED  STATES  OFFICIAL  DELEGATES  TO  THE  CONGRESS 
Barklev,  Hon.  Alben  W.,  Representative  from  Kentucky,  Paducah,  Kentucky. 
Beane,'Rev.  Father  J.  G.,  Pres.  C.  T.  A.  U.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

494 


LIST  OF  DELEGATES.  ) 

Callahan,  Col.  P.  H.,  Louisville,  Ky. . 

Fess,  Hon.  S.  D.,  Representative  from  Ohio, 

Gordon,  Miss  Anna,  Pres.  Nat'l  W.  C.  T.  U.,  Evanston,  111. 

Kelly,  Dr.  H.  O.,  Johns  Hopkins  Hospital,  Baltimore,  Md. 

Kenyon,  Hon.  William  S.,  Senator  from  Iowa. 

Milliken,  Hon.  Carl  E.,  Governor  of  Maine,  Augusta,  Maine. 

Russell,  Dr.  Howard  H.,  Ass.  Gen.  Supt.,  Anti-Saloon  League,  Westerville,  Ohio. 

Stoddard,  Miss  Cora  Frances,  Exec.  Sec'y,  Scientific  Tern.  Fed.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Yost,  Mrs.  L.  L.,  Legislative  Supt.  Nat'l  W.  C.  T.  U.,  Washington. 

DELEGATES  APPOINTED  TO   THE   CONGRESS 
STATE  OF  ALABAMA 

APPOINTED  BY  GOVERNOR 

Beckwith,  Bishop  C.  M.,  Montgomery    McCoy,   Mrs.  J.    B.,    Birmingham 
Craighead,   Hon.   Erwin,    Mobile  Partlow,  Dr.  W.  D.,  Tuscaloosa 

Crawford,   Geo.   Gordon,   Birmingham    Sanders,  Mrs.  W.  T.,  Athens 
Ledbetter,  Mrs.  E.  W.,  Anniston  Thomas,  Judge    W.    H.,    Montgomery 

Wyman,  Dr.  B.  L.,  Birmingham. 

REPRESENTING  ORGANIZATIONS 

Branscomb,  Dr.  L.  C.  (M.  E.  Church  South),  Birmingham. 

Jeffries,  Mrs.  Mary   (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Birmingham. 

Lokey,  A.  F.  (Alabama  State  Proliib.  Conini.),  Birmingham. 

STATE  OF  ARKANSAS 

APPOINTED  BY   GOVERNOR 

Sellers,  Chas.  L.,  Little  Rock. 

REPRESENTING   ORGANIZATIONS 

Dorsey,  Mrs.  Andrew    {W.  C.  T.   U.),  Newport. 

Fuller,  Minnie  V.  Rutherford    (IV.   C.   T.   V.),  Empalive,  Sonora,  Mexico. 

Graves,  Mrs.  Ruth  {W.  C.  T.  U.),  Mansfield. 

Logan,  Mrs.  Eskridge  {W.  C.  T.  U.),  Prescott. 

Markwell,  Mrs.  Lulu  A.  (IV.  C.  T.  U.),  Little  Rock. 

Miller,  Dr.  A.  C.   (M.  E.  Church  South),  Little  Rock. 

Pittman,  Mrs.  Jennie  C.  (IV.  C.  T.  U.),  Prescott. 

STATE   OF   CALIFORNIA 

APPOINTED  BY  GOVERNOR 

Condit,  Mr.  Fillmore,  Long  Beach  Dorr,  Mrs.  Sara  J.,  San   Francisco 

Stoddard,  Mrs.  Helen  M.,  Los  Angeles. 

REPRESENTI  NG   ORGANIZATIONS 

Thwing,  Rev.  E.  W.  (International  Reform  Bureau),  Pasadena. 
Whiting,  Miss  Theodosia   (W.  C.  T.  U.),  San  Francisco. 
Warren,  Kenjon,  Pasadena. 

STATE  OF  COLORADO 

APPOINTED  BY   GOVERNOR 

Huiigcrford,  Mrs.  Adrianne,  Denver       Larson,  Henry  A. 
Johnston,  Mrs.  Hobart,  Denver  Matthews,    Estclle,   Denver 

REPRESENTING   ORGANIZATIONS 

Phifer,  Dr.  W.  C.  (Anti-Saloon  League),  Denver,  Colo. 

495 


LIST  OF  DELEGATES 
STATE  OF  CONNECTICUT 

APPOIXTED  BY  GOVERNOR 

Brissmade,  Jno.   C,  Washington  Holt,  Thos.,  Newington 

Cleaveland,   Livingston   VV.,   New  Minor,  Mrs.  Anna  Rogers,  Waterford 

Haven  Perry,  John  H.,  Southport 

Goss,  John  H.,  Waterbury  Reed,  Judge  Joel  H.,  Stafford  Springs 

Hazen,    Edward   W.,   Haddam  Root,  Dr.  Joseph  E.,  Hartford 

Hohenthal,     E.     L.     G.,    South     Man-  Spooner,  H.  H.,  Kensington 

Chester  Tatem.  John  M.,  Eastford 
Wilson,  Mrs.  Mary  B.,  Plantsville. 

REPRESENTING  0RGANIZ.\TI0NS 

Bachelor,  Theodore   (IV.  C.  T.  U.),  West  Willington. 

Baedor,  Mrs.  Anna  R.    (Div.  Sous  of  Temp.),  Hartford. 

Beach,  Chas.  L.   {Conn.  Prohibition  Committee),  Bridgeport. 

Boyle,  Wm.  D.  (Y.  M.  T.  A.  and  B.  Society),  New  Britain. 

Brodin,  August  (/.  O.  G.  T.  Grand  Lodge),  211  Fairview  St..  New  Britain. 

Burr,  Louis  St.  C.  (Conn.  Proh.  Committee),  West  Center  St.,  So.  Manchester. 

Coe,  Rev.  Henry  D.    {No.  Bapt.  Conven.),  Bristol. 

Cook,  Mrs.  F.  E.  (C.  T.  U.  of  Conn.),  16  E.  Main  St.,  Waterbury. 

Darling,  Mrs.  F.  Jeannette   (East  Danbnry   IV.  C.   T.   U.),  38  Homestead  Ave., 

Danbury. 
Downs,  Mrs.  Alta  H.  (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Bethany. 
Engign,  Josephy  R.   (Conn.   Temp.   Union),  Simsbury. 
Fenner,  Mrs.  Geo.  P.  {Conn.  Proh.  Com.),  New  London. 
Fielder,  Mrs.  Edna   {W.  C.  T.  U.  of  Conn.),  Danbury. 
Gordon,  Mrs.  David   (IV.  C.  T.  U.),  Hazardville. 

Hohenthal,  E.  L.  G.  (Conn.  Proh.  Comm.  and  Xat'l  Div.  Sons).  South  Manchester. 
Kehoe,  T.  H.  {St.  Paul's  T.  A.  B.  Society),  New  Britain. 
Lasher,  Walter  B.  (Conn.  Temp.  Union),  697  Clinton  Ave. 
Lynch,  Wm.  J.  (C.  T.  A.  U.),  136  South  St.,  Danbury. 
Mansfield,  Jas.  H.   (Conn.  Temp.  Union),  West  Cheshire. 
Marcy,  Mrs.  E.  H.   (Great  Plain  W.  C.  T.  U.),  Danbury. 
McCloskey,  Thos.  E.  (C.  T.  A.  U.  of  A.),  Danbury. 
Murray,  Alice  (C.  T.  A.  U.  of  A.),  New  Haven. 
Newton,  Mrs.  Hattie  M.  (Conn.  W.  C.  T.  U.),  Durham. 
Nuttell,  Miss  IMartha  (Sons  of  Temp.),  Hartford. 
O'Brien,  Hon.  ^Matthew    (Conn.  Prohib.  Comm.),  Bridgeport. 
Patcher,  Mrs.  Camelia,  Danbury. 

Piatt,  Grace  Curtiss  {Conn.  W.  C.  T.  U.),  Bridgeport. 
Richards,  Mrs.  Edward   {Conn.  Prohib.  Comm.),  Orange. 
Richter,  Rev.  G.  E.   {Conn.  Prohib.  Comm.),  Darion. 
Robertson,  J.  T.   {Conn.  Temp.  Union),  Manchester. 
Schriver,  Hon.  Lester  O.   {Conn.  Prohib.  Comm.),  Middletown. 
Tynan,  John  J.  (C.  T.  A.  U.  of  A.),  Middletown. 
Welles,  Mrs.  Mary  E.   (C.  T.  U.  of  Conn.),  Wethersfield. 
Welles,  Mr.  E.  Stanley  (Conn.  Temp.  Union),  Newington. 
Woodman,  Mrs.  T.  G.  {W.  C.  T.  U.),  New  Haven. 

496 


LIST  OF  DELEGATES 
STATE  OF  DELAWARE 

APPOINTED  BY   GOVERNOR 

Cordrey,  Mrs.  Ella  D.,  Harrington  AlcCrown,     Mrs.     Anna    A.,     Middle- 

Donnell,   Mrs.   Mary  B.,  Newark  town 

Hofifecker,     Mrs.     Clara     A.,     Middle-    Messick,    Mrs.    Lena   M.,    Bridgeville 
town  Pierce,   Mrs.   Georgia  Grier,   Milford 

Prettyman,  E.  C,  100  W.  8th  St.,  Wilmington. 

REPRESENTING   ORGANIZATIONS 

Jones,  Mrs.  Elva  (Timelier  ff.  C.  T.  U.),  Wilmington. 
Pierce,  Mrs.  James  P.  (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Milford. 
Sergeant,  Mrs.  Annie  V.   (IV.  C.  T.  U.),  Wilmington. 
Theldrake,  ]\Irs.  John   (fT.  C.   T.   U.).  Harrington. 

DISTRICT   OF  COLUMBIA 

REPRESENTING   ORGANIZATIONS 

Alden,  Russell  (United  Lutheran  Church  of  A)iierica),  Washington. 

Allison,  Mrs.  James  A.   (Dist.  Columbia  W.  C.  T.  L^),  Washington. 

Anderson,  Mrs.  E.  E.  (Seventh  Day  Adv.  Denom.),  Takoma  Park. 

Andross,  E.  E.  (Seventh  Day  Adv.  Denom.),  Takoma  Park. 

Besson,  Miss  Adele  X,  1329  14th  St.,  X.  W. 

BesSbn,  E.  John  (Anti-Saloon  League),  1329  14th  St.,  X.  W. 

Besson,  J.  F.    (Anti-Saloon  League),  1329  14th  St.,  X.  W. 

Bagby,  Rev.  Edward  B.  (Brd.  of  Temp.  Welfare  of  Ch.  of  Christ),  1644  Park  Rd. 

Bailey,  Mrs.  L.  H.  (Georgetown  JV.  C.  T.  U.),  Washington. 

Beesle)-,  Thos.  Q.  (Asst.  to  Committee  of  Congress),  Washington. 

Benhoff,  Mary  E.  (Anacostia  W.  C.  T.  U.),  I345  Valley  Place  S.  E. 

Bishop,  Arthur  G.  (Brd.  of  Temp.  Welfare  Ch.  of  Christ),  325  loth  X.  E. 

Blaine,  Suessa  B.  Mrs.   (American  Exc.  Comm.),  1303  3rd  St.  X.  ^y. 

Briggs,  Rev.  Jno.  E.   (So.  Bap.  Coiiv.,  So.  Bap.),  Washington. 

Brimer,  Mrs.  Ida   (Metropolitan   W.   C.   T.   U.),  Washington. 

Bryan,  Rev.  J.  Franklin  (M.  P.  Ch.  and  D.  C.  Anti-Saloon  League),  19  9th  S.  E. 

Butler,  Rev.  Geo.  A.  (Anti-Saloon  League  of  D.  C),  229  2nd  S.  E. 

Busher,  Mrs.  A.   (W.  C.  T.  U.),  3550  Warder  St.,  N.  W. 

Carroll,  Prof.  Mitchell,  Ph.   D.    (/;;/.  Nafl  Reform  Bu.),  Biltmore  Apts. 

Carl,  Mrs.  Linnie  (Young  People's  Br.  of  W.  C.  T.  U.),  Washington. 

Cave,  Rev.  P.  A.  (Brd.  of  Temp.  Welfare  of  Ch.  of  Christ),  loio  Va.  Ave.  S.  W. 

Chase,  Fannie  D.  (Seventh  Day  Adv.),  Takoma  Park. 

Church,  Laura  R.  (Intcmat'l  Order  of  G.  T.),  408  Clifton  Terrace  X.  W. 

Clark,  Lindley  S.,   11 24  Park  Rd.  X.  W. 

Clark,  Rev.  Lucius  C,  D.  D.  (Int.  Nat'l  Reform  Bu.),  Iowa  Apts. 

Clark,  Dora  B.  (Bd.  of  Suppression  of  Liquor  Traffic),  1124  Park  Rd. 

Coggin,  Rev.  J.   X.   C.    (Colored  Bd.  of   Temp.   Proh.  and  Public  Morals),  204 

Pa.  Ave.,  S.  E. 
Cooksey,  P.  J.   (Eagle  Tent  L  O.  Rcchabitcs),  139  Thos.  St.  X.  W. 
Crafts,  Rev.  Wilbur  F.,  Ph.D.  (Int.  Reform  Bureau),  206  Pa.  Ave.  S.  E. 
Crafts,  Mrs.  Wilbur  F.  (/;;/.  Reform  Bureau),  206  Pa.  Ave.  S.  E. 
Criswell.  Mrs.  Eva  C.  (Emma  Shcltou  W.  C.  T.  [/.),  530  Shepherd  St. 
Cusick.  Mrs.  Jennie  (Frances  E.  Willard  Union  W.  C.  T.  U.),  loi  8th  St.  X.  E. 
Dinwiddie,  Rev.  Edwin  C,  D.  D.  (Lutheran  Temp.  Comm.),  1802  Laniont  St. 
Driscoll,  Mrs.  A.  J.  (C.  T.  A.  U.  of  A.),  1219  M  St. 

Drake,  Rev.  and  Mrs.  Linn   (Dre.vel  Hill  W.  C.  T.  U.),  West  Bradley  Lane. 
Duncan,  Rev.  Geo.  S.,  Ph.D.   (Int.  Reform  Bureau),  2900  7th  St.  X.  E. 

497 


Edgar,  Mrs.  J.  A.   {Mt.  Pleas.  JV.  C.  T.  U.),  I334  Harvard  St. 

Edwards,  Dr.  John  R.  (Bd.  of  Temp.  Proh.  and  Pub.  Morals),  McLachlen  Bldg. 

Edwards,  Jno.  R.   (fi(/.  of  Temp.  M.  E.  Church),  4403  Iowa  Ave. 

Ellison,  Everett  M.,  1720  M.  Street. 

Evre,  Emma  D.   {Make field  IV.  C.  T.  U.),  2552  Tunlaw  Rd. 

Farquhar,  Mrs.  Chas.  (Oakdale,  Mont.  Co.  W.  C.  T.  U.),  1324  13th  St. 

Fess,  Hon.  S.  D.  (Rep.)    (U.  S.  Official  Delegate),  House  of  Rep.,  Washington. 

Fletcher,  Mrs.  Duncan  U.  (Unitarian  Temp.  Society),  1455  Mass.  Ave. 

Fomess,  Miss  Mary  A.   (Unitarian  Temp.  Society),  1654  Euclid  St. 

Fox,  H.  P.,  4037  Xew  Hampshire  Ave. 

Foster,  Hugh  B.  (United  Society  of  Chris.  End.),  11  loth  St.  S.  E. 

Galliher,  \Vm.  T.  (Bd.  of  Temp.  Proh.  and  Pub.  Morals),  A.  Xat'l  Bank. 

Griffith,  Mrs.  Dorsey  (Laytonville  Md.  W.  C.  T.  U.),  3805  Georgia  Ave. 

Gibb,  Mrs.  Wm.  B.  (W.  C.  T.  U.  Eckington),  2104  ist  St.  X.  W. 

Gravener,  Mrs.  L.  H.,  1882  Columbia  Rd. 

Hessler,  Mrs.  Mary  A.    (Ind.  Order  of  Rcchabites),  Washington. 

Haggerty,  Wm.  A.^  Ph.D.   (Anti-Saloon  League  of  D.  C),  509  3rd  St.  X.  W. 

Haman,  Rev.  E.    (Catholic  Clergy  Proh.  League),  1908  X.  Cap.  St. 

Haves,  Mrs.  Edward  (Meth.  Epis.  Church),  808  nth  St.  X.  E. 

Hayes,  Rev.  Edward  (Meth.  Epis.  Church),  808  nth  St.  X.  E. 

Heald,  G.  H.,  M.  D.  (Seventh  Day  Adv.),  38  Sycamore  Ave.,  Takoma  Park. 

Hiatt,  J.  Edgar  (Bd.  on  Supp.  of  Liquor  Traffic),  31 16  13th  St.  X.  W.,  Wash. 

Hissey,  Mrs.  Sadie  E.   (Ind.  Order  of  Rechabites),  Washington. 

Hurdle,  T.  T.   (Ind.  Order  of  Rechabites),  Washington. 

Hutchison,  Miss  Jessie  (Nebraska  W.  C.  T,  U.),  305  D  St.,  Washington. 

Holmes,  Rexford  L.  (United  Society  of  Chris.  End.),  321-3  Southern  Bldg. 

Howell,  W.  E.   (Seventh  Day  Adv.),  Takoma  Park. 

Hull,  Mrs.  M.  C.  (A'.  W.  W.  C.  T.  U.),  The  Iowa  Apt.  13th  and  O  Sts. 

Kelley,  Rev.  Dr.  Joseph  T.  (4fh  Pres.  Church),  417  E.  Clifton  Terrace. 

Kelly,  Wm.  B.   (Ind.  Order  of  Rechabites),  Washington. 

Kendall,  Rev.  A.  B.  (A.  C.  Conv.  Chris.  Church),  806  Taylor  St.  X.  W. 

Koch,  Irving  L.  (United  Society  of  Chris.  End.),  1440  R  St.  X'.  W. 

Kress,  Dr.  D.  H.    (Am.  Med.  Soc.  for  Study  of  Alcohol  and  other  Xarcotics), 

Takoma  Park. 
Lathrop,  Julia  C.  (U.  S.  Dept.  of  Labor,  Children's  Bureau),  Washington. 
Latimer,  Lee  D.  (Anti-Saloon  League  of  D.  C),  1434  Xew  York  Ave.  X.  W. 
Lawson,  Rosetta  E.  (D.  C.  W.  C.  T.  U.  No.  2),  201 1  Vermont  Ave.  X.  W. 
Leland,  ^trs.  Mary  E.,  1716  Penna.  Ave. 

Lindlev,  D.  Clark '(Srf.  oh  Supp.  of  Liquor  Traffic  of  5  yrs.  Meeting),  1124  Pk.  Rd. 
Lineback,  Mrs.  Benj.  A.  (D.  C.  W.  C.  T.  U.),  27  U.  St.  X.  W. 
Lipscomb,  Wm  P.  (Bd.  of  Temp  Welfare  of  Ch.  Christ),  Apt.  105,  The  Ontario, 

Washington. 
Little,  Miss  C.  (So.  East  W.  C.  T.  U.),  647  IMd.  Ave.  X.  E. 

Longacre,  Rev.  Chas.  S.  (Seventh  Day  Adventists),  102  Park  Ave.,  Takoma  Park. 
Lyon,  Wm.  S.,  2921  Ordway  St.  X.  W. 
Mahoney,  M.  A.    (Ind.  Order  of  Rechabites),  Washington. 
McDonald,  Mrs.  Lucv  E.  (Ind.  Order  of  Rechabites),  Washington. 
McDowell,  Bishop  w'm.  F.  (Bd.  Temp.  Proh.  &  Pub.  Morals),  1509  i6th  St.  X.  W. 
Metz,  W.  R.  (Bd.  of  Temp.  Welfare  of  Ch.  of  Christ),  Gov't  Printing  Office. 
Miller,  Rev.  Geo.  A.  (Anti-Saloon  League  of  D.  C),  338  loth  St.  X.  E. 
Moore,  John  E.,  2713  P  St.  X.  W. 

Morris,  Miss  Grace  C.  (Columbia  W.  C.  T.  U.),  3800  14th  St.,  Apt.  411. 
Mulford,  :Mrs.  Edith  E.  (Georgetown  W.  C.  T.  U.),  2552  Tunlaw  Rd. 
Xew^man,  R.  W.  (Ind.  Order  of  Rechabites).  Washington. 

O'Callaghan.  Very  Rev.  P.  J.  (Apostolic  Mission;  Treas.  Cong.)  Apostolic  Mission. 
Patterson,  D.  Stewart  (Bd.  of  Temp.  M.  E.  Church),  3921  Kansas  Ave.  X*.  W. 

498 


LIST  OF  DELEGATES 

Parks,  Mrs.  Isabella  (Hamlin  IF.  C.  T.  U.),  2463  6th  St. 

Paulette,  Mrs.  R.  H.  (IV.  C.  T.  U.),  3728  Jocelyn  St.  Chevy  Chase. 

Peer\',  Mrs.  D.  Carnahan  (IV.  C.  T.  U.,  Coburn,  Va.),  2100  Mass.  Ave.  X.  W. 

Pickens,    ^Irs.   Mary   Drown    (Bd.   of   Temp.    Welfare   of   Ch.    of   Christ),   1831 

Calif.  St. 
Pickett,  Deets  (Bd.  of  Temp.  Proh.  and  Pub.  Morals),  204  Pa.  Ave.  S.  E. 
Pierce,  Rev.  U.  G.  B.,  D.  D.  (Unitarian  Temp.  Society),  1748  Lament  St. 
Pollock,  :^Irs.  N.  M.  (D.  C.  IV.  C.  T.  U.),  13  R  St.  N.  E. 
Prvor,  Aliss  Mary  E.  (IV.  C.  T.  U.  No.  2),  1321  27th  St.  X.  E. 
Ramsey,  Mrs.  W.  H.   (Cap.  Hill  IV.  C.  T.  U.),  813  Mass.  Ave.  X.  E. 
Reed,  David  (Int.  Reform  Bureau),  206  Pa.  Ave.  S.  E. 
Rohrer,  Rev.  Freeley   (Metropolitan  Pres.  Church),  17  5th  St.  S.  E. 
Robinson,  W.  J.  H.  (Ind.  Order  of  Rechabites),  Washington. 
Ross,  !Mrs.  I.  X.  (A.  M.  E.  Ch.  Missionarx  Soc),  1615  15th. 
Scott,  Mrs.  Alma  J.  (JV.  C.  T.  U.,  D.  C,  No.  2),  389  Rhode  Island  Ave. 
Shoemaker,  Albert  E.  (Ind.  Order  of  Good  Templars),  Washington. 
Shoemaker,  A.  E.   (Md.  and  Va.  Grand  Lodge  I.  O.  G.   T.),  631-33  Woodward 

Bldg.,  Washington. 
Silva,  Felix  M.,  413  Randolph  Street. 

Slavton,  Miss  Martha,  Horseheads,  X.  Y. ;  1669  Columbia  Road. 
Sm'ith,  Rev.  W.  F.   (Bd.  Temp.  Welfare  of  Ch.  of  Christ),  629  Park  Rd. 
Smith,  Walter  F.   (Christian  Church),  449  Park  Road. 

Snell,  Mrs.  Mary  C.  (N.  E.  Suburban  IV.  C.  T.  U.),  2117  Kearnev  St.  X.  E. 
Solbach,  Mrs.  Leo  W.  (Mt.  Plea.'!.  Y.  P.  B.  of  W.  C.  T.  U.),  3224  13th  St.  X.  W. 
Sorrell,  Richard  H.   (Ind.  Order  of  Rechabites),  Washington. 
Sullivan,  Mark,  86  Home  Life  Bldg. 
Steck,  Rev.  Charles  F.  (Lutheran  Church),  1509  U  St. 
Suter,  Jesse  C.  (/.  O.  G.  T.),  Takoma  Park,  7312  Blair  Rd. 
Thompson,  Fannie  T.  (W.  C.  T.  U.),  411  T  St.  X.  W. 
Thrift,  Hugh  A.  (Anti-Saloon  League),  Union  Trust  Bldg. 
Tupper,   Rev.    Henry   Allan,    D.  D.    (Com.   on   Social   Sen'ice,   So.    Bap.   Conv.), 

Washington. 
Watson,  Rev.  E.  O.   (Federal  Council  of  Churches),  Washington. 
Wheeler,  Wavne  B.  (Anti-Saloon  League  of  America),  32  Bliss  Bldg.,  Wash. 
Wilflev,  Rev.'Earle  (Bd.  of  Temp.  Welfare  of  Ch.  of  Christ),  1483  Harvard  St. 
Williams,  Mrs.  E.  V.  C.  (W.  C.  T.  U.  No.  2),  1523  Corcoran  St.  X.  E. 
Williams,  Rev.  G.  Ellis  (Bd.  Temp.  Proh.  and  Pub.  Morals),  4216  X.  H.  Ave. 
Williams,  Chas.  (Ind.  Order  of  Rechabites),  Washington. 

Williams,  H.  E.  (Com.  on  Temp,  and  Pub.  Morals  of  Univ.  Ch.),  The  Rockingham. 
Williams,  Mrs.  Therie  A.   (D.  C.  W.  C.  T.  U.),  The  Rockingham,  Wash. 
Wilson,  Andrew  (Anti-Saloon  League  of  D.  C),  804  Woodward  Bldg. 
Wilson,   Rev.  Clarence  True    (fed.   Council  of  Churches  of  Christ  of  A.),  204 

Pa.  Ave.  S.  E. 
Wright,  C.  R..  1404  15th  St.  X.  W. 
Wright,  Mrs.  C.  R.,  1404  15th  St.  X.  W. 


STATE  OF  FLORIDA 

.\PP0IXTED   BY    GOVERNOR 

Game,      Mrs.      Chas.      Du,      Coconut    Webb.  Frank,  Chattahoochee 
Grove  Ncal,  Minnie  E.,  Jacksonville 

Dillard,  J.   L..  Winter  Garden 


499 


LI:>T  OF  DELEGATES 

REPRESENTING   ORGANIZATIONS 

Doig,  Mrs.  Nellie  H.    (W.  C.  T.  U.  Fla.),  Archer. 

LaMance,  Mrs.  Lora  S.  (W.  C.  T.  U.  Fla.),  Lake  Wales. 

Lawrence,  Mrs.  Effie  M.  (W.  C.  T.  U.  Fla.),  Coconut  Grove. 

Potts,  Mary  (Sec'y  of  Fla.  No.  2),  Sanford. 

Preston,  Mrs.  Frances  E.  {W.  C.  T.  U.  No.  2)   Sanford. 

Reade,  Mrs.  Stephen  F.  {St.  Andre's  Episcopal  CIi.),  Fort  Pierce. 

Tilghman,  W.  G.   (Anti-Saloon  League),  Palatke. 

Usleman,  C.  T.  (Anti-Saloon  League),  Jacksonville. 

STATE   OF   GEORGLV 

APPOINTED   BY   GOVERNOR 

Armor,  Mrs.  Mary  Harris,  Crawford-  Magath,  Mrs.  Julius,  Oxford. 

ville.  McElreath,   Hon.   Walter,  Atlanta. 

Burghard,  Mrs.  August,  Macon.  Stovall,  Dr.  A.  S.  J.,  Elberton. 

Dillard,    Mrs.    Leila,    Emory    Univer-  Thomas,  Dr.  J.  A.,  Columbus. 

sity,  Atlanta.  Upshaw,  Hon  W.  D.,  Atlanta. 

Grififin,  Miss  M.  Theresa,  Columbus.  White,  W.  Woods,  Atlanta. 

Hardman,  Hon.  G.  L.,  Commerce.  Williams,   Mrs.   Marvin,   Atlanta. 

Harris,  Gov.  N.  E.,  Macon  Witham,   W.    S.,   Atlanta. 

Holder,  Hon.  John  N.,  Jefferson.  Wright,  Rev.  J.  B.,  Cairo 

REPRESENTING   ORGANIZATIONS 

Birdson,  B.  Otis,  Hawkinsville. 

Johnson,  Dr.  E.  H.  (M.  E.  Church  South),  Emory  Univ.,  Atlanta. 
Jones,  Rev.  Chas.  O.,  D.  D.  (Anti-Saloon  League),  Atlanta. 
Ledbetter,  C.  M.    (Anti-Saloon  League  of  Ga.),  Waycross. 
White,  Mrs.  F.  A.   (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Demorest. 

STATE  OF   IDAHO 

APPOINTED  BY   GOVERNOR 

Drake,  Dr.  Emma  F.  A.,  Boise  Stauffer,    Mrs.    Lina,    Hope 

McCrea,  Mrs.  Mabel  J.,  Sandpoint  Wright,   Rev.   R.   B.,   Boise 

STATE  OF  ILLINOIS 

APPOINTED  BY   GOVERNOR 

Addams,  Miss  Jane,  800  S.  Halsted  St.,  O'Callaghan,    Very    Rev.    P.    J.,    Chi- 

Chicago  cago 

Adler,  Dr.  Herman  M.,  1812  W.  Polk  Read,    Dr.    Chas.    F.,    Chicago    State 

St.,  Chicago  Hosp.,  Dunning 

Gordon,    Aliss   Anna,   Pres.,   Natl.   W.  Sears,  Miss  Amelia,  1305  Astor  Street 

C.    T.   U.,    (U.   S.    Official  Delegate),  Singer,    Dr.    H.    Douglas,    Chicago 

Evanston  State  Hosp.,  Dunning 

Grimstead,    Dr.   Wm.   F.,    Pres.    S.    M.  Wilson,  Alonzo  E.,  Wheaton 

S.,  Cairo  Ward,   Prof.   Henry  B.,  University  of 

Hinton,    Dr.    Ralph    T.,    Elgin    State  111.,   Urbana 

Hospital,  Elgin  Yarros,    Dr.    Rachel,    800    S.    Halsted 

Michell,   Dr.   Geo.   W.,    Peoria  St.,  Chicago 
Norbury,   Dr.   Frank   P.,   Springfield. 

Zeller,  Dr.  Geo.  A.,  State  Hosp.,  Alton. 

REPRESENTING  ORGANIZATIONS 

Bennett,  Wm.  S.  (Committee  Prom.  Temp.  Legislation),  Chicago. 
Brankin,  Mrs.  Alila  L.  (Knights  of  Father  Mathew),  Joliet. 

.500 


LIST  OF  DELEGATES 

Brooks,  Mrs.  D.  K.  {K)iiglits  of  Fatlier  Mathew),  Chicago. 

Burke,  Miss  May  {Knights  of  Father  Mathew),  Bloomington. 

Callahan,  Mrs.  Mary  E.   (C  T.  A.  Union),  Chicago. 

Carney,  Mary  A.  {Knights  of  Father  Mathew),  Chicago. 

Christgau,  Mrs.  Elsie  {W.  C.  T.  U.),  Glen  Ellyn. 

Christgau,  O.  G.  {Anti-Saloon  League),  Glen  Ellyn. 

Clee,  Robert  E.  {Anti-Saloon  League),  Chicago. 

Deane,  Miss  Julia  F.    {IV.  C.  T.  U.),  Evanston. 

Ebbert,  Frank   {Anti-Saloon  League),  Washington. 

Foley,  Miss  Mar\^   {C.  T.  A.  Union),  Chicago. 

Gordon,  Miss  Anna  A.  {IV.  C.  T.  U.),  Evanston. 

Gordon,  Miss  E.  P.  {W.  C.  T.  U.),  Evanston. 

Hinshaw,  Virgil  G.  {Prohibition  Committee),  LeGrange. 

Hoening,  W.  B.  {W.  C.  T.  U.),  Evanston. 

Hood,  Miss  Helen  L.   {W.  C.  T.  W-),  Chicago. 

Horning,  Mrs.  M.  B.  {W.  C.  T.  U.),  Evanston. 

Irish,  Mr.  Hugh  {Temp.  Comm.,  M.  E.  Church),  Tennessee. 

Irish,  Mrs.  Hugh  {Temp.  Comm.^  M.  E.  Church),  Tennessee. 

Meany,  Mrs.  Catherine  {Ladies  Aiix.  to  Knights  of  Father  Mathew),  Springfield. 

McBride,  F.  Scott  {Anti-Saloon  League  of  III),  Chicago. 

Milner,  Rev.  Duncan  C.  {State  of  III.  and  Presby.  Ch.),  Chicago. 

Minns,  Margaret  C.  {W.  C.  T.  U.),  Evanston. 

Norton,  Mrs.  Thomas    {Catholic  Total  Abstinence),  Joliet. 

Norton,  Mrs.  Barbara  (C  T.  A.  Union),  Chicago. 

O'Connor,  Alida  H.  (C  T.  A.  Union),  Chicago. 

Parks,  ]\Irs.  Frances  P.  {W.  C.  T.  U.),  Evanston. 

Phillips,  Vernon  L.  Mrs.  {Inter-Collegiate  Proh.  Asso.),  Chicago. 

Piatt,  Margaret  B.  {Nat'l  IV.  C.  T.  U.),  Evanston. 

Post,  Alice  Thacher  {Jane  Adams,  Hull  House),  Chicago. 

Schmitz,  Mrs.  J.  A.   {Total  Abstinence  Society),  Chicago. 

Scrogin,  A.  J.  {Anti-Saloon  League),  Lexington. 

Shaw,  Mrs.  and  Mr.  Mark  B.   {Inter-Collegiate  Proh.  A.<;soc.),  Chicago. 

Shaw,  Mrs.  Elton  R.  {Inter-Collegiate  Proh.  Assoc),  Chicago. 

Sheedy,  Miss  Ella  {Catholic  Total  Abstinence),  Chicago. 

Whelan,  Miss  Mary  {Catholic  Total  Abstinence),  Chicago. 

Williams,  Dr.  Elmer  Lynn  (Inter-Collegiate  Proh.  Assoc),  Chicago. 

STATE  OF   INDIANA 

.APPOINTED  BY  GOVERNOR 

Bowser,   S.   F.,   Fort  Wayne  Minton,  Carl  Atty.,  Indianapolis 

Campbell,  John,  South  Bend  Nicholson,  S.   E.,  Richmond 

Clark,  Edward  W.,  Indianapolis  Schmidt,   J.    Raymond,   Indianapolis 

Haynes,  Elw-ood,  Kokomo  Sears,  Miss   Clara   M.,   Indianapolis 

McNaught,    S.    P.,    Indianapolis  Shumaker,  Dr.   E.   S.,   Indianapolis 

Vayhinger,  Mrs.  Culia  J.,  Uland. 

REPRESENTING  0RG.\NIZ.\TI0NS 

Aldrich,  Maude  M.  (Presbyterian  Church),  Winona  Lake. 
Everson,  Chas.  J.  (Ind.  Anti-Saloon  League),  Indianapolis. 
Dugnid,  Mrs.  Wilson  (JV.  C.  T.  U.),  Ray. 
Geary,  Mrs.  Alice  G.  (Grant  Co.  IV.  C.  T.  U.),  Marion. 
Hobbs,  Mrs.  C.  M.  (Hamilton  Co.  JV.  C.  T.  U.),  Carmel. 
McXeil,  Hallic  (Flying  Squadron  Foundation),  Indianai)olis. 
Miles,  Ethan  A.   (Indiana  Anti-Saloon  League),  Indianapolis. 

501 


LIST  OF  DELEGATES 

Nicholson,  S.  E.  (Bd.  of  Suppression  of  Liquor  Traffic),  Richmond, 

Robinson,  D.,  Indianapolis. 

Schmidt,  J.  Raymond  (Int.-C.  Proh.  Assoc),  Indianapolis. 

Stanley,  Mrs.  Elizabeth   (Ind.   W.  C.  T..  U.),  Liberty. 

Stewart,  Oliver  Wayne  (Flying  Squadron  Foundation),  Indianapolis. 

Zweier,  Jeannette  (Flying  Squadron  Foundation),  Indianapolis. 

STATE   OF   IOWA 

APPOINTED  BY  GOVERNOR 

Hill,  Mrs.  Ella  M.,  Des  Moines  McBeth,   P.   H.,  Des   Moines 

Hollister,   Miss  Louise  E.,  Davenport  Patterson,  Mrs.  M.  E.,  Sioux  City 

Kamrar,   Hon.  J.   L.,   Webster   City  Pilkington,  W.  J.,  Des   Moines 

Kenyon,  Hon.  Wm.   S.,    (U.  S.   Official  Sawyer,  H.  H.,  Des  Moines 

Delegate),  Washington,  D.  C.  Smith,  Mrs.  Ida  B.  Wise,  Cedar 
MacEachron,  Hon.  A.  E.,  Goldfield  Rapids 

REPRESENTING  ORGANIZATIONS 

Ballenger,  Carrie  L.  M.    (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Council  Bluffs. 

Brownson,  E.  J.    (Anti-Saloon  League),  Des  Moines. 

Carhort,  L.  D.   (W.  C.  T.  [/.),  Marion. 

Dickinson,  Hon.  L.  J.   (Congregational  Ch.  of  Algona),  Algona.- 

Ed  worthy,  Annie  M.  (JV.  C.  T.  U.),  Des  Moines. 

Holsaple,  R.   N.    (Anti-Saloon  League),  Des   Moines. 

Kearney,  Agnes  E.  (C.  T.  A.  U.  of  A.,  Dubuque  Tourist  Club),  Dubuque. 

McMillan,  C.  N.   (Anti-Saloon  League),  Sioux  City. 

McBeth,  P.  H.   (Anti-Saloon  League),  Des  Moines. 

Park,  L.  E.   (W.  C.  T.  U.)   Waterloo. 

Shadle,  Lucile  W.   (W.  C.  T.   U.),  Des  Moines. 

STATE  OF  KANSAS 

APPOINTED  BY  GOVERNOR 

Capper,  Hon.  Arthur,  Topeka  Mitchner,  Mrs.  Lillian  M.,  Topeka 

Chandlier,  Air.  C.  Q.,  Wichita  Hodges,  Hon.  Geo.  H.,  Olathe 

Condit,    H.    S.,   Topeka  Howell,   Mr.  W.  H.,  Alton 

Floyd,   C.   W.,   Sedan  Marble,  Hon.  Geo.  W.,  Fort  Scott 

Grant,  Rev.  A.  H.,  Achison  Schoonover,  Judge  Mansfield,  Garnett 

Sibbett,  Mrs.  Mary  E.,  Wichita. 

REPRESENTING  ORGANIZATIONS 

Martin,  Lauretta  (Knights  of  Father  Mathezv),  Kansas  City. 
Martin,  Mrs.  Richard,  Kansas  City. 

STATE  OF  KENTUCKY 

APPOINTED  BY  GOVERNOR 

Barkley,  Hon.  Alben  W.,    (U.  S.   Offi-Boyd,  H.  M.,  Waynesburg 

cial  Delegate),  Paducah  Callahan,  Col.  P.  H.,  Louisville 

Beauchamp,     Mrs.     Frances,     Fayette 
Park,  Lexington 

REPRESENTING  ORGANIZATIONS 

Fannie,  T.  N.   (Anti-Saloon  League),  Ashland. 

Fultz,  Mrs.  Hampden,  Louisville. 

Gibbs,  Mrs.  Guy  (Catlettsburg,  Ky.,  W.  C.  T.  U.),  Paintsville. 

Hunston,  Mrs.  Lora  T.    (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Campbellsburg. 

Irwin,  Anna  Flora  (JV.  C.  T.  U.),  Ashland. 

Jones,  Miss  Juanita   (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Wilmore. 

502 


LIST  OF  DELEGATES 

Morrison,  Dr.  Henry  C  (M.  E.  Church  South),  Wilmore. 

Pickett,  Mrs.  Ludie  Da\-,  Wilmore. 

Riffe,  Miss  Mearle  (Third  Dist.  IV.  C.  T.  U.),  Bowling  Green. 

Sams,  Melvin,  Campbellsburgh. 

Sams,  Mrs.  Lora  T.  Hunston,  Campbellsburgh. 

Shannon,  Mrs.  Rena  (JV.  C.  T.   U.),  Lexington. 

Taylor,  Xorah  B.  {W.  C.  T.  U.),  Lexington. 

Weber,  Dr.  J.  L.  (Tenn.  Anti-Saloon  League),  Paducah. 

Wheeler,  Mrs.  Anna  B.   (W.  C.  T.   U.),  Lexington. 

STATE  OF  LOUISIANA 

APPOINTED  BY  GOVERNOR 

Barr,   Dr.  J.   C,   New  Orleans  Jones,  Dr.  Caluse  L.,  Shreveport 

Barton,  Dr.  A.  J.,  Alexandria  Alanagan,  W.   H.,   West   Lake 

Bebout,   L.   L.,   New   Orleans  Morton,   O.   B.,   Monroe 

Causey,  I.  M.,  Baton  Rouge  Parsons,  J.  W.,   Mansfield 

Girard,    Crow,    LaFayette  Saxon,  Dr.  Geo.,  Shreveport 

Haas,  W.  D.,  Alexandria  Sumney,  Dr.  Geo.,  New  Orleans 

Hall,  W.  P.,  Shreveport  Turner,  Dr.  A.  W.,  Shreveport 

Joflfrion,  W.  J.,  Marksville  White,    H.    H.,   Alexandria 

REPRESENTING  ORG.^NIZ.^TIONS 

Jones,  R.  E.  Bishop   (M.  E.  Church,  New  Orleans),  New  Orleans. 

STATE  OF  MAINE 

APPOINTED  BY  GOVERNOR 

Bass,    Mrs.    Geo.    H.    (W.    C.    T.    U.),  Leavitt,     Mrs.    Gertrude    Stevens     (W. 

Wilton  C.  T.  U.),  Portland 

Bates,  Mrs.  Philip  L.,  Searsport  Libby,  Mrs.  J.  R.,  Portland 

Berry,  Rev.  W.  F.,  Waterville  MacAndres,   Mrs.  Jennie,   Calais 

Butler,    Hon.    Whiting    L.,    Farming-  MacDonald,   Rev.  A.   M.,  Bar  Harbor 

ton  Alilliken,  Hon.  Carl  E.,  Augusta 

Carlson,   Rev.,    Helen    H.    H.,    Paris  Oliver,  Wilbur  C,   Bath 

Coburn,  Miss  Louise  H.,  Skowhegan  Owen,  Rev.  C.  E.,  Waterville 

Dow,  Hon.  Fred  N..  Portland  Pike,  Hon.  B.  M.,  Lubec 

Dunbarr,   Hon.  Kendall  M.,  Damaris-  Quimby,  Airs.  Althea  G.,  North  Tur- 

cotta  ner 

Estes,  Mrs.  M.  D.,  Island  Falls  Ranger,  Rev.  J.  B.,  Presque  Isle 

Fuller,   Hon    W.   O.,   Rockland  Shapleigh,  Aliss  Amelia  {W.  C.  T.  U.), 

Hamlin,  Hon.   E.   M.,   Mile  West  Lebanon 

Jorden,  Elwyn  K.,  Alfred  Wheelter,  Hon.  Alton  C,  South  Paris 
Whiting,  Hon.  L.  Butler,  Farmington 

REPRESENTING  ORGANIZATIONS 

Bigney,  Mrs.  Alice  M.   (JV.  C.  T.  U.  of  Maine),  Greenville. 
STATE  OF  MARYLAND 

APPOINTED  BY  GOVERNOR 

Kelly,  Dr.  H.  O.  (U.  S.  Official  Delegate),  Baltimore. 

REPRESENTING  ORGANIZATIONS 

Bailey,  M.  G.  (Mrs.  A.  D.)    (Hyattcsz'illc,  IV.  C.  T.  U.),  Bladensburg. 
Barnes,  Rev.  O.  C.   (Bd.  Temp.  Welfare  of  Ch.  of  Christ),  Rockville. 
Bourdeau-Sisco,  Dr.   (.\fd.  JV.  C.  T.   U.),  Baltimore. 
Baylor,  W.  H.   (So.  Baptist  Conv.),  Baltimore. 
Brown,  Mrs.  J.  Frank  (IV.  C.  T.  U.),  Baltimore. 

503 


LIST  OF  DELEGATES 

Byrd,  Miss  Elsie  Mae,  Dawsonville. 

Carnes,  Mrs.  M.  F.,  Rowland  Ave.,  Baltimore. 

Clark,  Rev.  Chas.  (Temp,  and  Public  Morals),  Baltimore. 

Cochran,  Wm.  F.   (Fed.  Council  of  Churches  of  Christ),  Baltimore. 

Cochran,  Rev.  Clarence  H.  (East  Hartford  M.  E.  Church),  Abingdon. 

Conoway,  Chas.  S.  (/.  O.  G.  T.),  Woodbine. 

Cooper,  Mrs.  Emma  K.,  Chevy  Chase. 

Crabbe,  G.  W.   (Anti-Saloon  League),  Baltimore. 

Crabbe,  Mrs.  G.  W.   (Anti-Saloon  League),  Baltimore. 

Crew,  Acca  V.   (Fairlee  IV.  C.  T.  U.,  Md.),  Washington. 

Davis,  Larenge  H.    (Anti-Saloon  League),  Baltimore. 

Day,  Titus  J.  (Bamacus  Lodge  No.  199  L  O.  G.  T.),  Monrovia. 

Dove,  Miss  Ida  S.,  Rockville. 

Dulaney,  H.  S.  (Md.  Anti-Saloon  League),  Baltimore. 

Fogle,  Miss  Ethel  L   (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Woodsboro. 

Fowble,  Mrs.  F.  S.   (W.  C.  T.   U.),  Reistertown. 

Gottwale,  Mrs.  Emily  K.   (A^.  Cap.  W.  C.  T.  U.),  Riverdale. 

Hammond,  Florence  A.  (W.  C.  T.  [/.),  Baltimore. 

Harris,  Dr.  Carlton  D.   (M.  E.  Church  South),  Baltimore. 

Haslup,  Mrs.  Mary  R.   (W.  C.  T.  U.  Md.),  Baltimore. 

Higgins,  Frank  (Mont.  Co.  Anti-Saloon  League),  Rockville. 

Herr,  Emily  A.    (W.  C.  T.   U.),  Westminster. 

Hill,  Grace  M.   (Md.  No.  2  IV.  C.  T.  U.),  Petersville. 

Hill,  Mrs.  Margaret  Peck   (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Petersville. 

Hillegeist,  Henry  L.,  Baltimore. 

Holmes,  Mrs.  Pauline  W.   (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Baltimore. 

Hoot,  Mrs.  Chas.  W.   ("Elim"  W.  C.  T.  U.),  Baltimore. 

Jones,  Mrs.  Harry  C.  (Sons  of  Temp.),  Baltimore. 

Johnston,  Rev.  Hugh   (First  M.  E.  Church),  Baltimore. 

Knipp,  J.  Edgar   (Otou  Proh.  League),  Baltimore. 

Keen,  Mrs.  Martin  P.   (N.  E.  Bait.  W.  C.  T.  U.),  Baltimore. 

King,  Je'sse  P.  (/.  O.  G.  T.),  Mt  Airy. 

King,  Mrs  J.  K.  (Va.  and  Md.  Grand  Lodge  L  O.  G.  T.),  Mt.  Airy. 

Levering,  Joshua   (World  Federation),  Baltimore. 

Lyons,  Rev.  A.  O.,  Bethesda. 

Massey,  Mrs.  Emile  T.  (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Sandy  Spring. 

McCormick,  Rev  H.  P.   (Com.  on  Social  Service  So.  Baptist  Conv.),  Baltimore. 

Mills,  J.  Bibb    (Anti-Saloon  League  of  Md.),  Baltimore. 

Neave,  Samuel  R.   (Bd.  of  Suppression  L.  T.),  Hughesville. 

Norris,  Wm.  T.    (Proh.   Committee  of  Md.),   Baltimore. 

Parker,  John  N.   (Bd,  of  Supp.  of  Liquor  Traffic),  Baltimore. 

Parrish,  Rev.  Wm.  E.   (M.  E.  Church  of  Cumberland),  Cumberland. 

Porter,  Lydia  S.  (Md.  No.  2  W.  C.  T.  U.),  Bladenburg. 

Prettyman,  E.  C.  (Md.  Anti-Saloon  League),  Baltimore. 

Rawlins,  Joshua  S.   (Sons  0/  Temp.),  Baltimore. 

Shelton,  Mrs.  Emma  Sanford  (IV.  C.  T.  U.),  Chevy  Chase. 

vSheets,  Fred  A.,  Kensington. 

Shipley,  Mrs.  D.  G.   (Carroll  Co.  W.  C.  T.  U.),  Westminister. 

Shoemaker,  Fannie  (Fidelity  Lodge  Good  Templars),  Friendship  Heights. 

Sisco,  H.  N.   (IV.  C.  T.   U.),  Baltimore. 

Sisco,  Dr.  P.  S.  Brodeau   (World's  W.  C.  T.  U.),  Baltimore. 

Starr,  Annie  D.,  Rowland  Pk.,  Baltimore. 

Stewart,  Mrs.  Milton   (W..  C.  T.  U.),  Baltimore. 

Thomas,  John  C.   (Bd.  of  Supp.  of  Liquor  Traffic),  Baltimore. 

504 


LIST  OF  DELEGATES 

Thomas,  ^Irs.  Wm.  E.    (Md.   W.   C.   T.   U.),  Baltimore. 

Thompson,  Chas.   {Seventh  Day  Adv.),  Takoma  Park. 

Veirs,  Miss  Nannie,  Rockville. 

Veris,  Miss  Blanche,  Rockville. 

Walker,  Winnie  H.   {Susquehanna  Br.  W.  C.  T.  U.),  Havre  cle  Grace. 

Walker,  Mrs.  Oleita  {Susquehanna  Br.  W.  C.  T.  U.),  Havre  de  Grace. 

Williams,  A.  J.   {Md.  Anti-Saloon  League),  Baltimore. 

Willison,  Mrs.  Chas.  C.  {Cumberland,  Md.  W.  C.  T.  U.),  Cumberland. 

Wilson,  Alfred  {Fidelity  Lodge  L  O.  G.  T.  of  Bethesda),  Bethesda. 

STATE  OF  MASSACHUSETTS 

APPOINTED  BY  GOVERNOR 

Davis,    Arthur    J.,    344    Tremont  St.,    Rutledge,   Rev.  Lyman  V.,    {Anti-S.  L. 

Boston  &   Unitarian  Temp.  Soc.),  Boston 

Gleason,  Mrs.   Ella  F.    {W.  C.   T.  U.),    Stoddard,    Miss    Cora   Frances,    {U.   S. 

Boston  Official  Delegate  &  T.  Fed.),  Boston 

REPRESENTING  ORGANIZATIONS 

Brady,  Edward  W.   {St.  John's  T.  A.  and  M.  A.  S.),  Clinton. 

Brant,  Rev.  John  F.    {International  Reform  Bureau),  Brookline. 

Cassidy,  Rt.  Rev.  Monsignor  James  E.  {T.  A.  L.  of  A.),  Fall  River. 

Corcoran,  Lawrence  {Boston  Prohibition  Com.),  Brookline. 

Dustin,  Rev.  Alfred  S.   {First  Cong.  Church),  Berlin. 

Dustin,  Mrs.  A.  S.  {First  Cong.  Church),  Berlin. 

Forness,  Mary  A.    {Unitarian  Temp.  Society),   Peabody. 

Fosdick,  F.   {Anti-Saloon  League),  Fitchburg. 

Foster,  Ralph  W.,  Boston. 

Frost,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  {Mass.  Federation  State  Com.),  Roslindale. 

Grenay,  Robt.  J.  {W.  C.  T.  U.),  Holyoke. 

Haig,   Rev.   Adadourian    {Second  Congregational  Church),  Plymouth. 

Haskell,  Col.  Edward  H.   {Federal  Council  of  Churches),  Boston. 

Jacquemet,  Joseph  Amedee   {Total  Abstinence  Soc),  Fall  River. 

Jones,  Miss  Laura  A.   {W.  C.  T.  U.),  Wellesley  Farms,  Mass. 

King,  Delcevare   {Scientific  Temp.   Union),  Boston. 

Lewis,  John  B.   {Prohibition  Nat'l  Com.),  Reading. 

Lewis,  Mrs.  J.  B.    {Nat'l  Prohibition  Association),  Reading. 

Lawson,  Rev.  George  A.  {Sons  of  Temperance),  Somerville. 

Magow,  Mrs.  X.  O.  {Mass.  Prohibition  State  Com.),  Lawrence. 

Man,  Jeannette  H.   {W.  C.   T.   U.),  Boston. 

Manor,  Mrs.  Jeannette  H.  {IV.  C.  T.  U.),  Boston. 

Merritt,  Arthur  H.   {Scientific  Temperance  Federation),  Boston. 

Nicholls,  Jno.  A.   {International  Reform  Bureau),  Boston. 

Peabody,  Mrs.  Henry  W.   {Hon.  Committee),  Beverly. 

Rand,  Dr.  N.  Louise  {Garden  City  Y.  P.  B.),  Boston. 

Reedy,  Mary  J.   {W.  C.  T.  U.),  Roxbury. 

Reid,  David   {International  Reform  Bureau),  Boston. 

Roller,  G.  H.   {Haroard  University),  Cambridge. 

Ropes,  Mrs.  Alice  G.  {JV.  C.  T.  U.),  Wellaston. 

Rosselle,  Rev.  W.  Quay,  Ph.D.   {Northern  Baptist  Con.),  I\Lnlden. 

Santore,  John   (North  Fnd  V.  P.  B.),  Boston. 

Saurusaiter,  Rev.  P.  P.  (Lithuanian  Total  .Ibstinencc),  Lawrence. 

Sherman,  C.  R.    (Visitor),  Williamstown. 

SutclifiF,  Albert  (Grand  Lodge  I.  O.  G.  T.),  Boston. 

Sherman,  Elizabeth  J.   (JV.  C.  T.  U.),  Framingham. 

505 


LIST  OF  DELEGATES 

Tompson,  Joseph  H.    (Mass.  Prohibition  State  Com.),  Attleboro. 

Transeau,  Mrs.  Emma  L.  (Scientific  Temp.  Fed.),  Boston. 

Waldron,  Rev.  John  D.  (Rising  Hope  Lodge  No.  22  I.  O.  G.  T.),  Mattapoisett. 

Weeks,  Albion  A.    (Prohibition  State  Com.),  Cambridge. 

Wills,  Miss  Edith  (Scientific  Temp.  Federation),  Boston. 

STATE  OF  MICHIGAN 

APPOINTED  BY  GOVERNOR 

Calkins,  Mrs.  E.  L.,  Ypsilanti  Kinney,    Mrs.   Jane,    Port    Huron 

Christian,  Hon.  D.  M.,  Owesse  Kresge,  S.  S.,  Detroit 

Crane,    Mrs.    Caroline    Bartlett,    Kala-  Lovett,  W.   P.,  Detroit 

mazoo  Meade,  Hon.  A.  F.,  Battle  Creek 

Haller,    Rev.  J.    G.,   Durand  Scaddon,    Hon.    Frank,    Crystal    Falls 

Hanley,  Mrs.  Ella  E.,  Bad  Axe  Scott,  Richard  H.,  Lansing 

Hatten,  C.  Ray.,  Grand  Rapids  Woodworth.  Geo.  L.,  Iron  River 
Holcomb,    Hon.     Martin,     Grand 


Rapids 


REPRESENTING  ORGANIZATIONS 


Jones,  Matie   (W.  C.  T.   U.),  Detroit. 

Kellogg,  J.  H.,  M.D.,  Battle  Creek. 

Lockwood,  Myrtia  E.  (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Holly. 

Perkins,  Elizabeth  A.   (IV.  C.  T.  U.),  Ann  Arbor. 

Shaw,  Rev.  Etta  Sadler    (W.   C.   T.   U.),  Grand  Rapids. 

Shaw,  Lissa  V.    (W.  C.   T.   U.),  Grand  Rapids. 

Waltman,  W.  V.    (Anti-Saloon  League  of  Mich.),  Lansing. 

STATE  OF  MINNESOTA 

APPOINTED  BY  GOVERNOR 

Dick,   Rev.  T.  J.,  Jackson  Johnson,  William  L.,  St.  Paul 

Guyman,    Rev.    S.    M.,    Minneapolis         LaDu,  Mrs.  C.  W.,  Minneapolis 
Hendrix,  Miss  Rozette,  Minneapolis        Mandigo,  Mrs.  Delia  R.,  St.  Paul 
Safford,  G.  B.,  Minneapolis. 

REPRESENTING  ORGANIZATIONS 

Freeman,  Rev.  James  E.,  D.  D.   (Church  Temp.  Society),  Minneapolis. 
Geyman,  Rev.  Adam  (Minnesota  Anti-Saloon  League),  Minneapolis. 

STATE  0¥  MISSISSIPPI 

APPOINTED  BY  GOVERNOR 

Alexander,  Mrs.  C.  H.,  Jackson  Hobbs,  Mrs    B.  T.,  Brookhaven 

Anderson,   A.    C,   Ripley  Johnson,  J.  L.,  Hattiesburg 

Bailey,  Dr.  T.  J.,  Jackson  McGehee,  Mrs.  Marjorie,   Swan   Lake 

Clark,   Frances,   Meredian  More,  Rev.  J.  M.,  Jackson 

Crisler,   Dr   Chas.  W.,  Jackson  Patton,   Hon.  W.  H.,  Shubuta 

Enochs,  H.  P.,  Fernwood  Russell,  Mrs.  Lee  H.,  Jackson 

Franklin,    Hon.    L.    C,    Clarksdale  Taylor,  Hon.  S.  J.,  Jackson 

Watkins,  Hon.  H.  V.,  Jackson. 

REPRESENTING  ORGANIZATIONS 

Archer,  Mrs.  George,  Greenville. 

506 


LIST  OF  DELEGATES 
STATE   OF   MISSOURI 

APPOINTED  BY  GOVERNOR 

Ball,  Hon.  J.  Elmer,  St.  Louis  Gwatkin,  Rev.  W.   E.  Macon 

Burger,  Mrs.   Nellie,   Springfield  Hay,  Hon.  Chas.  M.,  St.  Louis 

Faris,  H.  P.,  Clinton  Shaner,   Miss    Rocna   E.,   Jackson 

Fleet,  Dr.  R.  R.,  Liberty,  Wm.  Jewell  Shupp,  Rev.  W.  C.  St.  Louis 

College  Whitlock,    Rev.   Chas   F.,   Monett 

REPRESENTING  ORGANIZATIONS 

Drummond,  Mrs.  J.  M.  (JV.  C.  T.  U.),  Janesport. 

Fitzgerald,  Miss  Nellie  (Ladies'  Aiix.  to  K.  of  F.  M.),  Kansas  City. 

Grace,  Mrs.  Mary  Sharp  (Ladies'  Aux.  to  K.  of  F.  M.),  St.  Louis. 

Haw,  Dr.  M.  T. '(A/.  E.  Church  South),  St.  Louis. 

Hickson,  Miss  Sally  (Ladies'  Aux.  to  K.  of  F.  M.),  Kansas  City. 

Hogan,  Mrs.  Mary  (Ladies'  Aux.  to  K.  of  F.  M.),  St.  Louis. 

Kelly,  Miss  Katherine  (C.  T.  A.  U.),  Kansas  City. 

Kirchner,  Miss  Lena  (Ladies'  Aux.  to  K.  of  F.  M.),  Kansas  City. 

Martin,  Dr.  Daniel  (M.  E.  Church  South),  St.  Joseph. 

Middleton,  Mrs.  Lizzie  (World's  W.  C.  T.  U.),  Kansas  City. 

Murphy,  Mrs.  Anna  Grier  (C.  T.  A.  U.),  Kansas  City. 

STATE  OF  NEBRASKA 

APPOINTED  BY  GOVERNOR 

Callfas,  Dr.  Jas.   F.,  Omaha  Lindley,  E.  E.,  Hastings 

Claflin,   Maurice   M.,   Lincoln  Roberts,  Agnes  D.,  Omaha 

Currie,  J.  H.,  Bradshaw  Seibert,  Alary  L.,  Chapman 

Dyar,   Lela   G.,    Boone  Stebbins,    Wm.,    Gothenburg 

Haskell,  John,  Wakefield  Vance,   Harriet,   Alliance 

Joslyn,  Mrs.  Geo.,  Omaha  Warrick,  S.   K.,  Scotts  Bluffs 

REPRESENTING  ORGANIZATIONS 

Bryan,  Hon.  William  Jennings  (Speaker  at  Congress),  Lincoln. 

Hutchison,  Jessie  E.  (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Omaha. 

High,  F.  A.   (Anti-Saloon  League),  Lincoln. 

Starett,  Mrs.  Emma  L.  (World's  W.  C.  T.  U.),  Central  City. 

STATE  OF  NEW  HAMPSHIRE 

APPOINTED  BY  GOVERNOR 

Abbott,   Mrs.   Charline   M.,   Rochester    Robbins,   Rev.  J.   H.,   Concord 
Partridge,  Miss  Mary  E.,  Claremont  Spaulding,   Hon.   Rolland   R.,   Roches- 

ter 

REPRESENTING  ORGANIZATIONS 

Sanborn,  Mrs.  Clara  H.  (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Portsmouth. 

STATE  OF  NEW  JERSEY 

APPOINTED  BY  GOVERNOR 

Demarest,  Mrs.  Isabclle  H.    (Also  IV.  C.  T.  U.),  Closter 
Rosewater,   Dr.    Chas.   A.,    Newark 

REPRESENTING   ORGANIZATIONS 

Acken,  William  C.  (Sons  of  Temperance),  Metuchen. 
Ackerman,  Mrs.  Ethel  S.  (PV.  C.  T.  U.),  Closter 
Ackerson,  Mrs.  S.  S.  (IV.  C.  T.  U.),  Newton. 
Booth,  Mrs  J.  H.,  Arlington. 
Bird,  Eunice,  Passaic. 

507 


LIST  OF  DELEGATES 

Bourne,  Mrs.  Emma.   (11'.  C.  T.  U.),  South  Orange. 

Brown,  Mrs.  A.  I  wan  (f^F.  C.  T.  U.),  Passaic. 

Chaplin,  Mrs.  Clara  M.   (,1V.  C.  T.  U.),  Haddonfield. 

Cramer,  Mrs.  Elizabeth,  Camden. 

Dawson,  Rev.  Edward  {Com.  Public  Morals  Rcfd.  Ch.),  Passaic. 

Elfreth,  Esther  H.  (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Haddonfield. 

England,  Hannah  R.,  Woodstown. 

Gardiner,  Miss  Elizabeth  {IV.  C.  T.  U.),  Mullica  Hill. 

Gebhardt,  Mrs.  E.  E.  {IV.  C.  T.  U.),  Clinton. 

George,  Anna  P.  {IV.  C.  T.  U.),  Montclair. 

Gibson,  Mrs.  Laura  C.  {W.  C.  T.  U.),  Bridgeton. 

Gibson,  Hugh  C,  Kearne\'. 

Green,  Joseph  J.    {Sons  of  Temperance),  West  Collingswood. 

Haines,  Jno.  B.  {Pitman  M.  E.  Church),  Pitman. 

Halverson,  T.  J.  {Nafl  Grand  Lodge  I.  O.  G.  T.),  Bloomfield. 

Hartman,  Mrs.  Nettie   {W  .C.  T.  U.),  Dividing  Creek. 

Heddin,  Clarence  H.  {Anti-Saloon  League),  Newark. 

Heddin,  Mrs.  Clarence  {Anti-Saloon  League),  Newark. 

Hill,  Miss  Eliz.  G.  M.  {W.  C.  T.  U.),  Gloucester. 

Houston,  Laura  A.  {W.  C.  T.  (/.),  Trenton. 

Johnson,  Mrs.  S.  N.   {W.  C.  T.  U.),  Wenonah. 

Jones,  Baltus  (/.  O.  G.  T.  Grand  Lodge  of  N.  J.),  Little  Falls. 

Keppenall,  Jacob  (/.  O.  G.  T.  Grand  Lodge  of  N.  J.),  Passaic. 

Knox,  Rev.  Wm.  A.   {Simpson  M.  E.  Church),  Paterson. 

Lacy,  Mrs.  William  F.  {IV.  C.  T.  U.),  Camden. 

Lines,  Rt.  Rev.  Edwin  S.  {Church  Temp.  Society),  Newark. 

Lunger,  S.  H.  {W.  C.  T.  U.),  Netcong. 

ISIcNeil,  D.  W.  (/.  O.  G.  T.  Grand  Lodge  of  N.  J.),  Paterson. 

]\rathias.  Miss  Elmer  A.  {W.  C.  T.  U.),  Asbury  Park. 

Munson,  G.  Rowland  {Anti-Saloon  League  of  N.  J.),  Newark. 

Munson,  ^Irs.  M.  L.  {W.  C.  T.  U.),  Atlantic  City. 

O'Halleran,  Miss  Margaret,  Highwood. 

Ferine,  Mrs.  ]\Iary  E.,  Orange. 

Pritchard,  Harriet  {IV.  C.  T.  U.),  ^lontclair. 

Rigdon,  Mrs.  A.  C,  Ridgewood. 

Shields,  Jas.  K.    {Anti-Saloon  League  of  America),  Maplewood. 

Smock,  Mrs.  S.  S.,  Wickatunk. 

Spence,  Alex  (/.  O.  G.  T.  Grand  Lodge  of  X.  /.),  Newark. 

Steele,  Rev.  James  Dallas,  D.  D.   {Presbyterian  Church),  Passaic. 

Thulander,  A.  E.  (A^  Y.  Scandinavian  Gr.  Lodge  L  O.  G.  T.),  E.  Orange. 

Van  Deventer.  Mrs.  Lucy  {W.  C.  T.  U,),  Ocean  Grove. 

Washabaugh,  Rev.  J.  E.  {M.  E.  Church  and  IV.  C.  T.  U.),  Washington. 

Watts,  Rev.  Joseph  W.   {Holy  Trinity  Church),  Ocean  City. 

STATE  OF  NEW^  MEXICO 

APPOINTED  BY  GOVERNOR 

Farley.    Russell,    Mclntoch,    New  Strunquist.     Anna    \Vilds,     Albuquer- 

Mexico  que 

STATE  OF  NEW  YORK 

APPOINTED  BY  GOVERNOR 

Bailey,   Dr.   Pierce,  Katonah  Finley,   Dr.   John.   Albany 

Estelie,    Miss    Helen    C.    H.,    Rough-    Jewett.     Dr.    Stephen     Perham,    New 
keepsie  York  City 

508 


LIST  OF  DELEGATES 

Nicoll,   Dr.   Matthias,  Jr.,   Albany  Pilgrim,  Dr.   Chas  W.,  Albany 

Perkins,     Miss     Frances,     New    York    Van    Rensselaer,    Miss    Alartha,    (_  or- 
City  nell  Univ.,  Ithaca 

REPRESENTING   ORGANIZATIONS 

Ackerly,  George  A.,  Xevv  York  City. 

Albertson,  Rev.  Chas.  C.  (Fed.  Council  of  Churches),  Brooklyn. 

Allen,  M.  M.  (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Forest  Hills. 

Anderson,  William  H.   (Anti-Saloon  League  of  N.  Y.),  Xew  York  City. 

Bangs,  Mrs.  Emma  (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Elmira,  713  Sparsling  St. 

Barnes,  Airs.  Mary  Clark  (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Yonkers,  156  5th  Ave. 

Birmingham,  Miss  Mary  C.  (C.  T.  A.  U.  of  America),  157  W.  66th  St.,  N.  Y.  C. 

Birmingham,  Miss  Jane  P.  (C.  T.  U.  A.  of  America),  New  York,  355  W.  57th  St. 

Bjornson,  Edward  (A''.  Y.  Scandinavian  Grand  Lodge  L  O.  G.  T.),  Brooklyn, 
X.  Y.,  65  2nd. 

Boole,  Mrs.  Ella  A.  (IV.  C.  T.  U.),  Brooklyn,  525  5th  St. 

Brodine,  Aug.   (National  Grand  Lodge  L  O.  G.  T.),  Watervliet. 

Buckley,  Rev.  J.  J.,  C.  S.  P.  (C.  T.  A.  U.  of  America),  New  York,  415  W.  59th  St. 

Carrington,  Mrs.  Laura  (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Poland. 

Carter,  Dr.  DeLancy  (Med.  Soc.  for  Study  of  Alcohol),  Xew  York,  118  85th  St. 

Chalmers,  Rev.  James  V.,  D.  D.  (Epis.  Church  Temp.  Soc),  Xew  York,  88  St. 
Xicholas  Ave. 

Chase,  Canon  Wm.  Sheefe,  D.  D.  (Inter.  Reform  Bu.),  Brooklyn,  481  Bedford  Av. 

Coleman,  Katherine  (C.  T.  A.  U.  of  America),  New  York,  113  W.  62nd  St. 

Coleman,  Margaret  (C.  T.  A.  U.  of  America),  New  York,  113  W.  62nd  St. 

Coler,  Bird  S.  (Comm.  of  Public  Welfare),  New  York  City. 

Colvin,  D.   (World  Prohibition  Federation),  New  York,  661  W.  179th  St. 

Colvin,  Mrs.  D.  Leigh  (W.  C.  T.  [/.),  New  York,  W.  179th  St 

Corrandini,  R.  E.  (Anti-Saloon  League),  906  Broadway,  New  York. 

Dalton,  Mary  H.,  Middletown,  113  West. 

Davison,  Rose  (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Xew  York,  156  5th  Ave. 

Dawson,  Rev.  Edward  (Com.  Pub.  Morals  Refmd.  Church),  Passaic,  X.  J. 

Denany,  Miss  Alary  J.,  Xew  York,  136  W.  63rd  St. 

Dodge,  Rev.  D.  Stuart  (Fed.  Council  of  Churches),  Xew  York,  808  W.  End  Ave. 

Donelly,  John  F.  (C.  T.  A.  U.  of  America),  515  W.  158th  St.,  Xew  York. 

Empringham,  Rev.  Dr.  James  (Epis.  Ch.  Temp.  Soc),  X.  Y.,  88  St.  Xicholas  Ave. 

Martin,  Engsen  (A^.  Y.  Scandinavian  Grand  Lodge),  Xew  York,  514  W.  177th  St. 

Fisk,  Eugene  L.  (Life  Extension  Institute),  Xew  York,  25  W.  45th  St. 

Foss,  Xils   (N.   Y.  Scan.  G.  L.  I.  O.  G.   T.),  Brooklyn,  514  48th   St. 

Franklin,  Lewis  B.  (Epis.  Ch.  Temp.  Soc),  New  York,  281  4th  Ave. 

George,  Mrs.  Ann  Pritchard  (Nat'l  W.  C.  T.  U.),  N.  Y.,  1105  Tribune  Bldg. 

Gold,  Howard  R.  (Lutheran  Bureau  of  Nat'l  Luth.  Council),  N.  Y.,  437  5th  Ave. 

Grant,  Jack   (C.   T.  A.   U.  of  America),  New  York,  311   W.  S4th   St. 

Grant,  Rose  M.  (C.  T.  A.  U.  of  America),  New  York,  311  W.  54th  St. 

Grennels,  Charles  E.  (Nat'l  Races  Anti-Liquor  Traffic),  X.  Y.,  296  Fisk  and 
W.  Brighten. 

Grennels,  Miss  Helen  (Nat'l  Races  Anti-Liquor  Traffic),  Xew  York. 

Hackett,  Mrs.  Delia  J.   (C.  T.  A.  U.  of  America),  X.  Y.,  311   ^^■•  .^4th  St. 

Hackett,  Mrs.  Thomas,  Xew  York,  311  W.  54th  St. 

Harlan,  Rev.  Rolvix,  D.  D.  (North.  Bapt.  Conv.),  Xew  York,  26  E.  26th  St. 

Hill,  M.  J.,  La  Fargeville,  X.  Y. 

Hallaher,  Mrs.  J.  P.,  Xew  York,  227  W.  68th  St. 

Horsfield,  T.  C.  Roberts  (Am.  Med.  Soc.  F.  S.  of  Alco.),  Brooklyn,  171  Joralemon. 

Howard,  Clinton  X.  (Prohib.  Party  of  N.  Y.  and  Inter.  Reform  Bureau),  Roches- 
ter, 210  Lexington  Ave. 

509 


LIST  OF  DELEGATES 

Iglehart,  Dr.  Ferdinand  (Com.  on  Temp.  Legislation),  New  York  City. 

Jacobson,  H.  M.  (Nat'l  Grand  Lodge  L  O.  G.  T.),  New  York,  35  William  St. 

Jewett,  Mrs.  Stephen  P.,  New  York,  1200  Madison  Ave. 

Joy,  James  R.  (Editor  Christian  Advocate),  New  York,  150  5th  Ave. 

Kelly,  Miss  Mary  A.,  Greenpoint,  198  Milton  St 

Kimball,  Alfred  R.  (Fed.  Council  of  Churches),  New  York,  105  E.  22nd  St. 

Kress,  Samuel  F.,  Corning,  19  Jennings  St. 

Kuhn,  Frances  J.  (C.  T.  A.  U.  of  America),  New  York,  68  Amsterdam  Ave. 

Labey,  Miss  Lucy  (C.  T.  A.  U.  of  America),  New  York,  150  E.  48th  St. 

Lawson,  Rev.  Albert  G.  (Fed.  Council  of  Churches),  New  York,  2041  5th  Ave. 

Lathridge,  Dr.  \Vm.  E.   (Xat'l  Grand  Lodge  L  O.  G.  T.),  Watervliet,  N.  Y. 

Leddy,  Miss  Mary  A.  (C.  T.  A.  U.  of  America),  New  York,  918  9th  Ave. 

Leonard,  Miss  Julia,  New  York  165  W.  62nd  St. 

Lindsay,  Carolyn  P.  (IV.  C.  T.  U.),  Albany,  414  Western  Ave. 

Mason,  Dr.  L.  D.  (Am.  Med.  Sac.  for  the  Study  of  Alcohol  and  Other  Narcotics), 

Brooklyn,  171  Joralemon  St. 
MacFarland,  Rev.  Chas.  S.  (Fed  Coun.  of  Churches),  New  York,  105  E.  22nd  St. 
Madden,  Mrs.  John  T.,  New  York,  355  W.  57th  St. 

McKee,  John  (Frohib.  State  Comm.  of  N.  Y.),  Brooklyn,  113  Columbia  Hts. 
Miller,  Mrs.  Helen  Andress  (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Albany,  40  N.  Allen  St. 
Miller,  Rev.  O.  R.  (Xew  York  Civic  League),  Albany,  452  Broadway. 
Mullen,  Lettie   (C.  T.  A.  U.  of  America),  New  York,  442  W.  37th  St. 
Nearing,  Mrs.  E.  A.  (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Oneonta,  N.  Y. 
Needham,  Mrs.  Clara  C.   (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Roscoe,  N  Y 
Oldnev,  Anna  E.  (World  Frohib.  Fed.),  New  York,  289  4th  Ave. 
Oldney,  Mrs.  C.  S.   (World  Frohib.  Fed.),  Brooklyn,  480  Grand  Ave. 
Peck,  Rev.  George  W.    (New  York  Ciciv  League),  Buffalo,  30  Baynes  St. 
Perkins,  Maude  B.  (Young  Feople's  Br.  W.  C.  T.  U.),  Syracuse,  114  W.  Ellis. 
Phillips,  Vernon  L.  (Inter-Col.  Frohib.  Fed.),  New  York,  289  4th  Ave. 
Phillips,  Mrs.  Vernon  L.  (Inter-Col.  Frohib.  Fed.),  New  York,  289  4th  Ave. 
Pinochet,   Tancredo    (Chilean   Gov't  and  Anti-Saloon   League),   New  York,   310 

Lexington. 
Poling,  Daniel  A.   (Unit.  Soc.  Chris.  End.),  Port  Washington,  N.  Y. 
Rector,  Rev.  ^L  ^L  (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Stockton,  N.  Y. 
Roper,  Daniel  C,  New  York  City. 
Roper,  Mrs.  Daniel  C,  New  York  City. 

Rogers,  Albert  R.   (Fed.  Council  of  Churches),  New  York,  233  Broadway. 
Schieffelin.  Wm.  Jay  (Epis.  Ch.  Temp.  Soc),  New  York,  171  William  St 
Schmitz,  Miss  Maria   (C.  T.  A.  U.),  Brooklyn,  174  St.  John's  PI. 
Stapleton,  :\Irs.  M.   (W.  C.  T.  U.),  New  York,  444  W.  57th  St. 
Starbuck.  Mrs.  E.  (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Hillside,  N.  Y. 
Stelzle,   Rev.   Chas.    (Fed  Coun.  of   Churches),   New  York,   Rm.    160   i6th  floor 

^Metropolitan  Bldg. 
Stenburg,  Gotfried  (Natl  Grand  Lodge  I.  O.  G.  T.),  Richmond  Hill,  10434  mth  St. 
Stires,  Rev.  E.  M.,  D.  D.  (Epis.  Ch.  Temp.  Soc),  New  York,  3  W.  53rd  St. 
Stockard,  Chas.  R.,  Cornell  Medical  College,  New  York  City. 
Thorne,  Hugo  (N.  Y.  Scan.  G.  L.  I.  O.  G.  T.),  Richmond  Hill,  New  York. 
Tsians.  Leo  (Inter-Col.  Frohib.  Assn.),  New  York,  415  W.  115th  St. 
Van  Valkenburg,  Mrs.  Ida  (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Albany,  N.  Y. 
Ward,  Rev.  Henrv,  D.  D.   (/.  O.  G.  T.  Grand  Lodge),  Buffalo,  37  Tioga  Ave. 
Waht,  Miss  Mary,  New  York,  400  W.  58th  St. 

Watson,  Rev.  Robert,  D.  D.   (Inter.  Reform  Bureau),  3  W.  95th  St.,  New  York. 
Wellman,  Harry  E.  (Nat'l  G.  Lodge  I.  O.  G.  T.),  Kendall,  N.  Y. 
Wilber,  Miss  Mary  A.  (W.  C  T.  [/.),  Delanson,  N.  Y. 

510 


LIST  OF  DELEGATES 

Wilcox,  Rev.  J.  Foster  (Northern  Bapt.  Coiiv.),  Xew  York,  23  E.  26th  St. 
Wood,  Mrs.  Mary  B.  (IV.  C.  T.  U.  of  N.  Y.),  Ithaca,  507  Tioga  St. 
Wood,  Rev.  Hervey  (Native  Races  Anti-Liquor  Traffic  Cant.),  X.  Y.,  23  E.  26th  St. 
Ziircher,  Rev.  George  (Prohib.  State  Coin.),  North  Evans,  X.  Y. 

STATE  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA 

APPOINTED  BY  GOVERNOR 

Bain,  Rev.  E.  L.,  Greensboro  McBrayer,   Dr.    L.   B.,   Sanatorium 

Cotton,  Mrs    M.   E.,  Red  Springs  Poteat,  Wm.  Louis,  Wake  Forest 

Dixon,  Miss  Eula,  Snow  Camp  Rotter,   Rev.  Sanford  L.,  Monroe 

Goodno,    Mrs.    T.    Adelaide,    Greens-  Shaw.  W.  T.,  Weldon 

boro  Sprunt,  W.  A.,  Wilmington 
Harper,    Dr.  W.  A.,   Elon   College 

REPRESENTING  ORGANIZATIONS 

Bledsoe,  Miss  Amorette  (Anti-Saloon  League),  Raleigh. 

Boren,  W.  C.  (Anti-Saloon  League),  Greensboro. 

Cannon,  Bishop  James,  Jr.  (M.  E.  Church  South),  Lake  Junaluska. 

Carr,  Gen.  Julian  S.   (M.  E.  Church  South),  Durham. 

Cooper,  W.  B.  (Anti-Saloon  League  of  America),  Wilmington. 

Davis,  Rev.  R.  L.   (Anti-Saloon  League  of  N.  C),  Raleigh. 

Dixon,  D.  H.  (Anti-Saloon  League  of  N.  C),  Goldsboro. 

Lambeth,  Rev.  W.  A.   (Anti-Saloon  League  of  N.  C),  High  Point. 

Lance,  Rev.  Chas.  M.,  Rosemary. 

Peele,  Rev.  W.  W.,  Raleigh. 

Usleman,  Rev.  O.  T.  (Anti-Saloon  League  of  N.  C),  Raleigh. 

STATE  OF  NORTH   DAKOTA 

APPOINTED  BY  GOVER^fOR 

Anderson,     Mrs.     Elizabeth     Preston,    (Quigley,  Dr.  G.  H.,  Bismarck 

Fargo  Watkins,  F.  L.,  Bismarck 

Hutcheson,  Dr.  \\\  ].,  Grand  Forks 

REPRESENTING  ORGANIZATIONS 

Boughton,  Mrs.  Emir  Best  (IV.  C.  T.  U.),  Route  B.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Lean,  Mrs.  Anna  R.,  Cando. 

Reed,  Mrs.  Walter  R.   (IV.  C.  T.   U.),  Fargo. 

Wilder,  Mrs.  Kate  S.  (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Fargo. 

Wylie,  Mrs.  Barbara  H.  (IV.  C.  T.  U.),  Bowesmont. 

STATE  OF  OHIO 

APPOINTED  BY  GOVERNOR 

Chambers,  Airs.   Mattie,  Akron  Richard,    Mrs.    Florence    D.,    Colum- 
Croxton,  Mr.  Fred  C,  Columbus  bus 

Cummings,  Hon.  M.  J.,  Akron  Rodefer,    Hon.    Major,    BcUaire 

DefTenbaugh,    Hon.   J.   W.,    Lancaster  Romans,  Mrs.  Viola  D.,  Quaker  City 

Fuller,  Mrs.  Frances  E.,  Madison  Russell,   Dr.   Howard   H.    (Also    World 
Gleason,    Mrs.    Lulu   T.,   Toledo  League  Against  Alco.),  Westerville 

Holland,  Dr.  J.  W.,  Toledo  Teachout,  Hon.  David,  Cleveland 

McKinstry,    Mrs.    Hattie,    Cincinnati  Van   Kirk,   Mrs.   H.   D.,   Columbus 

Maysilles,  Prof.  A.  A.,  Dayton  Van  Kirk,  Mrs.  Lucy  E.,  Granville 

Meredith,  Mrs.  Sarah  K.,  Canton  Warner,   Mrs.    Emily.   Cleveland 

Neville,   Rev.   Father   Martin,   Dayton  Courtenay,    Dr.    A.    N.,    Westerville 

511 


LIST  OF  DELEGATES 

REPRESENTING   ORGANIZATIONS 

Anderson,  Wm.  F.,  Cincinnati. 

Baker,  Dr.  Purley  A.  (Anti-Saloon  League  of  America),  Westerville. 

Barrett,  F.  W.  (Ohio  Prohibition  Executive  Com.),  Springfield. 

Bradford,  Mrs.  G.  E.   (IV.  C.  T.  U.),  Cincinnati. 

Carlson,  Dr.  G.  A.  (Nat'l  Grand  Lodge  L  O.  G.  T.),  Youngstown. 

Cherrington,  Ernest  H.   (Anti-Saloon  League  and  Sci.  Temp.  Fed.),  Westerville. 

Doty,  Boyd  P.   (Anti-Saloon  League  of  Ohio),  Westerville. 

Ervin,  ^Miss  Mary   (World's  Nat'l  Loyal  Temp.  Legion),  CedarvilJe. 

Faulk,  S.  J.   (Ohio  Prohib.  State  Comm.),  East  Liverpool. 

Fickel,  Samuel  J.  (Anti-Saloon  League),  Westerville. 

Grindell,  Miss  11a   (Anti-Saloon  League),  Westerville. 

Hall,  Rev.  Maxwell,  Columbus. 

Jamison,  Minnie  G.   (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Columbus. 

Johnson,  Mrs.  W.  E.  (Anti-Saloon  League),  Westerville. 

Lane,  Dr.  C.  W.   (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Warren. 

Lane,  Mrs.  C.  W.  (IV.  C.  T.  U.),  Warren. 

Lane,  Mrs.  Etta  Freeman  (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Plain  City. 

McVey,  Mrs.  Blanche  R.   (W.  C.  T.   U.),  Columbus. 

Mee,  George  W.   (Philo  Proh.  Committee),  Greenville. 

Moore,  L.  M.   (Anti-Saloon  League),  Westerville. 

Moore,  Dr.  E.  J.  (Anti-Saloon  League),  Westerville. 

Porter,  Albert,  D.  Lit.  (Anti-Saloon  League),  Westerville. 

Rabe,  Thos.  H.  (Ohio  Proh.  Committee),  Canton. 

Richardson,  Rev.  Ed.  J.  (Anti-Saloon  League),  Westerville. 

Sellers,  Chas.  L.   (Anti-Saloon  League),  Westerville. 

Slater,  Mrs.  Mattie  (Ohio.  Prohib.  Exec.  Comm.),  Warren. 

Spencer,  Mrs.  Emma  E.   (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Canton. 

Watkins,  Dr.  Aaron  S.  (Prohibition  Party)   Cincinnati. 

STATE  OF  OKLAHOMA 

REPRESENTING  ORGANIZATIONS 

Bonnell,  Dr.  A.  E.    (Anti-Saloon  League),  Muskogee. 
Fisher,  E.  B.,  iMcAlester. 
Haley,  Nellie  E.,  Ponca  City. 

Laughbaum,  Hon.  H.  T.  (Anti-Saloon  League),  Oklahoma  City. 
Legg.  Mrs.  Julia  Chonteau  (Ladies'  Aux.  to  K.  O.  F.  M.),  Tulsa. 
McClintic,  Hon.  James  Y.,  Rep.  (Anti-Saloon  League),  Snyder. 
McDougall,  Judge  D.  A.  (Anti-Saloon  League),  Sapulpa. 
Roach,  Rev.  1  Frank  (Anti-Saloon  League),  Oklahoma  City. 

STATE  OF  OREGON 

REPRESENTING   ORGANIZATIONS 

Carl,  Mrs.  Minnie  (Young  People's  Br.  W.  C.  T.  U.),  Portland. 
STATE  OF  PENNSYLYANLA 

APPOINTED    r,Y    GOVERNOR 

Chalfant,   Harry   M.,   Narberth  LaPlace,   Dr.    Ernest,    Philadelphia 

Beane,   Rev.  Father  J.   G.    (U.   S.   Offi-  Marshall,   Dr.  John,    Philadelpiiia 

cial  Delegate),  Pittsburgh  McClurkin,    Rev.   J.    K.,    Pittsburgh 

Cogill,  Dr.  Lydia,  Philadelphia  Montgomery,  Dr.   E.   E..   Philadelphia 

Elliott,  Prof.  W.  A.,  Meadsville  Rhoads,  Miss  Rebecca.  Bellefonte 

Gazzam,    Mrs.    Joseph    M.,    Philadel-  Smith,   Calvin   M..   Philadelphia 

phia  Snyder,    Hon.    Plymouth    W.,    Holli- 
Hare,    Dr.    Hobart    Amory,    Philadel-        daysburg 

phia  Tope,  Dr.   Homer  \V.,   Philadelphia 

512 


LIST  OF  DELEGATES 

REPRESENTING   ORGANIZATIONS 

Alexander,  Miss  Clara  (Anti-Saloon  League),  Philadelphia. 

Baedro,  Airs.  Anna  R.   (Sons  of  Temperance),  Philadelphia. 

Ballinger,  Walter  F.   (Bd.  of  Temp.  Proh.  and  Pub.  Morals),  Philadelphia. 

Ralph,  jMrs.  M.  Z.   (IV.  C.  T.  U.),  Beaver  Falls. 

Batten,  Rev.  Samuel  Z.,  D.  D.    (Northern  Bapt.   Conz'.),  Philadelphia. 

Boyd,  Airs.   Aliller   (IV.  C.  T.   U.),  Westtown. 

Boyle,  John  C.   (C.  T.  A.  U.  of  America),  Chester. 

Brandt,  J.  H.   (Anti-Saloon  League),  Philadelphia. 

Brandt,  Airs.  J.  H.   (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Philadelphia. 

Brown,  Daniel  (C.  T.  A.  U.  of  America),  Braddock. 

Brown,  Airs.  Daniel  (C.  T.  A.  U.  of  America),  Braddock. 

Buckle.v,  Alary   (C.  T.  A.  U.  of  America),  Pittsburgh. 

Carnathan,  Airs.  J.  F.   (JV.  C.  T.  U.),  Harrisburg. 

Cassidy,  Alary  G.   (T.  A.  B.  Society),  i\rdmore. 

Cavanaugh,  Gertude  A.   (C.  T.  A.  U.),  Scranton. 

Champion,  Airs.  R.  B.   (PV.  C.  T.  U.),  Swarthmore. 

Collins,  Airs.  Elizabeth  (Our  Lad's  Good  Counc.  T.  A.  B.  Soc),  Ardmore. 

Convery,  Charles   (C.  T.  A.   U.),  Philadelphia. 

Cooper,  Rev.  A.  \V.,  Alountain  Top. 

Cawby,  Frank  J.  (Scranton  Diocesan  Union),  Archbald. 

CePutron,  J.  F.  W.  (R.  C.  T.  A.  B.  Society),  Philadelphia. 

Creame,  Joseph  L.    (C.   T.  A.   U.),  Philadelphia. 

Crowley,  Aliss  Xelly  AI.   (O.  Moth's  G.  C.  L.  T.  A.  B.),  Alerion. 

DepUtron,  Airs.  Kathryn  (T.  A.  u.  Society),  Philadelphia. 

Diefenderfer,   Airs.   Flora  J.    (W.  C.   T.   U.),  Wisconisco. 

Dempsey,  Irene   (C.  T.  A.   U.),  Dunmore. 

Dickerson,  J.  H.  (Prcs.  Board  of  Temperance),  Wooster,  Ohio. 

Dittman,  H.  F.  (Temp.  Com.  of  Presby.  of  Phila.),  Philadelphia. 

Downic,  R.  AI.    (National  Reform  Association),  Beaver  Falls. 

Daugherty,  Rev.  S.  D.,  D.  D.   (Synodical  Supt.),  Philadelphia. 

Dougherty,  James.,  Haverford. 

Downy,  Airs.  Anna  (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Philadelphia. 

Dunleasey,  Aiarella  (C.  T.  A.  U.),  Scranton. 

Ellis,  S.  AI.  (Pioneer  Tent  No.  i,  Indep.  O.  of  Rechbts),  AIcKeesport. 

Ewing,  Rev.  Joseph  Lyons  (Penn.  Anti-Saloon  League),  Philadelphia. 

Eyre,  Airs.  Emma  D.   (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Dollington. 

Eyre,  Airs.  Lettie  W.   (IV.  C.  T.  U.),  Newton. 

Fanning,  Hon.  Alichael  J.    (Anti-Saloon  League),  Philadelphia. 

Ferris,  F.   Sophia,   Philadelphia. 

Farrell,  Rev.  J.  J.,  Scranton. 

Fitzgerald,  \V.  AI.  (C.  T.  A.  U.),  Philadelphia. 

Fitzgerald,  Airs.  Wm.  AI.   (C.  T.  A.  U.),  Philadelphia. 

Foster,  Airs.  Joseph  T.   (fF.  C.  T.  U.).  Franklin. 

Gannon,  Alargarct  A.    (C.   T.  A.   U.),  Pittsburgh. 

George,  Airs.  H.  H.   (Nat'l  Reform  Association),  Beaver  Falls. 

(ietz.  Rev.  G.  W.  (Anti-Saloon  League),  Carlisle. 

Getz,  Airs.  G.  W.  (IV.  C.  T.  U.),  Carlisle. 

Gill,  John  E.   (Pa.  State  Prohibition  Committee),  Pittsburgh. 

Goho,  Airs.  Ella  J.  M.  (IV.  C.  T.  U.),  Lcwisburg. 

Gordon,  James  F.  (T.  A.  B.  Society),  Philadelphia. 

Greene,  Jennie  AI.   (C.  T.  A.  U.),  Scranton. 

Harbison,  William   .A.    (Nat'l  Reform  A.<!socialion),  Pittsburgh. 

Hagan,  Airs.  James,  Philadelphia. 

513 


LIST  OF  DELEGATES 

Hanaway,  Mary  B.,  Brand3wine  Summit. 

Hankins,  Matthew  J.  (T.  A.  B.  Society),  Philadelphia. 

Harding,  Thomas  (C.  T.  A.  U.),  Carbondale. 

Hazard,  Mrs.  Julia,  Swarthmore. 

Hendricks,  Miss  Clara  A.  {Pa.  State  Proh.  Committee),  Chester. 

Hennessy,  Miss  B.   (C.  T.  A.  U.),  Philadelphia. 

Hering,  H.   Beecher,  Philadelphia. 

Hershey,  S.  \V.,  York.     , 

Heutsler,  Mr.  Thomas   (C.  T.  A.  U.),  Irwin. 

Hodgson,  Mrs.  Anna  J.   (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Turtle  Creek. 

Hoppes,  George  W.  (Perm.  Temp.  Comms.  of  United  Evang.  Ch.),  Pottsville. 

Hughes,  Richard  H.  (C.  T.  A.  U.),  Philadelphia. 

Jones,  Mrs.  Harry  C.   {Grand  Division  Sons  of  Temp.),  Philadelphia. 

Joyce,  Margaret  (C.  T.  A.  U.),  Verona. 

Kane,  Rev.  D.  J.  {Total  Abst.  League),  Moscow. 

Kane,  Rev.  F.  J.,  Philadelphia. 

Kane,  Elisha  Kent  {Penn.  State  Prohibition  Com.),  Kushequa. 

Keefer,  Rosine  G.  {W.  C.  T.  U.),  DuBois. 

Kings,  Mrs.  Jessie,  Falls. 

Knox,  Mrs.  J.  Charles   (IV.  C.  T.   U.),  Gettysburg. 

Lambing,  Rev.  M.  A.    (Total  Abs.  League),  Scottdale. 

Leitz,  Catharine  L.  (T.  A.  B.  Society),  Philadelphia. 

Leitz,  Agnes  A.   (T.  A.  B.  Society),  Philadelphia. 

Lewis,  Mrs.  R.  T.  (C.  T.  A.  U.),  Pittsburgh. 

Lindsay,  Kathryne   (C.  T.  A.   U.),  Clifton  Heights. 

Lindsay,  Nellie   (C.  T.  A.   U.),  Clifton  Heights. 

Lundy,  Mr.  James  (C.  T.  A.  U.),  Irwin. 

Lynn,  Anna  M.  (C.  T.  A.  U.),  Scranton. 

Lynn,  Mrs.  Mary  (C.  T.  A.  U.),  Scranton. 

Lyster,  Mrs.  Nelson  O.  (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Lansdowne. 

Martin,  James   (C.   T.  A.   U.),  Carbondale. 

Martin,  Rev.  James  S.,  D.  D.   (Nat'l  Reform  Ass'n),  Pittsburgh. 

Masland,  Mr.  C.  W.    (Anti-Saloon  League),  Melrose. 

Mattimore,  Mrs.  P.  H.  (C.  T.  A.  U.),  Pittsburgh. 

McCann,  Rev.  John  E.  (C.  T.  A.  U.),  Easton. 

McCarthy,  Nellie    (T.  A.  B.  Society),  Philadelphia. 

!McCormick,  John  J.  (C.  T.  A.  U.),  Lansdowne. 

McCollough,  Mrs.  J.  Reid   (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Gettysburg. 

McDowell,  Mrs.  Caroline  (IV.  C.  T.  U.),  Pittsburgh. 

McDowell,  :\Irs.  J.  C.  (Bd.  of  Temp.  Proh.  and  Pub.  Morals),  Pittsburgh. 

McGee,  William  V.   (C.   T.  A.  U.),  Jenkinstown. 

McLaughlin,  James  E.   (C.  T.  A.  U.),  Philadelphia. 

Metz,  Rev.  J.  A.,  Germantown. 

Miller,  Rev.  Rufus  W.  (Fed.  Council  of  Churches),  Philadelphia. 

Murphy,  Michael  J.   (T.  A.  B.  Society),  West  Chester. 

Obuholtzer,  Mrs  Sara  Louisa  (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Philadelphia. 

O'Connell,  Mrs.  Mary   (C.  T.  A.  U.),  Braddock. 

Olson,  Mrs.  Ole  (W.  C.  T.   U.),  Renovo. 

Postleucut,  Mrs.  W.  J.   (W.  C.  T.  U.),  South  Fork. 

Prindable,  Joseph  P.   (C.  T.  A.  U.),  Philadelphia. 

Prugh,  B.   E.    (Prohibition  National  Committee),   Harrisburg. 

Raby,  Mr.  W.  H.   (Church  of  Christ),  Waynesboro. 

Raby,  Mrs.  W.  H.   (Church  of  Christ),  Waynesboro. 

Rafferty,  Rev.  W.  Edward,  D.  D.   (Northern  Bap.  Con.),  Philadelphia. 

514 


LIST  OF  DELEGATES 

Rickenbrode,  E.  C.  (M.  E.  Church),  Pleasantville. 

Riddle,  Sara  M.   (T.  A.  B.  Society),  Philadelphia. 

Rodes,  R.  R.,  York. 

Ruddley,  Josephine  (T.  A.  B.  Society),  Philadelphia. 

Sanner,  Mrs.  H.  H.  {W.  C.  T.  U.),  Pittsburgh. 

Schaeffer,  Charles  E.  (Reformed  Church  in  U.  S.),  Philadelphia. 

Schaum,  Rev.  George  F.  (Perm.  Com.  of  United  Evang.  Ch.),  Lancaster. 

Scanlon,   Mrs.  Charles    (World  Prohibition  Federation),  Pittsburgh. 

Scanlon,  Miss  Pauline  (IVorld  Prohibition  Federation),  Pittsburgh. 

Scanlon,  Dr.  Charles   (IVorld  Prohibition  Federation),  Pittsburgh.  "; 

Sherwood,  Mrs.  Paul  J.  (JV.  C.  T.  U.),  Wilkes-Barre.  \ 

Schlegel,  H.  Franklin   (United  Evang.  Ch.  Temp.  Corns.),  Reading. 

Schmidt,  Mrs.  Ambrose   (IV.  C.  T.   U.),  Bellefonte.  ' 

Skinner,  W.  Spencer  (Baptist  Church  of  Pittsburgh),  Pittsburgh. 

Slack,  Ross   (Sons  of  Temperance),  Philadelphia.  • 

Slater,  Mrs.  Ida  (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Johnstown. 

Smith,  Anna  G.   (C.  T.  A.  U.),  Dunmore. 

Smith,  Mrs.  Belle  Davis   (W.  C.   T.  U.),  Erie. 

Smith,  Harry  W.,  Tamaqua. 

Smith,  Mrs.  H.  W.  (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Tamaqua. 

Stauffer,  Rev.  J.  J.  (Penn.  State  Prohib.  Committee),  York. 

Stauffer,  Rev.  Edgar  E.   (Perm.  Temp.  Com.  of  Un.  Evang.  C),  Lebanon. 

Steele,  Joseph  M.  (Nat'l  Reform  AssociatioiC),  Philadelphia. 

Stewart,  Mrs.  T.  R.  B.   (IV.  C.  T.  U.),  Wilkinsburg. 

Stiner,  Mrs.  Clara   (IV.  C.  T.   U.),  Kennett  Square. 

Stringer,  Godfrey  (Penn.  State  Pro.  Committee),  Philadelphia. 

Stringer,  Mrs.  Mary  (IV.  C.  T.  U.),  Germantown. 

Trezise,  Mrs.  W.  M.   (IV.  C.  T.  U.),  DuBois. 

Tuolry,  Hugh  (C.  T.  A.  U.),  Philadelphia. 

Walsh,  Margaret  D.  (T.  A.  B.  Societv),  Philadelphia. 

Walsh,  Mary  ^I.  T.  (C.  T.  A.  U.),  Philadelphia. 

Walters,  Thos.   (Bd.  of  Temp.  Presbyterian  Church),  Pittsburgh. 

Walton,  John   (Fed.  Council  of  Churches),  Philadelphia. 

Watchhorn,  Rev.  John,  D.  D.  (Anti-Saloon  League),  Philadelphia. 

Wenzel,  Mrs.  Adele  G.   (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Bethlehem. 

West,  Mr.  George  (C.  T.  A.  U.),  Lanimer. 

White,  James  J.  (C.  T.  A.  U.),  Scranton. 

Wilson,  Faidley,  AL,  D.  D.  (Nat'l.  Reform  Ass'n.),  Philadelphia. 

Wylie,  Mrs.  Jean  B.  (IV.  C.  T.  U.),  Pittsburgh. 

Wylie,  Mrs.  R.  C.  (Nat'l  Reform  Association),  Pittsburgh. 

STATE  OF  RHODE  ISLAND 

APPOINTED   BY   GOVERNOR 

Burlingame,     L.     D.,     Providence.     15  Randall,    Dean    Otis    E.,    Providence, 

Catalpa   Rd.  Brown  Lniv. 

Davis,  Rev.  Samuel  H.,  Westerly  Roberts,    Mrs.    J.    H.    (Also    IV.    C.    T. 

Hall,  Mrs.  J.  J.    (Also  R.  I.   IV.   C.   T.  U.),  Providence,  319  Butler  Ex. 

U.),  Providence,  319  Butler  E.x.  Rookc,    Mrs.    G.    T.,    Providence,    319 

Johnson,  John,  Pawtuckct  Butler   Ex. 

Livingston,      Mrs.      Deborah       Knox  Shaw.    Edward,    Providence,   4   West- 
er/jo   IV.  C.  T.  U.),  Providence,  319  minster  St. 
Butler   Ex.  Stecre,  S.  V.,  Chepachet 

515 


LIST  OF  DELEGATES 

REPRESENTING   ORGANIZATIONS 

Brown,  Clarence  L,  Providence. 

Chase,  Rev.  Loring  B.   (Newman  Congregational  Churcli),  Providence. 

Claypool,  Rev.  Ernest  V.  (Anti-Saloon  League),  Providence. 

Cooper,  Rev.  J.  Francis  (Ami-Saloon  League),  East  Greenwich. 

Dingwall,  Rev.  J.  D.  (Anti-Saloon  League),  Pawtucket. 

Ellis,  L  C,  Westerly. 

Evans,  Rev.  Edward  R.    (Anti-Saloon  League),  Pawtucket. 

Goff,  D.  C.  (Anti-Saloon  League),  Providence. 

Green,  Rev.  William  T.   (Anti-Saloon  League),  Natick. 

Littlefield,  Nathan  W.   (Anti-Saloon  League),  Providence. 

O'Brien,  Thomas  (T.  A.  B.  Society),  Pawtucket. 

Olsenious,  Rev.  Joel   (Anti-Saloon  League),  Auburn. 

Place,  Miss  Marion  (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Providence. 

Rooke,  Mrs.  George  F.  (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Providence. 

Steuart,  Rev.  T.  J.  (Anti-Saloon  League),  Pawtucket. 

White,  Willis  H.  (Anti-Saloon  League),  Providence. 

STATE  OF  SOUTH  CAROLINA 

APPOINTED    BY    GOVERNOR 

Burney,   Prof.  W.   B.,   Columbia  Hayne,  Dr.  Jas.  A.,   Columbia 

DuBose,   S.  W.,   Easley  Williams,   Dr.   C.   F.,   Columbia 

Guignard,   Dr.  Jane    Bruce,    Columbia    Wilson,    Dr.    Robt.,   Jr.,    Charleston 

STATE   OF   SOUTH   DAKOTA 

REPRESENTING   ORGANIZATIONS 

Collins,  Mrs.  Ida  M.  (Anti-Saloon  League  of  S.  Dak.),  Redfield. 
STATE  OF  TENNESSEE 

APPOINTED   BY    GOVERNOR 

Brandon,  Prof.  A.  J.,  Murfresboro  Leslie,   Hon.   Geo.   M.,   Camden 

Bang,     Mrs.      Mary,     Nashville,     719  McDanicl,  N.  M.,  Tellico  Plains 

Russell   St.  Milton,  G.  F.,  Chattanooga,  500  Wood 

Carre,    Dr.    Henry    Beech    (Also    Anti-  Place 

Saloon     League     &     World     League  Webb.   Hon.   W.   R.,   Belle   Buckle 

against  Alcoholism),  Nashville  Whcelock,   Mrs.  W.   E.,  Chattanooga. 

Cooper,  Noah  W.,  Nashville  238   Prospect  St. 

Elkins,  Hon.   Louis  E.,  Nashville 

REPRESENTING   ORGANIZATIONS' 

Burrow,  Dr.  J.  A.   (M.  E.  Church),  Chattanooga. 
Chappell,  Dr.  E.  B.  (M  E^  Church  South),  Nashville. 
McAlister,  Rev.  J.  D.    (Anti-Saloon  League),  Nashville. 
McCoy,  Mrs.  J.  H.  (M.  E.  Church  South),  Nashville. 
Murrah,  Bishop  W.  B.   (M.  E.  Church  South),  Memphis. 
Welch,  Mrs.  Minnie  Alison  (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Sparta. 

STATE  OF  TEXAS 

APPOINTED    BY    GOVERNOR 

Clark,    Mrs.    T.    S.,    Marlin  McHugh,  Mrs.  E.  L..  Vernon 

Hollett,    Mrs.   Mary   P.,   San    .Antonio,    Megrail,   Mrs.  Cora  E.,  Grand   Prairie 

815    Russell    Place 
Jackson,  Mrs.  J.  D.,  Cleburne,   105  W.     Ragland,   Mrs.   T.   S.,   Gilmer 

Willingham 

516 


LIST  OF  DELEGATES 

REPRESEXTIXG   ORGAXIZATIOXS 

CoUine,  Mrs.  Josephine   {Anti-Saloon  League),  Dallas. 

Milburn,  W.  J.  (Anti-Saloon  League),  Abilene. 

Webb,  Rev.  Atticus  (Anti-Saloon  League),  Dallas. 

Woodward,  Dr.  Comer  (AL  E.  Church  South),  Dallas,  Southern  'SI.  E.  Univ. 

STATE  OF  UTAH 

APPOINTED   BY    GOVERNOR 

Whitnej',  H.  G.,  Salt  Lake  City. 
STATE  OF  VERMONT 

REPRESENTING   ORGAXIZATIOXS 

Laing,  A.  E.  (Anti-Saloon  League  of  Vermont),  Burlington. 
STATE  OF  VIRGINIA 

APPOIXTED   BY    GOVERNOR 

Emcrick,    Mrs.    J.    H.,    Purcellville  Parrott,    Mrs.    Faith    T.,    Martinsville 

Garnett,  Christopher  B.,  Fairfax  Pollard,    J  no.    Garland,    Wash.ington. 

Hatcher,    Rev.    S.    C,   Ashland  D.    C. 

Jones,  C.  E.,  Carysbrook  Ruebush,   Mrs.  J.   K.  Dayton 

Jorg,  Mrs.  Wm.,  Richmond  Savage,   Mrs.  Sadie,  Onley 

Lambert,  Geo.  A.,  Rural  Retreat  Smith,  H.  B.,  Richmond 

Lee,   ilrs.   Bettie,   Danville  Wicker,  Rev.  J.  J.,  Richmond 

REPRESENTING  ORGANIZATIONS 

Barber,  R.  S.  (Anti-Saloon  League),  South  Boston. 

Bellows,  Joe  (Anti-Saloon  League),  Ocran. 

Benkerhoff,  M.  H.,  Falls  Church. 

Bennett,  Dr.  R.  H.  (M.  E.  Church  South),  Lynchburg. 

Callahan,  Mrs.  J.  A.   (IV^C.  T.  U.),  Bristol. 

Cannon,  Bishop  James   (Also  registered  in  N.  C),  Blackstone. 

Campbell,  Dr.  \V.  C.  (Anti-Saloon  League),  Roanoke. 

Conway,  P.  D.  B.   (Anti-Saloon  League),  Fredericksburg. 

Conway,  Miss  Vivian,  Fredericksburg. 

Merritt,  Earl  R.,  Falls  Church. 

Griffith,  R.  S.,  M.  D.,  Basic  City. 

Hoge,  Howard  M.  (Bd.  of  Su/^fression  of  Liquor  Traffic),  Lincoln. 

Hawxhurst,  Mr.  G.  W.  (I'a.  Grand  Lodge  I.  O.  G.  T.),  Falls  Church. 

Hepburn,  Rev.  David  (Anti-Saloon  League),  Richmond. 

Hepburn,  Mrs.  David   (Anti-Saloon  League),  Chester. 

Hicks,  Mrs.  Mary  Quinn  (JV.  C.  T.  U.),  Fredericksburg. 

Hoge,  Sara  H.  (Bd.  of  Sup.  of  Liquor  Traffic),  Lincoln. 

Hopkins.  Rev.  J.  A.  (Bd.  of  Tenif.  il'elfarc  of  Ch.  of  Christ).  Edinburg. 

Hough,  J.  W.  (Anti-Saloon  League),  Norfolk. 

Ivy,  Dr.  W.  C.  (Anti-Saloon  League),  Roanoke. 

James,  Mrs.  L.  W.  (IV.  C.  T.  U.),  Drendon. 

Jackson,  Rev.  Eugene  B.  (Soc.  Serv.  Com.  S.  B.  Conv.),  .Alexandria. 

Justus,  Mrs.  R.  A.  (IV.  C.  T.  U.),  Chester. 

Keefer,  Miss  Nora  (W  C.  T.  L\),  Richmond. 

Lambeth,  Dr.  Graham  (Anii-Saloon  League),  Richmond. 

Lathams,  Mrs.  Frank  (JV.  C.  T.  U.),  Alexandria. 

Mason,  Mrs.  Julia  H.  (IV.  C.  T.  V.),  Alexandria. 

McConncU.  John  P.  ( .Inli-Saloon  League).  East  Radford. 

517 


LIST  OF  DELEGATES 

McConnell,  Mrs.  J.  P.  (If.  C.  T.  U.),  East  Radford. 
Merrill,  Miss  Lucile   (IV.  C.  T.   U.),  Agnewville. 
Mullins,  Mrs.  Henry  G.  (IV.  C.  T.  U.),  Alartinsville. 
Paulett,  R.  H.,  Farmville. 
Paulett,  Mrs.  R.  H.,  Farmville. 
Peer}',  Mrs,  D.  Carnhan    (JV.  C.  T.  U.),  Coeburn. 
Peterson,  Mrs.  Evalyn  (IV  .C.  T.  U.),  Pamplin. 
Pitt,  Dr.  R.  H.  (Anti-Saloon  League),  Richmond. 
Scott,  Rev.  John  G.   (Anti-Saloon  League),  Richmond. 
Small,  Hon.  Sam   (National  Reform  Association),  Rosslyn. 
Talbot,  Frank  (M.  E.  Church-  South),  Danville. 
Thomas,  Mrs.  R.  (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Richmond. 
Walton,  M.  L.  (M.  E.  Church  South),  Woodstock. 
Weech,  Amy  C.  (W.  C.  T.  U.),  D.  C,  21731  Ninth  St. 
Wellford,  Dr.  E.  T.,  Newport  News. 
Wolfe,  Mrs.  Hattie  (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Highland  Springs. 

STATE  OF  WASHINGTON 

REPRESENTING   ORGANIZATIONS 

Barr,  Carrie  M.  (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Yakima. 
Roberts,  John  T.   (IV.  C.  T.  U.),  Yakima. 
Roberts,  Elizabeth  (IV.  C.  T.U.),  Yakima. 

STATE  OF  WEST  VIRGINIA 

APPOINTED   BY   GOVERNOR 

Barnes,  Mrs.  J.  Walter,  Fairmont  Sweet,  Mrs.   Edith   M.,  St.  Albans 

McWhorter,  Judge  J.  C,  Buckhannon  Thomas,  A.   S.,  Charleston 

Mohler,  Mrs.  T.  H.,  St.  Albans  Trainer,    Geo.    W.,    Salem 

Pickering,      Mrs.      Blanche,      Rowles-  West,  Mrs.  Leandus,  Clarksburg 

burg  Yost,  Mrs.  L    L.    (U.  S.  Official  Dele- 
Raine,   Mrs.   Montgomery,    Evenwood        gate),  Charleston,  Kanawha  Hotel 
Laughlin,  Geo.  A.,  Wheeling. 

REPRESENTING  ORGANIZATIONS 

Bonafield,  Mrs.  Virginia  (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Fairmont. 

Darlington,  Bishop  U.  V.  M.   (M.  E.  Church  South),  Huntington. 

Davisson,  Nora  B.  Miss  (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Lost  Creek. 

Light,  Dr.  John  H.  (M.  E.  Church  South),  Marlington. 

Martin,  A.  W.   (State  Prohibition  Party),  Haywood. 

Robinson,  Mrs.  B.  F.   (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Clarksburg. 

Robinson,  Miss  Margaret  (PV.  C.  T.  U.),  Clarksburg. 

Teter,  Mrs.  M.  D.  (W.  C.  T.  U.),  Bridgeport. 

Waterhouse,  B.  N.  (General  Sunday  School  Board),  Huntington. 

STATE  OF  WISCONSIN 

APPOINTED   BY   GOVERNOR 

Alexander,    L.    M.,    Port    Edwards  Rosebush,   Judson    G.,   Appleton 

Hazelberg,  Hon.  T.  T.,  Madison  Strange,  Ex-Lieut.  Governor,  Neenah 

Hooper,   Mrs.   Ben,   Oshkosh  Vea,  F.  J.,   Stoughton 

James,   Miss   Ada,    Richland   Center  Weldon,  W.  E.,  Milwaukee 

Johnson,  Mrs.  Mary  Scott,  Superior  Whitehead,     Hon.     John     M.,     Janes- 

Minanhan,    Miss    Ellen    L.,    Milwau-  ville 

kee  Youmans,   Mrs.  Theo.   M.,  Waukesha 

518 


LIST  OF  DELEGATES 

REPRESENTING   ORGANIZATIONS 

Jones,  Warren  G.,  Madison. 

Sedar,  Rev.  James  L   (IViscoiisin  Anti-Saloon  League),  Milwaukee. 

Wright,  Mrs.  Frances   (World's  Purity  Federation),  Green  Bay. 

STATE  OF  WYOMING 

APPOINTED   BY   GOVERNOR 

Allison,   Mrs.   Archie,   Cheyenne  Rose,  W.  B.,   Cheyenne 

Bible,  Dr.  Geo.  A.,   Rawlins  Stoner,   Mrs.    Ethel,   Cokeville 

Condit,  L.  R.  A.,  Barnum  Warren,    Earl,    Riverton 

Cromer,  Dr.  J.  M.,  Casper  Wade,  W.  L.,  Cheyenne 

REPRESENTING  0RGANIZ.\TI0NS 

Hawkins,  Mrs.  C.  D.  (Anti-Saloon  League),  Wheatland. 


519 


THE  SPIRIT  OF  TEMPERANCE 

PAGEANT  GIVEN  IN  HONOR 

OF  THE  FIFTEENTH  INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS 

AGAINST  ALCOHOLISM 

On  the  East  Front  of  the  Capitol 
Washington,  D.  C,  September  21,  1920,  at  8  p.  m. 

Written  by 

SuEssA  Baldridge  Blaixe  (]\Iks.  Dox  p.  Blaine) 

of  the  American  Executive  Committee. 

Produced  under  the  direction  of 

IMarie  Moore  Forrest,  District  of  Columbia  Community  Service 

Director  of  Music,  Charles  S.  Wengerd,  District  of  Columbia  Community  Service. 


PART  I 

The  Progress  of  Temperance — Pageant  of  the  Forekjn  Nations  Represented 

IN  Congress. 

Processional  Hymn — "How  Firm  a  Foundation." 

Prologue  by  the  Spirit  of  Temperance 
In  the'  by-gone  distant  ages,  Bacchus  ruled  with  reckless  hand. 
Kings  and  courtiers,  seers  and  sages,  tribute  paid  at  his  command ; 
License  stalked  abroad  unchallenged,  Self-indulgence  had  its  way, 
Till  the  Nations,  crushed  by  vices,  passed  in  ruin  and  decay. 

Slowly,  surely,  men  are  learning,  wholesome  lessons  Time  has  taught ; 
Virtue  some  time  is  rewarded,  sacrifice  is  not  for  naught. 
And  to  some,  in  wondrous  measure,  comes  the  dream  of  Brotherhood — 
They  forego  the  doubtful  pleasure  to  promote  the  common  good. 

Entrance  of  Columbia  and  her  Counselors — The  Departments  of  State,  Treasury, 
War,  Justice,  Post  Office,  Xavy,  Interior,  Agriculture,  Commerce  and  Labor. 

March  of  International  Guests  representing  Nations  participating  in  the 
pageant.  They  are  greeted  by  The  Spirit  of  Temperance  and  presented  to 
Columbia. 

All  Nations  render  homage  to  The  Spirit  of  Temperance.  Columbia  wel- 
comes her  guests  to  the  very  Heart  of  the  Nation. 

Epilogue  by  the  Spirit  of  Temperance. 

Light  must  ever  follow  darkness.  Truth's  white  banners  be  unfurled — 
Temperance,  as  fair  as  sunrise,  dawns  to-day  to  bless  the  World  I 

PART  II 

The    Evolution    of    the    Constitution.     Pageant    of    the    United    States    of 

America. 
Entrance  of  Columbia  and  her  Counselors  escorting  the  International  Guests. 

520 


Columbia  addresses  the  Guests: — Before  us  will  pass  in  historical  review  great 
founders  of  our  Country  and  of  our  Constitution. 

Entrance  of  George  Washixgtox  attended  by  Contixextal  Advisors. 

The  Coxstitutiox  Becomes  the  Fouxdatiox  of  our  Goverxmext. 

Columbia  speaks: — Behold  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States.  With  the  pass- 
ing years  it  has  grown  with  the  Nation  to  meet  increasing  needs  and  respon- 
sibilities. 

Eleven  Amendments  are  added  to  the  Constitutiox. 

The  Ten  Original  Amendments.  1791. —  (i)  Freedom  of  speech  and  of  the 
press  and  the  right  to  petition;  (2)  The  right  to  keep  and  bear  arms;  (.3) 
Regarding  soldiers'  quarters  in  times  of  peace  and  war ;  (4)  The  right  of 
search  and  seizure  regulated;  (5)  Concerning  prosecution,  trial  and  punish- 
ment; (6)  The  right  to  speedy  trial;  (7)  The  right  to  trial  by  jury;  (8)  Exces- 
sive fines  and  cruel  punishment  prohibited ;  (9)  Enumeration  of  certain  rights 
construed;   (10)   States'  rights;   (11)  Judicial  powers  construed — 1798. 

The  Clock  of  the  Universe  strikes. — Time  passes. 

Entrace  of  Thomas  Jeffersox  accompanied  by  Bexjamix  Fraxklix  and  Dr. 
Benjamin  Rush,  early  Advocates  of  Temperance. 

Columbia  speaks: — Thomas  Jefferson,  one  who  believed  in  temperance  as  funda- 
mental. 

Thomas  Jefferson  was  largely  responsible  for  the  first  aggressive  action  of 
the  United  States  Government  to  prohibit  the  liquor  traffic  among  the 
Indians.  He  also  strongly  opposed  the  securing  of  revenue  for  the 
Federal  Government  through  taxation  of  intoxicating  liquors. 

The  Twelfth  Amendment  is  Added  to  the  Constitution. 

(12)  ^Manner  of  choosing  President  and  Vice-President — 1804. 

Time  passes. 

Chorus:     "The  Battle  Hymn  of  the  Republic." 

"As  Christ  died  to  make  men  holy,  let  us  live  to  make  men  I'rce." 

Entrance  of  Abraham  Linxoln. 

Columbi.a  speaks — Abraham  Lincoln  with  clear  and  prophetic  vision  foretold  a 
time  when  this  Nation  would  not  only  be  loosed  from  the  chains  of  slavery  but 
also  be  set  free  from  the  fetters  of  strong  drink. 

"Whether  the  world  would  be  vastly  benefited  by  a  total  and  final  banish- 
ment from  it  of  all  intoxicating  drinks,  seems  to  me  not  now  to  be  an 
open  question.  When  the  victory  shall  be  complete,  when  there  shall  be 
neither  a  slave  nor  a  drunkard  on  earth,  how  proud  the  title  of  that  land 
which  may  claim  to  be  the  birthplace  and  cradle  of  those  revolutions  that 
shall  have  ended  in  that  victory." — .Abraham  Lincoln  in  an  address  at 
Springfield,  111.,  Feb.  22,  1842. 

The  names  of  Jefferson  and  Lincoln  will  ever  be  enshrined  in  the  hearts  of 
the  American  people. 

Tin;  Thirteenth,  I'oukteentii  and  Fifteicxih  .\meniimexts  are  Added  to  the 
Constitution. 

(13)  Slavery  abolished,  1865;  (14)  Regarding  rights  uf  citizenship,  appor- 
tionment of  representatives  in  Congress  and  validity  of  public  debts,  1868; 
(  i-)   rir.-miiii''  ihr  frnnrhise  to  colored  citizens,  1870. 

521 


Time  passes. 

The  Sixteenth  and  Seventeenth  Amendments  are  Added  to  the  Constitution. 
(i6)  Income  taxes  authorized,  1913;  (17)  Election  of  U.  S.  Senators  by 
direct  popular  vote,  1913. 

Chorus:     "Oh,  God,  Our  Help  in  Ages  Past,  Our  Hope  for  Years  to  Come." 

Columbia  speaks : — The  Evolution  of  Temperance  has  been  slow  but  sure. 

Deep  Consecration  and  stern  Agitation  laid  the  foundation  in  dark  early 

days; 
Then  Education  by  its  information,  built  up  the  structure  in  logical  ways. 
Organization  spread  over  the  Nation,  massing  the  workers  in  units  of  power ; 
Cooperation  of  all  these  forces  won  Legislation,  blest  boon  of  the  hour. 

Entrance  of  Groups  representing : 

The  Church — which  has  given  religious  and  moral  instruction. 

The  Home — where  little  ones  have  been  tenderly  taught. 

The  School — where  in  accordance  with  Federal  and  State  laws  children 
have  received  scientific  temperance  instruction. 

The  Press — which  by  charts,  posters  and  leaflets,  by  articles  in  magazines 
and  daily  newspapers,  as  well  as  in  religious  and  temperance  publica- 
tions, has  educated  the  general  public. 

The  Platform — whereby  lecturers  have  presented  their  message  in  everj- 
hamlet,  town  and  cit}\ 

Scientific  Inn'estigation — conducted  by  eminent  University"  Professors  to 
determine  the  physiological  and   psychological   effect  of   alcohol. 

The  Economic  Viewpoint — as  interpreted  by  hundreds  of  employers  and 
thousands  of  working  men  of  this  Nation. 

These  and  many  other  efforts  and  interests  have  had  a  part  in  The  Evolu- 
tion OF  the  Temperance  Cause. 

Entrance  of  the  United  Temperance  Forces. 

Interpretative  Scene : — Representing  the  early  Temperance  effort  as  being 
shrouded  in  darkness  and  difficult}-  when  separate  forces  struggle  on  and  on 
guided  by  the  spirit  of  Agitation.  Consecrated  Education  appears  and  they 
are  brought  together  into  the  pathway  which  leads  toward  the  dawn  and,  at 
last,  brings  them  to  the  clear  light  of  victor}\ 

Chorus:     ''Onward   Christian   Soldiers." 

The  Eighteenth  Amendment  is  Added  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States. 
The  Eighteenth  Amendment  to  the  Constitution  prohibiting  the  manufacture, 
sale,  or  transportation  of  intoxicating  liquors  within,  the  importation  thereof 
into,  or  the  exportation  thereof  from  the  United  States,  and  all  territory-  sub- 
ject to  its  jurisdiction,  for  beverage  purposes,  was  introduced  in  the  Senate 
by  joint  resolution  in  April,  1917,  and  in  December,  1917,  was  passed  by  both 
Houses  of  Congress  and  submitted  to  the  Legislatures  of  the  various  States. 
Having  been  duly  ratified  on  Januar>-  16,  1919,  by  thirt\--six  States  as  required 
by  the  Constitution,  it  was,  on  Januarv'  29,  1919,  proclaimed  as  being  in  full 
force  and  effect.  By  subsequent  action  of  other  State  Legislatures,  a  grand 
total  of  fortj'-five  States  ratified  the  Eighteenth  Amendment. 

The  Eighteenth  Amendment  enters  and  is  greeted  by  Columbia  and  her  Coun- 
selors. The  Department  of  State  accepts  his  scroll  and  adds  it  to  the 
Constitution. 

522 


Procession  :  Heralds  of  Victory 

Progress  Prosperity 

Protected  Childhood 

The  States,  Territories  and  United  States  Possessions. 

"Praise  God  from  Whom  All  Blessings  Flow." 
"America" 


The  American  Executive  Committee  of  the  Fifteenth  International  Congress 
Against  Alcoholism  desires  to  express  its  thanks  and  appreciation  to  Henry  F. 
Burt,  Executive  Officer,  IMarie  IMoore  Forrest,  Director  of  Pageantry  and  the 
Drama,  and  Charles  S.  Wengerd,  Director  of  Community  Singing,  all  of  the  Com- 
munity Service  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  for  their  invaluable  assistance  and 
professional  services  in  connection  with  the  direction  and  production  of  the 
Pageant. 


CHARACTERS  IX  THE  PAGEANT. 
In  order  of  their  appearance. 

The  Spirit  of  Temperance Esther  Gunnison 

Columbia Maud  Howell  Smith 

George  Washington Rev.  Harry  D.  Mitchell,  D.  D. 

The  Constitution  of  the  United  States  ....     Rev.  Geo.  Diffenderfer,  D.  D. 

Father  Time Benjamin  E.  Hinkle 

Thovms  Jefferson Rev.  Earle  Wilfley,  D.  D. 

Benjamin  Franklin John  R.  Grace 

Benjamin  Rush Maurice  H.   Jarvis 

Abraham  Lincoln Denis  E.  Connell 

Music  rendered  by  the  United  States  Marine  Band,  under  the  direction  of  Wm. 
H.  Santelmann,  the  National  Community  Chorus,  and  Vested  Choirs  of  the  follow- 
ing Washington  Churches:  St.  Aloysius,  St.  Patrick's,  St.  John's  (Georgetown), 
St.  Margaret's,  Epiphany  Lutheran,  Petworth  Methodist,  Luther  Place  Memorial, 
Mt.  Pleasant  Congregational,  St.  Stephen's,  and  Church  of  the  Ascension. 

The  Executive  Departments  of  the  Government  by  Misses  Catherine  F.  Roan, 
Mabel  Kolarik,  Hazel  Britton,  Mabel  Stout,  Olive  Cooper,  Corinne  Johnson,  Anna 
Irwin,  Mabel  Johnson,  Vesta  Pollock,  Grace  Hoover. 

Our  International  Guests  by  groups  from  State,  Treasury,  and  War  Depart- 
ments, including  War  Risk  and  Census  Bureaus. 

George  Washington's  advisors  by  members  of  the  Post  Office  Department 
Players :  Messrs.  Moon,  Marlcttc,  Galitzia  and  Goleb. 

The  Eighteen  Constitutional  .Xmendmcnts  by  Detachment  of  Q.  M.  C,  Wash- 
ington Barracks,  and  soldiers  from  Walter  Reed  Hospital. 

The  Evolution  of  the  Temperance  Cause  represented  as  follows: 

The  Church— Rev.  H.  E.  Brundage  D.  D.,  and  Rev.  Eugene  A.  Hannan. 
The  Home — Mr.  and  Mrs.  R.  W.  Eisinger. 
The  School — Miss  Marie  Church,  with  children. 

The  Press — Miss  Gertrude  Driscoll,  Carlos  Dunagan,  Hugh  F.  Foster. 
The  Platform— Mrs.  Chas.  P.  Granfield  and  Rev.  Wilmer  P.  Johnson. 
Scientific  Investigation — Dr.  C.  W.  Mitchell,  and  Dr.  Thos.  B.  Crisp,  of  U.  S. 
Public  Health  Service. 

The  Economic  Viewpoint — Mr.  George  Ellis  and  Mr.  A.  J.  Driscoll. 

523 


Interpretative  Scene  by  pupils  of  Lyric  School  of  Interpretative  Dancing  for 
Children,  under  the  direction  of  Grace  Batchelor  and  Mary  Frances  Murray. 

The  United  Temperance  Forces  by  members  of  the  W.  C.  T.  U.,  Washington, 
D.  C,  under  the  direction  of  Mrs.  Bertie  S.  Solbach. 

States,  Territories  and  U.  S.  Possessions  by  groups  from  State,  Treasury  and 
War  Departments,  including  War  Risk  and  Census  Bureaus. 

Heralds  of  Victory:  Mary  Skinner,  Edith  Tupman,  Alice  Tupman,  Mary 
Jordan. 

Progress  and  Prosperity :     Eva  and  Edith  Monroe. 


PAGEANT  COMMITTEE. 

1.  Representing  the  American  Executive  Committee  of  the  Congress :  Mrs.  Suessa 

B.  Blaine,  Mrs.  Ellis  A.  Yost,  Miss  Laura  R.  Church. 

2.  Representing  the  American   Advisory  Committee:     Mrs.  A.  J.   Driscoll,   Mrs. 

E.  S.  Henry,  Mr.  Deets  Pickett. 

3    Costumes :     Mrs.  E.  T.   Perkins,  Mrs.  J.   Criswell,  Mrs.  W.   Giff  ord,  Mrs.   T. 

Tincher,  Mrs.  W.  Taylor,  Mrs.  J.  R.  Handy,  Mrs.  A.  J.  Driscoll. 
4.  Marshals :    Mrs.  N.  M.  Pollock,  Mrs.  J.  W.  Allison,  Mrs.  W.  Winklehaus,  i\Irs. 

F.  Davis,  Mrs.  E.  J.  Deeds,  Mrs.  L.  W.  Solbach,  Mrs.  C.  F.  Bowman. 
Elizabeth  Davis  Schreiner,  Pageant  Organizer  for  the  American  Executive  Com- 
mittee. 

Piano  used  by  the  National  Community  Chorus  by  courtesy  of  the 
Arthur  Jordan  Piano  Co. 


524 


INDEX 


I.    Authors  and  Speakers 


Acevedo,  \'arela  31 

Aldrich,   Miss    433 

Algorta,   Ruperto    38,  392 

Allen,  Mrs.  Martha  Meiv  66 

Amaldi,   Paolo    49 

Anderson,  Bishop  William  F 142 

Baker,  Purley  A 74 

Barton,  A.  J 364,  438 

Beesley,  T.  Q 422 

Bennet,  Hon.  William  S 454 

Bigelow,  F.  E 462 

Bird,   Andrew   246 

Bjorkman,  Alexis   262 

Blaine,  Mrs.  Suessa  B 472 

Bryan,   Hon.  William   Jennings... 
32,  324.  34-',  401 

Canevin,  Bishop  Regis  136 

Cannon,  Bishop  James,  Jr.   ...117,  441 

Carter,  De  Lancy 50 

Cherrington,  Ernest  H 

48,  53,  72,  189,  427 

Church,  Miss  Laua  R 424,  453 

Coler,  Hon.  Bird  S 198,  213 

Colvin,  D.  Leigh   444 

Cook,  A.  J 35,  217,  :^-»,  425 

Courtenay,  A.  M 67 

Crafts,  Wilbur  F 65,  173,  429,  443 

Craigie,  R.  L 25,  405 

Crommelin,  Miss  Henriette  W..99,  247 

Daniels,  Hon.  Josephus   17,  131 

Davis,  R.  L 69 

Dinwiddle,  Edwin  C.   

17,  399.  4-27,  43^).  488 

Duran,  Jcrman   Royo  471 

I'anning,  Michael  J 81,  100 

Faris,  H.  P 83 

I'isk,  Eugene  Lyman    39 

Foster,  Percy  S 217,  479 

Fricrson,  Hon.  William  L 338 

CJallienne,  G 89,   no,  416 

Ceddes,  Sir  Auckland  25 

f Jil)Son,   Carlos    365 

Gonzales,  Hon.  William  E 26 

Gordon,  Miss  .\nna  .\ ri8,  437 


Growitch,  Slavko  Y 28 

Harford,  Charles  F 291 

Harris.    63,  ^27 

Helenius-Seppala,   Matti   24,  190 

Hendrick,  Hon.  J.  Thilman 20 

Hercod,  Robert.., 29,  174,  256,  399,  481 

Hickson,  Miss  Sallie    432 

Hinshaw,  Virgil  G 80 

Hobson,  Hon.  Richmond  Pearson. 

72,  240,  380,  427 

Hohenthal,  E.  L.  G 431 

Holitscher,   A 54 

Iglehart,   F.   C 67 

Jewett    112 

Jones,  Charles  0 70 

Khan,  Hon.  Abdul  Ali  . .  . ' 29 

Kramer,  Hon.  John  F 207 

La  Place  E 113 

Larsen-Ledet,   Lars    406,  462 

Legrain,  Paul  Maurice 1 10 

Lemieu.x,  Sir  Frangois  357 

Lewis,  J.  P> 67 

Ley,  .August 21,   103,  400 

Lin,  Herman  C.  E 172 

Livingston,   Mrs.  Deborah    407 

McDowell,   William   Eraser 328 

Mason.  L.   D 48 

Merle-Smith,  Hon.  \'an  S 19 

Meteil,  Jean    23,  158 

Milliken,  Governor  Carl  E 473 

Milner,  Duncan  C S2,  102 

Ming,  Peter  A 84 

Xaismith,  W.  W 466 

Xeild,  Theodore 47.  151,  281,  379 

O'Callaghan,  Peter  J 357,  420,  460 

Panaretoff,  Hon.  Stephen 146 

Peabody,  Mrs.  Henry  W 283 

Pickett,    Deets    4.34 

Pinochet,  Tancredo   395,  417 

Prettyman,   I'orrcst  J 17 


.52.S 


INDEX 


Rea,  Thomas   363,  409 

Requena,  Rafael   2-,  3^ 

Roper,  Hon.  Daniel  C 272 

Rosevvater,  Charles  A 63,  322 

Rowe,  L.  S 20 

Saleeby,  C.  W 65,  230,  318,  376,  419 

Scanlon,  Charles  69,  y^,  425,  427 

Scott,  J.  G 32J 

Shaw,  Mark  R 446 

Slack,  Miss  Agnes  E 279,  328 

Slotemaker  de  Bruine,  J.  R.  .17,  27,  403 

Spence,  Miss  Ruth  E 68,  177 

Solnordal,  Ole  S 169 

Spence,  Ben  H 280,  412 

Staitch,  Georges  K 148,  299 

Steck,  Charles  F 49 

Stockard,  Charles  R.  .369,  379,  380,  381 
Stoddard,  Miss  Cora  Frances 

311.  414,  457 

Sutcliffe,  Albert 68,  319 

Thomas,  C.  F 118 


Thunberg,  Torsten  31,  413 

Tsamados,  Hon.  M 30 

Tupper,  Henry  Allen  217 

\'elasco,  Epigmenio  37,  381,  446 

Vogt,  Ragnar  29,  410 

Watkins,  Aaron  S 79,    81 

AVatson,  Robert   214 

Wei,  Wen  Pin 21,  170,  411 

Wheeler,  Hon.  Wayne  B 215,  449 

White,  William  A 115 

Wilev,  Harvev  W 55,  63,     71 

Wilfley,  Earl  D 146 

Wise,  Stephen  S 225 

Wood,  Hervey   442 

\\'oolley,  Hon.  John  G 482 

Yamaguchi,  Minosuke 148,  417 

Yost,  Mrs.  Lenna  Lowe   423 

Zmrhal   22,  296 

Zurcher,  George  98 


H.    Papers  and  Addresses 

Alcohol  and  criminality 103 

Alcohol  problem,  The,  in  Great  Britain  during  and  after  the  war 151 

Alcohol,  Relationship  of,  to  modern  health  ideals 3 

Alcohol,  Latest  scientific  investigation  in  America  of  the  action  of 369 

Alcoholism  and  the  native  races  as  an  international  problem 291 

Alcoholism,  The  movement  against : 

in  Canada,  177;  in  China,  170;  in  France,  158;  in  Japan,  148;  in  ^Mexico, 

381 ;  in  Norway,  169;  in  South  Africa,  217;  in  South  America 392 

Antialcoholic  struggle.  The,  in  France  158 

Bratt  system.  The,  in  Sweden   262 

Beer  and  light  wines  as  intoxicants  50 

Beer  and  light  wines  in  the  United  States,  The  proposal  for 55 

Beer  as  a  cause  of  alcoholism  54 

Campaign,  The,  against  alcoholism  in  South  Africa 217 

Canada,  The  movement  against  alcoholism  in  the  Dominion  of 177 

China,  The  movement  against  alcoholism  in 170 

Churches  of  America,  The,  in  the  movement  against  alcoholism : 

The  Roman  Catholic  Church,  136 :  The  Protestant  Churches 142 

Churches  of  Europe,  The,  against  alcoholism : 

The  Roman  Catholic  Church,  84;  The  Protestant  Churches 89 

Denmark,  Results  of  Prohibition  in   462 

Dispensary   system,   The  —  Results   of    its   operation   in   the    State   of    South 

Carolina   272 

Enforcement  of  Prohibition  in  the  United  States 207 

Europe,  The  present  state  of  temperance  and  Prohibition  legislation  in 256 


526 


INDEX 

European    working    men    and   the    fight   against   alcoholism  —  The    Christian 

organizations  247 

Fight,  The,  against  alcoholism  in  Norway  169 

Finland,  Prohibition  in 190 

F'rance,  The  antialcohol  struggle  in  158 

Japan,  The  movement  against  alcoholism  in  148 

Judaism  in  America  in  the  movement  against  alcohol 225 

Latest  scientific  investigation  in  America  of  the  action  of  alcohol 369 

Legal  aspects  of  Prohibition — constitutional,  federal  and  state 33S 

Mexico,  The  liiovement  against  alcoholism  in 381 

Native  races,  Alcoholism  and  tlie,  as  an  international  problem 291 

Native  races.  The  protection  of,  from  alcoholism 283 

Nervous  and  mental  diseases  in  their  relations  to  alcoholism no 

Norway,  The  fight  against  alcoholism  in   169 

Political  aspects  of  the  Prohibition  movement  in  America :    Partisan  and  non- 
partisan effort    74 

Present  state,  The,  of  temperance  and  Prohibition  legislation  in  Europe 256 

Prohibition  : 

in  Finland,  190;  in  Russia,  174;  in  the  United  States — analysis  of  results.   198 

Prohibition,  Legal  aspects  of   338 

Proposal   for  beer  and  light  wines   in  the  United   States   from  the   economic 

and  political  viewpoints    55 

Protection,  The,  of  native  races  from  alcoholism 283 

Relationship  of  alcohol  to  modern  health  ideals  39 

Russia,  Prohibition  in   174 

Science,  Contemporary,  its  verdict  on  alcohol 230 

Scientific  temperance  instruction  in  the  public  schools  of  the  United  States...   311 

South  Africa,  The  campaign  against  alcoholism  in 217 

South  America,  The  movement  against  alcoholism  in  392 

South  Carolina,  The  dispensary  system  in  272 

Sweden  : 

Convictions  for  drunkenness  in,  264:  Consumption  of  into.xicating  liquors 
in,  264;  The  P>ratt  System  in,  262;  The  modern  temperance  movement  in  264 

Temperance  instruction  in  European  schools : 

Belgium,  306;  Czecho-Slovakia,  297;  France,  308;  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land, 305  ;  Greece,  310 ;  Italy,  309 ;  Jugo-Slavia 301 

United  States  of  America : 

Enforcement  of  Prohibition  in  the,  207;   Prohibition  in  the,  198;   Scien- 
tific temperance  instruction  in  the  public  schools 3'  i 

\''erdict.  The,  of  Contemporary  science  on  alcohol  in  its  personal,  national,  and 

international   relations   230 

Wine  as  a  cause  of  alcoholism   49 

527 


INDEX 

Woman's  relation  to  the  antialcohol  movement  in  America ii8 

Women,  The,  of  France  against  alcoholism : 

Belgium,  zi-  \  Czecho-Slovakia,  338 ;  Denmark,  2)li  \  England,  328 ; 
Esthonia,  335 :  Finland,  335 ;  France,  332 ;  Germany,  336 :  Greece,  Zil  \ 
Holland,  t^},},:  Ireland,  332;  Italy,  ZZ1\  Norway,  334;  Portugal,  335;  Rou- 
mania,  zyj-  Russia,  338:  Scotland,  331  ;  Spain.  335:  Sweden,  2,2)2>'-  Switzer- 
land, 335 :  Wales  331 

I 

III.    Addresses  by  Representatives  of  Temperanxe  Organizations 
Anti-Saloon  League  of  America 

( Represented  by  Hon.  Wayne  B.  Wheeler,  LL.  D. ) 449 

Board  of  Temperance,  Prohibition  and  Public  Morals  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 

copal  Church  ( Deets  Pickett)  434 

Catholic  Total  Abstinence  Union  (Very  Rev.  P.  J.  O'Callaghan,  C.S..P.) 460 

Committee  on  Native  Races  and  the  Liquor  Traffic,  of  the  Northern  Baptist 

Convention   ( Rev.  Hervey  Wood,  D.D.) 442 

Committee  on  Promotion  of  Temperance  Legislation  in  the  National  Congress 

(Hon.  William  S.  Bennet)  454 

Committee   on    Temperance  and   Social  Service   of  the   Methodist   Episcopal 

Church,  South   (  Bishop  James  Cannon,  Jr.)    441 

Committee  on  Temperance  and  Social  Service  of  the  Southern  Baptist  Church 

(Rev.  A.  J.  Barton,  D.D.)    438 

Independent  Order  of  Good  Templars  ( Miss  Laura  Church)   453 

Intercollegiate  Prohibition  Association  (Mark  R.  Shaw)    446 

International  Reform  Bureau  (Dr.  Wilbur  F.  Crafts)  429 

Ladies  Auxiliary  to  the  Knights  of  Father  Mathew  (Miss  Sallie  Hickson)...  432 
National  IVoman's  Christian  Temperance  Union  (Miss  Anna  A.  Gordon)....  437 

Presbyterian  Board  of  Temperance  (Miss  Aldrich )   433 

Prohibition  Party  ( Dr.  D.  Leigh  Colvin)  • 444 

Scientific  Temperance  Federation  (Miss  Cora  Frances  Stoddard)   457 

Sons  of  Temperance  (E.  L.  G.  Hohenthal)   431 

Temperance  Committee  of  the  United  Lutheran  Church  (Dr.  E.  C.  Dinwiddie)  436 
United  Society  of  Christian  Endeavor  (Percy  S.  Foster) 479 

IV.     Miscellaneous 

Athey,  ^liss  Edith,  gives  organ  recitals  at  certain  sessions  of  Congress 338 

Banquet  to  foreign  delegates 4,  399-425 

Exhibit  by  temperance  organizations  4 

List  of  delegates  491-518 

Mount  Vernon,  Trip  to  George  Washington's  tomb  at   3 

Officers  and  committees.  Fifteenth  International  Congress 11-  16 

Pageant,  "The  Spirit  of  Temperance"  3,  519-525 

Prefatory  note  3 

Reception  to  visiting  delegates  3 

Representatives  of  foreign  governments  at  the  Congress 490 

Schmucker,  W.  R.,  leads  singing  at  session  118 

Sixteenth  International  Congress,  Announcement  concerning 4,  481 

VVengerd,  Charles  S.,  leads  singing  at  session 427 


528 


^-A 


